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Al-Griw MA, Alghazeer R, Ratemi HW, Ben-Othman ME, Tabagah R, Shamlan G, Habibullah MM, Alnajeebi AM, Babteen NA, Eskandrani AA, Al-Farga A, Alansari WS. Blockade of L-Type Ca 2+ Channel Activity Alleviates Oligodendrocyte Pathology following Brain Injury in Male Rats. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3953-3964. [PMID: 37232721 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of studies suggests that Ca2+ signaling controls a variety of biological processes in brain elements. Activation of L-type voltage-operated Ca2+ channels (VOCCs) plays a role in the development of oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage loss, and indicates that the blocking of these channels may be an effective way to inhibit OL lineage cell loss. For this study, 10.5-day-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to generate cerebellar tissue slices. The slice tissues were cultured and randomly allocated to one of four groups (six each) and treated as follows: Group I, (sham control); Group II, 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) only (vehicle control); Group III, injury (INJ); Group IV, (INJ and treatment with NIF). The injury was simulated by exposing the slice tissues to 20 min of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). At 3 days post-treatment, the survival, apoptosis, and proliferation of the OL lineages were measured and compared. Results: In the INJ group, there was a decrease in mature myelin basic protein+ OLs (MBP+ OLs) and their precursors, NG2+ OPCs (Nerve-glia antigen 2+ oligodendrocyte precursor cell), compared with controls. A significant elevation was observed in the NG2+ OPCs and apoptotic MBP+ OLs as confirmed by a TUNEL assay. However, the cell proliferation rate was decreased in NG2+ OPCs. NIF increased OL survival as measured by apoptosis rate in both OL lineages and preserved the rate of proliferation in the NG2+ OPCs. Conclusions: Activation of L-type VOCCs may contribute to OL pathology in association with reduced mitosis of OPCs following brain injury as a strategy to treat demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Al-Griw
- Department of Histology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 13203, Libya
| | - Rabia Alghazeer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 50676, Libya
| | - Haithm W Ratemi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology Research Center (BTRC), Tripoli 30313, Libya
| | - Mohamed E Ben-Othman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 13662, Libya
| | - Refaat Tabagah
- Division Developmental Biology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 13662, Libya
| | - Ghalia Shamlan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmmoud M Habibullah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan M Alnajeebi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf A Babteen
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej A Eskandrani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Medina 30002, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar Al-Farga
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa S Alansari
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Xiao L, Wang M, Shi Y, Xu Y, Gao Y, Zhang W, Wu Y, Deng H, Pan W, Wang W, Sun H. Secondary White Matter Injury Mediated by Neuroinflammation after Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Promising Therapeutic Strategies of Targeting the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:669-686. [PMID: 36043798 PMCID: PMC10207923 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220830115018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a neurological disease with high mortality and disability. Recent studies showed that white matter injury (WMI) plays an important role in motor dysfunction after ICH. WMI includes WMI proximal to the lesion and WMI distal to the lesion, such as corticospinal tract injury located at the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord after ICH. Previous studies have tended to focus only on gray matter (GM) injury after ICH, and fewer studies have paid attention to WMI, which may be one of the reasons for the poor outcome of previous drug treatments. Microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation are significant mechanisms responsible for secondary WMI following ICH. The NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, has been shown to exacerbate neuroinflammation and brain injury after ICH. Moreover, NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in microglia and astrocytes and exerts a vital role in microglia and astrocytes-mediated neuroinflammation. We speculate that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is closely related to the polarization of microglia and astrocytes and that NLRP3 inflammasome activation may exacerbate WMI by polarizing microglia and astrocytes to the pro-inflammatory phenotype after ICH, while NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition may attenuate WMI by polarizing microglia and astrocytes to the anti-inflammatory phenotype following ICH. Therefore, NLRP3 inflammasome may act as leveraged regulatory fulcrums for microglia and astrocytes polarization to modulate WMI and WM repair after ICH. This review summarized the possible mechanisms by which neuroinflammation mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome exacerbates secondary WMI after ICH and discussed the potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yifeng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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3
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Reciprocal Interactions between Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells and the Neurovascular Unit in Health and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121954. [PMID: 35741083 PMCID: PMC9221698 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are mostly known for their capability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate axons. However, they have been observed to frequently interact with cells of the neurovascular unit during development, homeostasis, and under pathological conditions. The functional consequences of these interactions are largely unclear, but are increasingly studied. Although OPCs appear to be a rather homogenous cell population in the central nervous system (CNS), they present with an enormous potential to adapt to their microenvironment. In this review, it is summarized what is known about the various roles of OPC-vascular interactions, and the circumstances under which they have been observed.
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4
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Gliovascular Mechanisms and White Matter Injury in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Sexually dimorphic prelimbic cortex mechanisms play a role in alcohol dependence: protection by endostatin. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1937-1949. [PMID: 34253856 PMCID: PMC8429630 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis or proliferation of endothelial cells plays a role in brain microenvironment homeostasis. Previously we have shown enhanced expression of markers of angiogenesis in the medial prefrontal cortex during abstinence in an animal model of ethanol dependence induced by chronic intermittent ethanol vapor (CIE) and ethanol drinking (ED) procedure. Here we report that systemic injections of the angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin reduced relapse to drinking behavior in female CIE-ED rats without affecting relapse to drinking in male CIE-ED rats, and female and male nondependent ED rats. Endostatin did not alter relapse to sucrose drinking in both sexes. Endostatin reduced expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) in all groups; however, rescued expression of tight junction protein claudin-5 in the prelimbic cortex (PLC) of female CIE-ED rats. In both sexes, CIE-ED enhanced microglial activation in the PLC and this was selectively prevented by endostatin in female CIE-ED rats. Endostatin prevented CIE-ED-induced enhanced NF-kB activity and expression and Fos expression in females and did not alter reduced Fos expression in males. Analysis of synaptic processes within the PLC revealed sexually dimorphic adaptations, with CIE-ED reducing synaptic transmission and altering synaptic plasticity in the PLC in females, and increasing synaptic transmission in males. Endostatin prevented the neuroadaptations in the PLC in females via enhancing phosphorylation of CaMKII, without affecting the neuroadaptations in males. Our multifaceted approach is the first to link PLC endothelial cell damage to the behavioral, neuroimmune, and synaptic changes associated with relapse to ethanol drinking in female subjects, and provides a new therapeutic strategy to reduce relapse in dependent subjects.
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Takase H, Hamanaka G, Ohtomo R, Ishikawa H, Chung KK, Mandeville ET, Lok J, Fornage M, Herrup K, Tse KH, Lo EH, Arai K. Transcriptome Profiling of Mouse Corpus Callosum After Cerebral Hypoperfusion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:685261. [PMID: 34222254 PMCID: PMC8248229 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.685261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
White matter damage caused by cerebral hypoperfusion is a major hallmark of subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD), which is the most common subtype of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) syndrome. In an aging society, the number of SIVD patients is expected to increase; however, effective therapies have yet to be developed. To understand the pathological mechanisms, we analyzed the profiles of the cells of the corpus callosum after cerebral hypoperfusion in a preclinical SIVD model. We prepared cerebral hypoperfused mice by subjecting 2-month old male C57BL/6J mice to bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) operation. BCAS-hypoperfusion mice exhibited cognitive deficits at 4 weeks after cerebral hypoperfusion, assessed by novel object recognition test. RNA samples from the corpus callosum region of sham- or BCAS-operated mice were then processed using RNA sequencing. A gene set enrichment analysis using differentially expressed genes between sham and BCAS-operated mice showed activation of oligodendrogenesis pathways along with angiogenic responses. This database of transcriptomic profiles of BCAS-hypoperfusion mice will be useful for future studies to find a therapeutic target for SIVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Takase
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Gen Hamanaka
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Ryo Ohtomo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Hidehiro Ishikawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Kelly K Chung
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Emiri T Mandeville
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Josephine Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Human Genetics Center, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Karl Herrup
- Department of Neurobiology and ADRC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kai-Hei Tse
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
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7
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Go V, Sarikaya D, Zhou Y, Bowley BGE, Pessina MA, Rosene DL, Zhang ZG, Chopp M, Finklestein SP, Medalla M, Buller B, Moore TL. Extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance myelin maintenance after cortical injury in aged rhesus monkeys. Exp Neurol 2021; 337:113540. [PMID: 33264634 PMCID: PMC7946396 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cortical injury, such as stroke, causes neurotoxic cascades that lead to rapid death and/or damage to neurons and glia. Axonal and myelin damage in particular, are critical factors that lead to neuronal dysfunction and impair recovery of function after injury. These factors can be exacerbated in the aged brain where white matter damage is prevalent. Therapies that can ameliorate myelin damage and promote repair by targeting oligodendroglia, the cells that produce and maintain myelin, may facilitate recovery after injury, especially in the aged brain where these processes are already compromised. We previously reported that a novel therapeutic, Mesenchymal Stem Cell derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs), administered intravenously at both 24 h and 14 days after cortical injury, reduced microgliosis (Go et al. 2019), reduced neuronal pathology (Medalla et al. 2020), and improved motor recovery (Moore et al. 2019) in aged female rhesus monkeys. Here, we evaluated the effect of MSC-EV treatment on changes in oligodendrocyte maturation and associated myelin markers in the sublesional white matter using immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, stereology, qRT-PCR, and ELISA. Compared to vehicle control monkeys, EV-treated monkeys showed a reduction in the density of damaged oligodendrocytes. Further, EV-treatment was associated with enhanced myelin maintenance, evidenced by upregulation of myelin-related genes and increases in actively myelinating oligodendrocytes in sublesional white matter. These changes in myelination correlate with the rate of motor recovery, suggesting that improved myelin maintenance facilitates this recovery. Overall, our results suggest that EVs act on oligodendrocytes to support myelination and improves functional recovery after injury in the aged brain. SIGNIFICANCE: We previously reported that EVs facilitate recovery of function after cortical injury in the aged monkey brain, while also reducing neuronal pathology (Medalla et al. 2020) and microgliosis (Go et al. 2019). However, the effect of injury and EVs on oligodendrocytes and myelination has not been characterized in the primate brain (Dewar et al. 1999; Sozmen et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2013). In the present study, we assessed changes in myelination after cortical injury in aged monkeys. Our results show, for the first time, that MSC-EVs support recovery of function after cortical injury by enhancing myelin maintenance in the aged primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Go
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Deniz Sarikaya
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Turkey
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Bethany G E Bowley
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Monica A Pessina
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, United States; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, United States
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, United States; Department of Physics, Oakland University, United States
| | - Seth P Finklestein
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, United States; Stemetix, Inc., United States
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States
| | - Benjamin Buller
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, United States
| | - Tara L Moore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, United States; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, United States
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8
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Selective adenosine A 2A receptor inhibitor SCH58261 reduces oligodendrocyte loss upon brain injury in young rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:310-316. [PMID: 33424311 PMCID: PMC7783643 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular elements of maturing brain are vulnerable to insults, which lead to neurodevelopmental defects. There are no established treatments at present. Here we examined the efficacy of selective adenosine A2A receptor inhibitor SCH58261 to combat brain injury, particularly oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cells, in young rats. Wistar rats (n = 24, 6.5 days old) were randomly divided into equal groups of four. The sham (SHAM) group received no treatment, the vehicle (VEHICLE) group received 0.1% dimethylsufoxide, the injury (INJ) group was exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation insult, and the injury+SCH58261 (INJ+SCH58261) group was exposed to the insult and received 1 μM SCH58261. Immunocytochemical experiments revealed that there was a significant reduction in the populations of mature OL (MBP+ OLs) and immature OL precursors (NG2+ OPCs) in the INJ group compared to SHAM group. Furthermore, there was also a significant increase in the percent of apoptotic MBP+ OL and NG2+ OPC populations as evidenced by TUNEL assay. In addition, there was a significant reduction in the proliferation rate among NG2+ OPCs, which was confirmed by BrdU immunostaining. On the other hand, treatment with SCH58261 significantly enhanced survival, evidenced by the reduction in apoptotic indices for both cell types, and it is preserved the NG2+ OPC proliferation. Activation of adenosine A2A receptors may contribute to OL lineage cell loss in association with decreased mitotic behavior of OPCs in neonatal brains upon injury. Future investigations assessing ability of SCH58261 to regenerate myelin will provide insights into its wider clinical relevance.
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Chen K, Wellman SM, Yaxiaer Y, Eles JR, Kozai TD. In vivo spatiotemporal patterns of oligodendrocyte and myelin damage at the neural electrode interface. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120526. [PMID: 33302121 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes with the ability to detect intrinsic electrical signals and/or deliver electrical stimulation into local brain regions have been a powerful tool to understand brain circuitry and for therapeutic applications to neurological disorders. However, the chronic stability and sensitivity of these intracortical microelectrodes are challenged by overwhelming biological responses, including severe neuronal loss and thick glial encapsulation. Unlike microglia and astrocytes whose activity have been extensively examined, oligodendrocytes and their myelin processes remain poorly studied within the neural interface field. Oligodendrocytes have been widely recognized to modulate electrical signal conductance along axons through insulating myelin segments. Emerging evidence offers an alternative perspective on neuron-oligodendrocyte coupling where oligodendrocytes provide metabolic and neurotrophic support to neurons through cytoplasmic myelin channels and monocarboxylate transporters. This study uses in vivo multi-photon microscopy to gain insights into the dynamics of oligodendrocyte soma and myelin processes in response to chronic device implantation injury over 4 weeks. We observe that implantation induces acute oligodendrocyte injury including initial deformation and substantial myelinosome formation, an early sign of myelin injury. Over chronic implantation periods, myelin and oligodendrocyte soma suffer severe degeneration proximal to the interface. Interestingly, wound healing attempts such as oligodendrogenesis are initiated over time, however they are hampered by continued degeneration near the implant. Nevertheless, this detailed characterization of oligodendrocyte spatiotemporal dynamics during microelectrode-induced inflammation may provide insights for novel intervention targets to facilitate oligodendrogenesis, enhance the integration of neural-electrode interfaces, and improve long-term functional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keying Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, USA
| | - Steven M Wellman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, USA
| | - Yalikun Yaxiaer
- Eberly College of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - James R Eles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, USA
| | - Takashi Dy Kozai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA; NeuroTech Center, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, USA.
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10
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Wang C, Chopp M, Huang R, Li C, Zhang Y, Golembieski W, Lu M, Hazan Z, Zhang ZG, Zhang L. Delayed (21 Days) Post Stroke Treatment With RPh201, a Botany-Derived Compound, Improves Neurological Functional Recovery in a Rat Model of Embolic Stroke. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:813. [PMID: 32848574 PMCID: PMC7412960 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the recent advances in the acute stroke care, treatment options for long-term disability are limited. RPh201 is a botany-derived bioactive compound that has been shown to exert beneficial effects in various experimental models of neural injury. The present study evaluated the effect of delayed RPh201 treatment on long term functional recovery after stroke. Methods Adult male Wistar rats subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were randomized into the following experimental groups (n = 20/group): (1) RPh201 treatment, and (2) Vehicle (cottonseed oil). RPh201 (20 μl) or Vehicle were subcutaneously administered twice a week for 16 consecutive weeks starting at 21 days after MCAO. An array of behavioral tests was performed up to120 days after MCAO. Results Ischemic rats treated with RPh201 exhibited significant (p < 0.05) improvement of neurological function measured by adhesive removal test, foot-fault test, and modified neurological severity score at 90 and 120 days after MCAO. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that RPh201 treatment robustly increased neurofilament heavy chain positive axons and myelin basic protein densities in the peri-infarct area by 61% and 31%, respectively, when compared to the Vehicle treatment, which were further confirmed by Western blot analysis. The RPh201 treatment did not reduce infarct volume. Conclusion Our data demonstrated that RPh201 has a therapeutic effect on improvement of functional recovery in male ischemic rats even when the treatment was initiated 21 days post stroke. Enhanced axonal and myelination densities by RPh201 in ischemic brain may contribute to improved stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - Mei Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
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Li L, Li R, Zacharek A, Wang F, Landschoot-Ward J, Chopp M, Chen J, Cui X. ABCA1/ApoE/HDL Signaling Pathway Facilitates Myelination and Oligodendrogenesis after Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124369. [PMID: 32575457 PMCID: PMC7352241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays an important role in the regulation of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and the biogenesis of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the mammalian brain. Cholesterol is a major source for myelination. Here, we investigate whether ABCA1/ApoE/HDL contribute to myelin repair and oligodendrogenesis in the ischemic brain after stroke. Specific brain ABCA1-deficient (ABCA1-B/-B) and ABCA1-floxed (ABCA1fl/fl) control mice were subjected to permanent distal middle-cerebral-artery occlusion (dMCAo) and were intracerebrally administered (1) artificial mouse cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as vehicle control, (2) human plasma HDL3, and (3) recombined human ApoE2 starting 24 h after dMCAo for 14 days. All stroke mice were sacrificed 21 days after dMCAo. The ABCA1-B/-B–dMCAo mice exhibit significantly reduced myelination and oligodendrogenesis in the ischemic brain as well as decreased functional outcome 21 days after stroke compared with ABCA1fl/fl mice; administration of human ApoE2 or HDL3 in the ischemic brain significantly attenuates the deficits in myelination and oligodendrogenesis in ABCA1-B/-B–dMCAo mice ( p < 0.05, n = 9/group). In vitro, ABCA1-B/-B reduces ApoE expression and decreases primary oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) migration and oligodendrocyte maturation; HDL3 and ApoE2 treatment significantly reverses ABCA1-B/-B-induced reduction in OPC migration and oligodendrocyte maturation. Our data indicate that the ABCA1/ApoE/HDL signaling pathway contributes to myelination and oligodendrogenesis in the ischemic brain after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (L.L.); (R.L.); (A.Z.); (F.W.); (J.L.-W.); (M.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Rongwen Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (L.L.); (R.L.); (A.Z.); (F.W.); (J.L.-W.); (M.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Alex Zacharek
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (L.L.); (R.L.); (A.Z.); (F.W.); (J.L.-W.); (M.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Fengjie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (L.L.); (R.L.); (A.Z.); (F.W.); (J.L.-W.); (M.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Julie Landschoot-Ward
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (L.L.); (R.L.); (A.Z.); (F.W.); (J.L.-W.); (M.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (L.L.); (R.L.); (A.Z.); (F.W.); (J.L.-W.); (M.C.); (J.C.)
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (L.L.); (R.L.); (A.Z.); (F.W.); (J.L.-W.); (M.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Xu Cui
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (L.L.); (R.L.); (A.Z.); (F.W.); (J.L.-W.); (M.C.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 01-313-916-2864
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12
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Livingston JM, McDonald MW, Gagnon T, Jeffers MS, Gomez-Smith M, Antonescu S, Cron GO, Boisvert C, Lacoste B, Corbett D. Influence of metabolic syndrome on cerebral perfusion and cognition. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104756. [PMID: 31978604 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is associated with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) and memory deficits, and often occurs concurrently with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Despite their common occurrence, it is unknown whether CCH and MetS act synergistically to exacerbate VCI-associated pathology. Here, using male Sprague-Dawley rats, we examined the effects of a clinically relevant model of adolescent-onset MetS and adult-onset CCH on neuro-vascular outcomes, combining a cafeteria diet with a 2-vessel occlusion (2VO) model. Using longitudinal imaging, histology, and behavioural assessments, we identified several features of MetS and CCH including reduced cerebral blood volume, white matter atrophy, alterations in hippocampal cell density, and memory impairment. Furthermore, we identified a number of significant associations, potentially predictive of MetS and pathophysiological outcomes. White matter volume was positively correlated to HDL cholesterol; hippocampal cell density was negatively correlated to fasted blood glucose; cerebral blood flow and volume was negatively predicted by the combination of 2VO surgery and increased fasted blood glucose. These results emphasize the importance of including comorbid conditions when modeling VCI, and they outline a highly translational preclinical model that could be used to investigate potential interventions to mitigate VCI-associated pathology and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Livingston
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew W McDonald
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Therese Gagnon
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew S Jeffers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mariana Gomez-Smith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sabina Antonescu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Greg O Cron
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Carlie Boisvert
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Baptiste Lacoste
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dale Corbett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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13
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Regenhardt RW, Takase H, Lo EH, Lin DJ. Translating concepts of neural repair after stroke: Structural and functional targets for recovery. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2020; 38:67-92. [PMID: 31929129 PMCID: PMC7442117 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-190978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is among the most common causes of adult disability worldwide, and its disease burden is shifting towards that of a long-term condition. Therefore, the development of approaches to enhance recovery and augment neural repair after stroke will be critical. Recovery after stroke involves complex interrelated systems of neural repair. There are changes in both structure (at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels) and function (in terms of excitability, cortical maps, and networks) that occur spontaneously within the brain. Several approaches to augment neural repair through enhancing these changes are under study. These include identifying novel drug targets, implementing rehabilitation strategies, and developing new neurotechnologies. Each of these approaches has its own array of different proposed mechanisms. Current investigation has emphasized both cellular and circuit-based targets in both gray and white matter, including axon sprouting, dendritic branching, neurogenesis, axon preservation, remyelination, blood brain barrier integrity, blockade of extracellular inhibitory signals, alteration of excitability, and promotion of new brain cortical maps and networks. Herein, we review for clinicians recovery after stroke, basic elements of spontaneous neural repair, and ongoing work to augment neural repair. Future study requires alignment of basic, translational, and clinical research. The field continues to grow while becoming more clearly defined. As thrombolysis changed stroke care in the 1990 s and thrombectomy in the 2010 s, the augmentation of neural repair and recovery after stroke may revolutionize care for these patients in the coming decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Regenhardt
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Hajime Takase
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Eng H Lo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | - David J Lin
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
- Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114
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14
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Jiang YB, Wei KY, Zhang XY, Feng H, Hu R. White matter repair and treatment strategy after intracerebral hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1113-1125. [PMID: 31578825 PMCID: PMC6823871 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The predilection site of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is in the basal ganglia, which is rich in white matter (WM) fiber bundles, such as cerebrospinal tract in the internal capsule. ICH induced damage to this area can easily lead to severe neurological dysfunction and affects the prognosis and quality of life of patients. At present, the pathophysiological mechanisms of white matter injury (WMI) after ICH have attracted researchers' attention, but studies on the repair and recovery mechanisms and therapy strategies remain rare. In this review, we mainly summarized the WM recovery and treatment strategies after ICH by updating the WMI‐related content by reviewing the latest researches and proposing the bottleneck of the current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bin Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai-Yan Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu-Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Guo M, Ma X, Feng Y, Han S, Dong Q, Cui M, Zhao Y. In chronic hypoxia, glucose availability and hypoxic severity dictate the balance between HIF-1 and HIF-2 in astrocytes. FASEB J 2019; 33:11123-11136. [PMID: 31298941 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900402rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte function is an important contributor to cellular viability during brain hypoxia and ischemia. Levels of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) HIF-1 and HIF-2 are increased in hypoxic conditions and impact the neuroprotective properties of astrocytes. For example, HIF-2 induces levels of erythropoietin (EPO), a neuroprotectant, by astrocytes. In contrast, HIF-1 activity in astrocytes diminishes the viability of neurons in cocultures during hypoxia. Thus, HIF-1 and HIF-2 may have opposing effects on astrocytes. In this study, we explore the balance of HIF-1 and HIF-2 signaling in astrocytes during chronic (1-7 d) hypoxia while altering the degree of hypoxia and glucose availability. In addition, we investigate the effects of these conditions on neuron apoptosis. During exposure to chronic moderate hypoxia (2% O2) and plentiful glucose (10 mM), HIF-2 and EPO abundance increases from d 1 to 7. Similarly, pretreatment with moderate hypoxia markedly increases the abundance of HIF-2 and EPO when astrocytes are subsequently exposed to severe hypoxia (0.5% O2; 24 h) in 10 mM glucose, which inhibits neuron apoptosis in coculture. Although HIF-1 targets the expression increase during the 7 d in chronic moderate hypoxia (2% O2) and limited glucose (2 mM), further exposure to severe hypoxia (0.5% O2; 24 h) induces a decrease of most HIF-1 targets in astrocytes. Notably, in astrocyte exposure to 2% O2 prior to 0.5% O2, the expression of iNOS, an HIF-1-regulated protein, keeps increasing when glucose is limited, whereas EPO and VEGF abundance is suppressed, inducing increased apoptosis of neurons in coculture under limited glucose (2 mM). Thus, both hypoxic severity and glucose abundance regulate the balance of HIF-1 and HIF-2 activity in astrocytes, leading to diverse effects on neurons. These results could have important implications on the adaptive or pathologic role of astrocytes during chronic hypoxia and ischemia.-Guo, M., Ma, X., Feng, Y., Han, S., Dong, Q., Cui, M., Zhao, Y. In chronic hypoxia, glucose availability and hypoxic severity dictate the balance between HIF-1 and HIF-2 in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoye Ma
- Department of Neurology, The 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Feng
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sida Han
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Cui
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Schepers M, Tiane A, Paes D, Sanchez S, Rombaut B, Piccart E, Rutten BPF, Brône B, Hellings N, Prickaerts J, Vanmierlo T. Targeting Phosphodiesterases-Towards a Tailor-Made Approach in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1727. [PMID: 31396231 PMCID: PMC6667646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by heterogeneous clinical symptoms including gradual muscle weakness, fatigue, and cognitive impairment. The disease course of MS can be classified into a relapsing-remitting (RR) phase defined by periods of neurological disabilities, and a progressive phase where neurological decline is persistent. Pathologically, MS is defined by a destructive immunological and neuro-degenerative interplay. Current treatments largely target the inflammatory processes and slow disease progression at best. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop next-generation therapeutic strategies that target both neuroinflammatory and degenerative processes. It has been shown that elevating second messengers (cAMP and cGMP) is important for controlling inflammatory damage and inducing CNS repair. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have been studied extensively in a wide range of disorders as they breakdown these second messengers, rendering them crucial regulators. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of PDE inhibition in limiting pathological inflammation and stimulating regenerative processes in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Schepers
- Department of Neuroimmunology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Assia Tiane
- Department of Neuroimmunology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dean Paes
- Department of Neuroimmunology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Selien Sanchez
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Ben Rombaut
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Piccart
- Department of Neuroimmunology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bert Brône
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Department of Neuroimmunology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Neuroimmunology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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17
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Xu M, Wang MM, Gao Y, Keep RF, Shi Y. The effect of age-related risk factors and comorbidities on white matter injury and repair after ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 126:13-22. [PMID: 30017454 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
White matter injury is a crucial component of human stroke, but it has often been neglected in preclinical studies. Most human stroke is associated with one or more comorbidities, including aging, hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome including hyperlipidemia. The purpose of this review is to examine how age and hypertension impact stroke-induced white matter injury as well as white matter repair in both human stroke and preclinical models. It is essential that comorbidities be examined in preclinical trials as they may impact translatability to the clinic. In addition, understanding how comorbidities impact white matter injury and repair may provide new therapeutic opportunities for patients with those conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Xu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Michael M Wang
- Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Yejie Shi
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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18
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Li Y, Chang S, Li W, Tang G, Ma Y, Liu Y, Yuan F, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Wang Y. cxcl12-engineered endothelial progenitor cells enhance neurogenesis and angiogenesis after ischemic brain injury in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:139. [PMID: 29751775 PMCID: PMC5948880 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke causes a multitude of brain damage. Neurovascular injury and myelin sheath degradation are two manifestations of ischemic brain damage. Therapeutic strategies aiming only at repairing the neural components or the vessels cannot efficiently restore neurological function. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have the advantages of both promoting angiogenesis and secreting trophic factors that would promote neurogenesis. Chemokine cxcl12 gene therapy has also been shown to promote angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and remyelination, attracting EPCs, neural progenitor cells, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to the injured sites of the brain. In this work, we tested whether these two therapeutics can be combined by genetically engineering the EPCs with cxcl12 to harness the synergistic effects of these two interventions. Methods We used lentivirus (LV) to deliver cxcl12 gene into human umbilical cord blood EPCs to generate the engineered CXCL12-EPCs, which were then delivered into the perifocal region at 1 week after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion to investigate the effects of CXCL12-EPCs on the functional recovery and angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and remyelination in ischemic stroke mice. Green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene-modified EPCs and LV-CXCL12 gene therapy were used as controls. Results CXCL12-EPC treatment significantly reduced brain atrophy and improved neurobehavioral function at 5 weeks after brain ischemia. The treatment resulted in increased blood vessel density and myelin sheath integrity, and promoted neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and the proliferation and migration of OPCs. In-vitro data showed that CXCL12-EPCs performed better in proliferation and tube formation assays and expressed a higher level of vascular endothelial growth factor compared to GFP-EPCs. Conclusions The synergistic treatment of CXCL12-EPCs outperformed the single therapies of GFP-EPCs or LV-CXCL12 gene therapy in various aspects related to post-ischemic brain repair. cxcl12-engineered EPCs hold great potential in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Shuang Chang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wanlu Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Guanghui Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Yongting Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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19
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Michalski D, Keck AL, Grosche J, Martens H, Härtig W. Immunosignals of Oligodendrocyte Markers and Myelin-Associated Proteins Are Critically Affected after Experimental Stroke in Wild-Type and Alzheimer Modeling Mice of Different Ages. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:23. [PMID: 29467621 PMCID: PMC5807905 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Because stroke therapies are still limited and patients are often concerned by long-term sequelae with significant impairment of daily living, elaborated neuroprotective strategies are needed. During the last decades, research substantially improved the knowledge on cellular pathologies responsible for stroke-related tissue damage. In this context, the neurovascular unit (NVU) concept has been established, summarizing the affections of neurons, associated astrocytes and the vasculature. Although oligodendrocytes were already identified to play a major role in other brain pathologies, their role during stroke evolution and long-lasting tissue damage is poorly understood. This study aims to explore oligodendrocyte structures, i.e., oligodendrocytes and their myelin-associated proteins, after experimental focal cerebral ischemia. For translational issues, different ages and genotypes including an Alzheimer-like background were considered to mimic potential co-morbidities. Three- and 12-month-old wild-type and triple-transgenic mice were subjected to unilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion. Immunofluorescence labeling was performed on forebrain tissues affected by 24 h of ischemia to visualize the oligodendrocyte-specific protein (OSP), the myelin basic protein (MBP), and the neuron-glia antigen 2 (NG2) with reference to the ischemic lesion. Subsequent analyses concomitantly detected the vasculature and the 2′, 3′-cyclic nucleotide-3′-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) to consider the NVU concept and to explore the functional relevance of histochemical data on applied oligodendrocyte markers. While the immunosignal of NG2 was found to be nearly absent 24 h after ischemia onset, enhanced immunoreactivities for OSP and especially MBP were observed in close regional association to the vasculature. Added quantitative analyses based on inter-hemispheric differences of MBP-immunoreactivity revealed a shell-like pattern with a significant increase directly in the ischemic core, followed by a gradual decline toward the striatum, the ischemic border zone and the lateral neocortex. This observation was consistent in subsequent analyses on the potential impact of age and genetic background. Furthermore, immunoreactivities for CNPase, MBP, and OSP were found to be simultaneously enhanced. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for a critical role of oligodendrocyte structures in the early phase after experimental stroke, strengthening their involvement in the ischemia-affected NVU. Consequently, oligodendrocytes and their myelin-associated proteins may qualify as potential targets for neuroprotective and regenerative approaches in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna L Keck
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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20
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Cramer SC. Treatments to Promote Neural Repair after Stroke. J Stroke 2018; 20:57-70. [PMID: 29402069 PMCID: PMC5836581 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2017.02796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a major cause of human disability worldwide. In parallel with advances in acute stroke interventions, new therapies are under development that target restorative processes. Such therapies have a treatment time window measured in days, weeks, or longer and so have the advantage that they may be accessible by a majority of patients. Several categories of restorative therapy have been studied and are reviewed herein, including drugs, growth factors, monoclonal antibodies, activity-related therapies including telerehabilitation, and a host of devices such as those related to brain stimulation or robotics. Many patients with stroke do not receive acute stroke therapies or receive them and do not derive benefit, often surviving for years thereafter. Therapies based on neural repair hold the promise of providing additional treatment options to a majority of patients with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Cramer
- Departments of Neurology, Anatomy & Neurobiology and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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21
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Schurman LD, Lichtman AH. Endocannabinoids: A Promising Impact for Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:69. [PMID: 28261100 PMCID: PMC5314139 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system regulates a diverse array of physiological processes and unsurprisingly possesses considerable potential targets for the potential treatment of numerous disease states, including two receptors (i.e., CB1 and CB2 receptors) and enzymes regulating their endogenous ligands N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG). Increases in brain levels of endocannabinoids to pathogenic events suggest this system plays a role in compensatory repair mechanisms. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathology remains mostly refractory to currently available drugs, perhaps due to its heterogeneous nature in etiology, clinical presentation, and severity. Here, we review pre-clinical studies assessing the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and manipulations of the endocannabinoid system to ameliorate TBI pathology. Specifically, manipulations of endocannabinoid degradative enzymes (e.g., fatty acid amide hydrolase, monoacylglycerol lipase, and α/β-hydrolase domain-6), CB1 and CB2 receptors, and their endogenous ligands have shown promise in modulating cellular and molecular hallmarks of TBI pathology such as; cell death, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular breakdown, and cell structure and remodeling. TBI-induced behavioral deficits, such as learning and memory, neurological motor impairments, post-traumatic convulsions or seizures, and anxiety also respond to manipulations of the endocannabinoid system. As such, the endocannabinoid system possesses potential drugable receptor and enzyme targets for the treatment of diverse TBI pathology. Yet, full characterization of TBI-induced changes in endocannabinoid ligands, enzymes, and receptor populations will be important to understand that role this system plays in TBI pathology. Promising classes of compounds, such as the plant-derived phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and endocannabinoids, as well as their non-cannabinoid receptor targets, such as TRPV1 receptors, represent important areas of basic research and potential therapeutic interest to treat TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, RichmondVA, USA
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22
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Dubey P, Lioutas VA, Bhadelia R, Manor B, Novak P, Selim M, Novak V. Quantitative microstructural deficits in chronic phase of stroke with small volume infarcts: A diffusion tensor 3-D tractographic analysis. Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 34:662-7. [PMID: 26743428 PMCID: PMC5745813 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-infarct zone white matter wallerian degeneration is well-documented in large volume territorial infarctions. However to what extent these abnormalities exist in small volume infarction is not known, particularly since routine T2/FLAIR MR images show minimal changes in such cases. We therefore utilized DTI based quantitative 3D tractography for quantitative assessment of white matter integrity in chronic phase of small volume anterior circulation infarcts. METHODS Eleven chronic stroke subjects with small anterior circulation large vessel infarcts (≤10cm(3) volume of primary infarct) were compared with 8 age matched controls. These infarcts had negligible to mild gliosis and encephalomalacia in the primary infarct territory without obvious wallerian degeneration on conventional MRI. Quantitative Diffusion Tensor 3-D tractography was performed for CST, genu and splenium of corpus callosum. Tract based Trace and fractional anisotropy (FA) were compared with age matched controls. RESULTS On univariate analysis, Chronic stroke subjects had significant elevation in Trace measurement in genu of corpus callosum (GCC), ipsilesional and contralesional CST, (p<0.05), compared to controls. After adjusting for smoking, hypertension (HTN) and non-specific white matter hyperintensities, (WMHs), there was significant elevation in trace within the ipsilesional CST (p=0.05). Contralesional CST FA correlated significantly with walking speed, r=0.67, p=0.03. CONCLUSIONS Stroke subjects with small volume infarcts demonstrate significant quantitative microstructural white matter abnormalities in chronic phase, which are otherwise subthreshold for detection on routine imaging. Ability to quantify these changes provides an important marker for assessing non-infarct zone neuroaxonal integrity in the chronic phase even in the setting of small infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Dubey
- Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL and Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.
| | | | - Rafeeque Bhadelia
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Brad Manor
- Division of Gerontology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Novak
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Magdy Selim
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Vera Novak
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Chen X, Zhao S, Song Y, Shi Y, Leak RK, Cao G. The Role of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase in Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 15:2211-21. [PMID: 26059356 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150610142234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the only drug approved for the clinical treatment of acute ischemic stroke, there is an urgent unmet need for novel stroke treatments. Endogenous defense mechanisms against stroke may hold the key to new therapies for stroke. A large number of studies suggest that nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase (NAMPT is an attractive candidate to improve post-stroke recovery. NAMPT is a multifunctional protein and plays important roles in immunity, metabolism, aging, inflammation, and stress responses. NAMPT exists in both the intracellular and extracellular space. As a rate-limiting enzyme, the intracellular form (iNAMPT catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD from nicotinamide. iNAMPT closely regulates energy metabolism, enhancing the proliferation of endothelial cells, inhibiting apoptosis, regulating vascular tone, and stimulating autophagy in disease conditions such as stroke. Extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT is also known as visfatin (visceral fat-derived adipokine and has pleotropic effects. It is widely believed that the diverse biological functions of eNAMPT are attributed to its NAMPT enzymatic activity. However, the effects of eNAMPT on ischemic injury are still controversial. Some authors have argued that eNAMPT exacerbates ischemic neuronal injury non-enzymatically by triggering the release of TNF-α from glial cells. In addition, NAMPT also participates in several pathophysiological processes such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and ischemic heart disease. Thus, it remains unclear under what conditions NAMPT is beneficial or destructive. Recent work using in vitro and in vivo genetic/ pharmacologic manipulations, including our own studies, has greatly improved our understanding of NAMPT. This review focuses on the multifaceted and complex roles of NAMPT under both normal and ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Shindo A, Liang AC, Maki T, Miyamoto N, Tomimoto H, Lo EH, Arai K. Subcortical ischemic vascular disease: Roles of oligodendrocyte function in experimental models of subcortical white-matter injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:187-98. [PMID: 25920960 PMCID: PMC4758561 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are one of the major cell types in cerebral white matter. Under normal conditions, they form myelin sheaths that encircle axons to support fast nerve conduction. Under conditions of cerebral ischemia, oligodendrocytes tend to die, resulting in white-matter dysfunction. Repair of white matter involves the ability of oligodendrocyte precursors to proliferate and mature. However, replacement of lost oligodendrocytes may not be the only mechanism for white-matter recovery. Emerging data now suggest that coordinated signaling between neural, glial, and vascular cells in the entire neurovascular unit may be required. In this mini-review, we discuss how oligodendrocyte lineage cells participate in signaling and crosstalk with other cell types to underlie function and recovery in various experimental models of subcortical white-matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Shindo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Anna C Liang
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nobukazu Miyamoto
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Itoh K, Maki T, Lok J, Arai K. Mechanisms of cell-cell interaction in oligodendrogenesis and remyelination after stroke. Brain Res 2015; 1623:135-49. [PMID: 25960351 PMCID: PMC4569526 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
White matter damage is a clinically important aspect of several central nervous system diseases, including stroke. Cerebral white matter primarily consists of axonal bundles ensheathed with myelin secreted by mature oligodendrocytes, which play an important role in neurotransmission between different areas of gray matter. During the acute phase of stroke, damage to oligodendrocytes leads to white matter dysfunction through the loss of myelin. On the contrary, during the chronic phase, white matter components promote an environment, which is favorable for neural repair, vascular remodeling, and remyelination. For effective remyelination to take place, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) play critical roles by proliferating and differentiating into mature oligodendrocytes, which help to decrease the burden of axonal injury. Notably, other types of cells contribute to these OPC responses under the ischemic conditions. This mini-review summarizes the non-cell autonomous mechanisms in oligodendrogenesis and remyelination after white matter damage, focusing on how OPCs receive support from their neighboring cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Itoh
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Josephine Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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Li Y, Tang G, Liu Y, He X, Huang J, Lin X, Zhang Z, Yang GY, Wang Y. CXCL12 Gene Therapy Ameliorates Ischemia-Induced White Matter Injury in Mouse Brain. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1122-30. [PMID: 26253714 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Remyelination is an important repair process after ischemic stroke-induced white matter injury. It often fails because of the insufficient recruitment of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to the demyelinated site or the inefficient differentiation of OPCs to oligodendrocytes. We investigated whether CXCL12 gene therapy promoted remyelination after middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult mice. The results showed that CXCL12 gene therapy at 1 week after ischemia could protect myelin sheath integrity in the perifocal region, increase the number of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα)-positive and PDGFRα/bromodeoxyuridine-double positive OPCs in the subventricular zone, and further enhance their migration to the ischemic lesion area. Coadministration of AMD3100, the antagonist for CXCL12 receptor CXCR4, eliminated the beneficial effect of CXCL12 on myelin sheath integrity and negatively influenced OPC proliferation and migration. At 5 weeks after ischemia, CXCR4 was found on the PDGFRα- and/or neuron/glia type 2 (NG2)-positive OPCs but not on the myelin basic protein-positive mature myelin sheaths, and CXCR7 was only expressed on the mature myelin sheath in the ischemic mouse brain. Our data indicated that CXCL12 gene therapy effectively protected white matter and promoted its repair after ischemic injury. The treatment at 1 week after ischemia is effective, suggesting that this strategy has a longer therapeutic time window than the treatments currently available. SIGNIFICANCE This study has demonstrated for the first time that CXCL12 gene therapy significantly ameliorates brain ischemia-induced white matter injury and promotes oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation in the subventricular zone and migration to the perifocal area in the ischemic mouse brain. Additional data showed that CXCR4 receptor plays an important role during the proliferation and migration of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and CXCR7 might play a role during maturation. In contrast to many experimental studies that provide treatment before ischemic insult, CXCL12 gene therapy was performed 1 week after brain ischemia, which significantly prolonged the therapeutic time window of brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Li
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong He
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Huang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Extensive evidence has indicated that the breakdown of myelin is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) since the vulnerability of oligodendrocytes under Alzheimer's pathology easily induces the myelin breakdown and the loss of the myelin sheath which might be the initiating step in the changes of the earliest stage of AD prior to appearance of amyloid and tau pathology. Considerable research implicated that beta-amyloid (Aβ)-mediated oligodendrocyte dysfunction and myelin breakdown may be via neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and/or apoptosis. It also seems that the oligodendrocyte dysfunction is triggered by the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) through inflammation and oxidative stress as the common pathophysiological base. Impaired repair of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) might possibly enhance the disease progress under decreased self-healing ability from aging process and pathological factors including Aβ pathology and/or NFTs. Thus, these results have suggested that targeting oligodendrocytes may be a novel therapeutic intervention for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- a Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital , Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital , Shiyan , Hubei Province , China
| | - Ming Xiao
- b Department of Anatomy , Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China
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Barbay S, Plautz EJ, Zoubina E, Frost SB, Cramer SC, Nudo RJ. Effects of Postinfarct Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Antibody Treatment on Motor Recovery and Motor Map Plasticity in Squirrel Monkeys. Stroke 2015; 46:1620-5. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.008088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
New insights into the brain’s ability to reorganize after injury are beginning to suggest novel restorative therapy targets. Potential therapies include pharmacological agents designed to promote axonal growth. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of one such drug, GSK249320, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the axon outgrowth inhibition molecule, myelin-associated glycoprotein, to facilitate recovery of motor skills in a nonhuman primate model of ischemic cortical damage.
Methods—
Using a between-groups repeated-measures design, squirrel monkeys were randomized to 1 of 2 groups: an experimental group received intravenous GSK249320 beginning 24 hours after an ischemic infarct in motor cortex with repeated dosages given at 1-week intervals for 6 weeks and a control group received only the vehicle at matched time periods. The primary end point was a motor performance index based on a distal forelimb reach-and-retrieval task. Neurophysiological mapping techniques were used to determine changes in spared motor representations.
Results—
All monkeys recovered to baseline motor performance levels by postinfarct day 16. Functional recovery in the experimental group was significantly facilitated on the primary end point, albeit using slower movements. At 7 weeks post infarct, motor maps in the spared ventral premotor cortex in the experimental group decreased in area compared with the control group.
Conclusions—
GSK249320, initiated 24 hours after a focal cortical ischemic infarct, facilitated functional recovery. Together with the neurophysiological data, these results suggest that GSK249320 has a substantial biological effect on spared cortical tissue. However, its mechanisms of action may be widespread and not strictly limited to peri-infarct cortex and nearby premotor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Barbay
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center (S.B., E.J.P., E.Z., S.B.F., R.J.N.); and Department of Neurology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine (S.C.C.)
| | - Erik J. Plautz
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center (S.B., E.J.P., E.Z., S.B.F., R.J.N.); and Department of Neurology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine (S.C.C.)
| | - Elena Zoubina
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center (S.B., E.J.P., E.Z., S.B.F., R.J.N.); and Department of Neurology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine (S.C.C.)
| | - Shawn B. Frost
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center (S.B., E.J.P., E.Z., S.B.F., R.J.N.); and Department of Neurology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine (S.C.C.)
| | - Steven C. Cramer
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center (S.B., E.J.P., E.Z., S.B.F., R.J.N.); and Department of Neurology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine (S.C.C.)
| | - Randolph J. Nudo
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center (S.B., E.J.P., E.Z., S.B.F., R.J.N.); and Department of Neurology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine (S.C.C.)
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31
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Peixoto CA, Nunes AKS, Garcia-Osta A. Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors: Action on the Signaling Pathways of Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Cognition. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:940207. [PMID: 26770022 PMCID: PMC4681825 DOI: 10.1155/2015/940207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5-Is) have recently emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative, and memory loss diseases. Mechanistically, PDE5-Is produce an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection effect by increasing expression of nitric oxide synthases and accumulation of cGMP and activating protein kinase G (PKG), the signaling pathway of which is thought to play an important role in the development of several neurodiseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this paper was to review present knowledge of the signaling pathways that underlie the use of PDE5-Is in neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, learning, and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Alves Peixoto
- 1Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães (FIOCRUZ), 50.740-465 Recife, PE, Brazil
- *Christina Alves Peixoto:
| | - Ana Karolina Santana Nunes
- 1Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães (FIOCRUZ), 50.740-465 Recife, PE, Brazil
- 2Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50.670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ana Garcia-Osta
- 3Neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Jing Z, Xing J, Chen X, Stetler RA, Weng Z, Gan Y, Zhang F, Gao Y, Chen J, Leak RK, Cao G. Neuronal NAMPT is released after cerebral ischemia and protects against white matter injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1613-21. [PMID: 25005877 PMCID: PMC4269719 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) has been implicated in neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury, but the mechanism underlying its protective effect remains largely unknown. To further examine the protective effect of NAMPT against ischemic stroke and its potential mechanism of action, we generated a novel neuron-specific NAMPT transgenic mouse line. Transgenic mice and wild-type littermates were subjected to transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for 60 minutes. Neuron-specific NAMPT overexpression significantly reduced infarct volume by 65% (P=0.018) and improved long-term neurologic outcomes (P≤0.05) compared with littermates. Interestingly, neuronal overexpression of NAMPT increased the area of myelinated fibers in the striatum and corpus callosum, indicating that NAMPT protects against white matter injury. The mechanism of protection appeared to be through extracellular release of NAMPT. First, NAMPT was secreted into the extracellular medium by primary cortical neurons exposed to ischemia-like oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro. Second, conditioned medium from NAMPT-overexpressing neurons exposed to OGD protected cultured oligodendrocytes from OGD. Third, the protective effects of conditioned medium were abolished by antibody-mediated NAMPT depletion, strongly suggesting that the protective effect is mediated by the extracellular NAMPT released into in the medium. These data suggest a novel neuroprotective role for secreted NAMPT in the protection of white matter after ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jing
- 1] Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA [2] Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Juan Xing
- 1] Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA [2] Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xinzhi Chen
- 1] Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA [2] Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ruth A Stetler
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhongfang Weng
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- 1] Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA [2] Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guodong Cao
- 1] Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA [2] Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kim HJ, Chuang DM. HDAC inhibitors mitigate ischemia-induced oligodendrocyte damage: potential roles of oligodendrogenesis, VEGF, and anti-inflammation. Am J Transl Res 2014; 6:206-223. [PMID: 24936215 PMCID: PMC4058304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
White matter injury is an important component of stroke pathology, but its pathophysiology and potential treatment remain relatively elusive and underexplored. We previously reported that after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO), sodium butyrate (SB) and trichostatin A (TSA) induced neurogenesis via histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition in multiple ischemic brain regions in rats; these effects-which depended on activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling-contributed to behavioral improvement. The present study found that SB or TSA robustly protected against ischemia-induced loss of oligodendrocytes detected by confocal microscopy of myelin basic protein (MBP) immunostaining in the ipsilateral subventricular zone (SVZ), striatum, corpus callosum, and frontal cortex seven days post-pMCAO. Co-localization of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)(+) and MBP(+) cells after SB treatment suggested the occurrence of oligodendrogenesis. SB also strongly upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which plays a major role in neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and functional recovery after stroke. These SB-induced effects were markedly suppressed by blocking the TrkB signaling pathway with K252a. pMCAO-induced activation of microglia (OX42(+)) and macrophages/monocytes (ED1(+))-which has been linked to white matter injury-was robustly suppressed by SB in a K252a-sensitive manner. In addition, SB treatment largely blocked caspase-3(+) and OX42(+) cells in ipsilateral brain regions. Our results suggest that HDAC inhibitor-mediated protection against ischemia-induced oligodendrocyte loss may involve multiple mechanisms including oligodendrogenesis, VEGF upregulation, anti-inflammation, and caspase-3 downregulation. Taken together, the results suggest that post-insult treatment with HDAC inhibitors is a rational strategy to mitigate white matter injury following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ju Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
| | - De-Maw Chuang
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
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Oligogenesis and oligodendrocyte progenitor maturation vary in different brain regions and partially correlate with local angiogenesis after ischemic stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 2:366-75. [PMID: 22022343 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Oligogenesis plays an important role in functional recovery after ischemic stroke. We tested the hypothesis that oligogenesis and the maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) vary in different brain regions using a rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model. Compared to Day 1, olig2(+) OPCs and oligodendrocytes (OLGs) increased in the peri-infarct basal ganglia (BG) 7 (44%) and 14 (61%) days after 2 hours of MCAO; OPCs (PDGFRα(+)) and OLGs (CC1(+)) increased in this region 14 days after tMCAO by 139% and 126%, respectively. Although the olig2(+) cells and OLGs did not increase significantly in the peri-infarct cortex (CTX), the OPCs increased in this region by 95% at Day 14 vs. Day 1 after tMCAO. The numbers of OPCs and OLGs remained low after an initial reduction at Day 1 in the peri-infarct corpus callosum (CC). Correlation analyses showed that the numbers of olig2(+) cells (r=0.73, P=0.03) and OLGs (r=0.74, P=0.02) correlated with local vessel density; however, the number of OPCs did not correlate with vessel density (r=0.43, P=0.24). Our data show that oligogenesis and the maturation of OPCs differ in various brain regions and the difference in regional angiogenic response is one of the potential reasons.
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Ionic transporter activity in astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes during brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:969-82. [PMID: 23549380 PMCID: PMC3705429 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells constitute a large percentage of cells in the nervous system. During recent years, a large number of studies have critically attributed to glia a new role which no longer reflects the long-held view that glia constitute solely a silent and passive supportive scaffolding for brain cells. Indeed, it has been hypothesized that glia, partnering neurons, have a much more actively participating role in brain function. Alteration of intraglial ionic homeostasis in response to ischemic injury has a crucial role in inducing and maintaining glial responses in the ischemic brain. Therefore, glial transporters as potential candidates in stroke intervention are becoming promising targets to enhance an effective and additional therapy for brain ischemia. In this review, we will describe in detail the role played by ionic transporters in influencing astrocyte, microglia, and oligodendrocyte activity and the implications that these transporters have in the progression of ischemic lesion.
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Li C, Guan T, Chen X, Li W, Cai Q, Niu J, Xiao L, Kong J. BNIP3 mediates pre-myelinating oligodendrocyte cell death in hypoxia and ischemia. J Neurochem 2013; 127:426-33. [PMID: 23692407 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengren Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Basic Medicine; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science; Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Teng Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science; Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Xueping Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science; Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
- Department of Neurology; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science; Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Qiyan Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Basic Medicine; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Jianqin Niu
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Basic Medicine; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Basic Medicine; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science; Faculty of Medicine; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
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Cramer SC, Abila B, Scott NE, Simeoni M, Enney LA. Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Escalating Repeat Doses of GSK249320 in Patients With Stroke. Stroke 2013; 44:1337-42. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.674366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Restorative therapies have the potential to improve function and reduce disability after stroke with a wide therapeutic window. The current study evaluated GSK249320, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the axon outgrowth inhibition molecule myelin-associated glycoprotein and also protects oligodendrocytes.
Methods—
Patients with mild-moderate stroke were randomized to intravenous GSK249320 (1, 5, or 15 mg/kg per infusion, in escalating cohorts of 8–9 subjects) versus placebo (n=17). Infusion 1 was 24 to 72 hours after stroke; infusion 2 was 9±1 days later. The primary objective evaluated safety and tolerability, and the secondary objectives evaluated immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics, biomarkers, neurophysiology, and motor function.
Results—
Baseline (n=42) characteristics were similar across treatment groups. No safety concerns were found based on adverse events, examination, vital signs, ECG, nerve conduction tests, brain imaging, motor function testing, and laboratory studies. Two of the 25 subjects dosed with GSK249320 developed transient antidrug antibodies after infusion 1. The pharmacokinetics profile was as expected for an IgG1 type monoclonal antibody. Serum levels of the biomarker S100β did not differ between groups. Global outcome measures were similar across groups. Modality-specific end points could be consistently measured in the first few days after stroke, and one of these, gait velocity, demonstrated a trend toward improvement with GSK249320 compared with placebo.
Conclusions—
GSK249320 was generally well tolerated. No major safety issues were identified in this first study of a monoclonal antibody to modulate the neurobiology of brain repair after stroke. Future studies might explore the efficacy of GSK249320 as a restorative therapy for stroke.
Clinical Trial Registration—
URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique Identifier: NCT00833989.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Cramer
- From the Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (S.C.C.); GlaxoSmithKline, Biopharm Translational Medicine, Stevenage, United Kingdom (B.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Biopharm Clinical Statistics, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.E.S.); GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Stockley Park, United Kingdom (M.S.); and GlaxoSmithKline, Neurosciences MDC, Research Triangle Park, NC (L.A.E.)
| | - Bams Abila
- From the Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (S.C.C.); GlaxoSmithKline, Biopharm Translational Medicine, Stevenage, United Kingdom (B.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Biopharm Clinical Statistics, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.E.S.); GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Stockley Park, United Kingdom (M.S.); and GlaxoSmithKline, Neurosciences MDC, Research Triangle Park, NC (L.A.E.)
| | - Nicola E. Scott
- From the Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (S.C.C.); GlaxoSmithKline, Biopharm Translational Medicine, Stevenage, United Kingdom (B.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Biopharm Clinical Statistics, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.E.S.); GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Stockley Park, United Kingdom (M.S.); and GlaxoSmithKline, Neurosciences MDC, Research Triangle Park, NC (L.A.E.)
| | - Monica Simeoni
- From the Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (S.C.C.); GlaxoSmithKline, Biopharm Translational Medicine, Stevenage, United Kingdom (B.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Biopharm Clinical Statistics, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.E.S.); GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Stockley Park, United Kingdom (M.S.); and GlaxoSmithKline, Neurosciences MDC, Research Triangle Park, NC (L.A.E.)
| | - Lori A. Enney
- From the Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (S.C.C.); GlaxoSmithKline, Biopharm Translational Medicine, Stevenage, United Kingdom (B.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Biopharm Clinical Statistics, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.E.S.); GlaxoSmithKline, Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, Stockley Park, United Kingdom (M.S.); and GlaxoSmithKline, Neurosciences MDC, Research Triangle Park, NC (L.A.E.)
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Sun J, Fang YQ, Ren H, Chen T, Guo JJ, Yan J, Song S, Zhang LY, Liao H. WIN55,212-2 protects oligodendrocyte precursor cells in stroke penumbra following permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013. [PMID: 23202804 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore whether the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 could protect oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in stroke penumbra, thereby providing neuroprotection following permanent focal cerebral ischemia in rats. METHODS Adult male SD rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (p-MCAO). The animals were administered WIN55,212-2 at 2 h, and sacrificed at 24 h after the ischemic insult. The infarct volumes and brain swelling were assessed. The expression of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in the stroke penumbra was examined using Western blot assay. The pathological changes and proliferation of neural glial antigen 2-positive OPCs (NG2(+) cells) in the stroke penumbra were studied using immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS p-MCAO significantly increased the expression of CB1 within the stroke penumbra with the highest level appearing at 2 h following the ischemic insult. Administration of WIN55,212-2 (9 mg/kg, iv) significantly attenuated the brain swelling, and reduced the infarct volume as well as the number of tau-immunoreactive NG2(+) cells (tau-1(+)/NG2(+) cells) in the stroke penumbra. Moreover, WIN55,212-2 significantly promoted the proliferation of NG2(+) cells in the stroke penumbra and in the ipsilateral subventricular zone at 24 h following the ischemic insult. Administration of the selective CB1 antagonist rimonabant (1 mg/kg, iv) partially blocked the effects caused by WIN55,212-2. CONCLUSION Tau-1 is expressed in NG2(+) cells following permanent focal cerebral ischemic injury. Treatment with WIN55,212-2 reduces the number of tau-1(+)/NG2(+) cells and promotes NG2(+) cell proliferation in the stroke penumbra, which are mediated partially via CB1 and may contribute to its neuroprotective effects.
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Abstract
Many advances have been achieved in terms of understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of ischemic stroke. But thus far, clinically effective neuroprotectants remain elusive. In this minireview, we summarize the basics of ischemic cascades after stroke, covering neuronal death mechanisms, white matter pathophysiology, and inflammation with an emphasis on microglia. Translating promising mechanistic knowledge into clinically meaningful stroke drugs is very challenging. An integrative approach that encompasses the multimodal and multicell signaling phenomenon of stroke will be required to move forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Xing
- Department of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Brites D. The evolving landscape of neurotoxicity by unconjugated bilirubin: role of glial cells and inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:88. [PMID: 22661946 PMCID: PMC3361682 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is a common condition in the first week of postnatal life. Although generally harmless, some neonates may develop very high levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), which may surpass the protective mechanisms of the brain in preventing UCB accumulation. In this case, both short-term and long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities, such as acute and chronic UCB encephalopathy, known as kernicterus, or more subtle alterations defined as bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND) may be produced. There is a tremendous variability in babies' vulnerability toward UCB for reasons not yet explained, but preterm birth, sepsis, hypoxia, and hemolytic disease are comprised as risk factors. Therefore, UCB levels and neurological abnormalities are not strictly correlated. Even nowadays, the mechanisms of UCB neurotoxicity are still unclear, as are specific biomarkers, and little is known about lasting sequelae attributable to hyperbilirubinemia. On autopsy, UCB was shown to be within neurons, neuronal processes, and microglia, and to produce loss of neurons, demyelination, and gliosis. In isolated cell cultures, UCB was shown to impair neuronal arborization and to induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from microglia and astrocytes. However, cell dependent sensitivity to UCB toxicity and the role of each nerve cell type remains not fully understood. This review provides a comprehensive insight into cell susceptibilities and molecular targets of UCB in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, and on phenotypic and functional responses of microglia to UCB. Interplay among glia elements and cross-talk with neurons, with a special emphasis in the UCB-induced immunostimulation, and the role of sepsis in BIND pathogenesis are highlighted. New and interesting data on the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of different pharmacological agents are also presented, as novel and promising additional therapeutic approaches to BIND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Brites
- Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease Unit, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon Lisbon, Portugal
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Sato M, Nomura D, Kitano T, Tsunenari T, Nishidate I. Variations in signal intensity with periodical temperature changes in vivo in rat brain: analysis using wide-field optical coherence tomography. APPLIED OPTICS 2012; 51:1436-45. [PMID: 22505060 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.001436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we reported measurements of three-dimensional (3D) optical coherence tomography (OCT) images through a thinned skull by reducing temperatures from 28 °C to 18 °C in vivo in the rat brain to show negative correlation coefficients (CCs) between ratios of signal intensity (RSI) and temperature for applications to monitoring brain viability. In this study, using the same OCT system, we measured 3D OCT images of the rat brain by periodically changing tissue temperatures from 20 °C to 32 °C in vivo. In the evaluation of CCs among RSI, temperature, and heart rate, the largest number of periods was four, and the longest measurement time was 570 min. Averaged CCs between RSI and temperature, and between RSI and heart rate, were -0.42 to -0.50 and -0.48 to -0.64, respectively. RSI reversibly changed subsequent variations of temperatures and finally increased rapidly just before cardiac arrest. These results indicate that RSI could correspond to decreases in viability because of local ischemia and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan.
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42
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Thaler S, Fiedorowicz M, Grieb P, Wypych Z, Knap N, Borowik T, Zawada K, Kaminski J, Wozniak M, Rejdak R, Zrenner E, Schuettauf F. Neuroprotective effects of tempol acyl esters against retinal ganglion cell death in a rat partial optic nerve crush model. Acta Ophthalmol 2011; 89:e555-60. [PMID: 21645284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to search for more effective derivatives of the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl). Although tempol is neuroprotective in a rat partial optic nerve crush (PONC) model, relatively high doses are required to exert this effect. METHODS Tempol acyl esters with different-length fatty acids (tempol-C4, tempol-C8, tempol-C12 and tempol-C16) were synthesized and the following properties were evaluated: water-octanol partition coefficient, liposome-liposome energy transfer, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Brown Norway rats underwent PONC and received tempol or acyl esters intraperitoneally once daily for 7 consecutive days. We then compared the effects of tempol and its four esters on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage using a retrograde labelling method. RESULTS The water-octanol partition coefficient increased with increasing length of attached acyl chain. However, the energy of the liposome-liposome transfer seemed to be optimal for tempol-C8 and tempol-C12. The EPR signal was very similar for all tested compounds, suggesting similar efficiency of superoxide scavenging. Partial optic nerve crush in vehicle-treated animals reduced RGC numbers by approx. 59% when compared with sham-operated eyes. Tempol did not affect RGC loss at a dose of 1 mg/kg. In contrast, at molar doses equivalent to 1 mg/kg of tempol, tempol-C8 showed a significant neuroprotective effect, whereas tempol-C4, tempol-C12 and tempol-C16 did not act neuroprotectively. CONCLUSION Manipulating the hydrophobicity of tempol seems to be a promising tool for developing more potent neuroprotectants in the PONC degeneration model. However, the resulting compounds need further pharmacological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Thaler
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Wang LE, Tittgemeyer M, Imperati D, Diekhoff S, Ameli M, Fink GR, Grefkes C. Degeneration of corpus callosum and recovery of motor function after stroke: a multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:2941-56. [PMID: 22020952 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of stroke demonstrated that white matter ischemia may cause both axonal damage and myelin degradation distant from the core lesion, thereby impacting on behavior and functional outcome after stroke. We here used parameters derived from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate the effect of focal white matter ischemia on functional reorganization within the motor system. Patients (n = 18) suffering from hand motor deficits in the subacute or chronic stage after subcortical stroke and healthy controls (n = 12) were scanned with both diffusion MRI and functional MRI while performing a motor task with the left or right hand. A laterality index was employed on activated voxels to assess functional reorganization across hemispheres. Regression analyses revealed that diffusion MRI parameters of both the ipsilesional corticospinal tract (CST) and corpus callosum (CC) predicted increased activation of the unaffected hemisphere during movements of the stroke-affected hand. Changes in diffusion MRI parameters possibly reflecting axonal damage and/or destruction of myelin sheath correlated with a stronger bilateral recruitment of motor areas and poorer motor performance. Probabilistic fiber tracking analyses revealed that the region in the CC correlating with the fMRI laterality index and motor deficits connected to sensorimotor cortex, supplementary motor area, ventral premotor cortex, superior parietal lobule, and temporoparietal junction. The results suggest that degeneration of transcallosal fibers connecting higher order sensorimotor regions constitute a relevant factor influencing cortical reorganization and motor outcome after subcortical stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling E Wang
- Cognitive Neurology Section, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Germany
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Correa F, Gauberti M, Parcq J, Macrez R, Hommet Y, Obiang P, Hernangómez M, Montagne A, Liot G, Guaza C, Maubert E, Ali C, Vivien D, Docagne F. Tissue plasminogen activator prevents white matter damage following stroke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:1229-42. [PMID: 21576385 PMCID: PMC3173251 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only available treatment for acute stroke. In addition to its vascular fibrinolytic action, tPA exerts various effects within the brain, ranging from synaptic plasticity to control of cell fate. To date, the influence of tPA in the ischemic brain has only been investigated on neuronal, microglial, and endothelial fate. We addressed the mechanism of action of tPA on oligodendrocyte (OL) survival and on the extent of white matter lesions in stroke. We also investigated the impact of aging on these processes. We observed that, in parallel to reduced levels of tPA in OLs, white matter gets more susceptible to ischemia in old mice. Interestingly, tPA protects murine and human OLs from apoptosis through an unexpected cytokine-like effect by the virtue of its epidermal growth factor-like domain. When injected into aged animals, tPA, although toxic to the gray matter, rescues white matter from ischemia independently of its proteolytic activity. These studies reveal a novel mechanism of action of tPA and unveil OL as a target cell for cytokine effects of tPA in brain diseases. They show overall that tPA protects white matter from stroke-induced lesions, an effect which may contribute to the global benefit of tPA-based stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Correa
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), INSERM-U919, Caen Cedex, F-14074 France
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Holloway PM, Smith HK, Renshaw D, Flower RJ, Getting SJ, Gavins FNE. Targeting the melanocortin receptor system for anti-stroke therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 32:90-8. [PMID: 21185610 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin receptors are a subfamily of G-protein-coupled, rhodopsin-like receptors that are rapidly being acknowledged as an extremely promising target for pharmacological intervention in a variety of different inflammatory pathologies, including stroke. Stroke continues to be a leading cause of death worldwide, with risk factors including smoking, diabetes, hypertension and obesity. The pathophysiology of stroke is highly complex: reintroduction of blood flow to the infarcted brain region is paramount in limiting ischaemic damage caused by stroke, yet a concomitant inflammatory response can compound tissue damage. The possibilities of pro-resolving treatments that target this inflammatory response have only recently begun to be explored. This review discusses the endogenous roles of the melanocortin system in reducing characterized aspects of inflammation, and how these, together with potent neuroprotective actions, suggest its potential as a therapeutic target in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Holloway
- Wolfson Neuroscience Laboratories, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
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Sato M, Nomura D, Tsunenari T, Nishidate I. In vivo rat brain measurements of changes in signal intensity depth profiles as a function of temperature using wide-field optical coherence tomography. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:5686-96. [PMID: 20962931 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.005686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study, we used optical coherence tomography (OCT) and reported an increase in signal intensity of depth profiles between euthanasia injection and cardiac arrest (CA), demonstrating the potential as a tool for monitoring/diagnosing brain tissue viability [Appl. Opt.48, 4354 (2009)]. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we measured three-dimensional (3D) OCT images through a thinned skull changing temperatures in the rat brain. The measurements were made at 10 min intervals for 210 min to evaluate correlations of temperature with heart rate and ratios of signal intensity (RSI). The 3D image area was 4 mm × 4 mm × 2.8 mm. When the temperature was decreased from 28°C to 18°C to reduce tissue viability, the heart rate was found to decrease with an increase in RSI. Negative correlation coefficients (CCs) between temperatures and RSIs, and between heart rate and RSIs, were obtained. This indicates that OCT signals increase with reductions of viability caused by decreases in heart rates and temperatures in tissues. These observations correspond to estimations obtained by multiwavelength diffuse reflectance spectroscopy [Appl. Opt.47, 4164 (2008)]. CCs and stationary RSIs would depend upon measured positions in tissues. Without injections for euthanasia, a similar rapid increase in RSI has also been measured before CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Johnan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan. ‑u.ac.jp
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47
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Rowe DD, Leonardo CC, Hall AA, Shahaduzzaman MD, Collier LA, Willing AE, Pennypacker KR. Cord blood administration induces oligodendrocyte survival through alterations in gene expression. Brain Res 2010; 1366:172-88. [PMID: 20883670 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs), the predominant cell type found in cerebral white matter, are essential for structural integrity and proper neural signaling. Very little is known concerning stroke-induced OL dysfunction. Our laboratory has shown that infusion of human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) cells protects striatal white matter tracts in vivo and directly protects mature primary OL cultures from oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). Microarray studies of RNA prepared from OL cultures subjected to OGD and treated with HUCB cells showed an increase in the expression of 33 genes associated with OL proliferation, survival, and repair functions, such as myelination. The microarray results were verified using quantitative RT-PCR for the following eight genes: U2AF homology motif kinase 1 (Uhmk1), insulin-induced gene 1 (Insig1), metallothionein 3 (Mt3), tetraspanin 2 (Tspan2), peroxiredoxin 4 (Prdx4), stathmin-like 2 (Stmn2), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and versican (Vcan). Immunohistochemistry showed that MOG, Prdx4, Uhmk1, Insig1, and Mt3 protein expression were upregulated in the ipsilateral white matter tracts of rats infused with HUCB cells 48h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Furthermore, promoter region analysis of these genes revealed common transcription factor binding sites, providing insight into the shared signal transduction pathways activated by HUCB cells to enhance transcription of these genes. These results show expression of genes induced by HUCB cell therapy that could confer oligoprotection from ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Rowe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Basic Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Kuzhandaivel A, Margaryan G, Nistri A, Mladinic M. Extensive glial apoptosis develops early after hypoxic-dysmetabolic insult to the neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro. Neuroscience 2010; 169:325-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in developed countries. Since protecting neurons alone is not sufficient for stroke therapy, research has shifted to the rescue of multiple cell types in the brain. In particular, attention has focused on the study of how cerebral blood vessels and brain cells communicate with each other. Recent findings suggest that cerebral endothelial cells may secrete trophic factors that nourish neighboring cells. Although data are strongest in terms of supporting endothelial-neuronal interactions, it is likely that similar interactions occur in white matter as well. In this mini-review, we summarize recent advances in the dissection of cell-cell interactions in white matter. We examine two key concepts. First, trophic interactions between vessels and oligodendrocytes (OLGs) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) play critical roles in white matter homeostasis. Second, cell-cell trophic coupling is disturbed under diseased conditions that incur oxidative stress. White matter pathophysiology is very important in stroke. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of oligovascular signaling in normal and pathologic conditions may lead us to new therapeutic targets for stroke and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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