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Priyanka, Sharma S, Sharma M. Role of PE/PPE proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in triad of host mitochondria, oxidative stress and cell death. Microb Pathog 2024; 193:106757. [PMID: 38908454 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The PE and PPE family proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is exclusively found in pathogenic Mycobacterium species, comprising approximately 8-10 % of the Mtb genome. These emerging virulent factors have been observed to play pivotal roles in Mtb pathogenesis and immune evasion through various strategies. These immunogenic proteins are known to modulate the host immune response and cell-death pathways by targeting the powerhouse of the cell, the mitochondria to support Mtb survival. In this article, we are focused on how PE/PPE family proteins target host mitochondria to induce mitochondrial perturbations, modulate the levels of cellular ROS (Reactive oxygen species) and control cell death pathways. We observed that the time of expression of these proteins at different stages of infection is crucial for elucidating their impact on the cell death pathways and eventually on the outcome of infection. This article focuses on understanding the contributions of the PE/PPE proteins by unravelling the triad of host mitochondria, oxidative stress and cell death pathways that facilitate the Mtb persistence. Understanding the role of these proteins in host cellular pathways and the intricate mechanisms paves the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat TB infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory, Miranda House, and Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory, Miranda House, and Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Monika Sharma
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory, Miranda House, and Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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2
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Medikonda J, Wankar N, Asalla S, Raja SO, Yandrapally S, Jindal H, Agarwal A, Pant C, Kalivendi SV, Kumar Dubey H, Mohareer K, Gulyani A, Banerjee S. Rv0547c, a functional oxidoreductase, supports Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence by reprogramming host mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism. Mitochondrion 2024; 78:101931. [PMID: 38986924 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) successfully thrives in the host by adjusting its metabolism and manipulating the host environment. In this study, we investigated the role of Rv0547c, a protein that carries mitochondria-targeting sequence (MTS), in mycobacterial persistence. We show that Rv0547c is a functional oxidoreductase that targets host-cell mitochondria. Interestingly, the localization of Rv0547c to mitochondria was independent of the predicted MTS but depended on specific arginine residues at the N- and C-terminals. As compared to the mitochondria-localization defective mutant, Rv0547c-2SDM, wild-type Rv0547c increased mitochondrial membrane fluidity and spare respiratory capacity. To comprehend the possible reason, comparative lipidomics was performed that revealed a reduced variability of long-chain and very long-chain fatty acids as well as altered levels of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol class of lipids upon expression of Rv0547c, explaining the increased membrane fluidity. Additionally, the over representation of propionate metabolism and β-oxidation intermediates in Rv0547c-targeted mitochondrial fractions indicated altered fatty acid metabolism, which corroborated with changes in oxygen consumption rate (OCR) upon etomoxir treatment in HEK293T cells transiently expressing Rv0547c, resulting in enhanced mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation capacity. Furthermore, Mycobacterium smegmatis over expressing Rv0547c showed increased persistence during infection of THP-1 macrophages, which correlated with its increased expression in Mtb during oxidative and nutrient starvation stresses. This study identified for the first time an Mtb protein that alters mitochondrial metabolism and aids in survival in host macrophages by altering fatty acid metabolism to its benefit and, at the same time increases mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity to mitigate infection stresses and maintain cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashankar Medikonda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Nandini Wankar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Suman Asalla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Sufi O Raja
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Sriram Yandrapally
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Haneesh Jindal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Anushka Agarwal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Chitrakshi Pant
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India 500007
| | - Shasi V Kalivendi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India 500007
| | - Harish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Krishnaveni Mohareer
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Akash Gulyani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046
| | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India 500046.
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Bhardwaj RG, Khalaf ME, Karched M. Secretome analysis and virulence assessment in Abiotrophia defectiva. J Oral Microbiol 2024; 16:2307067. [PMID: 38352067 PMCID: PMC10863525 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2307067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Abiotrophia defectiva, although infrequently occurring, is a notable cause of culture-negative infective endocarditis with limited research on its virulence. Associated with oral infections such as dental caries, exploring its secretome may provide insights into virulence mechanisms. Our study aimed to analyze and characterize the secretome of A. defectiva strain CCUG 27639. Methods Secretome of A. defectiva was prepared from broth cultures and subjected to mass spectrometry and proteomics for protein identification. Inflammatory potential of the secretome was assessed by ELISA. Results Eighty-four proteins were identified, with diverse subcellular localizations predicted by PSORTb. Notably, 20 were cytoplasmic, 12 cytoplasmic membrane, 5 extracellular, and 9 cell wall-anchored proteins. Bioinformatics tools revealed 54 proteins secreted via the 'Sec' pathway and 8 via a non-classical pathway. Moonlighting functions were found in 23 proteins, with over 20 exhibiting potential virulence properties, including peroxiredoxin and oligopeptide ABC transporter substrate-binding protein. Gene Ontology and KEGG analyses categorized protein sequences in various pathways. STRING analysis revealed functional protein association networks. Cytokine profiling demonstrated significant proinflammatory cytokine release (IL-8, IL-1β, and CCL5) from human PBMCs. Conclusions Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of A. defectiva's secretome, laying the foundation for insights into its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika G Bhardwaj
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Bioclinical Sciences College of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Mai E Khalaf
- Department of General Dental Practice, College of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Maribasappa Karched
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Bioclinical Sciences College of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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Medha, Priyanka, Sharma S, Sharma M. PE_PGRS45 (Rv2615c) protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis perturbs mitochondria of macrophages. Immunol Cell Biol 2023. [PMID: 37565603 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The PE_PGRS proteins have coevolved with the antigenic ESX-V secretory system and are abundant in pathogenic Mycobacterium. Only a few PE_PGRS proteins have been characterized, and research suggests their role in organelle targeting, cell death pathways, calcium (Ca2+ ) homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. The PE_PGRS45 (Rv2615c) protein was predicted to contain mitochondria targeting sequences by in silico evaluation. Therefore, we investigated the targeting of the Rv2615c protein to host mitochondria and its effect on mitochondrial functions. In vitro experiments showed the Rv2615c protein colocalized with the mitochondria and led to morphological mitochondrial perturbations. Recombinant Rv2615c was observed to cause increased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and the adenosine diphosphate-to-adenosine triphosphate ratio. The Rv2615c protein also induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and the generation of mitochondrial superoxide. We observed the release of cytochrome C into the cytoplasm and increased expression of proapoptotic genes Bax and Bim with no significant change in anti-apoptotic Bcl2 in Rv2615c-stimulated THP1 macrophages. Ca2+ is a key signaling molecule in tuberculosis pathogenesis, modulating host cell responses. As reported for other PE_PGRS proteins, Rv2615c also has Ca2+ -binding motifs and thus can modulate calcium homeostasis in the host. We also observed a high level of Ca2+ influx in THP1 macrophages stimulated with Rv2615c. Based on these findings, we suggest that Rv2615c may be an effector protein that could contribute to disease pathogenesis by targeting host mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Monika Sharma
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Priyanka, Medha, Bhatt P, Joshi H, Sharma S, Sharma M. Late stage specific Rv0109 (PE_PGRS1) protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces mitochondria mediated macrophage apoptosis. Microb Pathog 2023; 176:106021. [PMID: 36739922 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell and a critical cell signalling hub that decides the fate of the cell. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) being a successful pathogen targets and controls the host mitochondria for pathogenesis. Various effector proteins of Mtb are also known to target host mitochondria which include few proteins of a unique Proline-Glutamate/Proline-Proline-Glutamate (PE/PPE) family exclusively present in pathogenic mycobacteria, but many of them are still uncharacterized. The present study investigates one such late expressing Rv0109 (PE_PGRS1) protein of Mtb. In-silico analysis predicted the presence of mitochondria targeting signal sequences in Rv0109 and its role in regulation of cysteine type endopeptidase (caspase) activity during apoptosis. Recombinant Rv0109 gets localized to mitochondria of THP1 macrophages as shown by confocal microscopy. Rv0109 was observed to induce mitochondrial stress which resulted in mitochondrial membrane depolarization, upregulation of mitochondrial superoxides and release of Cytochrome-C in the cytoplasm through flow cytometry. Depleted intracellular ATP was observed in THP1 macrophages in response to Rv0109. This mitochondrial stress in response to Rv0109 was observed to culminate in increased expression of pro-apoptotic Bax and Bim factors and caspase activation leading to macrophage apoptosis. Since Rv0109 is a late stage specific protein expressed within granuloma; mitochondria mediated apoptosis induced by Rv0109 may be explored for its role in granuloma maintenance and pathogen persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Medha
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Parul Bhatt
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Hemant Joshi
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Monika Sharma
- DSKC BioDiscovery Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Mohareer K, Banerjee S. Mycobacterial infection alters host mitochondrial activity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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7
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Paredes-González IS, Aparicio-Trejo OE, Ramos-Espinosa O, López-Torres MO, Maya-Hoyos M, Mendoza-Trujillo M, Barrera-Rosales A, Mata-Espinosa D, León-Contreras JC, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Espitia C, Hernández-Pando R. Effect of mycobacterial proteins that target mitochondria on the alveolar macrophages activation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Exp Lung Res 2022; 48:251-265. [PMID: 36102603 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2022.2120649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of the study: During the early and progressive (late) stages of murine experimental pulmonary tuberculosis, the differential activation of macrophages contributes to disease development by controlling bacterial growth and immune regulation. Mycobacterial proteins P27 and PE_PGRS33 can target the mitochondria of macrophages. This study aims to evaluate the effect of both proteins on macrophage activation during mycobacterial infection. Materials and methods: We assess both proteins for mitochondrial oxygen consumption, and morphological changes, as well as bactericide activity, production of metabolites, cytokines, and activation markers in infected MQs. The cell line MH-S was used for all the experiments. Results: We show that P27 and PE_PGRS33 proteins modified mitochondrial dynamics, oxygen consumption, bacilli growth, cytokine production, and some genes that contribute to macrophage alternative activation and mycobacterial intracellular survival. Conclusions: Our findings showed that these bacterial proteins partially contribute to promoting M2 differentiation by altering mitochondrial metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Selene Paredes-González
- División de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Omar Emiliano Aparicio-Trejo
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Octavio Ramos-Espinosa
- División de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manuel Othoniel López-Torres
- División de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Milena Maya-Hoyos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Monserrat Mendoza-Trujillo
- División de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Barrera-Rosales
- División de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- División de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos León-Contreras
- División de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Clara Espitia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- División de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Dubey RK, Dhamija E, Kumar Mishra A, Soam D, Mohanrao Yabaji S, Srivastava K, Srivastava KK. Mycobacterial origin protein Rv0674 localizes into mitochondria, interacts with D-loop and regulates OXPHOS for intracellular persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mitochondrion 2020; 57:241-256. [PMID: 33279599 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) employs diverse strategies to survive inside the host macrophages. In this study, we have identified a conserved hypothetical protein of Mtb; Rv0674, which is present in the mitochondria of the host cell. The genetic knock-out of rv0674 (Mtb-KO) showed increased growth of Mtb. The intracellular infection with recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis (MSMEG) expressing Rv0674 (MS_Rv0674), established that the protein is involved in promoting the apoptotic cell death of the macrophage. To investigate the mechanism incurred in mitochondria, we observed that the protein physically interacts with the control region (D-loop) of the mitochondrial DNA (LSP and HSP promoters of the loop) of the macrophages and facilitates the increased expression of mRNA in all the complexes of mitochondrial encoded OXPHOS subunits. The changes in OXPHOS levels corroborated with the ATP synthesis, mitochondrial membrane potential and superoxide production. The infection with MS_Rv0674 confirmed the role of this protein in effecting the intracellular infection. The fluorescent and confocal microscopy confirmed that the protein is localized in the mitochondria of infected macrophages and in the cells of BAL of TB patients. Together these findings indicate towards the novel function of the protein which is unlike to the earlier established mechanisms of mycobacterial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikesh Kumar Dubey
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Ekta Dhamija
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Alok Kumar Mishra
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Dheeraj Soam
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Shivraj Mohanrao Yabaji
- Division of Microbiology and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India; Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | | | - Kishore K Srivastava
- Division of Microbiology and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, India; Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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NAD + Depletion Triggers Macrophage Necroptosis, a Cell Death Pathway Exploited by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Rep 2019; 24:429-440. [PMID: 29996103 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) kills infected macrophages by inhibiting apoptosis and promoting necrosis. The tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) is a secreted nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) glycohydrolase that induces necrosis in infected macrophages. Here, we show that NAD+ depletion by TNT activates RIPK3 and MLKL, key mediators of necroptosis. Notably, Mtb bypasses the canonical necroptosis pathway since neither TNF-α nor RIPK1 are required for macrophage death. Macrophage necroptosis is associated with depolarized mitochondria and impaired ATP synthesis, known hallmarks of Mtb-induced cell death. These results identify TNT as the main trigger of necroptosis in Mtb-infected macrophages. Surprisingly, NAD+ depletion itself was sufficient to trigger necroptosis in a RIPK3- and MLKL-dependent manner by inhibiting the NAD+ salvage pathway in THP-1 cells or by TNT expression in Jurkat T cells. These findings suggest avenues for host-directed therapies to treat tuberculosis and other infectious and age-related diseases in which NAD+ deficiency is a pathological factor.
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Pajuelo D, Gonzalez-Juarbe N, Niederweis M. NAD hydrolysis by the tuberculosis necrotizing toxin induces lethal oxidative stress in macrophages. Cell Microbiol 2019; 22:e13115. [PMID: 31509891 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) kills infected macrophages through necroptosis, a programmed cell death that enhances mycobacterial replication and dissemination. The tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) is the major cytotoxicity factor of Mtb in macrophages and induces necroptosis by NAD+ hydrolysis. Here, we show that the catalytic activity of TNT triggers the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Mtb-infected macrophages causing cell death and promoting mycobacterial replication. TNT induces ROS formation both by activating necroptosis and by a necroptosis-independent mechanism. Most of the detected ROS originate in mitochondria as a consequence of opening the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. However, a significant part of ROS is produced by mechanisms independent of TNT and necroptosis. Expressing only the tnt gene in Jurkat T-cells also induces lethal ROS formation indicating that these molecular mechanisms are not restricted to macrophages. Both the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine and replenishment of NAD+ by providing nicotinamide reduce ROS levels in Mtb-infected macrophages, protect them from cell death, and restrict mycobacterial replication. Our results indicate that a host-directed therapy combining replenishment of NAD+ with inhibition of necroptosis and/or antioxidants might improve the health status of TB patients and augment antibacterial TB chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pajuelo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Aguilar-López BA, Correa F, Moreno- Altamirano MMB, Espitia C, Hernández-Longoria R, Oliva-Ramírez J, Padierna-Olivos J, Sánchez-García FJ. LprG and PE_PGRS33 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
virulence factors induce differential mitochondrial dynamics in macrophages. Scand J Immunol 2018; 89:e12728. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A. Aguilar-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación; Departamento de Inmunología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Mexico City Mexico
| | - Francisco Correa
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular; Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”; Mexico City Mexico
| | - María Maximina B. Moreno- Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación; Departamento de Inmunología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Mexico City Mexico
| | - Clara Espitia
- Departamento de Inmunología; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Mexico City Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Francisco J. Sánchez-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulación; Departamento de Inmunología; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas; Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Mexico City Mexico
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12
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Rana A, Thakur S, Kumar G, Akhter Y. Recent Trends in System-Scale Integrative Approaches for Discovering Protective Antigens Against Mycobacterial Pathogens. Front Genet 2018; 9:572. [PMID: 30538722 PMCID: PMC6277634 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections are one of the deadliest infectious diseases still posing a major health burden worldwide. The battle against these pathogens needs to focus on novel approaches and key interventions. In recent times, availability of genome scale data has revolutionized the fields of computational biology and immunoproteomics. Here, we summarize the cutting-edge ‘omics’ technologies and innovative system scale strategies exploited to mine the available data. These may be targeted using high-throughput technologies to expedite the identification of novel antigenic candidates for the rational next generation vaccines and serodiagnostic development against mycobacterial pathogens for which traditional methods have been failing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Rana
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, India
| | - Shweta Thakur
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, India
| | - Girish Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
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Thompson EG, Du Y, Malherbe ST, Shankar S, Braun J, Valvo J, Ronacher K, Tromp G, Tabb DL, Alland D, Shenai S, Via LE, Warwick J, Aderem A, Scriba TJ, Winter J, Walzl G, Zak DE. Host blood RNA signatures predict the outcome of tuberculosis treatment. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 107:48-58. [PMID: 29050771 PMCID: PMC5658513 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers for tuberculosis treatment outcome will assist in guiding individualized treatment and evaluation of new therapies. To identify candidate biomarkers, RNA sequencing of whole blood from a well-characterized TB treatment cohort was performed. Application of a validated transcriptional correlate of risk for TB revealed symmetry in host gene expression during progression from latent TB infection to active TB disease and resolution of disease during treatment, including return to control levels after drug therapy. The symmetry was also seen in a TB disease signature, constructed from the TB treatment cohort, that also functioned as a strong correlate of risk. Both signatures identified patients at risk of treatment failure 1–4 weeks after start of therapy. Further mining of the transcriptomes revealed an association between treatment failure and suppressed expression of mitochondrial genes before treatment initiation, leading to development of a novel baseline (pre-treatment) signature of treatment failure. These novel host responses to TB treatment were integrated into a five-gene real-time PCR-based signature that captures the clinically relevant responses to TB treatment and provides a convenient platform for stratifying patients according to their risk of treatment failure. Furthermore, this 5-gene signature is shown to correlate with the pulmonary inflammatory state (as measured by PET-CT) and can complement sputum-based Gene Xpert for patient stratification, providing a rapid and accurate alternative to current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Du
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanus T Malherbe
- Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Smitha Shankar
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jackie Braun
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joe Valvo
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Mater Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David L Tabb
- Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Alland
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Shubhada Shenai
- Center for Emerging Pathogens, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Laura E Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Warwick
- Western Cape Academic Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography Centre, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alan Aderem
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jill Winter
- Catalysis Foundation for Health, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniel E Zak
- The Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA.
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14
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Xia L, Liang H, Xu L, Chen J, Bekaert M, Zhang H, Lu Y. Subcellular localization and function study of a secreted phospholipase C from Nocardia seriolae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3934650. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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15
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Khan AA, Khan Z, Kalam MA, Khan AA. Inter-kingdom prediction certainty evaluation of protein subcellular localization tools: microbial pathogenesis approach for deciphering host microbe interaction. Brief Bioinform 2016; 19:12-22. [DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbw093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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16
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Dubey RK. Assuming the role of mitochondria in mycobacterial infection. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:379-383. [PMID: 27931677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of death by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) affecting millions of people worldwide. Mycobacterium species enter host macrophages during infection and target various cellular organelles and their function for their own benefit. Mitochondria appear to be among the important targets for bacterial pathogens. Mtb and other pathogenic bacteria secrete various proteins that initiate structural changes in mitochondria to modulate its function. Additionally, virulent mycobacteria interfere with the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic factors to inhibit apoptosis and, in later stages, promote necrosis. Furthermore, mitochondria perform multiple biological functions in the cell, and the inhibition of these functions by bacterial proteins promotes Mtb survival, growth, and successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikesh K Dubey
- Division of Microbiology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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17
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Targeting of host organelles by pathogenic bacteria: a sophisticated subversion strategy. Nat Rev Microbiol 2015; 14:5-19. [PMID: 26594043 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens have evolved the ability to subvert and exploit host functions in order to enter and replicate in eukaryotic cells. For example, bacteria have developed specific mechanisms to target eukaryotic organelles such as the nucleus, the mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. In this Review, we highlight the most recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that bacterial pathogens use to target these organelles. We also discuss how these strategies allow bacteria to manipulate host functions and to ultimately enable bacterial infection.
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18
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Bhargava A, Khare NK, Bunkar N, Lenka RK, Mishra PK. Role of mitochondrial oxidative stress on lymphocyte homeostasis in patients diagnosed with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Cell Biol Int 2015; 40:166-76. [PMID: 26431927 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis is often an underrated illness. Recent clinical studies have pointed out that lymphocyte homeostasis is dramatically disturbed as revealed through a series of signs and symptoms. Lymphocytes, the known effector cells of our immune system, play an important role in providing immunologic resistance against Mycobacterium infection. It is important to have quantitative insights into the lifespan of these cells; therefore, we aimed to study the precise effect of gastrointestinal tuberculosis infection on peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and function. Our results indicated that gastrointestinal tuberculosis could increase mitochondrial oxidative stress, lower mitochondrial DNA copy number, promote nuclear DNA damage and repair response, decrease mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities, and upregulate Bcl-2 and caspase-3 gene expression in lymphocytes. We further revealed that Mycobacterium infection induces autophagy for selective sequestration and subsequent degradation of the dysfunctional mitochondrion before activating cellular apoptosis in the peripheral lymphocyte pool. Together, these observations uncover a new role of mitochondrial-nuclear crosstalk that apparently contributes to lymphocyte homeostasis in gastrointestinal tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Bhargava
- Translational Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Khare
- Division of Translational Research, Tata Memorial Centre, ACTREC, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Bunkar
- Translational Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Lenka
- Department of Microbiology, I.M.S. & SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Translational Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India
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19
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Rana A, Kumar D, Rub A, Akhter Y. Proteome-scale identification and characterization of mitochondria targeting proteins of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: Potential virulence factors modulating host mitochondrial function. Mitochondrion 2015; 23:42-54. [PMID: 26048556 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent of Johne's Disease among ruminants. During the course of infection, it expresses a number of proteins for its successful persistence inside the host that cause variety of physiological abnormalities in the host. Mitochondrion is one of the attractive targets for pathogenic bacteria. Employing a proteome-wide sequence and structural signature based approach we have identified 46 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins as potential targets for the host mitochondrial targeting. These may act as virulence factors modulating mitochondrial physiology for bacterial survival and immune evasion inside the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Rana
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, District-Kangra, 176206 Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Devender Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, District-Kangra, 176206 Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, District-Kangra, 176206 Himachal Pradesh, India.
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20
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Gastelum-Aviña P, Velazquez C, Espitia C, Lares-Villa F, Garibay-Escobar A. A PE_PGRS33 protein ofMycobacterium tuberculosis: an ideal target for future tuberculosis vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:699-711. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1015995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Impact of protein domains on PE_PGRS30 polar localization in Mycobacteria. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112482. [PMID: 25390359 PMCID: PMC4229189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PE_PGRS proteins are unique to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and a number of other pathogenic mycobacteria. PE_PGRS30, which is required for the full virulence of M. tuberculosis (Mtb), has three main domains, i.e. an N-terminal PE domain, repetitive PGRS domain and the unique C-terminal domain. To investigate the role of these domains, we expressed a GFP-tagged PE_PGRS30 protein and a series of its functional deletion mutants in different mycobacterial species (Mtb, Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium smegmatis) and analysed protein localization by confocal microscopy. We show that PE_PGRS30 localizes at the mycobacterial cell poles in Mtb and M. bovis BCG but not in M. smegmatis and that the PGRS domain of the protein strongly contributes to protein cellular localization in Mtb. Immunofluorescence studies further showed that the unique C-terminal domain of PE_PGRS30 is not available on the surface, except when the PGRS domain is missing. Immunoblot demonstrated that the PGRS domain is required to maintain the protein strongly associated with the non-soluble cellular fraction. These results suggest that the repetitive GGA-GGN repeats of the PGRS domain contain specific sequences that contribute to protein cellular localization and that polar localization might be a key step in the PE_PGRS30-dependent virulence mechanism.
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22
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Meena LS. An overview to understand the role of PE_PGRS family proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 Rv and their potential as new drug targets. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 62:145-53. [PMID: 24975480 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis has long been the scourge of humanity, claiming millions of lives. The family of PE_PGRS gene has been attributed to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis over the past few decades. The gene of PE_PGRS family proteins are most often clustered in a region of the genome often as overlapping genes and role in cell surface markers, adhesion and invasion of defense cells of the host (macrophage and dendritic cells). The proline-glutamic acid (PE) domain is responsible for the cellular localization of these proteins on bacterial cells. This gene family shows immense genetic variability in terms of multiple insertion-deletions and single-nucleotide polymorphisms as seen in PE_PGRS9, PE_PGRS17, PE_PGRS18, and PE_PGRS33. In spite of variability, there are indications of shared epitopes in these proteins. Few of these gene sequences that have been studied from evolutionary perspective show indication of positive selection and also landmarks of recent evolutionary events. Many of these proteins show calcium-binding motifs and consequently seen to be responsible in inhibition of phagolysosome formation via a calmodulin-kinase-dependent pathway. A number of PE_PGRS genes were tested for its expression with different growth conditions in vitro and in vivo, among which the contrast in expressivity was seen vividly in PE_PGRS16 (upregulated) and PE_PGRS26 (downregulated) in bacteria persisting in macrophages. Similarly, PE_PGRS33 has been indicated in macrophagial necrosis by a tumor necrosis factor-α-induced pathway. These PE_PGRS family genes may be an interesting subject for research and development. Their fibronectin-binding and calcium-binding property may be strongly implicated in immunopathogenesis of virulent M. tuberculosis strain. In this review, an attempt has been made to evaluate and present data for better understanding of in vivo pathogen functions, for understanding the physiological significance of PE_PGRS gene family, and their potential as new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxman S Meena
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Delhi, India
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23
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Cloonan SM, Choi AMK. Mitochondria: sensors and mediators of innate immune receptor signaling. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:327-38. [PMID: 23757367 PMCID: PMC6010029 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
By integrating stress signals with inputs from other cellular organelles, eukaryotic mitochondria are dynamic sensing systems that can confer substantial impact on innate immune signaling in both health and disease. This review highlights recently discovered elements of innate immune receptor signaling (TLR, RLR, NLR, and CLR) associated with mitochondrial function and discusses the role of mitochondria in the initiation and/or manifestation of inflammatory diseases and disorders. We also highlight the role of mitochondria as therapeutic targets for inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Cloonan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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