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Okunlola O, Oloja S, Ebiwonjumi A, Oyeyemi O. Vegetation index and livestock practices as predictors of malaria transmission in Nigeria. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9565. [PMID: 38671079 PMCID: PMC11053042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nigeria is the most malaria-endemic country in the world. Vegetation and livestock practices have been linked to malaria transmission but little is known about these in Nigeria. The study aimed to evaluate the influence of vegetation and livestock as predictors of malaria transmission in Nigeria. Secondary data obtained from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey's Geospatial Covariate Datasets Manual were used for the analysis. The survey was carried out successfully in 1389 clusters of thirty (30) households each using a two-stage stratified random sampling design. Hierarchical beta regression models were used to model the associations between malaria incidence, enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and livestock practices. The correlation coefficients for vegetation index and livestock-related variables ranged from - 0.063 to 0.074 and varied significantly with the incidence of malaria in Nigeria (P < 0.001). The model showed vegetation index, livestock goats, and sheep as positive predictors of malaria transmission. Conversely, livestock chicken and pigs were observed to reduce the risk of malaria. The study recommends the need to take into account local differences in transmission when developing malaria early warning systems that utilize environmental and livestock predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyemi Okunlola
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Segun Oloja
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Ayooluwade Ebiwonjumi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Oyetunde Oyeyemi
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo City, Ondo State, Nigeria.
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Ochomo E, Rund SSC, Mthawanji RS, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Machani M, Samake S, Wolie RZ, Nsango S, Lown LA, Matoke-Muhia D, Kamau L, Lukyamuzi E, Njeri J, Chabi J, Akrofi OO, Ntege C, Mero V, Mwalimu C, Kiware S, Bilgo E, Traoré MM, Afrane Y, Hakizimana E, Muleba M, Orefuwa E, Chaki P, Juma EO. Mosquito control by abatement programmes in the United States: perspectives and lessons for countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Malar J 2024; 23:8. [PMID: 38178145 PMCID: PMC10768238 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Africa and the United States are both large, heterogeneous geographies with a diverse range of ecologies, climates and mosquito species diversity which contribute to disease transmission and nuisance biting. In the United States, mosquito control is nationally, and regionally coordinated and in so much as the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) provides guidance, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides pesticide registration, and the states provide legal authority and oversight, the implementation is usually decentralized to the state, county, or city level. Mosquito control operations are organized, in most instances, into fully independent mosquito abatement districts, public works departments, local health departments. In some cases, municipalities engage independent private contractors to undertake mosquito control within their jurisdictions. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where most vector-borne disease endemic countries lie, mosquito control is organized centrally at the national level. In this model, the disease control programmes (national malaria control programmes or national malaria elimination programmes (NMCP/NMEP)) are embedded within the central governments' ministries of health (MoHs) and drive vector control policy development and implementation. Because of the high disease burden and limited resources, the primary endpoint of mosquito control in these settings is reduction of mosquito borne diseases, primarily, malaria. In the United States, however, the endpoint is mosquito control, therefore, significant (or even greater) emphasis is laid on nuisance mosquitoes as much as disease vectors. The authors detail experiences and learnings gathered by the delegation of African vector control professionals that participated in a formal exchange programme initiated by the Pan-African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), the University of Notre Dame, and members of the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA), in the United States between the year 2021 and 2022. The authors highlight the key components of mosquito control operations in the United States and compare them to mosquito control programmes in SSA countries endemic for vector-borne diseases, deriving important lessons that could be useful for vector control in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ochomo
- Entomology Department, Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya.
- Vector Control Products Unit, Researchworld Limited, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | | | - Rosheen S Mthawanji
- Vector Biology Group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination Pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique centrale (OCEAC), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Maxwell Machani
- Entomology Department, Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Rosine Z Wolie
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre - Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abdijan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Sandrine Nsango
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
- Centre Pasteur in Cameroon, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Damaris Matoke-Muhia
- Pan-African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), KEMRI Headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Luna Kamau
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edward Lukyamuzi
- Pan-African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), KEMRI Headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jane Njeri
- Pan-African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), KEMRI Headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Charles Ntege
- National Malaria Control Division Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Victor Mero
- Ifakara Health Institute (IHI), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Samson Kiware
- Pan-African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), KEMRI Headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya
- Ifakara Health Institute (IHI), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Etienne Bilgo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante (IRSS) Direction regionale de l'Ouest, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Mohamed Moumine Traoré
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako, BP 1805, Bamako, Mali
| | - Yaw Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Hakizimana
- Malaria and Other Parasitic Diseases Division, Rwanda Biomedical Centre (RBC), Ministry of Health, Kigali, Rwanda
- Pan-African Mosquito Control Organization (PAMCO), Rwanda Chapter, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Emma Orefuwa
- Pan-African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), KEMRI Headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Prosper Chaki
- Pan-African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), KEMRI Headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elijah Omondi Juma
- Pan-African Mosquito Control Association (PAMCA), KEMRI Headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya
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Adhikari B, Bayo M, Peto TJ, Callery JJ, Tripura R, Dysoley L, Mshamu S, Gesase S, von Seidlein L, Dondorp AM. Comparing the roles of community health workers for malaria control and elimination in Cambodia and Tanzania. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e013593. [PMID: 38070880 PMCID: PMC10729139 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-013593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The reduction of deaths from malaria in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is stalling, whereas many countries in Southeast Asia are approaching malaria elimination. We reviewed the role of community health worker (CHW) programmes in malaria control and elimination between regions, with a more detailed description of the programmes in Tanzania and Cambodia. Compared with Tanzania, Cambodia has a much more developed CHW network, which has been pivotal in the near elimination of malaria. In Tanzania, the malaria burden has remained similar over the last decade and treatment continues to rely on healthcare facilities, which provide more limited access to early diagnosis and treatment. Overall, the proportion of malaria cases treated by CHWs is substantially lower in SSA than in Southeast Asia. Even though networks of CHWs are resource intensive and malaria epidemiology differs substantially between countries, there is a strong case for expanding CHW networks in rural SSA to improve early access to effective malaria treatment and reduce the malaria burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin Adhikari
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Oxford, UK
| | - Makhily Bayo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Peto
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Oxford, UK
| | - James J Callery
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Oxford, UK
| | - Rupam Tripura
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Oxford, UK
| | - Lek Dysoley
- C.N.M National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- School of Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Salum Mshamu
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Oxford, UK
- CSK Research Solutions, Mtwara, Tanzania
| | - Samwel Gesase
- Korogwe Research Laboratory, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Lorenz von Seidlein
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Oxford, UK
| | - Arjen M Dondorp
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Oxford, UK
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Wang D, Lv S, Ding W, Lu S, Zhang H, Kassegne K, Xia S, Duan L, Ma X, Huang L, Gosling R, Levens J, Abdulla S, Mudenda M, Okpeku M, Matengu KK, Serge Diagbouga P, Xiao N, Zhou XN. Could China's journey of malaria elimination extend to Africa? Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:55. [PMID: 35578325 PMCID: PMC9108373 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00978-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) certified China malaria-free on June 30, 2021, which brightens the goal of global malaria elimination efforts. China contributed its unique innovations to the global community: Artemisinin, discovered by Tu Youyou, has saved millions of lives globally; the "1-3-7" norm developed in 2012, has been adapted in the local contexts of countries in the Southeast Asia and Africa. How to the targets of Global Technical Strategy for Malaria (GTS) 2016-2030. By looking into the malaria control phase, towards elimination phase from 1960 to 2011 in sub-Saharan Africa and China, we found that the gap in malaria burden will widen unless the interventions in Africa are enhanced. It is imperative to identify the key China-Africa cooperation areas on malaria control and elimination, so that synergized efforts could be pooled together to help African countries achieve the elimination goal. The practices from China malaria control and elimination efforts could be leveraged to fast-track malaria elimination efforts in Africa, which makes it possible that the China's journey of malaria elimination extends to Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoquan Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Lv
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenning Lu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Parasite Disease Control and Prevention, Henan Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, 450016, People's Republic of China
| | - Kokouvi Kassegne
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shang Xia
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Duan
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xuejiao Ma
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Huang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Roly Gosling
- Global Health Sciences, Malaria Elimination Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Salim Abdulla
- Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Mikocheni, P. O. Box 78378, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Mutinta Mudenda
- National Malaria Elimination Centre, Zambia Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Potiandi Serge Diagbouga
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 03BP7192, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Ning Xiao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Mbare O, Lindsay SW, Fillinger U. Testing a pyriproxyfen auto-dissemination station attractive to gravid Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto for the development of a novel attract-release -and-kill strategy for malaria vector control. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:800. [PMID: 31510931 PMCID: PMC6740013 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Larviciding is an effective supplementary tool for malaria vector control, but the identification and accessibility of aquatic habitats impedes application. Dissemination of the insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen (PPF), by gravid Anopheles might constitute a novel application strategy. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of using an attractive bait-station to contaminate gravid Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto with PPF and subsequently transfer PPF to larval habitats. METHODS A bait-station was developed comprising of an artificial pond containing water treated with 20 ppm cedrol, an oviposition attractant, and a netting-cover treated with PPF. Three identical semi-field cages were used to assess the potential of gravid Anopheles to transfer PPF from the bait-station to ponds. Gravid females were released in two semi-field cages, one with PPF on its bait-station (test) and one without PPF (control). No mosquitoes were released in the third cage with a PPF-treated station (control). Transfer of PPF to open ponds was assessed by monitoring emergence of late instar insectary-reared larvae introduced into the ponds. The amount of PPF carried by a mosquito and transferred to water was quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS In the controls, 86% (95% CI 81-89%) of larvae introduced into open ponds developed into adults, indicating that wind did not distribute PPF in absence of mosquitoes. Emergence inhibition was observed in the test cage but was dependent on the distance between pond and bait-station. Only 25% (95% CI 22-29%) of larvae emerged as adults from ponds 4 m from the bait-station, but 92% (95% CI 89-94%) emerged from ponds 10 m away. Each mosquito was contaminated on average with 112 μg (95% CI 93-123 μg) PPF resulting in the transfer of 230 ng/L (95% CI 180-290 ng/L) PPF to 100 ml volumes of water. CONCLUSIONS The bait-stations successfully attracted gravid females which were subsequently dusted with effective levels of PPF. However, in this study design, attraction and dissemination was limited to short distances. To make this approach feasible for malaria vector control, stronger attractants that lure gravid females from longer distances, in landscapes with many water bodies, and better PPF delivery systems are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Mbare
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Human Health Theme, Nairobi, Kenya
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Ulrike Fillinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Human Health Theme, Nairobi, Kenya
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Hasyim H, Dhimal M, Bauer J, Montag D, Groneberg DA, Kuch U, Müller R. Does livestock protect from malaria or facilitate malaria prevalence? A cross-sectional study in endemic rural areas of Indonesia. Malar J 2018; 17:302. [PMID: 30126462 PMCID: PMC6102806 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ever since it was discovered that zoophilic vectors can transmit malaria, zooprophylaxis has been used to prevent the disease. However, zoopotentiation has also been observed. Thus, the presence of livestock has been widely accepted as an important variable for the prevalence and risk of malaria, but the effectiveness of zooprophylaxis remained subject to debate. This study aims to critically analyse the effects of the presence of livestock on malaria prevalence using a large dataset from Indonesia. Methods This study is based on data from the Indonesia Basic Health Research (“Riskesdas”) cross-sectional survey of 2007 organized by the National Institute of Health Research and Development of Indonesia’s Ministry of Health. The subset of data used in the present study included 259,885 research participants who reside in the rural areas of 176 regencies throughout the 15 provinces of Indonesia where the prevalence of malaria is higher than the national average. The variable “existence of livestock” and other independent demographic, social and behavioural variables were tested as potential determinants for malaria prevalence by multivariate logistic regressions. Results Raising medium-sized animals in the house was a significant predictor of malaria prevalence (OR = 2.980; 95% CI 2.348–3.782, P < 0.001) when compared to keeping such animals outside of the house (OR = 1.713; 95% CI 1.515–1.937, P < 0.001). After adjusting for gender, age, access to community health facility, sewage canal condition, use of mosquito nets and insecticide-treated bed nets, the participants who raised medium-sized animals inside their homes were 2.8 times more likely to contract malaria than respondents who did not (adjusted odds ratio = 2.809; 95% CI 2.207–3.575; P < 0.001). Conclusions The results of this study highlight the importance of livestock for malaria transmission, suggesting that keeping livestock in the house contributes to malaria risk rather than prophylaxis in Indonesia. Livestock-based interventions should therefore play a significant role in the implementation of malaria control programmes, and focus on households with a high proportion of medium-sized animals in rural areas. The implementation of a “One Health” strategy to eliminate malaria in Indonesia by 2030 is strongly recommended. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2447-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzah Hasyim
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,Faculty of Public Health, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya, South Sumatra, Indonesia.
| | - Meghnath Dhimal
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Nepal Health Research Council, Ramshah Path, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Jan Bauer
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Doreen Montag
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - David A Groneberg
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kuch
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ruth Müller
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Quintero J, García-Betancourt T, Caprara A, Basso C, Garcia da Rosa E, Manrique-Saide P, Coelho G, Sánchez-Tejeda G, Dzul-Manzanilla F, García DA, Carrasquilla G, Alfonso-Sierra E, Monteiro Vasconcelos Motta C, Sommerfeld J, Kroeger A. Taking innovative vector control interventions in urban Latin America to scale: lessons learnt from multi-country implementation research. Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:306-316. [PMID: 28829235 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1361563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to the current public health emergency following the emergence of chikungunya and Zika Virus Disease in the Americas during 2014 and 2015, multi-country research investigated between 2011 and 2013 the efficacy of novel Aedes aegypti intervention packages through cluster randomised controlled trials in four Latin-American cities: Fortaleza (Brazil); Girardot (Colombia), Acapulco (Mexico) and Salto (Uruguay). Results from the trials led to a scaling up effort of the interventions at city levels. Scaling up refers to deliberate efforts to increase the impact of successfully tested health interventions to benefit more people and foster policy and program development in a sustainable way. The different scenarios represent examples for a 'vertical approach' and a 'horizontal approach'. This paper presents the analysis of a preliminary process evaluation of the scaling up efforts in the mentioned cites, with a focus on challenges and enabling factors encountered by the research teams, analysing the main social, political, administrative, financial and acceptance factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Quintero
- a Division of Public Health , Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá , Bogotá , Colombia
| | | | - Andrea Caprara
- b Centro de Ciências da Saúde , Universidade Estadual do Ceará , Fortaleza , Brazil
| | - Cesar Basso
- c Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía , Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Elsa Garcia da Rosa
- d Departamento de Parasitología Veterinaria, Facultad de Veterinaria , Universidad de la República , Salto , Uruguay
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- e Departamento de Zoología, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias , Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán , Mérida , México
| | - Giovanini Coelho
- f National Dengue Control Programme, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Ministerio de Saude , Brasilia , Brazil
| | - Gustavo Sánchez-Tejeda
- g Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaria de Salud , Mexico , México
| | - Felipe Dzul-Manzanilla
- g Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaria de Salud , Mexico , México
| | - Diego Alejandro García
- h Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, Subdirección de Enfermedades Transmisibles , Bogotá , Colombia
| | | | - Eduardo Alfonso-Sierra
- i Centre for Medicine and Society/Physical Anthropology , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | | | - Johannes Sommerfeld
- j Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) , World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland.,k Centre for Health Development , World Health Organization , Kobe , Japan
| | - Axel Kroeger
- j Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) , World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland
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9
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Sun JL, Zhou S, Geng QB, Zhang Q, Zhang ZK, Zheng CJ, Hu WB, Clements ACA, Lai SJ, Li ZJ. Comparative evaluation of the diagnosis, reporting and investigation of malaria cases in China, 2005-2014: transition from control to elimination for the national malaria programme. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:65. [PMID: 27349745 PMCID: PMC4924285 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The elimination of malaria requires high-quality surveillance data to enable rapid detection and response to individual cases. Evaluation of the performance of a national malaria surveillance system could identify shortcomings which, if addressed, will improve the surveillance program for malaria elimination. Methods Case-level data for the period 2005–2014 were extracted from the China National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information System and Malaria Enhanced Surveillance Information System. The occurrence of cases, accuracy and timeliness of case diagnosis, reporting and investigation, were assessed and compared between the malaria control stage (2005–2010) and elimination stage (2011–2014) in mainland China. Results A total of 210 730 malaria cases were reported in mainland China in 2005–2014. The average annual incidence declined dramatically from 2.5 per 100 000 people at the control stage to 0.2 per 100 000 at the elimination stage, but the proportion of migrant cases increased from 9.8 % to 41.0 %. Since the initiation of the National Malaria Elimination Programme in 2010, the overall proportion of cases diagnosed by laboratory testing consistently improved, with the highest of 99.0 % in 2014. However, this proportion was significantly lower in non-endemic provinces (79.0 %) than that in endemic provinces (91.4 %) during 2011–2014. The median interval from illness onset to diagnosis was 3 days at the elimination stage, with one day earlier than that at the control stage. Since 2011, more than 99 % cases were reported within 1 day after being diagnosed, while the proportion of cases that were reported within one day after diagnosis was lowest in Tibet (37.5 %). The predominant source of cases reporting shifted from town-level hospitals at the control stage (67.9 % cases) to city-level hospitals and public health institutes at the eliminate stage (69.4 % cases). The proportion of investigation within 3 days after case reporting has improved, from 74.6 % in 2010 to 98.5 % in 2014. Conclusions The individual case-based malaria surveillance system in China operated well during the malaria elimination stage. This ensured that malaria cases could be diagnosed, reported and timely investigated at local level. However, domestic migrants and overseas populations, as well as cases in the historically malarial non-endemic areas and hard-to-reach area are new challenges in the surveillance for malaria elimination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0163-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ling Sun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qi-Bin Geng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zi-Ke Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.,Center of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Can-Jun Zheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wen-Biao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sheng-Jie Lai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.,Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Zhong-Jie Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
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10
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Xu J, Yu Q, Tchuenté LAT, Bergquist R, Sacko M, Utzinger J, Lin DD, Yang K, Zhang LJ, Wang Q, Li SZ, Guo JG, Zhou XN. Enhancing collaboration between China and African countries for schistosomiasis control. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:376-83. [PMID: 26851829 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains an important public health issue, with a large number of cases reported across sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of Asia and Latin America. China was once highly endemic, but has made substantial progress and is moving towards elimination of schistosomiasis. Meanwhile, despite long-term, repeated, school-based chemotherapy in many African countries, more than 90% of all schistosomiasis cases are concentrated in Africa, and hence, this continent constitutes the key challenge for schistosomiasis control. Opportunities and issues for international collaboration in the fight against schistosomiasis are outlined with a focus on China's experiences, including the role of public health authorities and intersectoral collaboration, use of new and effective snail control approaches and diagnostic tools adapted to the specific stage of control, as well as the strengthening of risk mapping and surveillance-response mechanisms. Training courses targeting African governmental officials and professionals, coupled with field visits of African scientists and control programme managers to China, and vice versa, are considered important for improved schistosomiasis control and elimination. The crucial question remains whether the Chinese experience can be translated and applied in African countries to improve the effectiveness of health interventions and scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Yu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Moussa Sacko
- National Institute for Research in Public Health, Ministry of Health, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dan-Dan Lin
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Disease, Nanchang, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Wuxi, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Gang Guo
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Tambo E, Ugwu CE, Guan Y, Wei D, Xiao-Ning, Xiao-Nong Z. China-Africa Health Development Initiatives: Benefits and Implications for Shaping Innovative and Evidence-informed National Health Policies and Programs in Sub-saharan African Countries. Int J MCH AIDS 2016; 5:119-133. [PMID: 28058199 PMCID: PMC5187644 DOI: 10.21106/ijma.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION This review paper examines the growing implications of China's engagement in shaping innovative national initiatives against infectious diseases and poverty control and elimination in African countries. It seeks to understand the factors and enhancers that can promote mutual and innovative health development initiatives, and those that are necessary in generating reliable and quality data for evidence-based contextual policy, priorities and programs. METHODS We examined the China-Africa health cooperation in supporting global health agenda on infectious diseases such as malaria, schistosomiasis, Ebola, TB, HIV/AIDS, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) prevention, control and elimination spanning a period of 10 years. We reviewed referenced publications, global support data, and extensive sources related to and other emerging epidemics and infectious diseases of poverty, programs and interventions, health systems development issues, challenges, opportunities and investments. Published literature in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Books and web-based peer-reviewed journal articles, government annual reports were assessed from the first Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in November 2006 to December 2015 Third Ministerial conferences. RESULTS Our findings highlight current shared public health challenges and emphasize the need to nurture, develop and establish effective, functional and sustainable health systems capacity to detect and respond to all public health threats and epidemic burdens, evidence-based programs and quality care outcomes. China's significant health diplomacy emphasizes the importance of health financing in establishing health development commitment and investment in improving the gains and opportunities, importantly efficiency and value health priorities and planning. CONCLUSIONS AND GLOBAL HEALTH IMPLICATIONS Strengthening China-Africa health development agenda towards collective commitment and investment in quality care delivery, effective programs coverage and efficiency, preparedness and emergency response is needed in transforming African health information systems, and local health governance structures and management in emerging epidemics. Furthermore, innovative evidence of operational joint solutions and strategies are critical in advancing healthcare delivery, and further enhancing Universal Health Care, and Sustainable Development Goals to attain global health improvements and economic prosperity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Tambo
- Africa Disease Intelligence and Surveillance, Communication and Response Foundation (Africa DISCoR), Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Biochemistry, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, Bangangté, West, Cameroon
| | - Chidiebere E Ugwu
- Department of Human Biochemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria
| | - Yayi Guan
- National Institute for Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 20025, PR China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Shanghai 20025, PR China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai 20025, PR China
| | - Ding Wei
- National Institute for Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 20025, PR China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Shanghai 20025, PR China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai 20025, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ning
- National Institute for Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 20025, PR China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Shanghai 20025, PR China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai 20025, PR China
| | - Zhou Xiao-Nong
- National Institute for Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 20025, PR China; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Shanghai 20025, PR China; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Disease Research, Shanghai 20025, PR China
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12
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Tambo E, Khater EIM, Chen JH, Bergquist R, Zhou XN. Nobel prize for the artemisinin and ivermectin discoveries: a great boost towards elimination of the global infectious diseases of poverty. Infect Dis Poverty 2015; 4:58. [PMID: 26708575 PMCID: PMC4692067 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-015-0091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) made a marked transformation for neglected and vulnerable communities in the developing countries from the start, but infectious diseases of poverty (IDoPs) continue to inflict a disproportionate global public health burden with associated consequences, thereby contributing to the vicious cycle of poverty and inequity. However, the effectiveness and large-scale coverage of artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) have revolutionized malaria treatment just as the control of lymphatic filariasis (LF) and onchocerciasis have benefitted from harnessing the broad-spectrum effect of avermectin-based derivatives. The paradigm shift in therapeutic approach, effected by these two drugs and their impact on community-based interventions of parasitic diseases plaguing the endemic low- and middle-income countries (LIMCs), led to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015. However, the story would not be complete without mentioning praziquantel. The huge contribution of this drug in modernizing the control of schistosomiasis and also some intestinal helminth infections had already shifted the focus from control to potential elimination of this disease. Together, these new drugs have provided humankind with powerful new tools for the alleviation of infectious diseases that humans have lived with since time immemorial. These drugs all have broad-spectrum effects, yet they are very safe and can even be packaged together in various combinations. The strong effect on so many of the great infectious scourges in the developing countries has not only had a remarkable influence on many endemic diseases, but also contributed to improving the cost structure of healthcare. Significant benefits include improved quality of preventive and curative medicine, promotion of community-based interventions, universal health coverage and the fostering of global partnerships. The laudable progress and benefits achieved are indispensable in championing, strengthening and moving forward elimination of the IDoPs. However, there is an urgent need for further innovative, contextual and integrated approaches along with the advent of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), replacing the MDGs in ensuring global health security, well-being and economic prosperity for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Tambo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, Bangangté, Cameroon. .,Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Africa Disease Intelligence and Surveillance, Communication and Response Foundation (Africa DISCoR), Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Center for Sustainable Malaria Control, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Emad I M Khater
- Public Health Pests Laboratory, Jeddah Municipality, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China. .,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China.
| | | | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- Public Health Pests Laboratory, Jeddah Municipality, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. .,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China.
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13
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Zhou SS, Zhang SS, Zhang L, Rietveld AEC, Ramsay AR, Zachariah R, Bissell K, Van den Bergh R, Xia ZG, Zhou XN, Cibulskis RE. China's 1-3-7 surveillance and response strategy for malaria elimination: Is case reporting, investigation and foci response happening according to plan? Infect Dis Poverty 2015; 4:55. [PMID: 26654106 PMCID: PMC4674909 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-015-0089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The China’s 1-3-7 strategy was initiated and extensively adopted in different types of counties (geographic regions) for reporting of malaria cases within 1 day, their confirmation and investigation within 3 days, and the appropriate public health response to prevent further transmission within 7 days. Assessing the level of compliance to the 1-3-7 strategy at the county level is a first step towards determining whether the surveillance and response strategy is happening according to plan. This study assessed if the time-bound targets of the 1-3-7 strategy were being sustained over time. Such information would be useful to improve implementation of the 1-3-7 strategy in China. Methods This cross-sectional study involved country-wide programmatic data for the period January 1st 2013 to June 30th 2014. Data variables were extracted from the national malaria information system and included socio-demographic information, type of county, date of diagnosis, date of reporting, date of case investigation, case classification (indigenous, or imported, or unknown), focus investigation, date of reactive case detection (RACD), and date of indoor residual spraying (IRS). Summary statistics and proportions were used and comparisons between groups were assessed using the chi-square test. Level of significance was set at a P-value ≤ 0.05. Results Of a total of 5,688 malaria cases from 731 counties, there were 55 (1 %) indigenous cases (only in Type 1 and Type 2 counties) and 5,633 (99 %) imported cases from all types of counties. There was no delay in reporting malaria cases by type of county. In terms of case investigation, 97.5 % cases were investigated within 3 days with the proportion of delays (1.5 %) in type 2 counties, being significantly lower than type 1 counties (4.1 %). Regarding active foci, 96.4 % were treated by RACD and/or IRS. Conclusions The performance of 1-3-7 strategy was encouraging but identified some challenges that if addressed can further improve implementation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-015-0089-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Sen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropic Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai,, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shao-Sen Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropic Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai,, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropic Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai,, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aafje E C Rietveld
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211, Geneva, 27, Switzerland.
| | - Andrew R Ramsay
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211, Geneva, 27, Switzerland.
| | - Rony Zachariah
- Médecins Sans Frontieres, Brussels Operational Centre, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
| | - Karen Bissell
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France.
| | | | - Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropic Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai,, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropic Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai,, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Richard E Cibulskis
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211, Geneva, 27, Switzerland.
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14
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Alidina Z, Colaco R, Ali AS, Mcha JH, Mwalimu CD, Thawer NG, Lalji S, Mutagahywa J, Ramsan MM, Kafuko JM, Kaspar N, Magesa SM, Reithinger R, Ngondi JM. Taking local ownership: government and household contribution to indoor residual spraying in Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania. Int Health 2015; 8:299-306. [PMID: 26612853 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While donor funding is instrumental in initiation and implementation of malaria control efforts, national government contributions are key to local ownership and sustainability. This study explored in-kind contributions of local government and households towards the cost of indoor residual spraying (IRS) interventions in Tanzania. METHODS Data were collected through interviews with local government officials and technical teams in the IRS project. Household contribution was based on provision of water for IRS. Government contributions included government-provided warehouse and office space, vehicles, and staff labour. In-kind contributions were aggregated at the district, regional and national level. Calculations were based on proportion of total costs of IRS from 2010 to 2012. RESULTS The mainland government provided larger amounts of in-kind contribution in absolute value (mean of US$454 200) compared to Zanzibar (US$89 163). On average, in-kind contribution was 5.5% of total costs in Zanzibar and 2.9% in mainland. The proportion of government in-kind contribution was higher in Zanzibar versus the mainland (86% vs 50%) while household contribution was higher in mainland compared to Zanzibar (50% vs 14%). CONCLUSION Government involvement, particularly through budgetary allocations and increased in-kind contribution, needs to be encouraged for malaria control efforts to be locally owned, managed and sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdullah S Ali
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Juma H Mcha
- Zanzibar Malaria Elimination Programme, Zanzibar, Tanzania
| | - Charles D Mwalimu
- National Malaria Control Program, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | | | | | | | - Jessica M Kafuko
- United States Agency for International Development/President's Malaria Initiative, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Naomi Kaspar
- United States Agency for International Development/President's Malaria Initiative, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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15
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Shi B, Tan Q, Zhou XN, Liu J. Mining geographic variations of Plasmodium vivax for active surveillance: a case study in China. Malar J 2015; 14:216. [PMID: 26013665 PMCID: PMC4450990 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geographic variations of an infectious disease characterize the spatial differentiation of disease incidences caused by various impact factors, such as environmental, demographic, and socioeconomic factors. Some factors may directly determine the force of infection of the disease (namely, explicit factors), while many other factors may indirectly affect the number of disease incidences via certain unmeasurable processes (namely, implicit factors). In this study, the impact of heterogeneous factors on geographic variations of Plasmodium vivax incidences is systematically investigate in Tengchong, Yunnan province, China. METHODS A space-time model that resembles a P. vivax transmission model and a hidden time-dependent process, is presented by taking into consideration both explicit and implicit factors. Specifically, the transmission model is built upon relevant demographic, environmental, and biophysical factors to describe the local infections of P. vivax. While the hidden time-dependent process is assessed by several socioeconomic factors to account for the imported cases of P. vivax. To quantitatively assess the impact of heterogeneous factors on geographic variations of P. vivax infections, a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation method is developed to estimate the model parameters by fitting the space-time model to the reported spatial-temporal disease incidences. RESULTS Since there is no ground-truth information available, the performance of the MCMC method is first evaluated against a synthetic dataset. The results show that the model parameters can be well estimated using the proposed MCMC method. Then, the proposed model is applied to investigate the geographic variations of P. vivax incidences among all 18 towns in Tengchong, Yunnan province, China. Based on the geographic variations, the 18 towns can be further classify into five groups with similar socioeconomic causality for P. vivax incidences. CONCLUSIONS Although this study focuses mainly on the transmission of P. vivax, the proposed space-time model is general and can readily be extended to investigate geographic variations of other diseases. Practically, such a computational model will offer new insights into active surveillance and strategic planning for disease surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyun Shi
- School of Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210003, China. .,Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jiming Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
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16
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Galactionova K, Tediosi F, de Savigny D, Smith T, Tanner M. Effective coverage and systems effectiveness for malaria case management in sub-Saharan African countries. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127818. [PMID: 26000856 PMCID: PMC4441512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Scale-up of malaria preventive and control interventions over the last decade resulted in substantial declines in mortality and morbidity from the disease in sub-Saharan Africa and many other parts of the world. Sustaining these gains will depend on the health system performance. Treatment provides individual benefits by curing infection and preventing progression to severe disease as well as community-level benefits by reducing the infectious reservoir and averting emergence and spread of drug resistance. However many patients with malaria do not access care, providers do not comply with treatment guidelines, and hence, patients do not necessarily receive the correct regimen. Even when the correct regimen is administered some patients will not adhere and others will be treated with counterfeit or substandard medication leading to treatment failures and spread of drug resistance. We apply systems effectiveness concepts that explicitly consider implications of health system factors such as treatment seeking, provider compliance, adherence, and quality of medication to estimate treatment outcomes for malaria case management. We compile data for these indicators to derive estimates of effective coverage for 43 high-burden Sub-Saharan African countries. Parameters are populated from the Demographic and Health Surveys and other published sources. We assess the relative importance of these factors on the level of effective coverage and consider variation in these health systems indicators across countries. Our findings suggest that effective coverage for malaria case management ranges from 8% to 72% in the region. Different factors account for health system inefficiencies in different countries. Significant losses in effectiveness of treatment are estimated in all countries. The patterns of inter-country variation suggest that these are system failures that are amenable to change. Identifying the reasons for the poor health system performance and intervening to tackle them become key priority areas for malaria control and elimination policies in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Galactionova
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Tediosi
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Don de Savigny
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Smith
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Zhou XN, Xia ZG, Wang RB, Qian YJ, Zhou SS, Utzinger J, Tanner M, Kramer R, Yang WZ. Feasibility and roadmap analysis for malaria elimination in China. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 86:21-46. [PMID: 25476880 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800869-0.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
To understand the current status of the malaria control programme at the county level in accordance with the criteria of the World Health Organisation, the gaps and feasibility of malaria elimination at the county and national levels were analysed based on three kinds of indicators: transmission capacity, capacity of the professional team, and the intensity of intervention. Finally, a roadmap for national malaria elimination in the People's Republic of China is proposed based on the results of a feasibility assessment at the national level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru-Bo Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jun Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Sen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Randall Kramer
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wei-Zhong Yang
- Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Xia ZG, Wang RB, Wang DQ, Feng J, Zheng Q, Deng CS, Abdulla S, Guan YY, Ding W, Yao JW, Qian YJ, Bosman A, Newman RD, Ernest T, O’leary M, Xiao N. China-Africa cooperation initiatives in malaria control and elimination. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 86:319-37. [PMID: 25476890 PMCID: PMC7149756 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800869-0.00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Malaria has affected human health globally with a significant burden of disease, and also has impeded social and economic development in the areas where it is present. In Africa, many countries have faced serious challenges in controlling malaria, in part due to major limitations in public health systems and primary health care infrastructure. Although China is a developing country, a set of control strategies and measures in different local settings have been implemented successfully by the National Malaria Control Programme over the last 60 years, with a low cost of investment. It is expected that Chinese experience may benefit malaria control in Africa. This review will address the importance and possibility of China–Africa collaboration in control of malaria in targeted African countries, as well as how to proceed toward the goal of elimination where this is technically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ru-Bo Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Duo-Quan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang-Sheng Deng
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Ya-Yi Guan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Ding
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Wen Yao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jun Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andrea Bosman
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Tambo Ernest
- Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Science; Center for Sustainable Malaria Control, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael O’leary
- World Health Organization, China Representative Office, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
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Preface. Malaria control and elimination programme in the People’s Republic of China. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 86:xvii-xxi. [PMID: 25476891 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800869-0.22001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Sena L, Deressa W, Ali A. Dynamics of Plasmodium falciparium and Plasmodium vivax in a micro-ecological setting, Southwest Ethiopia: effects of altitude and proximity to a dam. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:625. [PMID: 25407982 PMCID: PMC4240866 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Refining the spatial and temporal data on malaria transmissions at a defined ecological setting has practical implications for targeted malaria control and enhancing efficient allocation of resources. Spatial and temporal distribution of P. falciparium and P. vivax were explored around the Gilgel Gibe Hydroelectric Dam (GGHD) in southwest Ethiopia. Methods A review of confirmed malaria episodes recorded over eight years at primary health services was conducted. Using individual identifiers and village names malaria records were cross-linked to location and individual records of Gilgel Gibe Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) data, which had already been geo-referenced. The study setting was categorized in to buffer zones with distance interval of one kilometer. Similarly, altitude of the area was categorized considering 100 meters height intervals. Incidence rate ratios were estimated using Poisson model for the buffer zones and for the altitudinal levels by adjusting for the underlying population density as an offset variable. Yearly temporal variations of all confirmed malaria cases were also evaluated based on the Poisson model using STATA statistical software version 12. Results A considerable proportion (45.0%) of the P. falciparium episodes were registered within one kilometer radius of the GGHD. P. falciparium showed increment with distance from the GGHD up to five kilometers and with altitude above 1900 meters while P. vivax exhibited the increase with distance but, decrease with the altitude. Both species showed significantly higher infection among males than females (P <0.01). Temporally, malaria episodes manifested significant increments in the years between 2006/7 to 2009/10 while reduction of the malaria episodes was indicated during 2004/5, 2005/6 and 2010/11 compared to 2003/4 (P <0.01). On average, P. vivax was 52% less than P. falciparium over the time period considered. P. vivax was significantly higher in the years 2004/5 to 2007/8 and 2010/11 (P <0.001). Conclusions Spatial and temporal variations of malaria were observed. The spatial and temporal variations of malaria episodes were also different for the two main malaria species in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelisa Sena
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. .,Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Wakgari Deressa
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Zhou X, Xia S, Huang JL, Tambo E, Zhuge HX, Zhou XN. Human babesiosis, an emerging tick-borne disease in the People's Republic of China. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:509. [PMID: 25403908 PMCID: PMC4254216 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is a typical zoonotic, emerging disease caused by a tick-borne intraerythrocytic protozoan of Babesia spp. that also can be transmitted by blood transfusion. Babesiosis imposes an increasing public-health threat. We reviewed and mapped epidemiological studies on Babesia in vectors and/or rodents in the People’s Republic of China (P.R. China) and found that B. microti was the predominant species detected in the investigated regions such as Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Fujian provinces and Taiwan island. We reviewed a series of sporadic human babesiosis cases collected from 1940’s to 2013, in Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, Taiwan and Zhejiang and other regions including a main endemic area of malaria on the China-Myanmar border areas in P.R. China. Clinical manifestations of human babesiosis were also reviewed. Human babesiosis may have previously been overlooked in P.R. China due to a lack of medical awareness and the limitation of clinical diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Key Laboratory of Parasite & Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, No.199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Key Laboratory of Parasite & Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji-Lei Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, No.199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ernest Tambo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Key Laboratory of Parasite & Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Biochemistry Department, Centers for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Hong-Xiang Zhuge
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, No.199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Key Laboratory of Parasite & Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Tambo E, Xiao-Nong Z. Acquired immunity and asymptomatic reservoir impact on frontline and airport ebola outbreak syndromic surveillance and response. Infect Dis Poverty 2014; 3:41. [PMID: 25699182 PMCID: PMC4333876 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of surveillance networks for infectious disease diagnosis and response has been growing. In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, which has been endorsed by each of the 46 WHO African members since then. Yet, taming the dynamics and plague of the vicious Ebola virus disease (EVD) in African countries has been patchy and erratic due to inadequate surveillance and contact tracing, community defiance and resistance, a lack of detection and response systems, meager/weak knowledge and information on the disease, inadequacies in protective materials protocols, contact tracing nightmare and differing priorities at various levels of the public health system. Despite the widespread acceptance of syndromic surveillance (SS) systems, their ability to provide early warning alerts and notifications of outbreaks is still unverified. Information is often too limited for any outbreak, or emerging or otherwise unexpected disease, to be recognized at either the community or the national level. Indeed, little is known about the role and the interactions between the Ebola infection and exposure to other syndemics and the development of acquired immunity, asymptomatic reservoir, and Ebola seroconversion. Can lessons be learnt from smallpox, polio, and influenza immunity, and can immunization against these serve as a guide? In most endemic countries, community health centers and disease control and prevention at airports solely relies on passive routine immunization control and reactive syndromic response. The frontline and airport Ebola SS systems in West Africa have shown deficiencies in terms of responding with an alarming number of case fatalities, and suggest that more detailed insights into Ebola, and proactive actions, are needed. The quest for effective early indicators (EEE) in shifting the public and global health paradigm requires the development and implementation of a comprehensive and effective community or regional integrated pandemic preparedness and surveillance response systems tailored to local contexts. These systems must have mechanisms for early identification, rapid contact tracing and tracking, confirmation, and communication with the local population and the global community, and must endeavor to respond in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Tambo
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, School of Medical Sciences & School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa ; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China ; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China ; Département de Biochimie et Science Pharmaceutiques, Université des Montagnes, Bagangté, République du Cameroun
| | - Zhou Xiao-Nong
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China ; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 People's Republic of China
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Tambo E, Ai L, Zhou X, Chen JH, Hu W, Bergquist R, Guo JG, Utzinger J, Tanner M, Zhou XN. Surveillance-response systems: the key to elimination of tropical diseases. Infect Dis Poverty 2014; 3:17. [PMID: 24971165 PMCID: PMC4071800 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Although combined health efforts brought about significant improvements over the past 20 years, communities in resource-constrained settings lack the means of strengthening their environment in directions that would provide less favourable conditions for pathogens. Still, the impact of infectious diseases is declining worldwide along with progress made regarding responses to basic health problems and improving health services delivery to the most vulnerable populations. The London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), initiated by the World Health Organization's NTD roadmap, set out the path towards control and eventual elimination of several tropical diseases by 2020, providing an impetus for local and regional disease elimination programmes. Tropical diseases are often patchy and erratic, and there are differing priorities in resources-limited and endemic countries at various levels of their public health systems. In order to identify and prioritize strategic research on elimination of tropical diseases, the 'First Forum on Surveillance-Response System Leading to Tropical Diseases Elimination' was convened in Shanghai in June 2012. Current strategies and the NTD roadmap were reviewed, followed by discussions on how to identify and critically examine prevailing challenges and opportunities, including inter-sectoral collaboration and approaches for elimination of several infectious, tropical diseases. A priority research agenda within a 'One Health-One World' frame of global health was developed, including (i) the establishment of a platform for resource-sharing and effective surveillance-response systems for Asia Pacific and Africa with an initial focus on elimination of lymphatic filariasis, malaria and schistosomiasis; (ii) development of new strategies, tools and approaches, such as improved diagnostics and antimalarial therapies; (iii) rigorous validation of surveillance-response systems; and (iv) designing pilot studies to transfer Chinese experiences of successful surveillance-response systems to endemic countries with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Tambo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
- Biochemistry Department, Center for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Ai
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
- Sochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Jia-Gang Guo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, People’s Republic of China
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Qian YJ, Zhang L, Xia ZG, Vong S, Yang WZ, Wang DQ, Xiao N. Preparation for malaria resurgence in China: approach in risk assessment and rapid response. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 86:267-88. [PMID: 25476888 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800869-0.00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
With the shrinking of indigenous malaria cases and endemic areas in the People's Republic of China (P.R. China), imported malaria predominates over all reported cases accounting for more than 90% of the total. On the way to eliminate malaria, prompt detection and rapid response to the imported cases are crucial for the prevention of secondary transmission in previous endemic areas. Through a comprehensive literature review, this chapter aims to identify risk determinants of potential local transmission caused by the imported malaria cases and discusses gaps to be addressed to reach the elimination goal by 2020. Current main gaps with respect to dealing with potential malaria resurgence in P.R. China include lack of cross-sectoral cooperation, lack of rapid response and risk assessment, poor public awareness, and inadequate research and development in the national malaria elimination programme.
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Xia S, Allotey P, Reidpath DD, Yang P, Sheng HF, Zhou XN. Combating infectious diseases of poverty: a year on. Infect Dis Poverty 2013; 2:27. [PMID: 24246007 PMCID: PMC3892074 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-2-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Infectious Diseases of Poverty journal, launched a year ago, is a platform to engage outside the traditional disciplinary boundaries, and disseminate high quality science towards the improvement of health. This paper reviews the milestone achievements during its first year of operation. The journal has filled an important niche, addressing some of the main priorities in the Global Report for Research on Infectious Diseases of Poverty. Highlights include the publication of three thematic issues on health systems, surveillance and response systems, as well as co-infection and syndemics. The thematic issues have foregrounded the importance and innovation that can be achieved through transdisciplinary research. The journal has been indexed by PubMed since April 2013, with the publication of a total of 38 articles. Finally, the journal is delivering to wider range readers both in developing and developed countries with sustained efforts with a focus on relevant and strategic information towards elimination of infectious diseases of poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Mubyazi GM, Magnussen P, Byskov J, Bloch P. Feasibility and coverage of implementing intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnant women contacting private or public clinics in Tanzania: experience-based viewpoints of health managers in Mkuranga and Mufindi districts. BMC Health Serv Res 2013; 13:372. [PMID: 24079911 PMCID: PMC3850681 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-13-372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on healthcare managers' experience on operational feasibility of malaria intermittent preventive treatment for malaria during pregnancy (IPTp) using sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in Africa is systematically inadequate. This paper elucidates the perspectives of District Council Health Management Team (CHMT)s regarding the feasibility of IPTp with SP strategy, including its acceptability and ability of district health care systems to cope with the contemporary and potential challenges. METHODS The study was conducted in Mkuranga and Mufindi districts. Data were collected between November 2005 and December 2007, involving focus group discussion (FGD) with Mufindi CHMT and in-depth interviews were conducted with few CHMT members in Mkuranga where it was difficult to summon all members for FGD. RESULTS Participants in both districts acknowledged the IPTp strategy, considering the seriousness of malaria in pregnancy problem; government allocation of funds to support healthcare staff training programmes in focused antenatal care (fANC) issues, procuring essential drugs distributed to districts, staff remuneration, distribution of fANC guidelines, and administrative activities performed by CHMTs. The identified weaknesses include late arrival of funds from central level weakening CHMT's performance in health supervision, organising outreach clinics, distributing essential supplies, and delivery of IPTp services. Participants anticipated the public losing confidence in SP for IPTp after government announced artemither-lumefantrine (ALu) as the new first-line drug for uncomplicated malaria replacing SP. Role of private healthcare staff in IPTp services was acknowledged cautiously because CHMTs rarely supplied private clinics with SP for free delivery in fear that clients would be required to pay for the SP contrary to government policy. In Mufindi, the District Council showed a strong political support by supplementing ANC clinics with bottled water; in Mkuranga such support was not experienced. A combination of health facility understaffing, water scarcity and staff non-adherence to directly observed therapy instructions forced healthcare staff to allow clients to take SP at home. Need for investigating in improving adherence to IPTp administration was emphasised. CONCLUSION High acceptability of the IPTp strategy at district level is meaningless unless necessary support is assured in terms of number, skills and motivation of caregivers and availability of essential supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey M Mubyazi
- Department of Health Systems and Policy Research and Centre for Enhancement of Effective Malaria Interventions (CEEMI), National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), 2448 Ocean Road, P.O Box 9653, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, P.O Box 81, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Pascal Magnussen
- DBL - Centre for Health Research and Development, Institute of Veterinary, Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Byskov
- DBL - Centre for Health Research and Development, Institute of Veterinary, Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Bloch
- DBL - Centre for Health Research and Development, Institute of Veterinary, Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center, Steno Health Promotion Center, Gentofte, Denmark
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Zheng Q, Vanderslott S, Jiang B, Xu LL, Liu CS, Huo LL, Duan LP, Wu NB, Li SZ, Xia ZG, Wu WP, Hu W, Zhang HB. Research gaps for three main tropical diseases in the People's Republic of China. Infect Dis Poverty 2013; 2:15. [PMID: 23895635 PMCID: PMC3751495 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This scoping review analyzes the research gaps of three diseases: schistosomiasis japonica, malaria and echinococcosis. Based on available data in the P.R. China, we highlight the gaps between control capacity and prevalence levels, and between diagnostic/drug development and population need for treatment at different stages of the national control programme. After reviewing the literature from 848 original studies and consultations with experts in the field, the gaps were identified as follows. Firstly, the malaria research gaps include (i) deficiency of active testing in the public community and no appropriate technique to evaluate elimination, (ii) lack of sensitive diagnostic tools for asymptomatic patients, (iii) lack of safe drugs for mass administration. Secondly, gaps in research of schistosomiasis include (i) incongruent policy in the implementation of integrated control strategy for schistosomiasis, (ii) lack of effective tools for Oncomelania sp. snail control, (iii) lack of a more sensitive and cheaper diagnostic test for large population samples, (iv) lack of new drugs in addition to praziquantel. Thirdly, gaps in research of echinococcosis include (i) low capacity in field epidemiology studies, (ii) lack of sanitation improvement studies in epidemic areas, (iii) lack of a sensitivity test for early diagnosis, (iv) lack of more effective drugs for short-term treatment. We believe these three diseases can eventually be eliminated in mainland China if all the research gaps are abridged in a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre on Malaria, Schisostomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Rd, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Khosa E, Kuonza LR, Kruger P, Maimela E. Towards the elimination of malaria in South Africa: a review of surveillance data in Mutale Municipality, Limpopo Province, 2005 to 2010. Malar J 2013; 12:7. [PMID: 23294805 PMCID: PMC3566928 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND South Africa has targeted to eliminate malaria by the year 2018. Constant monitoring of malaria morbidity and mortality trends in affected subpopulations is therefore crucial in guiding and refining control interventions. Mutale Municipality in Limpopo Province is one of the areas with the highest risk of malaria in the country. This paper describes trends in malaria incidence, case fatality and household indoor residual spraying (IRS) coverage in Mutale Municipality, during the period 2005 to 2010. METHODS A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted on malaria data routinely collected through the Limpopo provincial malaria information system between July 2005 and June 2010. Five malaria seasons were defined. Annualized malaria incidence rates, case fatality rates (CFR) and IRS coverage rates were calculated. RESULTS Cumulatively, 4,663 malaria cases and 21 malaria deaths were reported in Mutale between July 2005 and June 2010. Investigation of likely origin of the malaria in 3,517 patients revealed that 6.6% were imported cases, mostly from neighbouring Zimbabwe (222/231). Malaria incidence rates fell from 13.6 cases per 1,000 person-years in the 2005-2006 season to 2.7 cases per 1,000 person-years in the 2009-2010 season. The mean malaria CFR was stable between 0.3 and 0.6% during the first four seasons, and increased sharply to 2.1% in the 2009-2010 season. The median age of the 21 malaria deaths was 34 years (range: 16 to 60 years). CFRs were 0% in children below 15 years and above 0.5% in patients more than 24 years old. Regular IRS achieved coverage above 80% in all five seasons. CONCLUSION Malaria control interventions implemented in Mutale significantly reduced the incidence of malaria in the population. In order to accurately monitor progress towards the elimination goal, the malaria control programme should strengthen the reporting and capturing of the data in the provincial malaria information system; all patients diagnosed with malaria should be investigated to determine the likely source of the malaria, and malaria related deaths should be audited to improve case detection and management. Furthermore, the country should strengthen cross border malaria control collaborations in order to minimize malaria importation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Khosa
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South Africa Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Private Bag X1, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa
- Department of Health, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | - Lazarus R Kuonza
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- South Africa Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Private Bag X1, Sandringham, 2131, South Africa
| | | | - Eric Maimela
- Department of Health, Limpopo Province, South Africa
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Zhou XN, Bergquist R, Tanner M. Elimination of tropical disease through surveillance and response. Infect Dis Poverty 2013; 2:1. [PMID: 23849433 PMCID: PMC3707090 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance and response represent the final crucial steps in achieving effective control and particularly elimination of communicable diseases as recognized in the area of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), applied in increasing numbers in endemic countries with ongoing control and elimination programmers. More and more national NTD elimination initiatives are scheduled based on the innovative and effective One world-One health perspective to detect pockets of transmission and disease reintroduction. Resource-constrained countries, which carry the heaviest NTD burdens, face various challenges how to strengthen the health system as well as developing effective and novel tools for surveillance and response tailored to local settings. Surveillance-response approaches take place in two different stages corralling the basic components of the surveillance-response system for NTD elimination. Six different research priorities have been identified:1)dynamic mapping of transmission, 2) near real-time capture of population dynamics, 3) modelling based on a minimum essential database/dataset, 4) implementation of mobile health (m-health) and sensitive diagnostics, 5) design of effective response packages tailored to different transmission settings and levels, and 6) validation of approaches and responses packages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Marcel Tanner
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, P.O. Box, Basel, CH-4002, Switzerland
- University of Basel, P.O. Box, Basel, CH-4003, Switzerland
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Huntington D. Health systems perspectives - infectious diseases of poverty. Infect Dis Poverty 2012; 1:12. [PMID: 23848993 PMCID: PMC3710094 DOI: 10.1186/2049-9957-1-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The right to health as a fundamental human right is enshrined in the World Health Organization's charter and has been reaffirmed in international agreements spanning decades. This new journal reminds us of the essential characteristic of poverty as a violent abuse of human rights. The context of poverty - its social, political and economic dimensions - remain in the reader's mind as evidence is provided on technical solutions to managing the infectious diseases that afflict poor populations world-wide. Applying a health systems framework to a discussion on infectious diseases of poverty emerges from the papers in this journal's first edition. Many of the articles discuss treatments, indicating the importance of pharmaceuticals for neglected diseases. Delivery strategies to reach impoverished populations also figure within this first round of papers. Innovative programs that provide diagnostics and treatment for infectious diseases to hard-to-reach rural and urban communities are needed clearly needed, and some good examples are discussed here. Future editions will explore other health system components, broadening the evidence base to increase understanding of effective and sustainable interventions to reduce the burden of infectious disease among the poor. The editors are to be congratulated on the release of this inaugural issue of the journal Infectious Diseases of Poverty. We look forward to reading subsequent editions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Huntington
- Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, WHO/WPRO, Manila, Philippines.
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