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Inci Izmir SB, Aktan ZD, Ercan ES. The Comparison of Psychological Factors and Executive Functions of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome to ADHD and ADHD Comorbid with Oppositional Defiant Disorder. J Atten Disord 2024:10870547241267379. [PMID: 39092505 DOI: 10.1177/10870547241267379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims to examine family functionality, emotion regulation difficulties, preference for loneliness, social exclusion, internalizing and externalizing disorders, and executive functions in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) and compare with ADHD, and ADHD+ Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). METHOD This study included 842 children aged 8-12 years. The subjects were categorized according to DSM-V as ADHD (n = 246), ADHD + ODD (n = 212), ADHD + CDS (n = 176), and Control group (n = 207). The solitude and social exclusion, difficulties in emotion dysregulation and Barkley SCT scales, Child Behavior Checklist, family assessment device, and Central Vital Signs (CNSVS) test were used. RESULTS According to the study, children with ADHD + CDS had higher rates of internalizing disorders. They also preferred being alone and experienced more difficulty communicating with their parents and solving problems within the family. Additionally, these children had difficulty recognizing and understanding the emotional reactions of others. The ADHD + ODD group presented a poorer performance on CNSVS domain tests except for the psychomotor speed test than other groups. Also, ADHD + CDS children had the lowest psychomotor speed scores and lower scores on reaction time and cognitive flexibility than pure ADHD children. CONCLUSION This study will contribute to the etiology, treatment, and clinical discrimination of ADHD + CDS.
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Uzun Cicek A, Ucuz I, Isık CM, Temelli G. Evaluation of cognitive disengagement syndrome in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Clinical implications. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1449-1462. [PMID: 37073420 DOI: 10.1177/13591045231169137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) has been found to be associated with internalizing symptoms. Yet, no study thus far has focused on whether there is an association between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and CDS. The purpose of this study is to examine the symptom frequency and clinical implications of CDS in children with OCD. The study included sixty-one children with OCD and sixty-six typically developing children. Children were evaluated by a semi-constructed diagnosis interview, Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, Barkley Child Attention Scale, and Stroop test. The frequency of elevated symptoms of CDS, and total time, total error, and total correction scores of the Stroop test were significantly higher in the OCD group compared to the controls. Elevated CDS symptoms were significantly associated with higher OCD symptom prevalence and poorer performance on the Stroop Test. Moreover, poor insight, hoarding symptoms, mental compulsions, and ADHD comorbidity were significantly higher in those with elevated CDS symptoms than in those without CDS in the OCD group. The findings of this study provide clinical implications that CDS symptoms may contribute to deficits in attentional orientation, conceptual flexibility, and cognitive processing speed in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Uzun Cicek
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ilknur Ucuz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Cansu Mercan Isık
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Diyarbakir Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Temelli
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
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Wu ZM, Liu J, Wang P, Wang YF, Yang BR. Neuropsychological characteristics of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1631-1639. [PMID: 35470726 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221090662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to explore the neuropsychological features of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT). METHODS Fifty-eight children with ADHD+SCT, 480 children with ADHD-SCT, and 105 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Neuropsychological tests and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) were used. RESULTS The ADHD+SCT group performed worse than the HC in processing speed (p = .005), set-shifting (p = .0003), interference control (p = .00014), and visual memory (p = .007), while the ADHD-SCT group performed worse than the HC in sustained attention measurements (all p < .0001). The ADHD+SCT group scored higher than the ADHD-SCT group in the following factors from BRIEF: plan/organize (p = .00083), working memory (p < .001), and shift (p = .0054). CONCLUSION Our results indicated that SCT symptoms are associated with worse executive function in children with ADHD except for sustained attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Min Wu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, Fuwai Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,Peking University, Beijing, China
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Systematic Review: Assessment of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Over the Past Decade. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 60:690-709. [PMID: 33166623 PMCID: PMC8099929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review of the measures designed to assess sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) since the first SCT scale using careful test-construction procedures was published in 2009. METHOD MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, PsychINFO, and Web of Science databases were searched from September 2009 through December 2019. Articles reporting on reliability (internal consistency, test-retest, and interrater reliability), structural validity (an aspect of construct validity focused on items' convergent and discriminant validity), concurrent and longitudinal external validity, invariance, or intervention/experimental findings were included. RESULTS Full criteria for data extraction and inclusion were met by 76 studies. Nine measures for assessing SCT were identified (7 assessing parent report, teacher report, and/or self-report in children and 2 assessing self-report and/or collateral informant report in adults). Each measure demonstrated acceptable to excellent reliability. All or at least the majority of SCT items on each measure also had structural validity (high loadings on an SCT factor and low loadings on an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] inattention factor). Studies have supported the invariance of SCT across sex and time, and there is initial evidence of invariance across informants, youths with ADHD and youths without ADHD, and ADHD presentations. The Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI), Child Concentration Inventory, Second Edition (CCI-2), and Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV) have particularly strong support for assessing parent/teacher-reported, youth self-reported, and adult self-reported SCT, respectively. CONCLUSION The SCT measures included in this review share numerous positive properties, have promising psychometric support, and have proven useful for examining the external correlates of SCT across the life span. Although substantial progress has been made over the last decade, work remains to be done to further improve the assessment of SCT and key directions for future research are provided.
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Peterson RK, Jones K, Jacobson LA. [Formula: see text]The contribution of sluggish cognitive tempo to processing speed in survivors of pediatric brain tumors. Child Neuropsychol 2021; 27:960-972. [PMID: 33866922 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2021.1917529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) describes a pattern of under-activity, poor initiation, and slowness. It was first reported within the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) literature and found to be positively associated with the inattentive symptoms of ADHD and negatively or not significantly associated with the hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms of ADHD. SCT has since been considered applicable to the pediatric oncology population given the emergence of inattentive, sluggish symptoms secondary to cancer treatment. The present study examined the unique contribution of SCT to various processing speed skills in a clinical sample of pediatric brain tumor (BT) survivors in order to determine the degree to which SCT explained timed "cognitive" processing components. Measures included speeded naming, graphomotor speed, and speeded inhibition. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were used to predict performance-based measures of processing speed. After controlling for verbal ability and inattention, SCT, particularly Daydreamy SCT (β = -0.698, p = 0.023), explained 28% of variance in speeded inhibition. SCT did not add significantly to the prediction of speeded naming or graphomotor speed. Findings suggest that the "daydreamy" aspect of SCT, rather than "sluggishness" per se, may be related to more complex, cognitively-demanding tasks with greater executive functioning burdens in BT survivors. Implications for intervention for oncology survivors as well as future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Peterson
- Kennedy Krieger Institute Neuropsychology Department.,Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Kelly Jones
- Kennedy Krieger Institute Neuropsychology Department
| | - Lisa A Jacobson
- Kennedy Krieger Institute Neuropsychology Department.,Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
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Smith JN, Suhr JA. Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Factors in Emerging Adults:Symptomatic and Neuropsychological Correlates. Dev Neuropsychol 2021; 46:169-183. [PMID: 33730951 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2021.1902528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether there are factors of SCT in nonclinical young adults and whether SCT factors show differential relationships with depression, anxiety, ADHD, and executive functioning as assessed by self-report (EF-SR) or neuropsychological performance (EF-NP). Factor analysis revealed Daydreaming/Bored (D/B), Lethargy (L), and Cognitive Complaints (CC) factors. CC was associated with anxiety and D/B with depression. CC and D/B were associated with inattentive ADHD, while D/B was associated with hyperactive/impulsive ADHD. While all factors were associated with EF-SR, there were few relationships with EF-NP. Higher CC was associated with lower intellect, and higher D/B was related to better working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Smith
- Department of Psychology , Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Julie A Suhr
- Department of Psychology , Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Park Y, Lee JH. The Deficit of Early Selective Attention in Adults With Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: In Comparison With Those With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychol 2021; 12:614213. [PMID: 33776840 PMCID: PMC7987646 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.614213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is a cluster of attentional symptoms characterized by slow information processing and behavior, distractibility, mental confusion, absent-mindedness, and hypoactivity. The present study aimed to compare early and late selective attention in the information processing speed of adults with SCT to those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and adults without any attentional problems. The participants were screened using Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV and divided into the following groups: SCT (N = 24), ADHD (N = 24), and controls (N = 25). All participants completed the irrelevant distractor task measuring early and late selective attention under load condition (low vs. high) and distractor condition (no-distractor vs. distractor). The inefficiency index was calculated by subtracting the reaction time of no-distractor condition of correct trials from the reaction time of distractor condition to control the impact of accuracy. Upon analysis, the SCT group showed a lower efficiency compared to the ADHD group under high load, while the ADHD group showed lower efficiency under low load than high load. This meant that the ADHD group had increased efficiency of selective attention with higher load, while the SCT group had low efficiency of selective attention even under high loads. These results suggest that the symptoms of “slow” or “distracted” in SCT could be attributed to the reduced speed and efficiency of selective attention in early information processing and the problem can be pronounced in situations with distractors. The results of the study imply that the attention-deficit-like symptoms shown in those with SCT and ADHD can be distinguished in specific stage of information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelin Park
- Department of Psychology, College of Social Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jang-Han Lee
- Department of Psychology, College of Social Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Barakat M, Mashmoushi R, Oghgassian G, Shamseddeen W. A retrospective investigation of the added clinical value of SCT symptoms on neuropsychological assessments in youth with ADHD. Child Neuropsychol 2020; 27:281-295. [PMID: 33243064 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2020.1841146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Some researchers believe that Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) should be its own psychiatric disorder. However, despite the abundance of literature describing its possible symptoms, evidence of its clinical impact on cognitive tests and some clinical comorbidities is still weak. This retrospective study aimed to analyze the added clinical value of exploring SCT symptoms prior to a neuropsychological assessment in a youth population diagnosed with an Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). For this purpose, we used linear regressions to examine the association between different test results and SCT, as well as logistic regressions to examine the association between the existence of different diagnoses and SCT in a group of 295 ADHD patients [73 females, 24.7%], aged between 6 and 18 years [Mean (SD): 9.91 (3.12)]. Our results showed that parent-reported SCT symptoms did not help predict neuropsychological test outcomes. In addition, they did not predict Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) or Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), nor anxiety and depression when we controlled for age, Vanderbilt inattention and hyperactivity subscales, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability. These results requestion the added-value of screening for SCT in similar clinical neuropsychological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Barakat
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rasha Mashmoushi
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - George Oghgassian
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wael Shamseddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Drechsler R, Brem S, Brandeis D, Grünblatt E, Berger G, Walitza S. ADHD: Current Concepts and Treatments in Children and Adolescents. Neuropediatrics 2020; 51:315-335. [PMID: 32559806 PMCID: PMC7508636 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1701658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most frequent disorders within child and adolescent psychiatry, with a prevalence of over 5%. Nosological systems, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases, editions 10 and 11 (ICD-10/11) continue to define ADHD according to behavioral criteria, based on observation and on informant reports. Despite an overwhelming body of research on ADHD over the last 10 to 20 years, valid neurobiological markers or other objective criteria that may lead to unequivocal diagnostic classification are still lacking. On the contrary, the concept of ADHD seems to have become broader and more heterogeneous. Thus, the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD are still challenging for clinicians, necessitating increased reliance on their expertise and experience. The first part of this review presents an overview of the current definitions of the disorder (DSM-5, ICD-10/11). Furthermore, it discusses more controversial aspects of the construct of ADHD, including the dimensional versus categorical approach, alternative ADHD constructs, and aspects pertaining to epidemiology and prevalence. The second part focuses on comorbidities, on the difficulty of distinguishing between "primary" and "secondary" ADHD for purposes of differential diagnosis, and on clinical diagnostic procedures. In the third and most prominent part, an overview of current neurobiological concepts of ADHD is given, including neuropsychological and neurophysiological researches and summaries of current neuroimaging and genetic studies. Finally, treatment options are reviewed, including a discussion of multimodal, pharmacological, and nonpharmacological interventions and their evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Drechsler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Brem
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Berger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Correlates of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Among Clinic-Referred Youth: Expanding Awareness of Somatic Symptoms and Stress in the Clinical Picture. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROPSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40817-020-00083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bertrand SJ, Zhang Z, Patel R, O'Ferrell C, Punjabi NM, Kudchadkar SR, Kannan S. Transient neonatal sleep fragmentation results in long-term neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in a rabbit model. Exp Neurol 2020; 327:113212. [PMID: 31987835 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sleep fragmentation is an increase in sleep-wake transitions without an overall decrease in total sleep time. Sleep fragmentation is well documented during acute and chronic hospitalization and can result in delirium and memory problems in children. Sleep fragmentation is also often noted in neurodevelopmental disorders. However, it is unclear how sleep fragmentation independent of disease affects brain development and function. We hypothesized that acute sleep fragmentation during the neonatal period in otherwise healthy animals would result in neuroinflammation and would be associated with abnormalities in cognitive development. The orbital shaker method was used to fragment sleep for 72 h in postnatal day 3 New Zealand white rabbit kits (fragmentation group). To control for maternal separation, the sham group was separated from the dam and maintained in the same conditions without undergoing sleep fragmentation. A naïve control group remained with the dam. Kits underwent behavioral testing with novel object recognition and spontaneous alternation T-maze tests at 2-3 weeks post-fragmentation and were sacrificed 3-50 days after fragmentation. Sleep fragmentation resulted in acute and chronic changes in microglial morphology in the hippocampus and cortex, and regional differences in mRNA expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines at 3, 7 and 50 days post-fragmentation. Impaired novel object recognition and a longer latency in T-maze task completion were noted in the fragmented kits. This was in spite of normalization of sleep architecture noted at 2 months of age in these kits. The results indicate that transient neonatal sleep fragmentation results in short-term and long-term immune alterations in the brain, along with diminished performance in cognitive tasks long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Bertrand
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Ruchit Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Caroline O'Ferrell
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Naresh M Punjabi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Sapna R Kudchadkar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States of America; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States of America.
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States of America.
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Sevincok D, Ozbay HC, Ozbek MM, Tunagur MT, Aksu H. ADHD symptoms in relation to internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children: the mediating role of sluggish cognitive tempo. Nord J Psychiatry 2020; 74:265-272. [PMID: 31809238 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2019.1697746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Although internalizing and externalizing disorders have received considerable attention among young population, the mechanisms that explain the relationships of internalization and externalization symptoms with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents are not well understood. Since sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms had significant associations with ADHD, and internalization/externalization disorders, we examined whether SCT may mediate between ADHD symptoms and internalizing/externalizing problems during childhood.Methods: We performed a retrospective chart-review of 95 children and adolescents (76 boys and 19 girls, aged 6-16) with ADHD. The severity of ADHD was evaluated by Turgay DSM-IV-Based Disruptive Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (T-DSMIV-S) completed by teachers. Measures of SCT, internalisation and externalisation symptoms, social, thought, and attentional problems were based on the Teacher Report Form (TRF) that was completed by subjects' primary teachers.Results: The withdrawn scores were significantly correlated with SCT scores, social problems, and ADHD-inattention. There was an inverse correlation between withdrawn and ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity scores. The mediation test using bootstrapping method showed that the indirect coefficient for SCT was significant, after controlling of ADHD-inattention and social problems covariates, consistent with partial mediation.Conclusion: Our results may demonstrate that while externalization symptoms were associated with hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms of ADHD, the internalization symptoms were significantly related to SCT in youngs with ADHD. Specifically, although social withdrawal was significantly related to ADHD-inattention, this relationship was mediated by the severity of SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doga Sevincok
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adnan Menderes University, Medical School, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Hasan Can Ozbay
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adnan Menderes University, Medical School, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Mutlu Muhammed Ozbek
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adnan Menderes University, Medical School, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Tolga Tunagur
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adnan Menderes University, Medical School, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Hatice Aksu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adnan Menderes University, Medical School, Aydin, Turkey
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Sáez B, Servera M, Becker SP, Burns GL. Optimal Items for Assessing Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Children Across Mother, Father, and Teacher Ratings. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2019; 48:825-839. [PMID: 29452000 PMCID: PMC6599489 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1416619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A recent meta-analysis identified optimal items for assessing sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) as distinct from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention (ADHD-IN), and a preliminary study with teacher ratings of children in the United States found strong support for the convergent and discriminant validity of 15 SCT items. The current study evaluated whether the same 15 SCT items demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity from ADHD-IN in a large, community-based sample of children in Spain, and whether validity results were replicated across mother, father, and teacher ratings. Mothers, fathers, and teachers completed measures of SCT, ADHD-IN, ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity, oppositional defiant disorder, limited prosocial emotions, anxiety, depression, shyness, peer rejection, social impairment, and academic impairment on 2,142 Spanish children (49.49% girls; ages 8-13). The 15 SCT symptoms demonstrated convergent validity along with discriminant validity with ADHD-IN across all three informants. The SCT symptom ratings also showed measurement invariance across the informants. In addition, SCT and ADHD-IN factors had different and unique associations with the other symptom and impairment factors. The 15 SCT symptoms identified in this study-consistent across mother, father, and teacher ratings-appear appropriate to serve as a standard symptom set for assessing SCT in children. Use of a common set of symptoms in future studies will advance our understanding of the SCT construct, including its etiology and developmental progression, associations with ADHD and other psychopathologies, links to impairment, and implications for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Sáez
- Department of Psychology and Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands
| | - Mateu Servera
- Department of Psychology and Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands
| | - Stephen P Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
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Kofler MJ, Irwin LN, Sarver DE, Fosco WD, Miller CE, Spiegel JA, Becker SP. What cognitive processes are "sluggish" in sluggish cognitive tempo? J Consult Clin Psychol 2019; 87:1030-1042. [PMID: 31613137 PMCID: PMC6814302 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sluggish cognitive tempo refers to a constellation of symptoms that include slowed behavior/thinking, reduced alertness, and getting lost in one's thoughts. Despite the moniker "sluggish cognitive tempo," the evidence is mixed regarding the extent to which it is associated globally with slowed (sluggish) mental (cognitive) information processing speed (tempo). METHOD A well-characterized clinical sample of 132 children ages 8-13 years (M = 10.34, SD = 1.51; 47 girls; 67% White/non-Hispanic) were administered multiple, counterbalanced neurocognitive tests and assessed for sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms via multiple-informant reports. RESULTS Bayesian linear regressions revealed significant evidence against associations between sluggish cognitive tempo and computationally modeled processing speed (BF01 > 3.70), and significant evidence for associations with slower working memory manipulation speed. These findings were consistent across parent and teacher models, with and without control for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattentive symptoms and IQ. There was also significant evidence linking faster inhibition speed with higher parent-reported sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide strong evidence against characterizing children with sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms as possessing a globally sluggish cognitive tempo. Instead, these symptoms appear to be related, to a significant extent, to executive dysfunction characterized by working memory systems that are too slow and inhibition systems that are too fast. Behaviorally, these findings suggest that requiring extra time to rearrange the active contents of working memory delays responding, whereas an overactive inhibition system likely terminates thoughts too quickly and therefore prevents intended behaviors from starting or completing, thereby giving the appearance that children are absent-minded or failing to act when expected. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dustin E. Sarver
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Advancement of Youth, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson MS 39216, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson MS 39216, USA
| | - Whitney D. Fosco
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen P. Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 10006, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Mahdavi S, Hasper E, Donders J. Sluggish cognitive tempo in children with traumatic brain injuries. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2019; 10:240-246. [PMID: 31590582 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2019.1674653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This exploratory study is the first to investigate whether the construct of sluggish-cognitive tempo (SCT) is related to slowed processing speed in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI), while also considering pre-morbid and injury variables. The study evaluated SCT, as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and processing speed, as assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV Processing Speed Index), in children who sustained TBI with a wide range of injury severity. Injury variables examined included the length of coma, presence of neuroimaging findings, and time between injury and assessment. Children's cognitive reserve, as estimated by parental level of education, was a non-injury variable. The participants included 50 children, ages 6-16 years, without co-morbid neurological or psychiatric conditions who underwent a neuropsychological evaluation within 1-12 months after injury. Results indicated no significant correlations between SCT and any of the WISC-IV index scores. Children with a moderate-severe TBI did not differ from those with uncomplicated mild TBI on SCT but they had statistically significant lower WISC-IV Processing Speed. Although parents of children with uncomplicated mild TBI had higher levels of education as compared to parents of children with moderate-severe TBI, there was no statistically significant relationship between the level of parental education and either SCT or Processing Speed. This study suggests that SCT, as measured by the CBCL, is not a sensitive measure of sequelae of pediatric TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Mahdavi
- Psychology Service, Mary Free Bed Rehabilitation Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Emily Hasper
- Psychology Department, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jacobus Donders
- Psychology Service, Mary Free Bed Rehabilitation Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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16
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Baytunca MB, Inci SB, Ipci M, Kardas B, Bolat GU, Ercan ES. The neurocognitive nature of children with ADHD comorbid sluggish cognitive tempo: Might SCT be a disorder of vigilance? Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:967-973. [PMID: 29602533 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) refers to a clinical construct including several symptoms such as sluggishness, absentmindedness, low energy. In the present study, we compared neurocognitive laboratory outcomes of ADHD children with or without SCT. METHOD The CNS Vital Signs Battery was utilized to measure neurocognitive measure of the participants. The SCT+ADHD group comprised of 42 subjects, ADHD group was 41 subjects and control group was 24 subjects. RESULTS The cognitive flexibility score was found to be more severely impaired in ADHD children with SCT in comparison to the ADHD-only. Additionally, greater deficits in the Shifting Attention Test (p = 0.014) and the Continuous Performance Test (reaction time score, p < 0.01) were found in the SCT+ADHD group relative to ADHD group. Processing speed, visual/auditory memory, psychomotor speed and reaction time were not found to more impaired in those comorbid with SCT. CONCLUSION Impairments in the cognitive flexibility and more specifically shifting attention and continuous performance may be indicative of vigilance and orientation problems rather than executive functions for the SCT construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muharrem Burak Baytunca
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Sevim Berrin Inci
- Ege University, Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Burcu Kardas
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gul Unsel Bolat
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Eyup Sabri Ercan
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Servera M, Sáez B, Burns GL, Becker SP. Clinical differentiation of sluggish cognitive tempo and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 127:818-829. [PMID: 30265014 PMCID: PMC6237634 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study (a) determined whether clinical elevations of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom distributions in a large community sample of children would allow for identifying SCT-only, ADHD-only, and SCT + ADHD clinical groups; (b) examined co-occurrence of clinically elevated SCT and ADHD; (c) evaluated whether these clinical groups differed in their gender distribution, co-occurring mental health symptoms, or impairment in academic and social functioning; and (d) explored patterns of independence and overlap when clinically elevated depressive symptoms were considered in tandem with SCT and ADHD. Participants were mothers, fathers, and teachers of 2,142 children (50.51% boys, ages 8-13 years) from 32 schools in Spain. All three groups of informants completed measures of SCT, ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), anxiety, depression, shyness, social impairment, and academic impairment. Cut-off scores for the top 5% of the sample were used to create SCT-only, ADHD-only, SCT + ADHD, and comparison groups. Across informants, 4.97%-5.53% met criteria for clinically elevated ADHD-only, and 2.30%-2.80% met criteria for clinically elevated SCT-only; 27%-35% of the ADHD group also met the criteria for the SCT group, whereas 44%-54% of the SCT group met the criteria for the ADHD group (primarily based on inattentive symptoms). The ADHD-only group had higher ODD scores than the SCT-only group, whereas the SCT-only group generally had higher shyness and internalizing scores (particularly depression) than the ADHD-only group. Additional analyses that also included clinically elevated depression revealed that 28-46% of the children with elevated SCT had elevations in neither ADHD nor depression. This study moves the field toward examining both the empirical and clinical differentiation of SCT and ADHD. Findings are discussed regarding how SCT may fit in diagnostic nosologies and models of psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateu Servera
- Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Belén Sáez
- Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - G. Leonard Burns
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Stephen P. Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu’na Eşlik Eden Yavaş Bilişsel Tempo'nun Klinik Özellikleri. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.16899/gopctd.458361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Becker SP, Holdaway AS, Luebbe AM. Suicidal Behaviors in College Students: Frequency, Sex Differences, and Mental Health Correlates Including Sluggish Cognitive Tempo. J Adolesc Health 2018; 63:181-188. [PMID: 30153929 PMCID: PMC6118121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To (1) describe rates of suicidal behaviors in a sample of college students, (2) evaluate sex differences, and (3) provide a preliminary examination of the unique association of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms and other mental health dimensions in relation to suicidal behaviors in college students. METHODS Participants were 1,704 college students from two universities who completed measures assessing mental health symptoms and suicidal behaviors (i.e., past ideation/attempts, past-year ideation, disclosure of intent to commit suicide to another person, and likelihood of a future suicide attempt). RESULTS Four percent of participants reported a previous suicide attempt and 2.2% indicated that it was likely they would attempt suicide someday. 7.5% reported thinking about killing themselves often in the past year; 41.4% of these participants reported they had never told someone they might attempt suicide. Approximately one quarter (24%) of participants were classified with suicide risk based on an empirically established cutoff score, though rates differed between women (26.1%) and men (20.4%). Women were also more likely than men to report a previous suicide attempt and to tell someone else about their suicidal ideation. In regression models, depression was the strongest correlate of suicidal behaviors. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms were unassociated with suicidal behaviors when accounting for internalizing symptoms. SCT remained significantly associated with increased suicidal behaviors beyond other mental health dimensions including depression. CONCLUSIONS A substantial minority of college students report suicidal behaviors, with sex differences dependent on the specific behavior examined. This study provides the first evidence linking SCT to suicidal behaviors in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Alex S Holdaway
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Aaron M Luebbe
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
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Parenting as a Mechanism of Change in Psychosocial Treatment for Youth with ADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Presentation. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 45:841-855. [PMID: 27628742 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether parenting and child behavior improve following psychosocial treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Inattentive Presentation (ADHD-I) and whether parenting improvements mediate child outcomes. We analyzed data from a randomized clinical trial investigating the efficacy of a multicomponent psychosocial intervention (Child Life and Attention Skills, CLAS, n = 74) in comparison to Parent-Focused Treatment (PFT, n = 74) and treatment as usual (TAU, n = 51) for youth with ADHD-I (average child age = 8.6 years, range 7-11 years, 58 % boys). Child and parent/family functioning were assessed prior to treatment, immediately following treatment, and at follow-up into the subsequent school year using parent and teacher reports of inattention, organization, social skills, academic competency (teachers only), parenting daily hassles, and positive and negative parenting behaviors (parents only). Both treatment groups improved on negative parenting and home impairment, but only CLAS families also improved on positive parenting as well as academic impairment. Improvements in positive and negative parenting mediated treatment effects on child impairment independent of improvements in child inattention, implicating parenting as an important mechanism of change in psychosocial treatment for ADHD-I. Further, whereas parent-focused training produces improvements in negative parenting and impairment at home for children with ADHD-I, a multicomponent approach (incorporating child skills training and teacher consultation) more consistently produces improvements at school and in positive parenting, which may contribute to improvements in social skills into the next school year.
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Kubo Y, Kanazawa T, Kawabata Y, Tanaka K, Okayama T, Fujta M, Tsutsumi A, Yokota S, Yoneda H. Comparative Analysis of the WISC between Two ADHD Subgroups. Psychiatry Investig 2018; 15:172-177. [PMID: 29475226 PMCID: PMC5900405 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2017.07.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in school-age children is 7.2%, and ADHD is divided into clinical subtypes. METHODS The current study explored whether specific cognitive profiles as assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)-IV could be obtained for each clinical ADHD subtype (ADHD-Inattentive type and ADHD-Combined type) and investigated the correlation between WISC scores and parental age at their children's birth or birthweight. The enrolled sample comprised 12 ADHD-I and 15 ADHD-C subjects. RESULTS An impaired Processing Speed Index was found in ADHD-I. The age of the father at the child's birth and birthweight positively correlated with the full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) score in the WISC assessment. CONCLUSION Inattentiveness within the behaviors of the children with ADHD-I is partly due to the impaired processing speed, therefore effective support for ADHD will be conducted if educator decreases their speaking speed. Since biological basis of ADHD is still largely unknown, future studies using both psychological and biological methods will reveal the etiology of ADHD. These scientific assessments will provide information for more effective approaches in the care of children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Kubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Han-nan Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Kanazawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Florey Institute, Oxidation Biology Unit, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yasuo Kawabata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koyuki Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Okayama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miho Fujta
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tsutsumi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo Yokota
- Department of Psychiatry, Han-nan Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoneda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
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Haack LM, Jiang Y, Delucchi K, Kaiser N, McBurnett K, Hinshaw S, Pfiffner L. Parental Cognitive Errors Mediate Parental Psychopathology and Ratings of Child Inattention. FAMILY PROCESS 2017; 56:716-733. [PMID: 27663189 PMCID: PMC5365376 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the Depression-Distortion Hypothesis in a sample of 199 school-aged children with ADHD-Predominantly Inattentive presentation (ADHD-I) by examining relations and cross-sectional mediational pathways between parental characteristics (i.e., levels of parental depressive and ADHD symptoms) and parental ratings of child problem behavior (inattention, sluggish cognitive tempo, and functional impairment) via parental cognitive errors. Results demonstrated a positive association between parental factors and parental ratings of inattention, as well as a mediational pathway between parental depressive and ADHD symptoms and parental ratings of inattention via parental cognitive errors. Specifically, higher levels of parental depressive and ADHD symptoms predicted higher levels of cognitive errors, which in turn predicted higher parental ratings of inattention. Findings provide evidence for core tenets of the Depression-Distortion Hypothesis, which state that parents with high rates of psychopathology hold negative schemas for their child's behavior and subsequently, report their child's behavior as more severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Haack
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA
| | - Kevin Delucchi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA
| | - Nina Kaiser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA
| | - Keith McBurnett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Linda Pfiffner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA
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23
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Schambra UB, Lewis CN, Harrison TA. Deficits in spatial learning and memory in adult mice following acute, low or moderate levels of prenatal ethanol exposure during gastrulation or neurulation. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2017; 62:42-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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