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Wen L, Bi D, Shen Y. Complement-mediated synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms and involvement of risk factors. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:135-149. [PMID: 38129195 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is increasingly recognized as a key player in the synapse loss and cognitive impairments observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, the process of complement-dependent synaptic pruning through phagocytosis is over-activated in AD brains, driving detrimental excessive synapse elimination and contributing to synapse loss, which is the strongest neurobiological correlate of cognitive impairments in AD. Herein we review recent advances in characterizing complement-mediated synapse loss in AD, summarize the underlying mechanisms, and discuss the possible involvement of AD risk factors such as aging and various risk genes. We conclude with an overview of key questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Danlei Bi
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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2
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Fella E, Papacharalambous R, Kynigopoulos D, Ioannou M, Derua R, Christodoulou C, Stylianou M, Karaiskos C, Kagiava A, Petroula G, Pierides C, Kyriakou M, Koumas L, Costeas P, Panayiotou E. Pharmacological activation of the C5a receptor leads to stimulation of the β-adrenergic receptor and alleviates cognitive impairment in a murine model of familial Alzheimer’s disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947071. [PMID: 36091045 PMCID: PMC9462583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the brain causing either familial or sporadic dementia. We have previously administered the modified C5a receptor agonist (EP67) for a short period to a transgenic mouse model of AD (5XFAD) and have observed not only reduction in β-amyloid deposition and gliosis but also improvement in cognitive impairment. Inquiring, however, on the effects of EP67 in an already heavily burdened animal, thus representing a more realistic scenario, we treated 6-month-old 5XFAD mice for a period of 14 weeks. We recorded a significant decrease in both fibrillar and pre-fibrillar β-amyloid as well as remarkable amelioration of cognitive impairment. Following proteomic analysis and pathway association, we postulate that these events are triggered through the upregulation of β-adrenergic and GABAergic signaling. In summary, our results reveal how inflammatory responses can be employed in inducing tangible phenotype improvements even in advanced stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Fella
- Neuropathology Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Demos Kynigopoulos
- Neuropathology Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Ioannou
- Neuropathology Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Rita Derua
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Myrto Stylianou
- Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christos Karaiskos
- Neuroscience Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Alexia Kagiava
- Neuroscience Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gerasimou Petroula
- Molecular Haematology-Oncology, The Karaiskakio Foundation, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chryso Pierides
- The Center for the Study of Haematological Malignancies, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Kyriakou
- The Center for the Study of Haematological Malignancies, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Laura Koumas
- The Center for the Study of Haematological Malignancies, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cellular Pathology-Immunology, The Karaiskakio Foundation, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paul Costeas
- Molecular Haematology-Oncology, The Karaiskakio Foundation, Nicosia, Cyprus
- The Center for the Study of Haematological Malignancies, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus Cancer Research Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Elena Panayiotou
- Neuropathology Department, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- *Correspondence: Elena Panayiotou,
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Palstrøm NB, Rojek AM, Møller HEH, Hansen CT, Matthiesen R, Rasmussen LM, Abildgaard N, Beck HC. Classification of Amyloidosis by Model-Assisted Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010319. [PMID: 35008745 PMCID: PMC8745254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a rare disease caused by the misfolding and extracellular aggregation of proteins as insoluble fibrillary deposits localized either in specific organs or systemically throughout the body. The organ targeted and the disease progression and outcome is highly dependent on the specific fibril-forming protein, and its accurate identification is essential to the choice of treatment. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has become the method of choice for the identification of the amyloidogenic protein. Regrettably, this identification relies on manual and subjective interpretation of mass spectrometry data by an expert, which is undesirable and may bias diagnosis. To circumvent this, we developed a statistical model-assisted method for the unbiased identification of amyloid-containing biopsies and amyloidosis subtyping. Based on data from mass spectrometric analysis of amyloid-containing biopsies and corresponding controls. A Boruta method applied on a random forest classifier was applied to proteomics data obtained from the mass spectrometric analysis of 75 laser dissected Congo Red positive amyloid-containing biopsies and 78 Congo Red negative biopsies to identify novel “amyloid signature” proteins that included clusterin, fibulin-1, vitronectin complement component C9 and also three collagen proteins, as well as the well-known amyloid signature proteins apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein A4, and serum amyloid P. A SVM learning algorithm were trained on the mass spectrometry data from the analysis of the 75 amyloid-containing biopsies and 78 amyloid-negative control biopsies. The trained algorithm performed superior in the discrimination of amyloid-containing biopsies from controls, with an accuracy of 1.0 when applied to a blinded mass spectrometry validation data set of 103 prospectively collected amyloid-containing biopsies. Moreover, our method successfully classified amyloidosis patients according to the subtype in 102 out of 103 blinded cases. Collectively, our model-assisted approach identified novel amyloid-associated proteins and demonstrated the use of mass spectrometry-based data in clinical diagnostics of disease by the unbiased and reliable model-assisted classification of amyloid deposits and of the specific amyloid subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Bjødstrup Palstrøm
- Odense Amyloidosis Center, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (N.B.P.); (A.M.R.); (H.E.H.M.); (C.T.H.); (L.M.R.); (N.A.)
- Centre for Clinical Proteomics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Aleksandra M. Rojek
- Odense Amyloidosis Center, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (N.B.P.); (A.M.R.); (H.E.H.M.); (C.T.H.); (L.M.R.); (N.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Hanne E. H. Møller
- Odense Amyloidosis Center, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (N.B.P.); (A.M.R.); (H.E.H.M.); (C.T.H.); (L.M.R.); (N.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Toftmann Hansen
- Odense Amyloidosis Center, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (N.B.P.); (A.M.R.); (H.E.H.M.); (C.T.H.); (L.M.R.); (N.A.)
- Department of Hematology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Rune Matthiesen
- Computational and Experimental Biology Group, CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Lars Melholt Rasmussen
- Odense Amyloidosis Center, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (N.B.P.); (A.M.R.); (H.E.H.M.); (C.T.H.); (L.M.R.); (N.A.)
- Centre for Clinical Proteomics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Abildgaard
- Odense Amyloidosis Center, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (N.B.P.); (A.M.R.); (H.E.H.M.); (C.T.H.); (L.M.R.); (N.A.)
- Department of Hematology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Haematology Pathology Research Laboratory, Department of Haematology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Beck
- Odense Amyloidosis Center, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark; (N.B.P.); (A.M.R.); (H.E.H.M.); (C.T.H.); (L.M.R.); (N.A.)
- Centre for Clinical Proteomics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-29647470
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Mohamed Asik R, Suganthy N, Aarifa MA, Kumar A, Szigeti K, Mathe D, Gulyás B, Archunan G, Padmanabhan P. Alzheimer's Disease: A Molecular View of β-Amyloid Induced Morbific Events. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091126. [PMID: 34572312 PMCID: PMC8468668 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a dynamic peptide of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) which accelerates the disease progression. At the cell membrane and cell compartments, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) undergoes amyloidogenic cleavage by β- and γ-secretases and engenders the Aβ. In addition, externally produced Aβ gets inside the cells by receptors mediated internalization. An elevated amount of Aβ yields spontaneous aggregation which causes organelles impairment. Aβ stimulates the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein via acceleration by several kinases. Aβ travels to the mitochondria and interacts with its functional complexes, which impairs the mitochondrial function leading to the activation of apoptotic signaling cascade. Aβ disrupts the Ca2+ and protein homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex (GC) that promotes the organelle stress and inhibits its stress recovery machinery such as unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-associated degradation (ERAD). At lysosome, Aβ precedes autophagy dysfunction upon interacting with autophagy molecules. Interestingly, Aβ act as a transcription regulator as well as inhibits telomerase activity. Both Aβ and p-tau interaction with neuronal and glial receptors elevate the inflammatory molecules and persuade inflammation. Here, we have expounded the Aβ mediated events in the cells and its cosmopolitan role on neurodegeneration, and the current clinical status of anti-amyloid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajmohamed Mohamed Asik
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (R.M.A.); (B.G.)
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Natarajan Suganthy
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Mohamed Asik Aarifa
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India;
| | - Krisztián Szigeti
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (K.S.); (D.M.)
- CROmed Translational Research Centers, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domokos Mathe
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (K.S.); (D.M.)
- CROmed Translational Research Centers, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- In Vivo Imaging Advanced Core Facility, Hungarian Center of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM), 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gulyás
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (R.M.A.); (B.G.)
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Govindaraju Archunan
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Marudupandiyar College, Thanjavur 613403, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (G.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Parasuraman Padmanabhan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (R.M.A.); (B.G.)
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Correspondence: (G.A.); (P.P.)
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5
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Genomic Mosaicism Formed by Somatic Variation in the Aging and Diseased Brain. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071071. [PMID: 34356087 PMCID: PMC8305509 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, analyses of single brain cell genomes have revealed that the brain is composed of cells with myriad distinct genomes: the brain is a genomic mosaic, generated by a host of DNA sequence-altering processes that occur somatically and do not affect the germline. As such, these sequence changes are not heritable. Some processes appear to occur during neurogenesis, when cells are mitotic, whereas others may also function in post-mitotic cells. Here, we review multiple forms of DNA sequence alterations that have now been documented: aneuploidies and aneusomies, smaller copy number variations (CNVs), somatic repeat expansions, retrotransposons, genomic cDNAs (gencDNAs) associated with somatic gene recombination (SGR), and single nucleotide variations (SNVs). A catch-all term of DNA content variation (DCV) has also been used to describe the overall phenomenon, which can include multiple forms within a single cell’s genome. A requisite step in the analyses of genomic mosaicism is ongoing technology development, which is also discussed. Genomic mosaicism alters one of the most stable biological molecules, DNA, which may have many repercussions, ranging from normal functions including effects of aging, to creating dysfunction that occurs in neurodegenerative and other brain diseases, most of which show sporadic presentation, unlinked to causal, heritable genes.
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6
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Shi L, Winchester LM, Westwood S, Baird AL, Anand SN, Buckley NJ, Hye A, Ashton NJ, Bos I, Vos SJB, Kate MT, Scheltens P, Teunissen CE, Vandenberghe R, Gabel S, Meersmans K, Engelborghs S, De Roeck EE, Sleegers K, Frisoni GB, Blin O, Richardson JC, Bordet R, Molinuevo JL, Rami L, Wallin A, Kettunen P, Tsolaki M, Verhey F, Lléo A, Sala I, Popp J, Peyratout G, Martinez-Lage P, Tainta M, Johannsen P, Freund-Levi Y, Frölich L, Dobricic V, Legido-Quigley C, Barkhof F, Andreasson U, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Streffer J, Lill CM, Bertram L, Visser PJ, Kolb HC, Narayan VA, Lovestone S, Nevado-Holgado AJ. Replication study of plasma proteins relating to Alzheimer's pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1452-1464. [PMID: 33792144 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study sought to discover and replicate plasma proteomic biomarkers relating to Alzheimer's disease (AD) including both the "ATN" (amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration) diagnostic framework and clinical diagnosis. METHODS Plasma proteins from 972 subjects (372 controls, 409 mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and 191 AD) were measured using both SOMAscan and targeted assays, including 4001 and 25 proteins, respectively. RESULTS Protein co-expression network analysis of SOMAscan data revealed the relation between proteins and "N" varied across different neurodegeneration markers, indicating that the ATN variants are not interchangeable. Using hub proteins, age, and apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype discriminated AD from controls with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.81 and MCI convertors from non-convertors with an AUC of 0.74. Targeted assays replicated the relation of four proteins with the ATN framework and clinical diagnosis. DISCUSSION Our study suggests that blood proteins can predict the presence of AD pathology as measured in the ATN framework as well as clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sarah Westwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison L Baird
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sneha N Anand
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Noel J Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Abdul Hye
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Bos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie J B Vos
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mara Ten Kate
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- Neurochemistry lab, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Silvy Gabel
- University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Meersmans
- University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, UZ Brussel and Center for Neurociences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen E De Roeck
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Complex Genetics Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born-Bunge, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Olivier Blin
- AIX marseille university, INS, Ap-hm, Marseille, France
| | | | - Régis Bordet
- Inserm, University of Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - José L Molinuevo
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hopsital Clínic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Beta Brain Research Center, Unversitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Rami
- Barcelona Beta Brain Research Center, Unversitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anders Wallin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petronella Kettunen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Makedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Frans Verhey
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Alberto Lléo
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sala
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julius Popp
- University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Peter Johannsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yvonne Freund-Levi
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.,Karolinska Institutet Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, School of Medical Sciences Örebro University and Department of Neurobiology, Caring Sciences and Society (NVS), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lutz Frölich
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Valerija Dobricic
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cristina Legido-Quigley
- Kings College London, London, UK.,The Systems Medicine Group, Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherland.,UCL Institutes of Neurology and Healthcare Engineering, London, UK
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Johannes Streffer
- Complex Genetics Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.,UCB, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium, formerly Janssen R&D, LLC Beerse, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Christina M Lill
- Section for Translational Surgical Oncology and Biobanking, Department of Surgery, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pieter Jelle Visser
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Centrum Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Simon Lovestone
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Janssen R&D, Beerse, UK
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7
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Peoples N, Strang C. Complement Activation in the Central Nervous System: A Biophysical Model for Immune Dysregulation in the Disease State. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:620090. [PMID: 33746710 PMCID: PMC7969890 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.620090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement, a feature of the innate immune system that targets pathogens for phagocytic clearance and promotes inflammation, is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host tissue. This regulation is paramount in the central nervous system (CNS) since complement proteins degrade neuronal synapses during development, homeostasis, and neurodegeneration. We propose that dysregulated complement, particularly C1 or C3b, may errantly target synapses for immune-mediated clearance, therefore highlighting regulatory failure as a major potential mediator of neurological disease. First, we explore the mechanics of molecular neuroimmune relationships for the regulatory proteins: Complement Receptor 1, C1-Inhibitor, Factor H, and the CUB-sushi multiple domain family. We propose that biophysical and chemical principles offer clues for understanding mechanisms of dysregulation. Second, we describe anticipated effects to CNS disease processes (particularly Alzheimer's Disease) and nest our ideas within existing basic science, clinical, and epidemiological findings. Finally, we illustrate how the concepts presented within this manuscript provoke new ways of approaching age-old neurodegenerative processes. Every component of this model is testable by straightforward experimentation and highlights the untapped potential of complement dysregulation as a driver of CNS disease. This includes a putative role for complement-based neurotherapeutic agents and companion biomarkers.
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8
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Loeffler DA. Modifiable, Non-Modifiable, and Clinical Factors Associated with Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:1-27. [PMID: 33459643 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is an extensive literature relating to factors associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but less is known about factors which may contribute to its progression. This review examined the literature with regard to 15 factors which were suggested by PubMed search to be positively associated with the cognitive and/or neuropathological progression of AD. The factors were grouped as potentially modifiable (vascular risk factors, comorbidities, malnutrition, educational level, inflammation, and oxidative stress), non-modifiable (age at clinical onset, family history of dementia, gender, Apolipoprotein E ɛ4, genetic variants, and altered gene regulation), and clinical (baseline cognitive level, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and extrapyramidal signs). Although conflicting results were found for the majority of factors, a positive association was found in nearly all studies which investigated the relationship of six factors to AD progression: malnutrition, genetic variants, altered gene regulation, baseline cognitive level, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and extrapyramidal signs. Whether these or other factors which have been suggested to be associated with AD progression actually influence the rate of decline of AD patients is unclear. Therapeutic approaches which include addressing of modifiable factors associated with AD progression should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Loeffler
- Beaumont Research Institute, Department of Neurology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, USA
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9
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Bennett C, Álvarez-Ciara A, Franklin M, Dietrich WD, Prasad A. The complement cascade at the Utah microelectrode-tissue interface. Biomaterials 2021; 268:120583. [PMID: 33310540 PMCID: PMC7856077 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Devices implanted within the central nervous system (CNS) are subjected to tissue reactivity due to the lack of biocompatibility between implanted material and the cells' microenvironment. Studies have attributed blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, and oxidative stress as main contributing factors that lead to electrode recording failure. The complement cascade is a part of the innate immunity that focuses on recognizing and targeting foreign objects; however, its role in the context of neural implants is substantially unknown. In this study, we implanted a non-functional 4x4 Utah microelectrode array (UEA) into the somatosensory cortex and studied the complement cascade via combined gene and immunohistochemistry quantification at acute (48-h), sub-acute (1-week), and early chronic (4-weeks) time points. The results of this study demonstrate the activation and continuation of the complement cascade at the electrode-tissue interface, illustrating the therapeutic potential of modulating the foreign body response via the complement cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie Bennett
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Melissa Franklin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Abhishek Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, FL, USA; The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, FL, USA.
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10
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Boon BDC, Bulk M, Jonker AJ, Morrema THJ, van den Berg E, Popovic M, Walter J, Kumar S, van der Lee SJ, Holstege H, Zhu X, Van Nostrand WE, Natté R, van der Weerd L, Bouwman FH, van de Berg WDJ, Rozemuller AJM, Hoozemans JJM. The coarse-grained plaque: a divergent Aβ plaque-type in early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:811-830. [PMID: 32926214 PMCID: PMC7666300 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposits, which come in myriad morphologies with varying clinical relevance. Previously, we observed an atypical Aβ deposit, referred to as the coarse-grained plaque. In this study, we evaluate the plaque's association with clinical disease and perform in-depth immunohistochemical and morphological characterization. The coarse-grained plaque, a relatively large (Ø ≈ 80 µm) deposit, characterized as having multiple cores and Aβ-devoid pores, was prominent in the neocortex. The plaque was semi-quantitatively scored in the middle frontal gyrus of Aβ-positive cases (n = 74), including non-demented cases (n = 15), early-onset (EO)AD (n = 38), and late-onset (LO)AD cases (n = 21). The coarse-grained plaque was only observed in cases with clinical dementia and more frequently present in EOAD compared to LOAD. This plaque was associated with a homozygous APOE ε4 status and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). In-depth characterization was done by studying the coarse-grained plaque's neuritic component (pTau, APP, PrPC), Aβ isoform composition (Aβ40, Aβ42, AβN3pE, pSer8Aβ), its neuroinflammatory component (C4b, CD68, MHC-II, GFAP), and its vascular attribution (laminin, collagen IV, norrin). The plaque was compared to the classic cored plaque, cotton wool plaque, and CAA. Similar to CAA but different from classic cored plaques, the coarse-grained plaque was predominantly composed of Aβ40. Furthermore, the coarse-grained plaque was distinctly associated with both intense neuroinflammation and vascular (capillary) pathology. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and 3D analysis revealed for most coarse-grained plaques a particular Aβ40 shell structure and a direct relation with vessels. Based on its morphological and biochemical characteristics, we conclude that the coarse-grained plaque is a divergent Aβ plaque-type associated with EOAD. Differences in Aβ processing and aggregation, neuroinflammatory response, and vascular clearance may presumably underlie the difference between coarse-grained plaques and other Aβ deposits. Disentangling specific Aβ deposits between AD subgroups may be important in the search for disease-mechanistic-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baayla D C Boon
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein Bulk
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Allert J Jonker
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tjado H J Morrema
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma van den Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Popovic
- Microscopy and Cytometry Core Facility, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henne Holstege
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyue Zhu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
| | - William E Van Nostrand
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
| | - Remco Natté
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louise van der Weerd
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Femke H Bouwman
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma D J van de Berg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC - Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Locus Coeruleus Modulates Neuroinflammation in Parkinsonism and Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228630. [PMID: 33207731 PMCID: PMC7697920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Locus Coeruleus (LC) is the main noradrenergic nucleus of the central nervous system, and its neurons widely innervate the whole brain. LC is severely degenerated both in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in Parkinson’s disease (PD), years before the onset of clinical symptoms, through mechanisms that differ among the two disorders. Several experimental studies have shown that noradrenaline modulates neuroinflammation, mainly by acting on microglia/astrocytes function. In the present review, after a brief introduction on the anatomy and physiology of LC, we provide an overview of experimental data supporting a pathogenetic role of LC degeneration in AD and PD. Then, we describe in detail experimental data, obtained in vitro and in vivo in animal models, which support a potential role of neuroinflammation in such a link, and the specific molecules (i.e., released cytokines, glial receptors, including pattern recognition receptors and others) whose expression is altered by LC degeneration and might play a key role in AD/PD pathogenesis. New imaging and biochemical tools have recently been developed in humans to estimate in vivo the integrity of LC, the degree of neuroinflammation, and pathology AD/PD biomarkers; it is auspicable that these will allow in the near future to test the existence of a link between LC-neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration directly in patients.
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12
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Shadrin AA, Mucha S, Ellinghaus D, Makarious MB, Blauwendraat C, Sreelatha AAK, Heras-Garvin A, Ding J, Hammer M, Foubert-Samier A, Meissner WG, Rascol O, Pavy-Le Traon A, Frei O, O'Connell KS, Bahrami S, Schreiber S, Lieb W, Müller-Nurasyid M, Schminke U, Homuth G, Schmidt CO, Nöthen MM, Hoffmann P, Gieger C, Wenning G, Gibbs JR, Franke A, Hardy J, Stefanova N, Gasser T, Singleton A, Houlden H, Scholz SW, Andreassen OA, Sharma M. Shared Genetics of Multiple System Atrophy and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 36:449-459. [PMID: 33107653 PMCID: PMC8985479 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disease characterized by intracellular accumulations of α-synuclein and nerve cell loss in striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar structures. Epidemiological and clinical studies have reported potential involvement of autoimmune mechanisms in MSA pathogenesis. However, genetic etiology of this interaction remains unknown. We aimed to investigate genetic overlap between MSA and 7 autoimmune diseases and to identify shared genetic loci. Methods: Genome-wide association study summary statistics of MSA and 7 autoimmune diseases were combined in cross-trait conjunctional false discovery rate analysis to explore overlapping genetic background. Expression of selected candidate genes was compared in transgenic MSA mice and wild-type mice. Genetic variability of candidate genes was further investigated using independent whole-exome genotyping data from large cohorts of MSA and autoimmune disease patients and healthy controls. Results: We observed substantial polygenic overlap between MSA and inflammatory bowel disease and identified 3 shared genetic loci with leading variants upstream of the DENND1B and RSP04 genes, and in intron of the C7 gene. Further, the C7 gene showed significantly dysregulated expression in the degenerating midbrain of transgenic MSA mice compared with wild-type mice and had elevated burden of protein-coding variants in independent MSA and inflammatory bowel disease cohorts. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence of shared genetic etiology between MSA and inflammatory bowel disease with an important role of the C7 gene in both phenotypes, with the implication of immune and gut dysfunction in MSA pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Shadrin
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sören Mucha
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - David Ellinghaus
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mary B Makarious
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and, Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashwin A K Sreelatha
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Jinhui Ding
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Monia Hammer
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexandra Foubert-Samier
- Service de Neurologie, CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm, UMR1219, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux University, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Service de Neurologie, CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Centre de Reference Maladie Rare Atrophie MultiSystématisée, Centre d'Investigation, Clinique CIC 1436, Services de Pharmacologie Clinique et Neurosciences, NeuroToul COEN Center, Toulouse, France.,Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, 3, INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Pavy-Le Traon
- Neurology Department, French Reference Centre for MSA, University Hospital of Toulouse and INSERM U 1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Oleksandr Frei
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin S O'Connell
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shahram Bahrami
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,First Medical Department, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology and Biobank PopGen, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulf Schminke
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine and Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Carsten O Schmidt
- Institute for Community Medicine, Study of Health in Pomerania/KEF, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gregor Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - J Raphael Gibbs
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - John Hardy
- Rita Lila Weston Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Gasser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Henry Houlden
- Rita Lila Weston Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sonja W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and, Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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13
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Bechter K. The Challenge of Assessing Mild Neuroinflammation in Severe Mental Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:773. [PMID: 32973573 PMCID: PMC7469926 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent psychoneuroimmunology research has provided new insight into the etiology and pathogenesis of severe mental disorders (SMDs). The mild encephalitis (ME) hypothesis was developed with the example of human Borna disease virus infection years ago and proposed, that a subgroup SMD patients, mainly from the broad schizophrenic and affective spectrum, could suffer from mild neuroinflammation, which remained undetected because hard to diagnose with available diagnostic methods. Recently, in neurology an emerging new subgroup of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) cases suffering from various neurological syndromes was described in context with the discovery of an emerging list of Central Nervous System (CNS) autoantibodies. Similarly in psychiatry, consensus criteria of autoimmune psychosis (AP) were developed for patients presenting with CNS autoantibodies together with isolated psychiatric symptoms and paraclinical findings of (mild) neuroinflammation, which in fact match also the previously proposed ME criteria. Nevertheless, identifying mild neuroinflammation in vivo in the individual SMD case remains still a major clinical challenge and the possibility that further cases of ME remain still under diagnosed appears an plausible possibility. In this paper a critical review of recent developments and remaining challenges in the research and clinical diagnosis of mild neuroinflammation in SMDs and in general and in transdisciplinary perspective to psycho-neuro-immunology and neuropsychiatry is given. Present nosological classifications of neuroinflammatory disorders are reconsidered with regard to findings from experimental and clinical research. A refined grading list of clinical states including "classical" encephalitis, AE, AP/ME,and newly proposed terms like parainflammation, stress-induced parainflammation and neuroprogression, and their respective relation to neurodegeneration is presented, which may be useful for further research on the possible causative role of mild neuroinflammation in SMDs. Beyond, an etiology-focused subclassification of ME subtypes, like autoimmune ME or infectious ME, appears to be required for differential diagnosis and individualized treatment. The present status of the clinical diagnosis of mild neuroinflammatory mechanisms involved in SMDs is outlined with the example of actual diagnosis and therapy in AP. Ideas for future research to unravel the contribution of mild neuroinflammation in the causality of SMDs and the difficulties expected to come to novel immune modulatory, anti-infectious or anti-inflammatory therapeutic principles in the sense of precision medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Bechter
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy II, Ulm University, Bezirkskrankenhaus Günzburg, Günzburg, Germany
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14
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Cardozo PL, de Lima IBQ, Maciel EMA, Silva NC, Dobransky T, Ribeiro FM. Synaptic Elimination in Neurological Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 17:1071-1095. [PMID: 31161981 PMCID: PMC7052824 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666190603170511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are well known as the main structures responsible for transmitting information through the release and recognition of neurotransmitters by pre- and post-synaptic neurons. These structures are widely formed and eliminated throughout the whole lifespan via processes termed synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning, respectively. Whilst the first pro-cess is needed for ensuring proper connectivity between brain regions and also with the periphery, the second phenomenon is important for their refinement by eliminating weaker and unnecessary synapses and, at the same time, maintaining and fa-voring the stronger ones, thus ensuring proper synaptic transmission. It is well-known that synaptic elimination is modulated by neuronal activity. However, only recently the role of the classical complement cascade in promoting this phenomenon has been demonstrated. Specifically, microglial cells recognize activated complement component 3 (C3) bound to synapses tar-geted for elimination, triggering their engulfment. As this is a highly relevant process for adequate neuronal functioning, dis-ruptions or exacerbations in synaptic pruning could lead to severe circuitry alterations that could underlie neuropathological alterations typical of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we focus on discussing the possible in-volvement of excessive synaptic elimination in Alzheimer’s disease, as it has already been reported dendritic spine loss in post-synaptic neurons, increased association of complement proteins with its synapses and, hence, augmented microglia-mediated pruning in animal models of this disorder. In addition, we briefly discuss how this phenomenon could be related to other neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo L Cardozo
- Laboratório de Neurobioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izabella B Q de Lima
- Laboratório de Neurobioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Esther M A Maciel
- Laboratório de Neurobioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nathália C Silva
- Laboratório de Neurobioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Fabíola M Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Neurobioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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15
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Moreno-Rodriguez M, Perez SE, Nadeem M, Malek-Ahmadi M, Mufson EJ. Frontal cortex chitinase and pentraxin neuroinflammatory alterations during the progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:58. [PMID: 32066474 PMCID: PMC7025403 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1), chitinase 3-like 2 (CHI3L2), and neuronal pentraxin II (NPTX2) are inflammatory biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although studies have demonstrated that cerebrospinal fluid levels of these proteins are changed in AD, no studies have undertaken a detailed examination of alterations in protein levels, cellular expression, and interaction with amyloid in the brain during the progression of AD. METHODS The study evaluated levels of both CHI3L1 and CHI3L2, NPTX2, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), complement component 1q (C1q), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and CD44, in the frontal cortex of people who died with an antemortem clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild/moderate AD (mAD), and severe AD (sAD) using immunoblot and immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS CHI3L1-immunoreactive (-ir) astrocyte numbers were increased in the frontal cortex and white matter in sAD compared to NCI. On the other hand, increases in GFAP and Iba1-ir cell numbers were observed in MCI compared to NCI but only in white matter. Western blot analyses revealed significantly lower frontal cortex CHI3L2 levels, whereas CD44 levels were increased in sAD. No significant differences for CHI3L1, GFAP, C1q, and NPTX2 protein levels were detected between clinical groups. Strong significant correlations were found between frontal cortex CHI3L1 and Iba1-ir cell numbers in white matter and CHI3L1 and C1q protein levels in the early stages of the disease. C1q and Iba1, CD44 with CHI3L2, and GFAP protein levels were associated during disease progression. CHI3L1 and Iba1 cell numbers in white matter showed a significant associations with episodic memory and perceptual speed. CONCLUSIONS White matter CHI3L1 inflammatory response is associated with cognitive impairment early in the onset of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moreno-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 W. Thomas Rd., Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Sylvia E Perez
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 W. Thomas Rd., Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 W. Thomas Rd., Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | | | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 W. Thomas Rd., Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
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16
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Kim DK, Han D, Park J, Choi H, Park JC, Cha MY, Woo J, Byun MS, Lee DY, Kim Y, Mook-Jung I. Deep proteome profiling of the hippocampus in the 5XFAD mouse model reveals biological process alterations and a novel biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-17. [PMID: 31727875 PMCID: PMC6856180 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0326-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is the most common type of dementia, is characterized by the deposition of extracellular amyloid plaques. To understand the pathophysiology of the AD brain, the assessment of global proteomic dynamics is required. Since the hippocampus is a major region affected in the AD brain, we performed hippocampal analysis and identified proteins that are differentially expressed between wild-type and 5XFAD model mice via LC-MS methods. To reveal the relationship between proteomic changes and the progression of amyloid plaque deposition in the hippocampus, we analyzed the hippocampal proteome at two ages (5 and 10 months). We identified 9,313 total proteins and 1411 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in 5- and 10-month-old wild-type and 5XFAD mice. We designated a group of proteins showing the same pattern of changes as amyloid beta (Aβ) as the Aβ-responsive proteome. In addition, we examined potential biomarkers by investigating secretory proteins from the Aβ-responsive proteome. Consequently, we identified vitamin K-dependent protein S (PROS1) as a novel microglia-derived biomarker candidate in the hippocampus of 5XFAD mice. Moreover, we confirmed that the PROS1 level in the serum of 5XFAD mice increases as the disease progresses. An increase in PROS1 is also observed in the sera of AD patients and shows a close correlation with AD neuroimaging markers in humans. Therefore, our quantitative proteome data obtained from 5XFAD model mice successfully predicted AD-related biological alterations and suggested a novel protein biomarker for AD. A protein newly implicated in Alzheimer’s disease could serve as a diagnostic biomarker or therapeutic target. A team led by Youngsoo Kim and Inhee Mook-Jung from Seoul National University, South Korea, analyzed all the proteins expressed in the hippocampus, the brain’s memory center, in mice with and without Alzheimer’s-like disease. They identified more than 1,400 proteins differentially expressed between the mouse model of Alzheimer’s and the normal mice. Among these were 36 secretory proteins that tended to increase their levels along with build-up of amyloid-beta, the protein found in clumps in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s. Many already had known links to Alzheimer’s, but the researchers also identified a novel protein called PROS1. Blood samples from Alzheimer’s patients also showed an increase in PROS1 levels, with a close correlation with amyloid-beta build-up in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kyu Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Proteomics Core Facility, Transdisciplinary Research and Collaboration, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joonho Park
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, College of Engineering, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Choi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon-Yong Cha
- LG Chem Life Science R&D Campus, Drug Discovery Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongmin Woo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, College of Engineering, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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17
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Giorgi FS, Saccaro LF, Galgani A, Busceti CL, Biagioni F, Frati A, Fornai F. The role of Locus Coeruleus in neuroinflammation occurring in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res Bull 2019; 153:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Proteins and microRNAs are differentially expressed in tear fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15437. [PMID: 31659197 PMCID: PMC6817868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive loss of neurons and cognitive functions. Therefore, early diagnosis of AD is critical. The development of practical and non-invasive diagnostic tests for AD remains, however, an unmet need. In the present proof-of-concept study we investigated tear fluid as a novel source of disease-specific protein and microRNA-based biomarkers for AD development using samples from patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. Tear protein content was evaluated via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and microRNA content was profiled using a genome-wide high-throughput PCR-based platform. These complementary approaches identified enrichment of specific proteins and microRNAs in tear fluid of AD patients. In particular, we identified elongation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) as a unique protein present only in AD samples. Total microRNA abundance was found to be higher in tears from AD patients. Among individual microRNAs, microRNA-200b-5p was identified as a potential biomarker for AD with elevated levels present in AD tear fluid samples compared to controls. Our study suggests that tears may be a useful novel source of biomarkers for AD and that the identification and verification of biomarkers within tears may allow for the development of a non-invasive and cost-effective diagnostic test for AD.
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19
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Foster EM, Dangla-Valls A, Lovestone S, Ribe EM, Buckley NJ. Clusterin in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms, Genetics, and Lessons From Other Pathologies. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:164. [PMID: 30872998 PMCID: PMC6403191 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) or APOJ is a multifunctional glycoprotein that has been implicated in several physiological and pathological states, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). With a prominent extracellular chaperone function, additional roles have been discussed for clusterin, including lipid transport and immune modulation, and it is involved in pathways common to several diseases such as cell death and survival, oxidative stress, and proteotoxic stress. Although clusterin is normally a secreted protein, it has also been found intracellularly under certain stress conditions. Multiple hypotheses have been proposed regarding the origin of intracellular clusterin, including specific biogenic processes leading to alternative transcripts and protein isoforms, but these lines of research are incomplete and contradictory. Current consensus is that intracellular clusterin is most likely to have exited the secretory pathway at some point or to have re-entered the cell after secretion. Clusterin's relationship with amyloid beta (Aβ) has been of great interest to the AD field, including clusterin's apparent role in altering Aβ aggregation and/or clearance. Additionally, clusterin has been more recently identified as a mediator of Aβ toxicity, as evidenced by the neuroprotective effect of CLU knockdown and knockout in rodent and human iPSC-derived neurons. CLU is also the third most significant genetic risk factor for late onset AD and several variants have been identified in CLU. Although the exact contribution of these variants to altered AD risk is unclear, some have been linked to altered CLU expression at both mRNA and protein levels, altered cognitive and memory function, and altered brain structure. The apparent complexity of clusterin's biogenesis, the lack of clarity over the origin of the intracellular clusterin species, and the number of pathophysiological functions attributed to clusterin have all contributed to the challenge of understanding the role of clusterin in AD pathophysiology. Here, we highlight clusterin's relevance to AD by discussing the evidence linking clusterin to AD, as well as drawing parallels on how the role of clusterin in other diseases and pathways may help us understand its biological function(s) in association with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Noel J. Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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Sfera A, Gradini R, Cummings M, Diaz E, Price AI, Osorio C. Rusty Microglia: Trainers of Innate Immunity in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1062. [PMID: 30564191 PMCID: PMC6288235 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, the most common form of dementia, is marked by progressive cognitive and functional impairment believed to reflect synaptic and neuronal loss. Recent preclinical data suggests that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia may contribute to the elimination of viable neurons and synapses by promoting a neurotoxic astrocytic phenotype, defined as A1. The innate immune cells, including microglia and astrocytes, can either facilitate or inhibit neuroinflammation in response to peripherally applied inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS. Depending on previous antigen encounters, these cells can assume activated (trained) or silenced (tolerized) phenotypes, augmenting or lowering inflammation. Iron, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and LPS, the cell wall component of gram-negative bacteria, are microglial activators, but only the latter can trigger immune tolerization. In Alzheimer's disease, tolerization may be impaired as elevated LPS levels, reported in this condition, fail to lower neuroinflammation. Iron is closely linked to immunity as it plays a key role in immune cells proliferation and maturation, but it is also indispensable to pathogens and malignancies which compete for its capture. Danger signals, including LPS, induce intracellular iron sequestration in innate immune cells to withhold it from pathogens. However, excess cytosolic iron increases the risk of inflammasomes' activation, microglial training and neuroinflammation. Moreover, it was suggested that free iron can awaken the dormant central nervous system (CNS) LPS-shedding microbes, engendering prolonged neuroinflammation that may override immune tolerization, triggering autoimmunity. In this review, we focus on iron-related innate immune pathology in Alzheimer's disease and discuss potential immunotherapeutic agents for microglial de-escalation along with possible delivery vehicles for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Roberto Gradini
- Department of Pathology, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eddie Diaz
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Amy I Price
- Evidence Based Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Osorio
- Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
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21
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Thygesen C, Ilkjær L, Kempf SJ, Hemdrup AL, von Linstow CU, Babcock AA, Darvesh S, Larsen MR, Finsen B. Diverse Protein Profiles in CNS Myeloid Cells and CNS Tissue From Lipopolysaccharide- and Vehicle-Injected APP SWE/PS1 ΔE9 Transgenic Mice Implicate Cathepsin Z in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:397. [PMID: 30459560 PMCID: PMC6232379 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, characterized by chronic activation of the myeloid-derived microglia, is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Systemic inflammation, typically resulting from infection, has been linked to the progression of AD due to exacerbation of the chronic microglial reaction. However, the mechanism and the consequences of this exacerbation are largely unknown. Here, we mimicked systemic inflammation in AD with weekly intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mice with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from 9 to 12 months of age, corresponding to the period with the steepest increase in amyloid pathology. We found that the repeated LPS injections ameliorated amyloid pathology in the neocortex while increasing the neuroinflammatory reaction. To elucidate mechanisms, we analyzed the proteome of the hippocampus from the same mice as well as in unique samples of CNS myeloid cells. The repeated LPS injections stimulated protein pathways of the complement system, retinoid receptor activation and oxidative stress. CNS myeloid cells from transgenic mice showed enrichment in pathways of amyloid-beta clearance and elevated levels of the lysosomal protease cathepsin Z, as well as amyloid precursor protein, apolipoprotein E and clusterin. These proteins were found elevated in the proteome of both LPS and vehicle injected transgenics, and co-localized to CD11b+ microglia in transgenic mice and in primary murine microglia. Additionally, cathepsin Z, amyloid precursor protein, and apolipoprotein E appeared associated with amyloid plaques in neocortex of AD cases. Interestingly, cathepsin Z was expressed in microglial-like cells and co-localized to CD68+ microglial lysosomes in AD cases, and it was expressed in perivascular cells in AD and control cases. Taken together, our results implicate systemic LPS administration in ameliorating amyloid pathology in early-to-mid stage disease in the APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mouse and attract attention to the potential disease involvement of cathepsin Z expressed in CNS myeloid cells in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Thygesen
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Laura Ilkjær
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stefan J Kempf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne Louise Hemdrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Alicia A Babcock
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sultan Darvesh
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Geriatric Medicine) - Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Martin R Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Brain Research - Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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22
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Matsuo K, Shindo A, Niwa A, Tabei KI, Akatsu H, Hashizume Y, Akiyama H, Ayaki T, Maki T, Sawamoto N, Takahashi R, Oikawa S, Tomimoto H. Complement Activation in Capillary Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 44:343-353. [PMID: 29421784 DOI: 10.1159/000486091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is classified as type 1 with capillary amyloid β (Aβ) or type 2 without capillary Aβ. While it is known that CAA activates complement, an inflammatory mediator, there is no information on the relationship between capillary Aβ and complement activation. METHODS We evaluated 34 autopsy brains, including 22 with CAA and 12 with other neurodegenerative diseases. We assessed the vascular density of CAA by analyzing the expression of complement (C1q, C3d, C6, C5b-9), macrophage scavenger receptor (MSR), and apolipoprotein E (ApoE). RESULTS Capillary immunostaining for C1q, C3d, MSR, and ApoE was identified almost exclusively in CAA-type1 brains. There was intense expression of C1q, C3d, MSR, and ApoE, as well as weaker expression of C5b-9 and C6 in the arteries/ arterioles of both CAA subtypes, but not in control brains. C5b-9 and C6 were preferentially expressed in arteries/arterioles with subcortical hemorrhage or cortical superficial siderosis. Triple immunofluorescence revealed that C1q, C3d, and ApoE were colocalized with Aβ in CAA brain capillaries. CONCLUSION Complement, MSR, and ApoE were only coexpressed in the presence of Aβ accumulation in capillaries, suggesting a role for complement activation in the propagation of Aβ. Additionally, C5b-9 expression may be associated with hemorrhagic brain injury in CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Matsuo
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shindo
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Niwa
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Tabei
- Department of Dementia Prevention and Therapeutics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi, Japan
| | | | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Department of Clinical Research, Yokohama Brain and Spine Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ayaki
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobukatsu Sawamoto
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Oikawa
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Department of Neurology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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23
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Herline K, Prelli F, Mehta P, MacMurray C, Goñi F, Wisniewski T. Immunotherapy to improve cognition and reduce pathological species in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:54. [PMID: 29914551 PMCID: PMC6006698 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by physiologically endogenous proteins amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau undergoing a conformational change and accumulating as soluble oligomers and insoluble aggregates. Tau and Aβ soluble oligomers, which contain extensive β-sheet secondary structure, are thought to be the most toxic forms. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of TWF9, an anti-β-sheet conformation antibody (aβComAb), to selectively recognize pathological Aβ and phosphorylated tau in AD human tissue compared with cognitively normal age-matched controls and to improve the performance of old 3xTg-AD mice with advanced pathology in behavioral testing after acute treatment with TWF9. Methods In this study, we used immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to characterize TWF9 specificity. We further assessed cognitive performance in old (18–22 months) 3xTg-AD mice using both a Barnes maze and novel object recognition after intraperitoneal administration of TWF9 (4 mg/kg) biweekly for 2 weeks before the start of behavioral testing. Injections continued for the duration of the behavioral testing, which lasted 2 weeks. Results Histological analysis of TWF9 in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human control and AD (ABC score: A3B3C3) brain tissue revealed preferential cytoplasmic immunoreactivity in neurons in the AD tissue compared with controls (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ELISA using oligomeric and monomeric Aβ showed a preferential affinity for oligomeric Aβ. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that TWF9 extracted both phosphorylated tau (p < 0.01) and Aβ (p < 0.01) from fresh frozen brain tissues. Results show that treated old 3xTg-AD mice have an enhanced novel object recognition memory (p < 0.01) and Barnes maze performance (p = 0.05) compared with control animals. Overall plaque burden, neurofibrillary tangles, microgliosis, and astrocytosis remained unchanged. Soluble phosphorylated tau was significantly reduced in TWF9-treated mice (p < 0.05), and there was a trend for a reduction in soluble Aβ levels in the brain homogenates of female 3xTg-AD mice (p = 0.06). Conclusions This study shows that acute treatment with an aβComAb can effectively improve performance in behavioral testing without reduction of amyloid plaque burden, and that peripherally administered IgG can affect levels of pathological species in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Herline
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frances Prelli
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pankaj Mehta
- Department of Immunology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, USA
| | | | - Fernando Goñi
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology and Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria, ERSP Rm 802, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY, USA. .,Departments of Pathology and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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24
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Boon BDC, Hoozemans JJM, Lopuhaä B, Eigenhuis KN, Scheltens P, Kamphorst W, Rozemuller AJM, Bouwman FH. Neuroinflammation is increased in the parietal cortex of atypical Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:170. [PMID: 29843759 PMCID: PMC5975447 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While most patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) present with memory complaints, 30% of patients with early disease onset present with non-amnestic symptoms. This atypical presentation is thought to be caused by a different spreading of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) than originally proposed by Braak and Braak. Recent studies suggest a prominent role for neuroinflammation in the spreading of tau pathology. Methods We aimed to explore whether an atypical spreading of pathology in AD is associated with an atypical distribution of neuroinflammation. Typical and atypical AD cases were selected based on both NFT distribution and amnestic or non-amnestic clinical presentation. Immunohistochemistry was performed on the temporal pole and superior parietal lobe of 10 typical and 9 atypical AD cases. The presence of amyloid-beta (N-terminal; IC16), pTau (AT8), reactive astrocytes (GFAP), microglia (Iba1, CD68, and HLA-DP/DQ/DR), and complement factors (C1q, C3d, C4b, and C5b-9) was quantified by image analysis. Differences in lobar distribution patterns of immunoreactivity were statistically assessed using a linear mixed model. Results We found a temporal dominant distribution for amyloid-beta, GFAP, and Iba1 in both typical and atypical AD. Distribution of pTau, CD68, HLA-DP/DQ/DR, C3d, and C4b differed between AD variants. Typical AD cases showed a temporal dominant distribution of these markers, whereas atypical AD cases showed a parietal dominant distribution. Interestingly, when quantifying for the number of amyloid-beta plaques instead of stained surface area, atypical AD cases differed in distribution pattern from typical AD cases. Remarkably, plaque morphology and localization of neuroinflammation within the plaques was different between the two phenotypes. Conclusions Our data show a different localization of neuroinflammatory markers and amyloid-beta plaques between AD phenotypes. In addition, these markers reflect the atypical distribution of tau pathology in atypical AD, suggesting that neuroinflammation might be a crucial link between amyloid-beta deposits, tau pathology, and clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baayla D C Boon
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen J M Hoozemans
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Boaz Lopuhaä
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel N Eigenhuis
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Kamphorst
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Femke H Bouwman
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Cobourne-Duval MK, Taka E, Mendonca P, Soliman KFA. Thymoquinone increases the expression of neuroprotective proteins while decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the gene expression NFκB pathway signaling targets in LPS/IFNγ -activated BV-2 microglia cells. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 320:87-97. [PMID: 29759145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and microglial activation are pathological markers of a number of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Chronic activation of microglia induces the release of excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, chronic microglial activation has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Thymoquinone (TQ) has been identified as one of the major active components of the natural product Nigella sativa seed oil. TQ has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and neuroprotective effects. In this study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) activated BV-2 microglial cells were treated with TQ (12.5 μM for 24 h). We performed quantitative proteomic analysis using Orbitrap/Q-Exactive Proteomic LC-MS/MS (Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) to globally assess changes in protein expression between the treatment groups. Furthermore, we evaluated the ability of TQ to suppress the inflammatory response using ELISArray™ for Inflammatory Cytokines. We also assessed TQ's effect on the gene expression of NFκB signaling targets by profiling 84 key genes via real-time reverse transcription (RT2) PCR array. Our results indicated that TQ treatment of LPS/IFNγ-activated microglial cells significantly increased the expression of 4 antioxidant, neuroprotective proteins: glutaredoxin-3 (21 fold; p < 0.001), biliverdin reductase A (15 fold; p < 0.0001), 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (11 fold; p < 0.01), and mitochondrial lon protease (>8 fold; p < 0.001) compared to the untreated, activated cells. Furthermore, TQ treatment significantly (P < 0.0001) reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines, IL-2 = 38%, IL-4 = 19%, IL-6 = 83%, IL-10 = 237%, and IL-17a = 29%, in the activated microglia compared to the untreated, activated which expression levels were significantly elevated compared to the control microglia: IL-2 = 127%, IL-4 = 151%, IL-6 = 670%, IL-10 = 133%, IL-17a = 127%. Upon assessing the gene expression of NFκB signaling targets, this study also demonstrated that TQ treatment of activated microglia resulted in >7 fold down-regulation of several NFκB signaling targets genes, including interleukin 6 (IL6), complement factor B (CFB), chemokine (CC motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3), chemokine (CC) motif ligand 5 (CCL5) compared to the untreated, activated microglia. This modulation in gene expression counteracts the >10-fold upregulation of these same genes observed in the activated microglia compared to the controls. Our results show that TQ treatment of LPS/IFNγ-activated BV-2 microglial cells induce a significant increase in expression of neuroprotective proteins, a significant decrease in expression inflammatory cytokines, and a decrease in the expression of signaling target genes of the NFκB pathway. Our findings are the first to show that TQ treatment increased the expression of these neuroprotective proteins (biliverdin reductase-A, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, glutaredoxin-3, and mitochondrial lon protease) in the activated BV-2 microglial cells. Additionally, our results indicate that TQ treatment decreased the activation of the NFκB signaling pathway, which plays a key role in neuroinflammation. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that TQ treatment reduces the inflammatory response and modulates the expression of specific proteins and genes and hence potentially reduce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration driven by microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makini K Cobourne-Duval
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Equar Taka
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Patricia Mendonca
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - Karam F A Soliman
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States.
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Brosseron F, Traschütz A, Widmann CN, Kummer MP, Tacik P, Santarelli F, Jessen F, Heneka MT. Characterization and clinical use of inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid protein markers in Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2018; 10:25. [PMID: 29482610 PMCID: PMC5828084 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation has gained increasing attention as a potential contributing factor in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. A clinical cerebrospinal fluid biomarker capable of monitoring this process during the course of the disease has yet to emerge, chiefly owing to contradictory research findings. In this study, we sought to clarify the utility of inflammatory biomarkers in diagnostic procedures of AD in three steps: (1) to screen for proteins that are robustly detectable in cerebrospinal fluid; (2) based on this analysis, to explore any associations between the analytically robust markers and salient pathological features of AD; and (3) to determine the discriminative power of these markers in the clinical diagnosis of AD. Methods From a total of 46 proteins, 15 that were robustly detectable in cerebrospinal fluid were identified. A subsequent analysis of these markers in a cohort of 399 patients (nondemented subjects, patients with mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and patients with AD, supplemented by smaller cohorts of other diseases) was conducted. Fluid biomarker data were related to AD pathology and neuropsychological markers and adjusted for confounders such as age, sex, apolipoprotein E genotype, and biobank storage time. Results Cerebrospinal fluid levels of C-reactive protein and soluble TREM2 differed between nondemented subjects, patients with MCI, or patients with AD and were associated with amyloid and tau pathology. Several markers were associated with tau pathology only or with other neurodegenerative diseases. Correlations between neuropsychological performance and inflammatory markers were weak, but they were most prominent in AD and for the most challenging cognitive tests. All investigated covariates had significant influence, with varying effects across the markers. Still, none of the markers achieved discriminative power of more than 70% to distinguish between patient groups defined by clinical or neuropathological categories. Conclusions Basic analytical considerations proved indispensable for this type of study because only one-third of the tested markers were robustly detectable in cerebrospinal fluid. Detectable inflammatory protein markers were associated in multiple ways with AD pathology. Yet, even significantly associated markers were not powerful enough in terms of effect strength, sensitivity, and specificity, and hence they were not suited for direct use in clinical diagnostic practice. Targets other than those most commonly considered in this field of research might provide results with better clinical applicability. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13195-018-0353-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Traschütz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Geropsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Catherine N Widmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Geropsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus P Kummer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Geropsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pawel Tacik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Geropsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Frank Jessen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany. .,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Geropsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.
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Qi XM, Wang C, Chu XK, Li G, Ma JF. Intraventricular infusion of clusterin ameliorated cognition and pathology in Tg6799 model of Alzheimer's disease. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:2. [PMID: 29370749 PMCID: PMC5785859 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) in brain parenchyma and cerebral blood vessels as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Clusterin, a chaperon protein associated with Aβ aggregation, toxicity and transport through blood-brain barrier, may play a key role in the development of AD. Recently, clusterin peptide D-[113-122] was shown to mimic clusterin's function and exerted therapeutic effect in atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated whether this clusterin peptide also affected (Aβ) deposition in AD transgenic mouse. RESULTS Using a micropump, synthetic peptide 113-122 of clusterin protein (20 μg/200 μl) was infused into the lateral ventricle of 8-month 5 × FAD transgenic mouse model (Tg6799), for 2 weeks. Water-maze testing showed an improved cognitive function of the Tg6799 mice treated with clusterin. Immunocytochemistry and quantitative analysis revealed that intraventricular (icv) administration of clusterin peptide in Tg6799 mouse reduced Aβ plaques as well the severity of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated a decreased in the soluble levels of Aβ (Aβ40 and Aβ42) in the brain. Western-blot revealed an increased level of LRP-2 after clusterin peptide treatment. CONCLUSION These results suggest that icv infusion of clusterin peptide D-[113-122] offers a promising therapeutic approach to reduce Aβ deposition as well as CAA. The LRP2-mediated clearance system might be involved in the mechanism of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Qi
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Road Ruijin Second, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Road Ruijin Second, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Kun Chu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Road Ruijin Second, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Road Ruijin Second, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Fang Ma
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Road Ruijin Second, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Exploration of neuroimmune mechanisms is vital to the understanding of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of mental disorders. Inflammatory and immune mechanisms are increasingly understood to underpin a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, with an ever-expanding evidence base drawn from basic science to large-scale epidemiological data. Unravelling of these mechanisms should lead to biomarker discovery and potential new avenues for therapeutics that modulate immunological mechanisms. Identification of neuroimmune biomarkers is vital to improving diagnosis, stratification and treatment of mental disorders. There is an urgent clinical need for new therapeutic approaches with poor treatment response and treatment resistance a major problem for many psychiatric disorders including depression and schizophrenia. Neurodegenerative psychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's also have clear neuroimmune underpinnings and manifest an urgent clinical need for improvements in diagnosis and research towards transformative disease-modifying treatments. This chapter provides some background on the role of the neuroimmune system in mental illness, exploring the role for biomarkers, in addition to reviewing the current state of knowledge in this exciting field. We also reflect on the inherent challenges and methodological pitfalls faced by research in this field, including the complexity of conceptualising multidimensional mental disorders and the dynamic shifting sands of the immune system.
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Laranjeira S, Symmonds M, Palace J, Payne SJ, Orlowski P. A mathematical model of cellular swelling in Neuromyelitis optica. J Theor Biol 2017; 433:39-48. [PMID: 28843390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) is a severe neuro-inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by predominant damage to the optic nerve and of the spinal cord. The pathogenic antibody found in the majority of patients targets the AQP4 channels on astrocytic endfeet and causes the cells to swell. Although, the pathophysiology of the disease is broadly known, there are no specific targeted treatments for this process clinically available nor accurate prognostic markers both during attacks and for predicting long term neuronal damage. This lack is, in part, due to the rarity of the disease and its relatively recent pathogenic clarity. Hence, the ability to mathematically model the progress of the condition to test prospective therapies in silico would be a step forward. This paper combines state of the art models of cellular metabolism and cytotoxic oedema in neurons and astrocytes and augments it with a detailed characterization of water transport across the cellular membrane. In particular, we capture the process of perforation of the cell through the human complement cascade and resulting water and ionic fluxes. Simulating NMO by injecting its antibody and human complement into the extracellular space showed a 25% increase of the astrocytic volume after 12 h from onset. Most of the volume change occurred during the first 30 min of simulation with a peak volume change of 38%. The model was further adapted to simulate the therapeutic potential of CD59. It was found that there is a threshold of CD59 concentration that can prevent the swelling of astrocytes. Since the astrocyte volume changes mostly during the first hour, further experimental work should focus on this time scale to provide data for further model refinement and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simão Laranjeira
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mkael Symmonds
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Palace
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Payne
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Orlowski
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Connecting genetic risk to disease end points through the human blood plasma proteome. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14357. [PMID: 28240269 PMCID: PMC5333359 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with intermediate phenotypes, like changes in metabolite and protein levels, provide functional evidence to map disease associations and translate them into clinical applications. However, although hundreds of genetic variants have been associated with complex disorders, the underlying molecular pathways often remain elusive. Associations with intermediate traits are key in establishing functional links between GWAS-identified risk-variants and disease end points. Here we describe a GWAS using a highly multiplexed aptamer-based affinity proteomics platform. We quantify 539 associations between protein levels and gene variants (pQTLs) in a German cohort and replicate over half of them in an Arab and Asian cohort. Fifty-five of the replicated pQTLs are located in trans. Our associations overlap with 57 genetic risk loci for 42 unique disease end points. We integrate this information into a genome-proteome network and provide an interactive web-tool for interrogations. Our results provide a basis for novel approaches to pharmaceutical and diagnostic applications. Individual genetic variation can affect the levels of protein in blood, but detailed data sets linking these two types of data are rare. Here, the authors carry out a genome-wide association study of levels of over a thousand different proteins, and describe many new SNP-protein interactions.
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Chan GG, Koch CM, Connors LH. Blood Proteomic Profiling in Inherited (ATTRm) and Acquired (ATTRwt) Forms of Transthyretin-Associated Cardiac Amyloidosis. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1659-1668. [PMID: 28196416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Transthyretin-associated forms of cardiac amyloidosis are fatal protein misfolding diseases that can be inherited (ATTRm) or acquired (ATTRwt). An accurate diagnosis of ATTR amyloidosis can be challenging as biopsy evidence, usually from the affected organ, is required. Precise biomarkers for ATTR disease identification and monitoring are undiscovered, disease-specific therapeutic options are needed, and the current understanding of ATTR molecular pathogenesis is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the serum proteomes in ATTRm and ATTRwt cardiac amyloidosis to identify differentially expressed blood proteins that were disease-specific. Using multiple-reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MRM-MS), the concentrations of 160 proteins were analyzed in serum samples from ATTRm and ATTRwt patients, and a healthy control group. Patient and control sera were matched to age (≥60 years), gender (male), and race (Caucasian). The circulating concentrations of 123/160 proteins were significantly different in patient vs control sera; TTR and retinol-binding protein (RBP4) levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.03) in ATTRm compared to controls. In ATTRm, 14/123 proteins were identified as unique to that group and found generally to be lower than controls; moreover, the concentrations of RBP4 and 6 other proteins in this group were significantly different (p < 0.04) compared to ATTRwt. Predicted interactions among the 14 proteins unique to ATTRm were categorized as reaction and binding associations. Alternatively, 27 proteins were found to be unique to ATTRwt with associated interactions defined as activation, catalysis, and inhibition, in addition to reaction and binding. This study demonstrates significant proteomic differences between ATTR patient and control sera, and disease-associated variations in circulating levels of several proteins including TTR and RBP4. The identification of serum proteins unique to ATTRm and ATTRwt cardiac amyloidosis may have diagnostic and prognostic utility, and may provide important clues about disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria G Chan
- Amyloidosis Center and ‡Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Clarissa M Koch
- Amyloidosis Center and ‡Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Lawreen H Connors
- Amyloidosis Center and ‡Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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Dai CL, Tung YC, Liu F, Gong CX, Iqbal K. Tau passive immunization inhibits not only tau but also Aβ pathology. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:1. [PMID: 28073379 PMCID: PMC5225540 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein is a histopathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related tauopathies. Currently, there is no effective treatment available for these progressive neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, tau immunotherapy has shown great potential in animal models. We report the effect of immunization with tau antibodies 43D against tau 6–18 and 77E9 against tau 184–195 on tau and amyloid-β (Aβ) pathologies and cognition in triple-transgenic (3×Tg)-AD mice at mild to moderate stages of the disease. Methods We immunized 12-month-old female 3×Tg-AD mice with two to six or seven intravenous weekly doses of 15 μg of mouse monoclonal antibody 43D, 77E9, a combination of one-half dose each of 43D and 77E9, or as control of mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG). Age-matched wild-type mice treated with mouse IgG or a mixture of 43D and 77E9 were also used as controls. The effect of immunization with tau antibodies on tau and Aβ pathologies was assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis, and the effect on cognition was analyzed by using Morris water maze, one-trial novel object recognition, and novel object location tasks. Results We found that two doses of 43D and 77E9 reduced total tau but had no significant impact on hyperphosphorylation of tau. However, six doses of 43D reduced levels of both total tau and tau hyperphosphorylated at Ser262/356 and Ser396/404 sites in the hippocampus. Importantly, both 43D and 77E9 antibodies rescued spatial memory and short-term memory impairments in 3×Tg-AD mice. The beneficial effect of 43D and 77E9 antibodies on cognitive performance was sustained up to 3 months after the last dose. Six doses of immunization with 43D also decreased amyloid precursor protein (APP) level in CA1 and amyloid plaques in subiculum, and showed a trend toward reducing Aβ40 and Aβ42 in the forebrain. Immunization with 43D increased levels of complement components C1 and C9 and resulted in activation of microglia, especially surrounding Aβ plaques. Conclusions These findings suggest the potential of passive immunization targeting proximal N-terminal domain tau 6–18 as a disease-modifying approach to AD and related tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ling Dai
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
| | - Yunn Chyn Tung
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
| | - Cheng-Xin Gong
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Inge Grundke-Iqbal Research Floor, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA.
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Wes PD, Sayed FA, Bard F, Gan L. Targeting microglia for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Glia 2016; 64:1710-32. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Wes
- Neuroinflammation Department; Lundbeck Research USA; Paramus New Jersey
| | - Faten A. Sayed
- Gladstone Institute for Neurodegeneration; San Francisco California
| | | | - Li Gan
- Gladstone Institute for Neurodegeneration; San Francisco California
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Winblad B, Amouyel P, Andrieu S, Ballard C, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Cedazo-Minguez A, Dubois B, Edvardsson D, Feldman H, Fratiglioni L, Frisoni GB, Gauthier S, Georges J, Graff C, Iqbal K, Jessen F, Johansson G, Jönsson L, Kivipelto M, Knapp M, Mangialasche F, Melis R, Nordberg A, Rikkert MO, Qiu C, Sakmar TP, Scheltens P, Schneider LS, Sperling R, Tjernberg LO, Waldemar G, Wimo A, Zetterberg H. Defeating Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: a priority for European science and society. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15:455-532. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1001] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zhou X, Li Y, Shi X, Ma C. An overview on therapeutics attenuating amyloid β level in Alzheimer's disease: targeting neurotransmission, inflammation, oxidative stress and enhanced cholesterol levels. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:246-69. [PMID: 27158324 PMCID: PMC4846881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common underlying cause of dementia, and novel drugs for its treatment are needed. Of the different theories explaining the development and progression of AD, "amyloid hypothesis" is the most supported by experimental data. This hypothesis states that the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) leads to the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides that congregate with formation and deposition of Aβ plaques in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Risk factors including neurotransmitter modulation, chronic inflammation, metal-induced oxidative stress and elevated cholesterol levels are key contributors to the disease progress. Current therapeutic strategies abating AD progression are primarily based on anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors as cognitive enhancers. The AChE inhibitor, donepezil, is proven to strengthen cognitive functions and appears effective in treating moderate to severe AD patients. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, memantine, is also useful, and its combination with donepezil demonstrated a strong stabilizing effect in clinical studies on AD. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs delayed the onset and progression of AD and attenuated cognitive dysfunction. Based upon epidemiological evidence and animal studies, antioxidants emerged as potential AD preventive agents; however, clinical trials revealed inconsistencies. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling demonstrated pleiotropic functions of the hypolipidemic class of drugs, statins, potentially contributing towards the prevention of AD. In addition, targeting the APP processing pathways, stimulating neuroprotective signaling mechanisms, using the amyloid anti-aggregants and Aβ immunotherapy surfaced as well-tested strategies in reducing the AD-like pathology. Overall, this review covers mechanism of inducing the Aβ formation, key risk factors and major therapeutics prevalent in the AD treatment nowadays. It also delineates the need for novel screening approaches towards identifying drugs that may prevent or at least limit the progression of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhou
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Yifei Li
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Xiaozhe Shi
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
| | - Chun Ma
- The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun, China
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Azizi G, Navabi SS, Al-Shukaili A, Seyedzadeh MH, Yazdani R, Mirshafiey A. The Role of Inflammatory Mediators in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2015; 15:e305-16. [PMID: 26357550 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2015.15.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder associated with advanced age, is the most common cause of dementia globally. AD is characterised by cognitive dysfunction, deposition of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and neuro-inflammation. Inflammation of the brain is a key pathological hallmark of AD. Thus, clinical and immunopathological evidence of AD could be potentially supported by inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, the complement system, acute phase proteins and oxidative mediators. In particular, oxidative mediators may actively contribute to the progression of AD and on-going inflammation in the brain. This review provides an overview of the functions and activities of inflammatory mediators in AD. An improved understanding of inflammatory processes and their role in AD is needed to improve therapeutic research aims in the field of AD and similar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Azizi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; ; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi S Navabi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmed Al-Shukaili
- Health & Social Services Sector, The Research Council Oman, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mir H Seyedzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhao T, Gao J, Van J, To E, Wang A, Cao S, Cui JZ, Guo JP, Lee M, McGeer PL, Matsubara JA. Age-related increases in amyloid beta and membrane attack complex: evidence of inflammasome activation in the rodent eye. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:121. [PMID: 26104676 PMCID: PMC4486438 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The membrane attack complex (MAC) is a key player in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and is a putative activator of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Amyloid beta (Aβ), a component of drusen deposits, has also been implicated in inflammasome activation by our work and those of others. However, the interactions of MAC and Aβ are still poorly understood, especially their roles in aging and retinal degenerative pathologies. Since inflammasome activation may represent a key cellular pathway underlying age-related chronic inflammation in the eye, the purpose of this study is to identify the effects associated with MAC and inflammasome activation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid and to evaluate the therapeutic merits of MAC suppression. METHODS Adult Long-Evans rats were divided into treatment and control groups. Treatment groups received oral aurin tricarboxylic acid complex (ATAC), a MAC inhibitor, in drinking-water, and control groups received drinking-water alone (No ATAC). Groups were sacrificed at 7.5 or 11.5 months, after approximately 40 days of ATAC treatment. To study age-related changes of Aβ and MAC in RPE/choroid, naive animals were sacrificed at 2.5, 7.5, and 11.5 months. Eye tissues underwent immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis for MAC, Aβ, NF-κB activation, as well as cleaved caspase-1 and IL-18. Vitreal samples were collected and assessed by multiplex assays for secreted levels of IL-18 and IL-1β. Statistical analyses were performed, and significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS In vivo studies demonstrated an age-dependent increase in MAC, Aβ, and NF-κB activation in the RPE/choroid. Systemic ATAC resulted in a prominent reduction in MAC formation and a concomitant reduction in inflammasome activation measured by cleaved caspase-1 and secreted levels of IL-18 and IL-1β, but not in NF-κB activation. In vitro studies demonstrated Aβ-induced MAC formation on RPE cells. CONCLUSIONS Age-dependent increases in Aβ and MAC are present in the rodent outer retina. Our results suggest that suppressing MAC formation and subsequent inflammasome activation in the RPE/choroid may reduce chronic low-grade inflammation associated with IL-18 and IL-1β in the outer retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2550 Willow Street, Vancouver, V5Z 3N9, BC, Canada.
| | - Jiangyuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2550 Willow Street, Vancouver, V5Z 3N9, BC, Canada.
| | - Jenifer Van
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2550 Willow Street, Vancouver, V5Z 3N9, BC, Canada.
| | - Eleanor To
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2550 Willow Street, Vancouver, V5Z 3N9, BC, Canada.
| | - Aikun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2550 Willow Street, Vancouver, V5Z 3N9, BC, Canada.
| | - Sijia Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2550 Willow Street, Vancouver, V5Z 3N9, BC, Canada.
| | - Jing Z Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2550 Willow Street, Vancouver, V5Z 3N9, BC, Canada.
| | - Jian-Ping Guo
- Kinsmen Lab of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Moonhee Lee
- Kinsmen Lab of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Patrick L McGeer
- Kinsmen Lab of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Joanne A Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2550 Willow Street, Vancouver, V5Z 3N9, BC, Canada.
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Tai LM, Ghura S, Koster KP, Liakaite V, Maienschein‐Cline M, Kanabar P, Collins N, Ben‐Aissa M, Lei AZ, Bahroos N, Green SJ, Hendrickson B, Van Eldik LJ, LaDu MJ. APOE-modulated Aβ-induced neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: current landscape, novel data, and future perspective. J Neurochem 2015; 133:465-88. [PMID: 25689586 PMCID: PMC4400246 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic glial activation and neuroinflammation induced by the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. APOE4 is the greatest AD-genetic risk factor; increasing risk up to 12-fold compared to APOE3, with APOE4-specific neuroinflammation an important component of this risk. This editorial review discusses the role of APOE in inflammation and AD, via a literature review, presentation of novel data on Aβ-induced neuroinflammation, and discussion of future research directions. The complexity of chronic neuroinflammation, including multiple detrimental and beneficial effects occurring in a temporal and cell-specific manner, has resulted in conflicting functional data for virtually every inflammatory mediator. Defining a neuroinflammatory phenotype (NIP) is one way to address this issue, focusing on profiling the changes in inflammatory mediator expression during disease progression. Although many studies have shown that APOE4 induces a detrimental NIP in peripheral inflammation and Aβ-independent neuroinflammation, data for APOE-modulated Aβ-induced neuroinflammation are surprisingly limited. We present data supporting the hypothesis that impaired apoE4 function modulates Aβ-induced effects on inflammatory receptor signaling, including amplification of detrimental (toll-like receptor 4-p38α) and suppression of beneficial (IL-4R-nuclear receptor) pathways. To ultimately develop APOE genotype-specific therapeutics, it is critical that future studies define the dynamic NIP profile and pathways that underlie APOE-modulated chronic neuroinflammation. In this editorial review, we present data supporting the hypothesis that impaired apoE4 function modulates Aβ-induced effects on inflammatory receptor signaling, including amplification of detrimental (TLR4-p38α) and suppression of beneficial (IL-4R-nuclear receptor) pathways, resulting in an adverse NIP that causes neuronal dysfunction. NIP, Neuroinflammatory phenotype; P.I., pro-inflammatory; A.I., anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M. Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Shivesh Ghura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Kevin P. Koster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | | | - Pinal Kanabar
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Nicole Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Manel Ben‐Aissa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Arden Zhengdeng Lei
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Neil Bahroos
- UIC Center for Research Informatics University of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Bill Hendrickson
- UIC Research Resources CenterUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of IllinoisChicagoIllinoisUSA
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Landel V, Baranger K, Virard I, Loriod B, Khrestchatisky M, Rivera S, Benech P, Féron F. Temporal gene profiling of the 5XFAD transgenic mouse model highlights the importance of microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:33. [PMID: 25213090 PMCID: PMC4237952 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5XFAD early onset mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is gaining momentum. Behavioral, electrophysiological and anatomical studies have identified age-dependent alterations that can be reminiscent of human AD. However, transcriptional changes during disease progression have not yet been investigated. To this end, we carried out a transcriptomic analysis on RNAs from the neocortex and the hippocampus of 5XFAD female mice at the ages of one, four, six and nine months (M1, M4, M6, M9). RESULTS Our results show a clear shift in gene expression patterns between M1 and M4. At M1, 5XFAD animals exhibit region-specific variations in gene expression patterns whereas M4 to M9 mice share a larger proportion of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that are common to both regions. Analysis of DEGs from M4 to M9 underlines the predominance of inflammatory and immune processes in this AD mouse model. The rise in inflammation, sustained by the overexpression of genes from the complement and integrin families, is accompanied by an increased expression of transcripts involved in the NADPH oxidase complex, phagocytic processes and IFN-γ related pathways. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data suggest that, from M4 to M9, sustained microglial activation becomes the predominant feature and point out that both detrimental and neuroprotective mechanisms appear to be at play in this model. Furthermore, our study identifies a number of genes already known to be altered in human AD, thus confirming the use of the 5XFAD strain as a valid model for understanding AD pathogenesis and for screening potential therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véréna Landel
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13916 Marseille, France
| | - Kévin Baranger
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13916 Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpitaux de la Timone, Service de Neurologie et Neuropsychologie, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Virard
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13916 Marseille, France
| | - Béatrice Loriod
- Aix Marseille Université, TAGC UMR 1090, 13288 Marseille, France
- INSERM, TAGC UMR 1090, 13288 Marseille, France
| | | | - Santiago Rivera
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13916 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Benech
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13916 Marseille, France
| | - François Féron
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259, 13916 Marseille, France
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Medicinal properties of Hericium erinaceus and its potential to formulate novel mushroom-based pharmaceuticals. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7661-70. [PMID: 25070597 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hericium erinaceus is an important mushroom with edible values and medicinal properties. Both the mycelium and the fruiting bodies contain many bioactive compounds with drug efficacy. Recent evidence demonstrates that it is helpful to various diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, immunoregulatory, and many types of cancer. Furthermore, emerging pieces of evidence have shown that different active molecules in H. erinaceus have different functions on different organs in different diseases via the different mechanisms. Drawing on current research results, this review mainly focuses on the therapeutic effects of H. erinaceus on various diseases of multiple physiological systems, including the nervous system, digestive system, circulatory system, and immune system. This paper also discusses systematically the efficient protection of H. erinaceus against the diseases from the intricate experimental proofs by using the systematic viewpoints, which provides a framework for future research directions.
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