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El Arroud FZ, El Fakhouri K, Zaarour Y, Griguer H, El Alami R, El Bouhssini M. Dielectric heating for controlling field and storage insect pests in host plants and food products with varying moisture content. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32765. [PMID: 38988521 PMCID: PMC11233960 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
At the intersection of insect control and sustainability goals, dielectric heating emerges as a promising solution. In agriculture, where insect pests can reduce agricultural yields and the nutritional quality of crops under field and storage conditions. Chemical pesticides are often used to manage pests but owing to their deleterious consequences on humans and the environment, chemical-free treatments have become the preferred option. Among the existing options, applying radio frequency (RF) and microwave energy for the purpose of dielectric heating has proven to be a successful alternative to chemical pesticides for controlling some major insect pests. This review offers an overview of dielectric heating for pest control in both storage settings and field environments, which addresses pests that impact materials with varying moisture contents (MC). The review highlights the limitation of this technology in controlling insect pests within bulk materials, leading to non-uniform heating. Additionally, it discusses the application of this technology in managing pests affecting materials with high MC, which can result in the degradation of the host material's quality. The review suggests the combination of different techniques proven effective in enhancing heating uniformity, as well as leveraging the non-thermal effects of this technology to maintain the quality of the host material. This is the first review providing an overview of the challenges associated with employing this technology against high moisture content (MC) materials, making it more advantageous for controlling storage pests. Overall, the review indicates that research should particularly emphasize the utilization of this sustainable technology against insect pests that inflict damage on high (MC) substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahrae El Arroud
- DICE (Digital Innovation Center of Excellence), Department of Microwave Energy and Sensing (MES), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, BenGuerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Karim El Fakhouri
- Agro BioSciences Program, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, BenGuerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Youness Zaarour
- DICE (Digital Innovation Center of Excellence), Department of Microwave Energy and Sensing (MES), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, BenGuerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Hafid Griguer
- DICE (Digital Innovation Center of Excellence), Department of Microwave Energy and Sensing (MES), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, BenGuerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Rafiq El Alami
- DICE (Digital Innovation Center of Excellence), Department of Microwave Energy and Sensing (MES), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, BenGuerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Mustapha El Bouhssini
- Agro BioSciences Program, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, BenGuerir, 43150, Morocco
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2
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Nayak N, Bhujle RR, Nanje-Gowda N, Chakraborty S, Siliveru K, Subbiah J, Brennan C. Advances in the novel and green-assisted techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from millets: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30921. [PMID: 38784533 PMCID: PMC11112340 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Millets are rich in nutritional and bioactive compounds, including polyphenols and flavonoids, and have the potential to combat malnutrition and various diseases. However, extracting these bioactive compounds can be challenging, as conventional methods are energy-intensive and can lead to thermal degradation. Green-assisted techniques have emerged as promising methods for sustainable and efficient extraction. This review explores recent trends in employing green-assisted techniques for extracting bioactive compounds from millets, and potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The objective is to evaluate and comprehend the parameters involved in different extraction methods, including energy efficiency, extraction yield, and the preservation of compound quality. The potential synergies achieved by integrating multiple extraction methods, and optimizing extraction efficiency for millet applications are also discussed. Among several, Ultrasound and Microwave-assisted extraction stand out for their rapidity, although there is a need for further research in the context of minor millets. Enzyme-assisted extraction, with its low energy input and ability to handle complex matrices, holds significant potential. Pulsed electric field-assisted extraction, despite being a non-thermal approach, requires further optimization for millet-specific applications, are few highlights. The review emphasizes the importance of considering specific compound characteristics, extraction efficiency, purity requirements, and operational costs when selecting an ideal technique. Ongoing research aims to optimize novel extraction processes for millets and their byproducts, offering promising applications in the development of millet-based nutraceutical food products. Therefore, the current study benefits researchers and industries to advance extraction research and develop efficient, sustainable, and scalable techniques to extract bioactive compounds from millets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Nayak
- Department of Food Technology, Jain Deemed-to-be University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohan Rajendraji Bhujle
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - N.A. Nanje-Gowda
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, AR, USA
| | - Snehasis Chakraborty
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Food Engineering & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Kaliramesh Siliveru
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jeyamkondan Subbiah
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, AR, USA
| | - Charles Brennan
- STEM College, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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3
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Bizualem YD, Nurie AG. A review on recent biodiesel intensification process through cavitation and microwave reactors: Yield, energy, and economic analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24643. [PMID: 38312610 PMCID: PMC10834826 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of biodiesel as a reliable and green energy source has grown over the past few years. Biodiesel is sustainable and biodegradable because it is only made from vegetable contents and waste cooking oil. Although biodiesel has many advantages over conventional fuels, there are still a lot of technological issues that need to be addressed during the production process. The yield of biodiesel produced using conventional methods is poor and the process is time-consuming. Process enhancements like cavitation and microwave have thus been developed to address this problem. Starting with a comparison to the conventional biodiesel process, this paper has reviewed the most recent developments in the increase of mixture and transfer of heat in these two reactors. This paper examined biodiesel improvement using microwave and cavitation reactors, including biodiesel yield, by meticulously reviewing and analyzing previous works. The production of biodiesel from various raw materials using a range of catalysts, energy requirements, as well as operating factors, activation energy, and constraints also have been discussed. Additionally, the economic analysis discusses the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of implementing these technologies on a commercial scale. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the intensification of biodiesel production using cavitation and microwave reactors while considering both the technical and economic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Desta Bizualem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kombolcha Institute of Technology, Wollo University, P.O. Box: 208, Kombolcha, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Gashu Nurie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kombolcha Institute of Technology, Wollo University, P.O. Box: 208, Kombolcha, Ethiopia
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4
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Chellappan S, Kallingal A, Vandana S, Nair V, Chinglenthoiba C. Methyl orange dye adsorbed biochar as a potential Brønsted acid catalyst for microwave-assisted biodiesel production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:125158-125164. [PMID: 37354299 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel production from non-edible oils utilizing a highly efficient eco-friendly catalyst is a crucial necessity for replacing fossil fuels. In the present work, biochar has been applied for both energy and environmental purposes. The biochar was made by slow pyrolysis from a variety of biomass, primarily cassava peel, irul wood sawdust, and coconut shell. All biochars were used as adsorbents to remove an anionic dye (methyl orange) by conducting batch adsorption studies. The biochar made from cassava peels showed the highest dye adsorption, and it was characterized using elements analysis (CHNS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface area analyzer (BET), total acid density, and sulfonic acid group density to successfully confirm the presence of weak (-OH) and strong (-COOH, -SO3H) acidic groups. Furthermore, for microwave-assisted biodiesel production from Millettia pinnata seed oil, the dye adsorbed biochar made from cassava peel was utilized as a Brønsted acid catalyst. The catalyst having a surface area of 4.89 m2/g, an average pore width of 108.77 nm, a total acid density of 3.2 mmol/g, and a sulfonic acid group density of 1.9 mmol/g exhibits distinctive mesoporous properties that contribute to a biodiesel yield of 91.25%. By utilizing the catalyst for three more cycles and getting a yield of more than 75%, the reusability of the catalyst was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchith Chellappan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, India.
- Environmental Engineering and Management, UKF College of Engineering and Technology, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | - Aparna Kallingal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, India
| | - Sajith Vandana
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, India
| | - Vaishakh Nair
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Surathkal, Surathkal, India
| | - Chingakham Chinglenthoiba
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, India
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Iweka SC, Falowo OA, Amosun AA, Betiku E. Optimization of microwave-assisted biodiesel production from watermelon seeds oil using thermally modified kwale anthill mud as base catalyst. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17762. [PMID: 37539125 PMCID: PMC10395135 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A heterogeneous catalyst was developed from raw Kwale red Anthill mud by thermal treatment in a muffle furnace at 900 °C for 4 h. The resulting heterogeneous catalyst was highly porous with a surface area of 42.16m2/g, possessing excellent stability as well as high catalytic activity. Central Composite Design and Machine Learning approach (Python code) were applied to model and optimize biodiesel yield from extracted watermelon oilseed. Highest biodiesel yield of 93.41 wt% was obtained under the experimental conditions of 4min duration, 350 W microwave power, 4 wt% of catalyst, and MeOH/oil ratio of 8:1 based on Central Composite Design rotatable. The optimum value of the biodiesel yield from Machine Learning was 91.7 wt%, showing a marginal performance over the Central Composite Design rotatable value (91.6 wt%) at the optimized conditions of 3 min, 280 W, 3 wt% catalyst loading and MeOH/oil molar ratio of 6:1. The correlation of the coefficient (R2) of the model was 0.9827 for Central Composite Design rotatable while the R2 of the Machine Learning model was 1.0. Thus, python coding in terms of prediction and accuracy of biodiesel yield was superior to Central Composite Design rotatable, even though both models provide a reliable response within the region of data analyzed. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy of the biodiesel produced revealed the presence of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. Biodiesel properties from watermelon seed oil transesterification fall within the recommended standard for biodiesel fuel. This study concluded that an effective green biowaste catalyst generated from earthen waste could enhance biodiesel production from watermelon seed oil, hence, ensuring sustainability and economic feasibility for biodiesel industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday Chukwuka Iweka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Nigeria
| | | | - Adebimpe Amos Amosun
- Center for Energy Research and Development, Obafemi Awolowo University, IIe-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Eriola Betiku
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, United States
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6
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Neupane D. Biofuels from Renewable Sources, a Potential Option for Biodiesel Production. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:bioengineering10010029. [PMID: 36671601 PMCID: PMC9855116 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ever-increasing population growth that demands more energy produces tremendous pressure on natural energy reserves such as coal and petroleum, causing their depletion. Climate prediction models predict that drought events will be more intense during the 21st century affecting agricultural productivity. The renewable energy needs in the global energy supply must stabilize surface temperature rise to 1.5 °C compared to pre-industrial values. To address the global climate issue and higher energy demand without depleting fossil reserves, growing bioenergy feedstock as the potential resource for biodiesel production could be a viable alternative. The interest in growing biofuels for biodiesel production has increased due to its potential benefits over fossil fuels and the flexibility of feedstocks. Therefore, this review article focuses on different biofuels and biomass resources for biodiesel production, their properties, procedure, factors affecting biodiesel production, different catalysts used, and greenhouse gas emissions from biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhurba Neupane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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7
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Vignesh P, Jayaseelan V, Pugazhendiran P, Prakash MS, Sudhakar K. Nature-inspired nano-additives for Biofuel application – A Review. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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8
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Ideris F, Zamri MFMA, Shamsuddin AH, Nomanbhay S, Kusumo F, Fattah IMR, Mahlia TMI. Progress on Conventional and Advanced Techniques of In Situ Transesterification of Microalgae Lipids for Biodiesel Production. ENERGIES 2022; 15:7190. [DOI: 10.3390/en15197190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and the depletion of fossil fuels have spurred many efforts in the quest for finding renewable, alternative sources of fuels, such as biodiesel. Due to its auxiliary functions in areas such as carbon dioxide sequestration and wastewater treatment, the potential of microalgae as a feedstock for biodiesel production has attracted a lot of attention from researchers all over the world. Major improvements have been made from the upstream to the downstream aspects related to microalgae processing. One of the main concerns is the high cost associated with the production of biodiesel from microalgae, which includes drying of the biomass and the subsequent lipid extraction. These two processes can be circumvented by applying direct or in situ transesterification of the wet microalgae biomass, hence substantially reducing the cost. In situ transesterification is considered as a significant improvement to commercially produce biodiesel from microalgae. This review covers the methods used to extract lipids from microalgae and various in situ transesterification methods, focusing on recent developments related to the process. Nevertheless, more studies need to be conducted to further enhance the discussed in situ transesterification methods before implementing them on a commercial scale.
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9
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Khan TA, Khan TA, Kumar Yadav A. A hydrodynamic cavitation-assisted system for optimization of biodiesel production from green microalgae oil using a genetic algorithm and response surface methodology approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:49465-49477. [PMID: 35661300 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20474-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present research work, the effect of operating parameters such as molar ratio (3:1-7:1), catalyst concentration (0.5-1.5%), reaction time (5-25 min), and operating pressure (0-4 bar) on the rate of biodiesel conversion percentage for the transesterification reaction using hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) has been studied. Response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithms (GA) were used to find the best condition. The best conditions for biodiesel generation were a molar ratio of 6.5:1, a catalyst concentration of 1.301 wt.%, a reaction period of 11.5 min, and operating pressure of 3.6 bar. The maximum yield of biodiesel obtained under optimal conditions was 97.3%. The reaction time for biodiesel produced by HC under similar conditions as the conventional technique was reduced by 85%. The HC approach is preferable to the conventional method due to its shorter processing time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ali Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Tasmeem Ahmad Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Yadav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, 201003, India.
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10
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Jie X, Chen R, Biddle T, Slocombe DR, Dilworth JR, Xiao T, Edwards PP. Size-Dependent Microwave Heating and Catalytic Activity of Fine Iron Particles in the Deep Dehydrogenation of Hexadecane. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:4682-4693. [PMID: 35645460 PMCID: PMC9134345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the electromagnetic microwave radiation-solid matter interaction and ensuing mechanisms at active catalytic sites will enable a deeper understanding of microwave-initiated chemical interactions and processes, and will lead to further optimization of this class of heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we study the fundamental mechanism of the interaction between microwave radiation and solid Fe catalysts and the deep dehydrogenation of a model hydrocarbon, hexadecane. We find that the size-dependent electronic transition of particulate Fe metal from a microwave "reflector" to a microwave "absorber" lies at the heart of efficient metal catalysis in these heterogeneous processes. In this regard, the optimal particle size of a Fe metal catalyst for highly effective microwave-initiated dehydrogenation reactions is approximately 80-120 nm, and the catalytic performance is strongly dependent on the ratio of the mean radius of Fe particles to the microwave skin depth (r/δ) at the operating frequency. Importantly, the particle size of selected Fe catalysts will ultimately affect the basic heating properties of the catalysts and decisively influence their catalytic performance under microwave initiation. In addition, we have found that when two or more materials-present as a mechanical mixture-are simultaneously exposed to microwave irradiation, each constituent material will respond to the microwaves independently. Thus, the interaction between the two materials has been found to have synergistic effects, subsequently contributing to heating and improving the overall catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Jie
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Roujia Chen
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Tara Biddle
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Slocombe
- School
of Engineering, Cardiff University, Queen’s Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Robin Dilworth
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Tiancun Xiao
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. Edwards
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
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11
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Abstract
The growing global demand for renewable energy sources can be reached using biofuels such as biodiesel, for example. The most used route to produce biodiesel is the transesterification reaction of oils or fats with short-chain alcohols, generating fatty acid esters (biodiesel) and a very important by-product, glycerol (Gly). Gly is widely used in different sectors of the industry, and in order to add value to this by-product, heterogeneous catalysis becomes a relevant tool, whether to transform glycerol into other chemical products of interest or even use it in the production of catalysts. Among the several studies found in the literature, the use of low-cost materials and/or wastes from the most diverse activities to prepare active catalytic materials for the transformation of Gly has been increasingly reported due to its valuable advantages, especially related to the cost of raw materials and environmental aspects. Thus, this brief review article presents the relationship between catalysis, low-cost materials, waste, and glycerol, through different studies that show glycerol being transformed through reactions catalyzed by materials produced from low-cost sources/waste or with the glycerol itself used as a catalyst.
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12
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Optimization and Kinetic Studies on Biodiesel Conversion from Chlorella vulgaris Microalgae Using Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquids as a Catalyst. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the potential conversion of dried microalgae. Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) using the direct transesterification (DT) method and using ionic liquids (ILs) as a catalyst. In this work, the performance of monocationic IL, namely 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide (IL 1), and dicationic IL, namely 1,4-bis(1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl) butane dibromide (IL 2), as catalysts was compared for DT of C. vulgaris under microwave irradiation. The results revealed that IL 2 showed a better performance in catalyzing the DT reaction by producing 87.9 mg/g% of FAME, while the use of IL 1 led to 74.3 mg/g% of FAME under optimum conditions. The kinetic study for direct transesterification of C. vulgaris showed that the reaction followed a first order kinetic reaction where the activation energies were calculated to be 22.2499 kJ mol−1 and 22.0413 kJ mol−1 for IL 1 and IL 2, respectively.
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13
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Abstract
The viability of large-scale biodiesel production ultimately boils down to its cost of commercialisation despite other very important factors such as the negative environmental and health effects caused by the direct combustion of fossil diesel. How much each country’s economy will be influenced by the production of biodiesel will be determined by the commitment of various stakeholders to the much-needed transition from petroleum-based resources to renewable resources. Biodiesel production is largely determined by the cost of the feedstock (>70%) and this review focuses on the use of waste oil resources as biodiesel feedstock with a special focus on waste cooking oil (WCO). Generating value from waste oil provides an alternative waste management route as well as a positive environmental and economic contribution. The transesterification process for biodiesel production, its catalysis and some important technical and economic aspects are covered in this communication with a special focus on the South African framework. An overview of the current research and its implications going forward is discussed.
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14
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A Novel Approach of Bioesters Synthesis through Different Technologies by Highlighting the Lowest Energetic Consumption One. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234190. [PMID: 34883692 PMCID: PMC8659602 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids esters have a wide application as bioplasticizers and biolubricants in different industries, obtained mainly in classic batch reactors, through an equilibrium complex reaction, that involves high temperatures, long reaction times, vigorously stirring, and much energy consumption. To overcome these shortcomings, we synthesized a series of fatty acid esters (soybean oil fatty acids being the acid components with various hydroxyl compounds) through novel low energy consumption technologies using a bubble column reactor, a microwave field reactor and for comparison meaning, a classic batch reactor. The obtained bioesters physicochemical properties were similar to one another, a good concordance among their rheological properties was obtained, but the energetic consumption is lower when using the bubble column or the microwave reactors instead of the classical batch reactor.
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15
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Jie X, Wang J, Gonzalez-Cortes S, Yao B, Li W, Gao Y, Dilworth JR, Xiao T, Edwards PP. Catalytic Activity of Various Carbons during the Microwave-Initiated Deep Dehydrogenation of Hexadecane. JACS AU 2021; 1:2021-2032. [PMID: 34841415 PMCID: PMC8611660 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbon materials have been widely used as microwave susceptors in many chemical processes because they are highly effective at transforming incoming electromagnetic energy for local (hot spot) heating. This property raises the intriguing possibility of using the all-pervasive carbonaceous deposits in operating heterogeneous catalytic processes to augment the catalytic performance of microwave-initiated reactions. Here, the catalytic activities of a range of carbon materials, together with carbon residues produced from a "test" reaction-the dehydrogenation of hexadecane under microwave-initiated heterogeneous catalytic processes, have been investigated. Despite the excellent microwave absorption properties observed among these various carbons, only activated carbons and graphene nanoplatelets were found to be highly effective for the microwave-initiated dehydrogenation of hexadecane. During the dehydrogenation of hexadecane on a Fe/SiC catalyst, active carbon species were formed at the early stage of the reactions but were subsequently transformed into filamentous but catalytically inert carbons that ultimately deactivated the operating catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Jie
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Jiale Wang
- Department
of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, U.K.
| | - Sergio Gonzalez-Cortes
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Benzhen Yao
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Weisong Li
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
- School
of Chemical Engineering & Technology China University of Mining
and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yige Gao
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Jonathan R. Dilworth
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Tiancun Xiao
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Peter P. Edwards
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
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16
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Naqvi SR, Tariq R, Shahbaz M, Naqvi M, Aslam M, Khan Z, Mackey H, Mckay G, Al-Ansari T. Recent developments on sewage sludge pyrolysis and its kinetics: Resources recovery, thermogravimetric platforms, and innovative prospects. Comput Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2021.107325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Yousaf B, Liu G, Ubaid Ali M, Abbas Q, Liu Y, Ullah H, Imtiyaz Cheema A. Decisive role of vacuum-assisted carbonization in valorization of lignin-enriched (Juglans regia-shell) biowaste. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 323:124541. [PMID: 33370680 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioenergy is considered a sustainable substitute to fossil-fuel resources and the development of a prudent combination of renewable and innovative conversion technologies are essential for the valorization and effective conversion of biowaste to value-added commodities. Here, a negative pressure-induced carbonization process was proposed for the valorization of lignin-enriched biowaste precursor to bio-oil and environmental materials (biochar) at various temperatures. The high heating values (HHV) of the as-prepared biochars from the lignin enriched precursor under negative pressure (low-medium vacuum) were within 25.9-31.5 MJ/kg, which matched satisfactorily to the commercial charcoal. Whereas, the bio-oils produced from the lignin enriched precursor under vacuum conditions was a blend of complex aromatic and straight-chain hydro-carbons, including aldehyde, ketone, phenol, and furans, exhibiting ability as potential heating-oil with HHV within 21.2-28.2 MJ/kg. Moreover, the biochars produced under vacuum environments at higher temperature showed greater stability (22.5-35.9%) than those produced under N2 atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balal Yousaf
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China; Environmental Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China.
| | - Muhammad Ubaid Ali
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, And State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qumber Abbas
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Habib Ullah
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ayesha Imtiyaz Cheema
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Mohamad Aziz NA, Yunus R, Kania D, Abd Hamid H. Prospects and Challenges of Microwave-Combined Technology for Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production through a Transesterification: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:788. [PMID: 33546303 PMCID: PMC7913569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesels and biolubricants are synthetic esters produced mainly via a transesterification of other esters from bio-based resources, such as plant-based oils or animal fats. Microwave heating has been used to enhance transesterification reaction by converting an electrical energy into a radiation, becoming part of the internal energy acquired by reactant molecules. This method leads to major energy savings and reduces the reaction time by at least 60% compared to a conventional heating via conduction and convection. However, the application of microwave heating technology alone still suffers from non-homogeneous electromagnetic field distribution, thermally unstable rising temperatures, and insufficient depth of microwave penetration, which reduces the mass transfer efficiency. The strategy of integrating multiple technologies for biodiesel and biolubricant production has gained a great deal of interest in applied chemistry. This review presents an advanced transesterification process that combines microwave heating with other technologies, namely an acoustic cavitation, a vacuum, ionic solvent, and a supercritical/subcritical approach to solve the limitations of the stand-alone microwave-assisted transesterification. The combined technologies allow for the improvement in the overall product yield and energy efficiency. This review provides insights into the broader prospects of microwave heating in the production of bio-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Atiqah Mohamad Aziz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Malaysia;
| | - Robiah Yunus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Malaysia;
- Institute of Plantation Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Malaysia; (D.K.); (H.A.H.)
| | - Dina Kania
- Institute of Plantation Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Malaysia; (D.K.); (H.A.H.)
| | - Hamidah Abd Hamid
- Institute of Plantation Studies, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Malaysia; (D.K.); (H.A.H.)
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Intensification and optimization of biodiesel production using microwave-assisted acid-organo catalyzed transesterification process. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21239. [PMID: 33277519 PMCID: PMC7718927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To produce biodiesel cost-effective, low-cost, high free fatty acid (FFA) oil feedstock is desirable. But high FFA creates difficulty during the base-catalyzed transesterification process by yield loss due to the formation of soap. However, these problems are overcome by the use of an acid catalyst. The acid catalysts can directly convert both triglycerides and FFAs into biodiesel without the formation of soaps or emulsions. The shortcomings of mostly used inorganic acids are that they work well for esterification of FFA present in low-cost oil, but their kinetics for transesterification of triglycerides present in oils is considerably slower. Corrosion of equipment is another major problem associated with an inorganic acid catalyst. The usage of an organic acid catalyst of the alkyl benzene sulfonic type, like 4-dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) minimizes these disadvantages of inorganic acid-catalyzed transesterification. The aim of the present investigation was to reduce the reaction time of transesterification of triglycerides further by using microwaves as a heating source in the presence of DBSA catalyst to achieve higher conversions under mild operating conditions. To optimize the transesterification variables for the higher conversion of biodiesel, the response surface methodology was employed to design the experiment. By using the DBSA catalyst under microwave heating at a temperature of 76 °C, conversion close to 100% in only 30 min of reaction time was obtained using a 0.09 molar ratio of catalyst to oil and 9.0 molar ratio of methanol to oil. A modified polynomial model was developed and was adequately fitted with the experimental data and could be used for understanding the effect of various process parameters. The catalyst to oil molar ratio and reaction temperature created a stronger effect on the biodiesel production than that exhibited by the methanol to oil molar ratio. It was observed that the microwave heating process outperformed conventional heating, providing a rapid, easy method for biodiesel synthesis from triglycerides in the presence of DBSA, an organic acid catalyst. The produced biodiesel was of good quality, as all the properties were within the prescribed limits of the ASTM D6751 standard.
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Syafiuddin A, Chong JH, Yuniarto A, Hadibarata T. The current scenario and challenges of biodiesel production in Asian countries: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Riyanto T, Istadi I, Buchori L, Anggoro DD, Dani Nandiyanto AB. Plasma-Assisted Catalytic Cracking as an Advanced Process for Vegetable Oils Conversion to Biofuels: A Mini Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teguh Riyanto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| | - I. Istadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| | - Luqman Buchori
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| | - Didi D. Anggoro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
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Optimization of operational and design parameters of a Simultaneous Mixer-Separator for enhanced continuous biodiesel production. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND PROCESS MODELING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/cppm-2020-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nowadays, biodiesel is promoted as an alternative and renewable fuel. The mass-transfer limited transesterification reaction is commonly used for biodiesel production, but it could benefit from process intensification technologies. The Simultaneous Mixer-Separator (SMS) is a novel process intensification reactor capable of integrating the mixing and separation of reactants within a single unit. The current study aims to determine the ideal parameters for continuous biodiesel production using an SMS setup that was exclusively designed and fabricated in-home for enhanced biodiesel production. The research statistically analyzed the effect of the space between the rotor and the bottom of reactor (h) (0.7, 1.0, 1.3 cm), the diameter ratio between the rotor and the stator (Dr/Ds) (0.5, 0.7, 0.9), and the frequency of the rotor’s rotary speed (R
f
) (20, 40, 60 Hz) on biodiesel yield using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Optimal oil to fatty acid methyl ester(FAME) conversion of 93.2% and the optimal volumetric production rate of 1,980 (kg FAME/m3·h) were obtained by setting the SMS to a rotational frequency of 39 Hz, an h of 0.7 cm, and a D
r
/D
s
of 0.85.
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23
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Bölük S, Sönmez Ö. Microwave‐Assisted Esterification of Oleic Acid Using an Ionic Liquid Catalyst. Chem Eng Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.202000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Servet Bölük
- Mersin University Chemistry University Street 33143 Mersin Turkey
| | - Özgür Sönmez
- Mersin University Chemistry University Street 33143 Mersin Turkey
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Abstract
An attractive alternative to the use of fossil fuels is biodiesel, which can be obtained from a variety of feedstock through different transesterification systems such as ultrasound, microwave, biological, chemical, among others. The efficient and cost-effective biodiesel production depends on several parameters such as free fatty acid content in the feedstock, transesterification reaction efficiency, alcohol:oil ratio, catalysts type, and several parameters during the production process. However, biodiesel production from vegetable oils is under development, causing the final price of biodiesel to be higher than diesel derived from petroleum. An alternative to decrease the production costs will be the use of economical feedstocks and simple production processes. Castor oil is an excellent raw material in terms of price and quality, but especially this non-edible vegetable oil does not have any issues or compromise food security. Recently, the use of castor oil has attracted attention for producing and optimizing biodiesel production, due to high content of ricinoleic fatty acid and the possibility to esterify with only methanol, which assures low production costs. Additionally, biodiesel from castor oil has different advantages over conventional diesel. Some of them are biodegradable, non-toxic, renewable, they can be used alone, low greenhouse gas emission, among others. This review discusses and analyzes different transesterification processes, technologies, as well as different technical aspects during biodiesel production using castor oil as a feedstock.
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25
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Microwave-Assisted Noncatalytic Esterification of Fatty Acid for Biodiesel Production: A Kinetic Study. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13092167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study developed a microwave-mediated noncatalytic esterification of oleic acid for producing ethyl biodiesel. The microwave irradiation process outperformed conventional heating methods for the reaction. A highest reaction conversion, 97.62%, was achieved by performing esterification with microwave irradiation at a microwave power of 150 W, 2:1 ethanol:oleic acid molar ratio, reaction time of 6 h, and temperature of 473 K. A second-order reaction model (R2 of up to 0.997) was established to describe esterification. The reaction rate constants were promoted with increasing microwave power and temperature. A strong linear relation of microwave power to pre-exponential factors was also established, and microwave power greatly influenced the reaction due to nonthermal effects. This study suggested that microwave-assisted noncatalytic esterification is an efficient approach for biodiesel synthesis.
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26
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Tran‐Nguyen PL, Ong LK, Go AW, Ju Y, Angkawijaya AE. Non‐catalytic and heterogeneous acid/base‐catalyzed biodiesel production: Recent and future developments. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Ki Ong
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Alchris Woo Go
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Hsu Ju
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
- Taiwan Building Technology CenterNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Artik Elisa Angkawijaya
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
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27
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Binnal P, Amruth A, Basawaraj MP, Chethan TS, Murthy KRS, Rajashekhara S. Microwave-assisted esterification and transesterification of dairy scum oil for biodiesel production: kinetics and optimisation studies. Chem Ind 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2020.1748124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Binnal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, India
| | - A. Amruth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, India
| | - M. P. Basawaraj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, India
| | - T. S. Chethan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, India
| | - K. R. S. Murthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, India
| | - S. Rajashekhara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumakuru, India
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28
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Sustainable Biodiesel Synthesis from Honne-Rubber-Neem Oil Blend with a Novel Mesoporous Base Catalyst Synthesized from a Mixture of Three Agrowastes. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of solid catalysts synthesized from agricultural wastes provides an environmentally benign and low-cost process path to synthesize biodiesel. An ash containing an equal mixture of cocoa pod husk, plantain peel and kola nut pod husk ashes (CPK) was obtained by open combustion of each of the biomass in air and calcined at 500 °C for 4 h. The calcined CPK ash was characterized to determine its catalytic potential. Two-level transesterification technique was used to synthesize biodiesel using the developed catalyst. The process parameters involved were optimized for the microwave-aided transesterification of a blend of honne, rubber seed and neem oils in a volumetric ratio of 20:20:60, respectively. The study showed that the ash derived from combination of the biomass wastes provided a catalyst which consists all necessary catalytic ingredients in their relative abundance. The calcined CPK consists of 47.67% of potassium, 5.56% calcium and 4.21% magnesium attesting to its heterogenous status. The physisorption isotherms reveals that it was dominantly mesoporous in structure and made up of nanoparticles. A maximum of 98.45 wt.% biodiesel was obtained from a MeOH:oil blend of 12:1, CPK concentration of 1.158 wt.% and reaction time of 6 min under microwave irradiation. The quality of the synthesized biodiesel satisfied the requirements stipulated by standard specifications. Thus, this work demonstrates that a blend of agrowastes and mixtures of non-edible oils could be used to synthesize good quality and sustainable biodiesel that can replace fossil diesel.
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29
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Khedri B, Mostafaei M, Safieddin Ardebili SM. Flow-mode synthesis of biodiesel under simultaneous microwave–magnetic irradiation. Chin J Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Application of Microwave in Hydrogen Production from Methane Dry Reforming: Comparison Between the Conventional and Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Reforming on Improving the Energy Efficiency. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9070618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The microwave-assisted dry reforming of methane over Ni and Ni–MgO catalysts supported on activated carbon (AC) was studied with respect to reducing reaction energy consumption. In order to optimize the reforming reaction using the microwave setup, an inclusive study was performed on the effect of operating parameters, including the type of catalysts’ active metal and their concentration in the AC support, feed flow rate, and reaction temperature on the reaction conversion and H2/CO selectivity. The methane dry reforming was also carried out using conventional heating and the results were compared to those of microwave heating. The catalysts’ activity was increased under microwave heating and as a result, the feed conversion and hydrogen selectivity were enhanced in comparison to the conventional heating method. In addition, to improve the reactants’ conversion and products’ selectivity, the thermal analysis also clarified the crucial importance of microwave heating in enhancing the energy efficiency of the reaction compared to the conventional heating.
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31
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Abdul Latif NIS, Ong MY, Nomanbhay S. Hydrothermal liquefaction of Malaysia's algal biomass for high-quality bio-oil production. Eng Life Sci 2019; 19:246-269. [PMID: 32625006 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201800144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, fossil materials form the majority of our energy and chemical source. Many global concerns force us to rethink about our current dependence on the fossil energy. Limiting the use of these energy sources is a key priority for most countries that pledge to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The application of biomass, as substitute fossil resources for producing biofuels, plastics and chemicals, is a widely accepted strategy for sustainable development. Aquatic plants including algae possess competitive advantages as biomass resources compared to the terrestrial plants in this current global situation. Bio-oil production from algal biomass is technically and economically viable, cost competitive, requires no capacious lands and minimal water use and reduces atmospheric carbon dioxide. The aim of this paper is to review the potential of converting algal biomass, as an aquatic plant, into high-quality crude bio-oil through applicable processes in Malaysia. In particular, bio-based materials and fuels from algal biomass are considered as one of the reliable alternatives for clean energy. Currently, pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) are two foremost processes for bio-oil production from biomass. HTL can directly convert high-moisture algal biomass into bio-oil, whereas pyrolysis requires feedstock drying to reduce the energy consumption during the process. Microwave-assisted HTL, which can be conducted in aqueous environment, is suitable for aquatic plants and wet biomass such as algae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei Yin Ong
- Institute of Sustainable Energy Universiti Tenaga Nasional (The National Energy University) Kajang Malaysia
| | - Saifuddin Nomanbhay
- Institute of Sustainable Energy Universiti Tenaga Nasional (The National Energy University) Kajang Malaysia
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Ajani OO, Akande MM, October N, Siyanbola TO, Aderohunmu DV, Akinsiku AA, Olorunshola SJ. Microwave assisted synthesis, characterization and investigation of antibacterial activity of 3-(5-(substituted-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)-2 H-chromen-2-one derivatives. ARAB JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25765299.2019.1632141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka O. Ajani
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, CST, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Maria M. Akande
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, CST, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Natasha October
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Shade J. Olorunshola
- Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, CST, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
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33
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Devi N, Kumar R, Singh RK. Microwave-Assisted Modification of Graphene and Its Derivatives: Synthesis, Reduction and Exfoliation. CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9057-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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34
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Xiang Y, Xiang Y, Wang L. Microwave radiation improves biodiesel yields from waste cooking oil in the presence of modified coal fly ash. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin UniversityYulinShaanxi Province719000China
| | - Yukun Xiang
- Yanshou No.1 Middle SchoolHarbinHeilongjiang Province150700China
| | - Lipeng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin UniversityYulinShaanxi Province719000China
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35
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Howlader MS, Rai N, Todd French W. Improving the lipid recovery from wet oleaginous microorganisms using different pretreatment techniques. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:743-755. [PMID: 30064900 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid extraction directly from the wet oleaginous microorganisms for biodiesel production is preferred as it reduces the energy input for traditional processes which require extensive drying of the biomass prior to the extraction. The high water content (≥80% on cell dry weight) in the wet biomass hinders the extraction efficiency due to the mass transfer limitation. This limitation can be overcome by pretreating wet biomass prior to the lipid extraction using pressurized gas that can be used alone or combined with other pretreatments to disrupt the cell wall. In this review, an extensive discussion on different pretreatments and the subsequent lipid extraction using these pretreatments is presented. Furthermore, a detailed account of the cell disruption using pressurized gas (e.g., CO2) treatment for microbial cell lysing is also presented. Finally, a new technique on lipid extraction directly from wet biomass using the combination of pressurized CO2 and microwave pretreatment is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Howlader
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Neeraj Rai
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States; Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - William Todd French
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
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37
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Jie X, Xiao T, Yao B, Gonzalez-Cortes S, Wang J, Fang Y, Miller N, AlMegren H, Dilworth J, Edwards P. On the performance optimisation of Fe catalysts in the microwave - assisted H2 production by the dehydrogenation of hexadecane. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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38
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İzgi MS, Saka C, Baytar O, Saraçoğlu G, Şahin Ö. Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Microwave and Conventional Heated Almond Shells Using Phosphoric Acid Activation. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1495223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sait İzgi
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Cafer Saka
- School of Health, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Orhan Baytar
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Gamze Saraçoğlu
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Ömer Şahin
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
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39
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Single phase blend: An advanced microwave process for improved quality low-cost biodiesel production from kitchen food waste. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nam WL, Phang XY, Su MH, Liew RK, Ma NL, Rosli MHNB, Lam SS. Production of bio-fertilizer from microwave vacuum pyrolysis of palm kernel shell for cultivation of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:9-16. [PMID: 29245037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microwave vacuum pyrolysis of palm kernel shell (PKS) was performed to produce biochar, which was then tested as bio-fertilizer in growing Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). The pyrolysis approach produced biochar containing a highly porous structure with a high BET surface area of up to 270m2/g and low moisture content (≤10wt%), exhibiting desirable adsorption properties to be used as bio-fertilizer since it can act as a housing that provides many sites on which living microorganisms (mycelium or plant-growth promoting bacteria) and organic nutrients can be attached or adsorbed onto. This could in turn stimulate plant growth by increasing the availability and supply of nutrients to the targeted host plant. The results from growing Oyster mushroom using the biochar recorded an impressive growth rate and a monthly production of up to about 550g of mushroom. A shorter time for mycelium growth on one whole baglog (21days) and the highest yield of Oyster mushroom (550g) were obtained from cultivation medium added with 20g of biochar. Our results demonstrate that the biochar-based bio-fertilizer produced from microwave vacuum pyrolysis of PKS shows exceptional promise as growth promoting material for mushroom cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Lun Nam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Group, School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Xue Yee Phang
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Group, School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Man Huan Su
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Group, School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Rock Keey Liew
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Group, School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nyuk Ling Ma
- School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | | | - Su Shiung Lam
- Pyrolysis Technology Research Group, Eastern Corridor Renewable Energy Group, School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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Assessment of Sustainability Indicators for Biodiesel Production. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7090869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Gogate PR. Intensification of chemical processing applications using ultrasonic and microwave irradiations. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nomanbhay S, Ong MY. A Review of Microwave-Assisted Reactions for Biodiesel Production. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4020057. [PMID: 28952536 PMCID: PMC5590484 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of biomass into chemicals and biofuels is an active research area as trends move to replace fossil fuels with renewable resources due to society's increased concern towards sustainability. In this context, microwave processing has emerged as a tool in organic synthesis and plays an important role in developing a more sustainable world. Integration of processing methods with microwave irradiation has resulted in a great reduction in the time required for many processes, while the reaction efficiencies have been increased markedly. Microwave processing produces a higher yield with a cleaner profile in comparison to other methods. The microwave processing is reported to be a better heating method than the conventional methods due to its unique thermal and non-thermal effects. This paper provides an insight into the theoretical aspects of microwave irradiation practices and highlights the importance of microwave processing. The potential of the microwave technology to accomplish superior outcomes over the conventional methods in biodiesel production is presented. A green process for biodiesel production using a non-catalytic method is still new and very costly because of the supercritical condition requirement. Hence, non-catalytic biodiesel conversion under ambient pressure using microwave technology must be developed, as the energy utilization for microwave-based biodiesel synthesis is reported to be lower and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifuddin Nomanbhay
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mei Yin Ong
- Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Tangy A, Pulidindi IN, Perkas N, Gedanken A. Continuous flow through a microwave oven for the large-scale production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 224:333-341. [PMID: 27810248 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This report presents a method for producing large quantities of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO). Preliminary studies on optimization of the WCO transesterification process in a continuous-flow microwave reactor are carried out using commercial SrO as a catalyst. The SrO catalyst can be separated and reused for five reaction cycles without loss in activity. Challenges like mass flow and pressure drop constraints need to be surmounted. SrO nanoparticles deposited on millimeter-sized (3-6mm) silica beads (41wt% SrO/SiO2) are prepared and evaluated as a substitute for the SrO catalyst. A WCO conversion value to biodiesel as high as 99.2wt% was achieved with the reactor packed with 15g of 41wt% SrO/SiO2 catalyst in 8.2min with 820mL of feed. Excellent performance of the fixed-bed catalyst without loss in activity for a lifetime of 24.6min converting a feed of 2.46L to FAME was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Tangy
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | | | - Nina Perkas
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Aharon Gedanken
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
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45
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Microwave assisted enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel with waste cooking oil and dimethyl carbonate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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Selection of Lipases for the Synthesis of Biodiesel from Jatropha Oil and the Potential of Microwave Irradiation to Enhance the Reaction Rate. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1404567. [PMID: 27868060 PMCID: PMC5102879 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1404567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study deals with the enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel by transesterification of Jatropha oil (Jatropha curcas L.) with ethanol in a solvent-free system. Seven commercial lipase preparations immobilized by covalent attachment on epoxy-polysiloxane-polyvinyl alcohol composite (epoxy-SiO2-PVA) were tested as biocatalysts. Among them, immobilized lipases from Pseudomonas fluorescens (lipase AK) and Burkholderia cepacia (lipase PS) were the most active biocatalysts in biodiesel synthesis, reaching ethyl ester yields (FAEE) of 91.1 and 98.3% at 72 h of reaction, respectively. The latter biocatalyst exhibited similar performance compared to Novozym® 435. Purified biodiesel was characterized by different techniques. Transesterification reaction carried out under microwave irradiation exhibited higher yield and productivity than conventional heating. The operational stability of immobilized lipase PS was determined in repeated batch runs under conventional and microwave heating systems, revealing half-life times of 430.4 h and 23.5 h, respectively.
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Sharma AK, Sahoo PK, Singhal S, Joshi G. Exploration of upstream and downstream process for microwave assisted sustainable biodiesel production from microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 216:793-800. [PMID: 27318156 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study explores the integrated approach for the sustainable production of biodiesel from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae. The microalgae were cultivated in 10m(2) open raceway pond at semi-continuous mode with optimum volumetric and areal production of 28.105kg/L/y and 71.51t/h/y, respectively. Alum was used as flocculent for harvesting the microalgae and optimized at different pH. Lipid was extracted using chloroform: methanol (2:1) and having 12.39% of FFA. Effect of various reaction conditions such as effect of catalyst, methanol:lipid ratio, reaction temperature and time on biodiesel yields were studied under microwave irradiation; and 84.01% of biodiesel yield was obtained under optimized reaction conditions. A comparison was also made between the biodiesel productions under conventional heating and microwave irradiation. The synthesized biodiesel was characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, FTIR and GC; however, fuel properties of biodiesel were also studied using specified test methods as per ASTM and EN standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Sharma
- Biofuel Research Laboratory, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, India.
| | - Pradeepta Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Farm Machinery & Power, Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Shailey Singhal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Girdhar Joshi
- Research and Development Department, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, India
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Sara M, Brar SK, Blais JF. Comparative study between microwave and ultrasonication aided in situ transesterification of microbial lipids. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra10379k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent trends have focused on the development of a rapid method to convert microbial lipids to biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdouli Sara
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement)
- Université du Québec
- Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement)
- Université du Québec
- Canada
| | - Jean François Blais
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement)
- Université du Québec
- Canada
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49
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Gude VG. Synergism of microwaves and ultrasound for advanced biorefineries. RESOURCE-EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reffit.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Yoshimura T, Suzuki T, Mineki S, Ohuchi S. Controlled Microwave Heating Accelerates Rolling Circle Amplification. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136532. [PMID: 26348227 PMCID: PMC4562646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rolling circle amplification (RCA) generates single-stranded DNAs or RNA, and the diverse applications of this isothermal technique range from the sensitive detection of nucleic acids to analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Microwave chemistry is widely applied to increase reaction rate as well as product yield and purity. The objectives of the present research were to apply microwave heating to RCA and indicate factors that contribute to the microwave selective heating effect. The microwave reaction temperature was strictly controlled using a microwave applicator optimized for enzymatic-scale reactions. Here, we showed that microwave-assisted RCA reactions catalyzed by either of the four thermostable DNA polymerases were accelerated over 4-folds compared with conventional RCA. Furthermore, the temperatures of the individual buffer components were specifically influenced by microwave heating. We concluded that microwave heating accelerated isothermal RCA of DNA because of the differential heating mechanisms of microwaves on the temperatures of reaction components, although the overall reaction temperatures were the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, 264 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 305–8506, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, 264 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 305–8506, Japan
| | - Shigeru Mineki
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, 264 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 305–8506, Japan
| | - Shokichi Ohuchi
- Graduate School of Life Science and System Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680–4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820–8502, Japan
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