1
|
Li X, Snow RW, Lindblade K, Noor AM, Steketee R, Rabinovich R, Gopinath D, Gasimov E, Alonso PL. Border malaria: defining the problem to address the challenge of malaria elimination. Malar J 2023; 22:239. [PMID: 37605226 PMCID: PMC10440889 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Border malaria is frequently cited as an obstacle to malaria elimination and sometimes used as a justification for the failure of elimination. Numerous border or cross-border meetings and elimination initiatives have been convened to address this bottleneck to elimination. In this Perspective, border malaria is defined as malaria transmission, or the potential for transmission, across or along shared land borders between countries where at least one of them has ongoing malaria transmission. Border malaria is distinct from malaria importation, which can occur anywhere and in any country. The authors' analysis shows that the remaining transmission foci of malaria-eliminating countries tend to occur in the vicinity of international land borders that they share with neighbouring endemic countries. The reasons why international land borders often represent the last mile in malaria elimination are complex. The authors argue that the often higher intrinsic transmission potential, the neglect of investment and development, the constant risk of malaria importation due to cross-border movement, the challenges of implementing interventions in complex environments and uncoordinated action in a cross-border shared transmission focus all contribute to the difficulties of malaria elimination in border areas. Border malaria reflects the limitations of the current tools and interventions for malaria elimination and implies the need for social cohesion, basic health services, community economic conditions, and policy dialogue and coordination to achieve the expected impact of malaria interventions. Given the uniqueness of each border and the complex and multifaceted nature of border malaria, a situation analysis to define and characterize the determinants of transmission is essential to inform a problem-solving mindset and develop appropriate strategies to eliminate malaria in these areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Li
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Robert W Snow
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kim Lindblade
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdisalan M Noor
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Deyer Gopinath
- World Health Organization Country Office, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elkhan Gasimov
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro L Alonso
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oyegoke OO, Adewumi TS, Aderoju SA, Tsundzukani N, Mabunda E, Adeleke MA, Maharaj R, Okpeku M. Towards malaria elimination: analysis of travel history and case forecasting using the SARIMA model in Limpopo Province. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07870-y. [PMID: 37310511 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite various efforts and policy implementation aimed at controlling and eliminating malaria, imported malaria remains a major factor posing challenges in places that have made progress in malaria elimination. The persistence of malaria in Limpopo Province has largely been attributed to imported cases, thus reducing the pace of achieving the malaria-free target by 2025. Data from the Limpopo Malaria Surveillance Database System (2010-2020) was analyzed, and a seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model was developed to forecast malaria incidence based on the incidence data's temporal autocorrelation. The study found that out of 57,288 people that were tested, 51,819 (90.5%) cases were local while 5469 (9.5%) cases were imported. Mozambique (44.9%), Zimbabwe (35.7%), and Ethiopia (8.5%) were the highest contributors of imported cases. The month of January recorded the highest incidence of cases while the least was in August. Analysis of the yearly figures showed an increasing trend and seasonal variation of recorded malaria cases. The SARIMA (3,1,1) X (3,1,0) [12] model used in predicting expected malaria case incidences for three consecutive years showed a decline in malaria incidences. The study demonstrated that imported malaria accounted for 9.5% of all cases. There is a need to re-focus on health education campaigns on malaria prevention methods and strengthening of indoor residual spray programs. Bodies collaborating toward malaria elimination in the Southern Africa region need to ensure a practical delivery of the objectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olukunle O Oyegoke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Taiye S Adewumi
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Samuel A Aderoju
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Eric Mabunda
- Limpopo Department of Health, Malaria Control Program, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Matthew A Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajendra Maharaj
- Malaria Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yi B, Zhang L, Yin J, Zhou S, Xia Z. 1-3-7 surveillance and response approach in malaria elimination: China's practice and global adaptions. Malar J 2023; 22:152. [PMID: 37161379 PMCID: PMC10169118 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a significant reduction in malaria morbidity and mortality worldwide from 2000 to 2019. However, the incidence and mortality increased again in 2020 due to the disruption to services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Surveillance to reduce the burden of malaria, eliminate the disease and prevent its retransmission is, therefore, crucial. The 1-3-7 approach proposed by China has played an important role in eliminating malaria, which has been internationally popularized and adopted in some countries to help eliminate malaria. This review summarizes the experience and lessons of 1-3-7 approach in China and its application in other malaria-endemic countries, so as to provide references for its role in eliminating malaria and preventing retransmission. This approach needs to be tailored and adapted according to the region condition, considering the completion, timeliness and limitation of case-based reactive surveillance and response. It is very important to popularize malaria knowledge, train staff, improve the capacity of health centres and monitor high-risk groups to improve the performance in eliminating settings. After all, remaining vigilance in detecting malaria cases and optimizing surveillance and response systems are critical to achieving and sustaining malaria elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Yi
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shuisen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhigui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tangi LN, Ajonina MU, Moyeh MN, Chi HF, Ntui VN, Kwi PN, Toussi ECT, Fung MPS, Fah F, Mayaba JM, Formilack FT, Ntasin VN, Nji TM, Yenshu EV, Achidi EA, Amambua-Ngwa A, Apinjoh TO. Knowledge, attitude, and adherence to malaria control guidelines and the prevalence of Plasmodium species infection in localities across transmission and ecological zones in Cameroon. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1060479. [PMID: 37181692 PMCID: PMC10173414 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite a scale up of control interventions over the years, malaria remains a major public health and economic concern in Cameroon, contributing considerably to hospitalization and deaths. The effectiveness of control strategies depends on the extent of adherence by the population to national guidelines. This study assessed the influence of human knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to malaria and its control on the prevalence of malaria parasite infection, with implications for the elimination of the disease. Methodology This is a cross-sectional community and hospital-based study, covering the five ecological and three malaria transmission zones in Cameroon. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used to document socio-demographic and clinical parameters as well as knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward malaria control and management. Consenting participants were screened for malaria parasite with rapid diagnostic test (mRDT) of the peripheral blood. Association between qualitative variables was determined using the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 3,360 participants were enrolled, 45.0% (1,513) of whom were mRDT positive, with 14.0% (451/3,216) and 29.6% (951/3,216) having asymptomatic parasitaemia and malaria, respectively. Although most participants knew the cause, symptoms, and control strategies, with 53.6% (1,000/1,867) expertly knowledgeable about malaria overall, only 0.1% (2/1,763) individuals were fully adherent to malaria control measures. Conclusion The risk of malaria in Cameroon remains high, with the population considerably knowledgeable about the disease but poorly adherent to national malaria control guidelines. Concerted and more effective strategies aimed at improving knowledge about malaria and adherences to control interventions are necessary to ultimately eliminate the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livinus N. Tangi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Marcelus U. Ajonina
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Marcel N. Moyeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Hanesh F. Chi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Vincent N. Ntui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Pilate N. Kwi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Eric C. T. Toussi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - FohTella Fah
- Department of Accounting, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Joel M. Mayaba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Franklin T. Formilack
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Veronica N. Ntasin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Theobald M. Nji
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel V. Yenshu
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Eric A. Achidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Alfred Amambua-Ngwa
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Tobias O. Apinjoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
- *Correspondence: Tobias O. Apinjoh
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bonilla-Aldana DK, Gutiérrez-Grajales EJ, Martínez-Arboleda JP, Reina-Mora MA, Trejos-Mendoza AE, Pérez-Vargas S, Valencia-Mejía L, Marín-Arboleda LF, Osorio-Navia D, Chacón-Peña M, González-Colonia LV, Cardona-Ospina JA, Jiménez-Posada EV, Diaz A, Salazar JC, Sierra M, Muñoz-Lara F, Zambrano LI, Ramírez-Vallejo E, Álvarez JC, Jaramillo-Delgado IL, Pecho-Silva S, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Faccini-Martínez ÁA, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Seroprevalence canine survey for selected vector-borne pathogens of and its relationship with poverty in metropolitan Pereira, Colombia, 2020. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2022; 17:e00249. [PMID: 35493769 PMCID: PMC9048108 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Red Colombiana de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Garrapatas en Pequeños Animales (RECEPA) – Colombian Network of Tick-Borne Diseases in Small Animals (RECEPA), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Committee of Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine, Asociación Colombiana de Infectología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Erwin J. Gutiérrez-Grajales
- Red Colombiana de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Garrapatas en Pequeños Animales (RECEPA) – Colombian Network of Tick-Borne Diseases in Small Animals (RECEPA), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - J. Paola Martínez-Arboleda
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - María Angelica Reina-Mora
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Adrián E. Trejos-Mendoza
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Soffia Pérez-Vargas
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Lorenzo Valencia-Mejía
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Luisa F. Marín-Arboleda
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Daniela Osorio-Navia
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Mariana Chacón-Peña
- Semillero de Investigación en Zoonosis (SIZOO), Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | | | - Jaime A. Cardona-Ospina
- Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Infecciones Emergentes y Medicina Tropical, Instituto para la Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, SCI-HELP, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Committee of Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine, Asociación Colombiana de Infectología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Erika Vanessa Jiménez-Posada
- Grupo de Investigación en Infecciones Emergentes y Medicina Tropical, Instituto para la Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, SCI-HELP, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | | | | | - Manuel Sierra
- Unit of Scientific Research, School of Medical, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Fausto Muñoz-Lara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Lysien I. Zambrano
- Unit of Scientific Research, School of Medical, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | | | - Juan Camilo Álvarez
- Grupo de Investigación One-Health, Departamento de Investigación de Enfermedades Infecciosas en Animales, Centro de Diagnóstico Especializado Testmol, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Ingrid Lorena Jaramillo-Delgado
- Red Colombiana de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Garrapatas en Pequeños Animales (RECEPA) – Colombian Network of Tick-Borne Diseases in Small Animals (RECEPA), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación One-Health, Departamento de Investigación de Enfermedades Infecciosas en Animales, Centro de Diagnóstico Especializado Testmol, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Samuel Pecho-Silva
- Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru
| | - Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-based Medicine, The Mount Sinai Hospital-Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Álvaro A. Faccini-Martínez
- Red Colombiana de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Garrapatas en Pequeños Animales (RECEPA) – Colombian Network of Tick-Borne Diseases in Small Animals (RECEPA), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Committee of Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine, Asociación Colombiana de Infectología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales
- Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Red Colombiana de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Garrapatas en Pequeños Animales (RECEPA) – Colombian Network of Tick-Borne Diseases in Small Animals (RECEPA), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Infecciones Emergentes y Medicina Tropical, Instituto para la Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, SCI-HELP, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
- Committee of Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine, Asociación Colombiana de Infectología, Bogotá, Colombia
- Corresponding author at: Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang HL, Baloch Z, Xu JW, Sun XD, Lin ZR, Zhou YW, Zhao XT, Lv Q, Xu SY, Ding CL, Chen QY, Tian P, Dung KX, Xia XS, Zhou HN. Malaria: elimination tale from Yunnan Province of China and new challenges for reintroduction. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:101. [PMID: 34289905 PMCID: PMC8293506 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eradication of infectious disease is the sanctified public health and sustainable development goal around the world. Main body Three antimalarial barriers were developed to control imported malarial cases, and an effective surveillance strategy known as the “1–3–7 approach” was developed to eliminate malaria from the Chinese population. From 2011 to 2019, 5254 confirmed malaria cases were reported and treated in Yunnan Province, China. Among them, 4566 cases were imported from other countries, and 688 cases were indigenous from 2011 to 2016. Since 2017, no new local malarial case has been reported in China. Thus, malaria has been completely eliminated in Yunnan Province. However, malaria is detected in overseas travellers on a regular basis, such as visitors from neighbouring Myanmar. Conclusion Hence, the strategies should be further strengthened to maintain a robust public health infrastructure for disease surveillance and vector control programs in border areas. Such programs should be supported technically and financially by the government to avert the possibility of a malarial resurgence in Yunnan Province. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-021-00866-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Lin Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research & Yunnan Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector-Borne Disease Control of Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, Yunnan, China.
| | - Zulqarnain Baloch
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian-Wei Xu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research & Yunnan Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector-Borne Disease Control of Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Sun
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research & Yunnan Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector-Borne Disease Control of Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, Yunnan, China
| | - Zu-Rui Lin
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research & Yunnan Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector-Borne Disease Control of Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, Yunnan, China
| | - Yao-Wu Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research & Yunnan Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector-Borne Disease Control of Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research & Yunnan Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector-Borne Disease Control of Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, Yunnan, China
| | - Quan Lv
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research & Yunnan Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector-Borne Disease Control of Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Xu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research & Yunnan Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector-Borne Disease Control of Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun-Li Ding
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research & Yunnan Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector-Borne Disease Control of Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, Yunnan, China
| | - Qi-Yan Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research & Yunnan Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector-Borne Disease Control of Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, Yunnan, China
| | - Peng Tian
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research & Yunnan Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector-Borne Disease Control of Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, Yunnan, China
| | - Kai-Xia Dung
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research & Yunnan Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector-Borne Disease Control of Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, Yunnan, China
| | - Xue-Shan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Hong-Ning Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research & Yunnan Innovative Team of Key Techniques for Vector-Borne Disease Control of Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu'er, 665000, Yunnan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li XH, Zhou HN, Xu JW, Lin ZR, Sun XD, Li JY, Lin XX, Xie Y, Alonso P, Yang HL. Seven decades towards malaria elimination in Yunnan, China. Malar J 2021; 20:147. [PMID: 33711990 PMCID: PMC7953382 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yunnan Province was considered the most difficult place in China for malaria elimination because of its complex malaria epidemiology, heterogeneous ecological features, relatively modest economic development, and long, porous border with three malaria endemic countries: Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, and Viet Nam. METHODS Academic publications and grey literature relevant to malaria elimination in Yunnan covering the period from 1950 until 2020 inclusive were considered. The following academic indexes were searched: China Science Periodical Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, and MEDLINE. Grey literature sources were mainly available from the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), the Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, and the Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases (YIPD). RESULTS A malaria elimination campaign in the 1950-1960s, based mainly on mass administration of antimalarial drugs and large-scale vector control, reduced morbidity and mortality from malaria and interrupted transmission in some areas, although elimination was not achieved. Similar strategies were used to contain outbreaks and a resurgence of disease during the 1970s, when malaria services were discontinued. From the 1980s, malaria incidence declined, despite the challenges of large numbers of mobile and migrant populations and an unstable primary health care system in rural areas following economic transformation. Launch of the national malaria elimination programme in 2010 led to adoption of the '1-3-7' surveillance and response strategy specifying timely detection of and response for every case, supported by the establishment of a real-time web-based disease surveillance system and a new primary health care system in rural areas. Border malaria was addressed in Yunnan by strengthening the surveillance system down to the lowest level, cross-border collaboration with neighbouring countries and non-governmental organizations, and the involvement of other sectors. CONCLUSIONS Seven decades of work to eliminate malaria in Yunnan have shown the importance of political commitment, technically sound strategies with high quality implementation, a robust surveillance and response system at all levels, community participation and effective management of border malaria. The experiences and lessons learned from elimination remain important for prevention re-establishment of malaria transmission in the Province.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Li
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Hong-Ning Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Disease Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Pu'er City, China
| | - Jian-Wei Xu
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Disease Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Pu'er City, China
| | - Zu-Rui Lin
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Disease Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Pu'er City, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Sun
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Disease Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Pu'er City, China
| | - Jia-Yin Li
- Yunnan Representative Office, Health Poverty Action (UK), Kunming, China
| | - Xian-Xian Lin
- Yunnan Representative Office, Health Poverty Action (UK), Kunming, China
| | - Yan Xie
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pedro Alonso
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Heng-Lin Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yunnan Provincial Centre of Malaria Research, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Disease Control and Research, Yunnan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Public Health and Disease Prevention and Control, Pu'er City, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Metelmann S, Liu X, Lu L, Caminade C, Liu K, Cao L, Medlock JM, Baylis M, Morse AP, Liu Q. Assessing the suitability for Aedes albopictus and dengue transmission risk in China with a delay differential equation model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009153. [PMID: 33770107 PMCID: PMC7996998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is considered non-endemic to mainland China. However, travellers frequently import the virus from overseas and local mosquito species can then spread the disease in the population. As a consequence, mainland China still experiences large dengue outbreaks. Temperature plays a key role in these outbreaks: it affects the development and survival of the vector and the replication rate of the virus. To better understand its implication in the transmission risk of dengue, we developed a delay differential equation model that explicitly simulates temperature-dependent development periods and tested it with collected field data for the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. The model predicts mosquito occurrence locations with a high accuracy (Cohen's κ of 0.78) and realistically replicates mosquito population dynamics. Analysing the infection dynamics during the 2014 dengue outbreak that occurred in Guangzhou showed that the outbreak could have lasted for another four weeks if mosquito control interventions had not been undertaken. Finally, we analyse the dengue transmission risk in mainland China. We find that southern China, including Guangzhou, can have more than seven months of dengue transmission per year while even Beijing, in the temperate north, can have dengue transmission during hot summer months. The results demonstrate the importance of using detailed vector and infection ecology, especially when vector-borne disease transmission risk is modelled over a broad range of climatic zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soeren Metelmann
- Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cyril Caminade
- Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Keke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jolyon M. Medlock
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Medical Entomology Group, Public Health England, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Baylis
- Institute for Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Morse
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for Vector Surveillance and Management, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu Y, Liu MY, Wang JL, Zhang HY, Sun Y, Yuan Y, Zhou SX, Wang YX, Wang ZB, Zhu YX, Han Y, Liu MM, Li WM, Wang LP, Guo XH, Fang LQ, Liu W. Epidemiology of imported infectious diseases, China, 2014-18. J Travel Med 2020; 27:6018450. [PMID: 33283238 PMCID: PMC7757385 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequent movement of population between countries brings an increasing number of travel-related infections. This study aims to define the spectrum and dynamics of imported infections observed from international travel in the Chinese mainland. METHODS Sick travellers were screened by inbound sentinel surveillance and post-travel clinic visits from 2014 to 18. The infections were classified as respiratory, gastrointestinal, vector-borne, blood/sexually transmitted and mucocutaneous. The analysed variables included the place of origin of the travellers (Chinese or foreign) and the time when travel-related infection was present (at the time of return, during travel and post-travel visits to the clinic). RESULTS In total, 58 677 cases were identified amongst 1 409 265 253 travellers, with an incidence of 41.64/million, comprising during-travel incidence of 27.44/million and a post-travel incidence of 14.20/million. Respiratory infections constituted the highest proportion of illnesses during travel (81.19%, 31 393 of 38 667), which mainly came from Asian countries and tourists; with influenza virus and rhinovirus infections being mainly diagnosed. Vector-borne diseases constituted the highest proportion of post-travel illnesses (98.14%, 19 638 of 20 010), which were mainly diagnosed from African countries and labourers; with malaria and dengue fever being mainly diagnosed. The differential infection spectrum varied in terms of the traveller's demography, travel destination and travel purpose. As such, a higher proportion of foreign travellers had blood/sexually transmitted diseases (89.85%, 2832 of 3152), while Chinese citizens had a higher prevalence of vector-borne diseases (85.98%, 19 247 of 22 387) and gastrointestinal diseases (79.36%, 1115 of 1405). The highest incidence rate was observed amongst travellers arriving from Africa, while the lowest was observed amongst travellers arriving from Europe. CONCLUSIONS The findings might help in preparing recommendations for travellers and also aid in primary care or other clinics that prepare travellers before trips abroad. The findings will also help to identify locations and the associated types of infections that might require attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Yang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Long Wang
- Division of Science and Technology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yu Sun
- Tsinghua University Press, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Xuan Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Meng Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Hua Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P.R. China.,Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao X, Thanapongtharm W, Lawawirojwong S, Wei C, Tang Y, Zhou Y, Sun X, Sattabongkot J, Kaewkungwal J. Spatiotemporal Trends of Malaria in Relation to Economic Development and Cross-Border Movement along the China-Myanmar Border in Yunnan Province. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:267-278. [PMID: 32615740 PMCID: PMC7338897 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity and complexity of malaria involves political and natural environments, socioeconomic development, cross-border movement, and vector biology; factors that cannot be changed in a short time. This study aimed to assess the impact of economic growth and cross-border movement, toward elimination of malaria in Yunnan Province during its pre-elimination phase. Malaria data during 2011-2016 were extracted from 18 counties of Yunnan and from 7 villages, 11 displaced person camps of the Kachin Special Region II of Myanmar. Data of per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) were obtained from Yunnan Bureau of Statistics. Data were analyzed and mapped to determine spatiotemporal heterogeneity at county and village levels. There were a total 2,117 malaria cases with 85.2% imported cases; most imported cases came from Myanmar (78.5%). Along the demarcation line, malaria incidence rates in villages/camps in Myanmar were significantly higher than those of the neighboring villages in China. The spatial and temporal trends suggested that increasing per-capita GDP may have an indirect effect on the reduction of malaria cases when observed at macro level; however, malaria persists owing to complex, multi-faceted factors including poverty at individual level and cross-border movement of the workforce. In moving toward malaria elimination, despite economic growth, cooperative efforts with neighboring countries are critical to interrupt local transmission and prevent reintroduction of malaria via imported cases. Cross-border workers should be educated in preventive measures through effective behavior change communication, and investment is needed in active surveillance systems and novel diagnostic and treatment services during the elimination phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Zhao
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, Yunnan, China
| | - Weerapong Thanapongtharm
- Veterinary Epidemiological Center, Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siam Lawawirojwong
- Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chun Wei
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, Yunnan, China
| | - Yerong Tang
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, Yunnan, China
| | - Yaowu Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, Yunnan, China
| | - Jestumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Marking the end of the five-year programme initiated by the Chinese Government to lift more than 70 million people out of poverty, the year 2020 is a milestone. Poverty alleviation has moved strongly forward in China and the major health indicators are now better than the average of all middle- and high-income countries. However, the dual burden of infectious and chronic diseases remains a challenge with respect to achieving the health target in the United Nations 2030 Agenda for sustainable development goals (SDGs). In 2015, about 44% of the poor population in China were impoverished by illness but already in 2018, multi-sectoral actions delivered by the Health-related Poverty Alleviation programme had reduced the number almost by half. In the past three years 15 million poor people (98% of the poor population) with infectious and chronic diseases had been treated and taken care of thanks to financial support through multiple health insurance schemes and other governmental subsidies. This article discusses the lessons learnt with regard to health-related poverty alleviation in China with special reference to those still remaining impoverished by illness. Consolidation of the achievements reached and provision of basic needs to those still disadvantaged and in poor health will require a major improvement of accessibility to, and affordability of, health services. The next step towards enhanced productivity and better living conditions will involve upgrading of the capacity of health professionals in the poor regions, promotion of coherent efforts in health-related poverty alleviation and rural revitalization measures. As an additional measure, data monitoring and research on health poverty alleviation should be strengthened as they are essential to generate the evidence and knowledge needed to support the move in the direction envisioned by the SDGs, and the new Healthy China 2030 programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ping Wang
- China National Health Development Research Centre, National Health Commission of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Health Systems Strengthening, Beijing, 100044 China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, 200025 China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Jiatong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ren M. Greater political commitment needed to eliminate malaria. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:28. [PMID: 31030666 PMCID: PMC6487040 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria-related mortality has a very high association with poverty rates, and the disease is most prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. To achieve the malaria-specific targets of the Sustainable Development Goals, malaria-endemic countries and development partners need to take concerted action to reduce malaria cases and deaths. Reaching all affected communities with malaria interventions requires strong political commitment and a significant expansion of international and domestic financial resources. World Malaria Day 2019 is an opportunity to review progress and challenges in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Ren
- Universal Health Coverage, Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Umer MF, Zofeen S, Majeed A, Hu W, Qi X, Zhuang G. Effects of Socio-Environmental Factors on Malaria Infection in Pakistan: A Bayesian Spatial Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1365. [PMID: 30995744 PMCID: PMC6517989 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The role of socio-environmental factors in shaping malaria dynamics is complex and inconsistent. Effects of socio-environmental factors on malaria in Pakistan at district level were examined. Annual malaria cases data were obtained from Directorate of Malaria Control Program, Pakistan. Meteorological data were supplied by Pakistan Meteorological Department. A major limitation was the use of yearly, rather than monthly/weekly malaria data in this study. Population data, socio-economic data and education score data were downloaded from internet. Bayesian conditional autoregressive model was used to find the statistical association of socio-environmental factors with malaria in Pakistan. From 136/146 districts in Pakistan, >750,000 confirmed malaria cases were included, over a three years' period (2013-2015). Socioeconomic status ((posterior mean value -3.965, (2.5% quintile, -6.297%), (97.5% quintile, -1.754%)) and human population density (-7.41 × 10-4, -0.001406%, -1.05 × 10-4 %) were inversely related, while minimum temperature (0.1398, 0.05275%, 0.2145%) was directly proportional to malaria in Pakistan during the study period. Spatial random effect maps presented that moderate relative risk (RR, 0.75 to 1.24) and high RR (1.25 to 1.99) clusters were scattered throughout the country, outnumbering the ones' with low RR (0.23 to 0.74). Socio-environmental variables influence annual malaria incidence in Pakistan and needs further evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq Umer
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Shumaila Zofeen
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Abdul Majeed
- Directorate of Malaria Control Program, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Xin Qi
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
- Global Health Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Guihua Zhuang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Feng J, Zhang L, Huang F, Yin JH, Tu H, Xia ZG, Zhou SS, Xiao N, Zhou XN. Ready for malaria elimination: zero indigenous case reported in the People's Republic of China. Malar J 2018; 17:315. [PMID: 30157876 PMCID: PMC6116478 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria was once one of the most serious public health problems in China. However, the disease burden has sharply declined and epidemic areas have shrunk after the implementation of an integrated malaria control and elimination strategy, especially since 2000. In this review, the lessons were distilled from the Chinese national malaria elimination programme and further efforts to mitigate the challenges of malaria resurgence are being discussed. METHODS A retrospective evaluation was performed to assess the changes in malaria epidemic patterns from 1950 to 2017 at national level. The malaria data before 2004 were collected from paper-based annual reports. After 2004, each of the different cases from the Infectious Diseases Information Reporting Management System (IDIRMS) was closely examined and scrutinized. An additional documenting system, the National Information Management System for Malaria, established in 2012 to document the interventions of three parasitic diseases, was also examined to complete the missing data from IDIRMS. RESULTS From 1950 to 2017, the occurrence of indigenous malaria has been steeply reduced, and malaria-epidemic regions have substantially shrunk, especially after the launch of the national malaria elimination programme. There were approximately 30 million malaria cases annually before 1949 with a mortality rate of 1%. A total of 5999 indigenous cases were documented from 2010 to 2016, with a drastic reduction of 99% over the 6 years (2010, n = 4262; 2016, n = 3). There were indigenous cases reported in 303 counties from 18 provinces in 2010, but only 3 indigenous cases were reported in 2 provinces nationwide in 2016. While in 2017, for the first time, zero indigenous case was reported in China, and only 7 of imported cases were in individuals who died of Plasmodium falciparum infection. CONCLUSION Malaria elimination in China is a country-led and country-owned endeavour. The country-own efforts were a clear national elimination strategy, supported by two systems, namely a case-based surveillance and response system and reference laboratory system. The country-led efforts were regional and inter-sectoral collaboration as well as sustained monitoring and evaluation. However, there are still some challenges, such as the maintenance of non-transmission status, the implementation of a qualified verification and assessment system, and the management of imported cases in border areas, through regional cooperation. The findings from this review can probably help improving malaria surveillance systems in China, but also in other elimination countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Huang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Tu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Sen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Moyeh MN, Njimoh DL, Evehe MS, Ali IM, Nji AM, Nkafu DN, Masumbe PN, Barbara AT, Ndikum VN, Mbacham WF. Effects of Drug Policy Changes on Evolution of Molecular Markers of Plasmodium falciparum Resistance to Chloroquine, Amodiaquine, and Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine in the South West Region of Cameroon. Malar Res Treat 2018; 2018:7071383. [PMID: 29854394 PMCID: PMC5954917 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7071383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a result of the spread of parasites resistant to antimalarial drugs, Malaria treatment guidelines in Cameroon evolved from nonartemisinin monotherapy to artemisinin-based combination therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of these therapy changes on the prevalence of molecular markers of resistance from 2003 to 2013 in Mutengene, Cameroon. METHODOLOGY Dry blood samples (collected in 2003-2005 and 2009-2013) were used for parasite DNA extraction. Drug resistance genes were amplified by PCR and hybridized with oligonucleotide probes or subjected to restriction digestion. The prevalence of individual marker polymorphisms and haplotypes was compared in these two study periods using the Chi square test. RESULTS Alleles conferring resistance to 4-aminoquinolines in the Pfcrt 76T and Pfmdr1 86Y, 184F, and 1246Y genotypes showed a significant reduction of 97.0% to 66.9%, 83.6% to 45.2%, 97.3% to 56.0%, and 3.1% to 0.0%, respectively (P < 0.05). No difference was observed in SNPs associated with antifolate drugs resistance 51I, 59R, 108N, or 540E (P > 0.05). Haplotype analysis in the Pfmdr1 gene showed a reduction in the YFD from 75.90% to 42.2%, P < 0.0001, and an increase in the NYD (2.9% to 30.1%; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The results indicated a gradual return of the 4-aminoquinoline sensitive genotype while the antifolate resistant genotypes increased to saturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel N. Moyeh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Buea, PB 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé I, BP 8094, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dieudonne L. Njimoh
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Buea, PB 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Marie Solange Evehe
- Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé I, BP 8094, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, PB 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Innocent M. Ali
- Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé I, BP 8094, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, BP 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Akindeh M. Nji
- Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé I, BP 8094, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, PB 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Dominique N. Nkafu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Buea, PB 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Palmer N. Masumbe
- Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé I, BP 8094, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, PB 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Atogho-Tiedeu Barbara
- Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé I, BP 8094, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, PB 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Valentine N. Ndikum
- Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé I, BP 8094, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Wilfred F. Mbacham
- Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies, University of Yaoundé I, BP 8094, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Yaoundé I, PB 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tang S, Feng D, Wang R, Ghose B, Hu T, Ji L, Wu T, Fu H, Huang Y, Feng Z. Economic burden of malaria inpatients during National Malaria Elimination Programme: estimation of hospitalization cost and its inter-province variation. Malar J 2017; 16:291. [PMID: 28724446 PMCID: PMC5518143 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1934-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apart from its direct impact on public health and well-being, malaria had placed significant socioeconomic burden on both individuals and whole health systems. This study was conducted to investigate the hospitalization cost of malaria and explore the inter-province variation during the National Malaria Elimination Programme in China. METHODS Information on medical expenditure for malaria treatment was extracted from inpatient medical records in Henan, Hainan and Guangxi Province. The costs were adjusted to the price in 2014 and converted to USD (United States Dollars). Non-parametric and parametric methods were employed to estimate hospitalization costs and non-parametric bootstrap method was used for the comparison of hospitalization costs among sample provinces and to estimate the uncertainty of differences in inter-province hospitalization costs. RESULTS The hospitalization cost and daily cost of 426 malaria inpatients were 929.8 USD and 143.12 USD respectively. The average length of stay was 11.95 days. The highest cost of hospitalization services occurred in tertiary hospitals (956 USD per episode). Whereas the lowest ones occurred in internal departments (424 USD). Medications, laboratory tests and supportive resources for treatment were the most important components of hospitalization costs, respectively responsible for 45.31, 24.70, and 20.09% of the total hospitalization costs. The hospitalization cost per episode in Henan Province was significantly higher than that in Hainan an in Guangxi Province, with incremental costs of 713 USD (95% confidence interval 419.70, 942.50) and of 735.58 USD (95% CI 606.50, 878.00), respectively. The differences in the daily costs between Henan and Hainan along with Guangxi provinces were 75.33 USD (95% CI 40.33, 96.67) and 93.56 USD (95% CI 83.58, 105.28), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Although the prevalence of malaria cases has considerably declined, the direct hospitalization costs of malaria in the household remain high and the inter-province variations need to be seriously considered in the formulation the further interventions regarding hospitalization cost control. This study suggests that economic risk protection mechanisms targeting at malaria inpatients should be redesigned. The drug price addition policy in public hospitals should be gradually reformed or abolished coupling with increasing government subsidies along with the charges for treatment services to reduce the hospitalization cost. The policy for cost control in the provincial hospitals should be implemented in comparison with the policy in other provinces, where the status of economic and geography are similar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangfeng Tang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Da Feng
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Ruoxi Wang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Bishwajit Ghose
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Tao Hu
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
- Bureau of Disease Prevention and Control, National Health and Family, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ji
- Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Tailai Wu
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Hang Fu
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Yueying Huang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Zhanchun Feng
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shi B, Zheng J, Qiu H, Yang GJ, Xia S, Zhou XN. Risk assessment of malaria transmission at the border area of China and Myanmar. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:108. [PMID: 28679420 PMCID: PMC5499046 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In order to achieve the goal of malaria elimination, the Chinese government launched the National Malaria Elimination Programme in 2010. However, as a result of increasing cross-border population movements, the risk of imported malaria cases still exists at the border areas of China, resulting in a potential threat of local transmission. The focus of this paper is to assess the Plasmodium vivax incidences in Tengchong, Yunnan Province, at the border areas of China and Myanmar. Methods Time series of P. vivax incidences in Tengchong from 2006 to 2010 are collected from the web-based China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, which are further separated into time series of imported and local cases. First, the seasonal and trend decomposition are performed on time series of imported cases using Loess method. Then, the impact of climatic factors on the local transmission of P. vivax is assessed using both linear regression models (LRM) and generalized additive models (GAM). Specifically, the notion of vectorial capacity (VCAP) is used to estimate the transmission potential of P. vivax at different locations, which is calculated based on temperature and rainfall collected from China Meteorological Administration. Results Comparing with Ruili County, the seasonal pattern of imported cases in Tengchong is different: Tengchong has only one peak, while Ruili has two peaks during each year. This may be due to the different cross-border behaviors of peoples in two locations. The vectorial capacity together with the imported cases and the average humidity, can well explain the local incidences of P. vivax through both LRM and GAM methods. Moreover, the maximum daily temperature is verified to be more suitable to calculate VCAP than the minimal and average temperature in Tengchong County. Conclusion To achieve malaria elimination in China, the assessment results in this paper will provide further guidance in active surveillance and control of malaria at the border areas of China and Myanmar. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0322-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benyun Shi
- School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Jinxin Zheng
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, China
| | - Hongjun Qiu
- School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Guo-Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, China.
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang RB, Dong JQ, Xia ZG, Cai T, Zhang QF, Zhang Y, Tian YH, Sun XY, Zhang GY, Li QP, Xu XY, Li JY, Zhang J. Lessons on malaria control in the ethnic minority regions in Northern Myanmar along the China border, 2007-2014. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:95. [PMID: 27716435 PMCID: PMC5053039 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For many countries where malaria is endemic, the burden of malaria is high in border regions. In ethnic minority areas along the Myanmar-China border, residents have poor access to medical care for diagnosis and treatment, and there have been many malaria outbreaks in such areas. Since 2007, with the support of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM), a malaria control project was introduced to reduce the malaria burden in several ethnic minority regions. METHODS A malaria control network was established during the period from 2007 to 2014. Multiple malaria interventions, including diagnosis, treatment, distribution of LLINs and health education, were conducted to improve the accessibility and quality of malaria control services for local residents. Annual cross-sectional surveys were conducted to evaluate intervention coverage and indicators of malaria transmission. RESULTS In ethnic minority regions where a malaria control network was established, both the annual malaria incidence (19.1 per thousand per year, in 2009; 8.7, in 2014) and malaria prevalence (13.6 % in 2008; 0.43 % in 2014) decreased dramatically during the past 5-6 years. A total of 851 393 febrile patients were detected, 202 598 malaria cases (including confirmed cases and suspected cases) were treated, and 759 574 LLINs were delivered to populations at risk. Of households in 2012, 73.9 % had at least one ITNs/LLINs (vs. 28.3 %, in 2008), and 50.7 % of children less than 5 years and 50.3 % of pregnant women slept under LLINs the night prior to their visit. Additionally, malaria knowledge was improved in 68.4 % of residents. CONCLUSION There has been great success in improving malaria control in these regions from 2007 to 2014. Malaria burdens have decreased, especially in KOK and WA. The continued maintenance of sustainable malaria control networks in these regions may be a long-term process, due to regional conflicts and the lack of funds, technology, and health workers. Furthermore, information and scientific support from the international community should be offered to these ethnic minority regions to uphold recent achievements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Bo Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborative Center forTropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jia-Qiang Dong
- Yunnan Representative Office, Health Poverty Action (UK), Kunming, 650020 China
| | - Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborative Center forTropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Tao Cai
- Yunnan Representative Office, Health Poverty Action (UK), Kunming, 650020 China
| | - Qing-Feng Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborative Center forTropical Diseases, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Yunnan Representative Office, Health Poverty Action (UK), Kunming, 650020 China
| | - Yang-Hui Tian
- Yunnan Representative Office, Health Poverty Action (UK), Kunming, 650020 China
| | - Xiao-Ying Sun
- Yunnan Representative Office, Health Poverty Action (UK), Kunming, 650020 China
| | - Guang-Yun Zhang
- Yunnan Representative Office, Health Poverty Action (UK), Kunming, 650020 China
| | - Qing-Pu Li
- Yunnan Representative Office, Health Poverty Action (UK), Kunming, 650020 China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- Yunnan Representative Office, Health Poverty Action (UK), Kunming, 650020 China
| | - Jia-Yin Li
- Yunnan Representative Office, Health Poverty Action (UK), Kunming, 650020 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Yunnan Representative Office, Health Poverty Action (UK), Kunming, 650020 China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yao MX, Sun XD, Gao YH, Cheng ZB, Deng WW, Zhang JJ, Wang H. Multi-epitope chimeric antigen used as a serological marker to estimate Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in the border area of China-Myanmar. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:98. [PMID: 27604628 PMCID: PMC5015264 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following the decline of malaria transmission in many countries and regions, serological parameters have become particularly useful for estimating malaria transmission in low-intensity areas. This study evaluated a novel serological marker, Malaria Random Constructed Antigen-1 (M.RCAg-1), which contains 11 epitopes from eight Plasmodium falciparum antigens, as a tool for assessing malaria transmission intensity along the border area of China-Myanmar. Method Serum from Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax patients was used to detect the properties of M.RCAg-1 and antibody responses. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted at the China-Myanmar border and in Hainan province in 2012 and 2013 using cluster sampling. Filter blood spot papers were collected from all participants. Antibodies against M.RCAg-1 were detected using indirect ELISA. The Mann–Whitney test and Spearman’s rank correlation test were performed to analyze antibody data. P. falciparum malaria transmission intensity was estimated using a catalytic conversion model based on the maximum likelihood of generating a community seroconversion rate (SCR). Results M.RCAg-1 was well-recognized by the naturally acquired anti-malaria antibodies in P. falciparum patients and had very limited cross-reactivity with P. vivax infection. The total amount of IgG antibodies was decreased with the decrease in parasitemia after taking medication and lasted several weeks. In a population survey, the antibody levels were higher in residents living close to the China-Myanmar border than those living in non-epidemic areas (P < 0.0001), but no significant difference was observed between residents from Hainan and non-epidemic areas. The calculated SCR was 0.0128 for Jieyangka, 0.004 for Susuzhai, 0.0047 for Qiushan, and 0.043 for Kayahe. The estimated exposure rate obtained from the anti-M.RCAg-1 antibody level correlated with traditional measures of transmission intensity derived from altitude. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that M.RCAg-1 is potentially useful as a serological indicator of exposure to P. falciparum malaria, especially for malaria surveillance in low transmission areas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0194-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Xue Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Sun
- Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Puer, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Hui Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jia-Jia Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang JL, Li TT, Huang SY, Cong W, Zhu XQ. Major parasitic diseases of poverty in mainland China: perspectives for better control. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:67. [PMID: 27476746 PMCID: PMC4967992 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the prevention, control, and elimination of human parasitic diseases in China in the past 60 years. However, parasitic diseases of poverty remain major causes of morbidity and mortality, and inflict enormous economic costs on societies.In this article, we review the prevalence rates, geographical distributions, epidemic characteristics, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of parasitic diseases of poverty listed in the first issue of the journal Infectious Diseases of Poverty on 25 October 2012. We also address the challenges facing control of parasitic diseases of poverty and provide suggestions for better control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xia S, Ma JX, Wang DQ, Li SZ, Rollinson D, Zhou SS, Zhou XN. Economic cost analysis of malaria case management at the household level during the malaria elimination phase in The People's Republic of China. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:50. [PMID: 27255648 PMCID: PMC4891900 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, malaria has been posing a significant economic burden on households. To evaluate malaria economic burden in terms of both direct and indirect costs has its meaning in improving the effectiveness of malaria elimination program in China. METHODS A number of study sites (eight counties in five provinces) were selected from the malaria endemic area in China, representing the different levels of malaria incidence, risk classification, economic development. A number of households with malaria cases (n = 923) were surveyed during the May to December in 2012 to collect information on malaria economic burden. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the basic profiles of selected malaria cases in terms of their gender, age group, occupation and malaria type. The malaria economic costs were evaluated by direct and indirect costs. Comparisons were carried out by using the chi-square test (or Z-test) and the Mann-Whitney U test among malaria cases with reference to local/imported malaria patients, hospitalized/out patients, and treatment hospitals. RESULTS The average cost of malaria per case was 1 691.23 CNY (direct cost was 735.41 CNY and indirect cost was 955.82 CNY), which accounted for 11.1 % of a household's total income. The average costs per case for local and imported malaria were 1 087.58 CNY and 4271.93 CNY, respectively. The average cost of a malaria patient being diagnosed and treated in a hospital at the county level or above (3 975.43 CNY) was 4.23 times higher than that of malaria patient being diagnosed and treated at a village or township hospital (938.80 CNY). CONCLUSION This study found that malaria has been posing a significant economic burden on households in terms of direct and indirect costs. There is a need to improve the effectiveness of interventions in order to reduce the impact costs of malaria, especially of imported infections, in order to eliminate the disease in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xiang Ma
- Department of Applied Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Duo-Quan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - David Rollinson
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Shui-Sen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.,WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Applications of Spatial Technology in Schistosomiasis Control Programme in The People's Republic of China. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 92:143-63. [PMID: 27137446 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, as the important parasitic disease, has caused serious threats to human health globally. The People's Republic of China has acquired significant achievements based on large-scale interventions and innovational technology. The spatial technology was introduced in 1980s and widely used in the study and control of schistosomiasis in The People's Republic of China. This chapter reviews the progress and application of spatial technology in schistosomiasis control by analysing the spatiotemporal pattern of and the impact of ecological changes on schistosomiasis transmission, which have provided the information to design and select the control strategy, and assisted the establishment of the monitoring and early warning system in The People's Republic of China, especially in the marshland and mountainous regions.
Collapse
|
23
|
Gómez-Pérez GP, Legarda A, Muñoz J, Sim BKL, Ballester MR, Dobaño C, Moncunill G, Campo JJ, Cisteró P, Jimenez A, Barrios D, Mordmüller B, Pardos J, Navarro M, Zita CJ, Nhamuave CA, García-Basteiro AL, Sanz A, Aldea M, Manoj A, Gunasekera A, Billingsley PF, Aponte JJ, James ER, Guinovart C, Antonijoan RM, Kremsner PG, Hoffman SL, Alonso PL. Controlled human malaria infection by intramuscular and direct venous inoculation of cryopreserved Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in malaria-naïve volunteers: effect of injection volume and dose on infectivity rates. Malar J 2015; 14:306. [PMID: 26245196 PMCID: PMC4527105 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0817-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) by mosquito bite is a powerful tool for evaluation of vaccines and drugs against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. However, only a small number of research centres have the facilities required to perform such studies. CHMI by needle and syringe could help to accelerate the development of anti-malaria interventions by enabling centres worldwide to employ CHMI. METHODS An open-label CHMI study was performed with aseptic, purified, cryopreserved P. falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ Challenge) in 36 malaria naïve volunteers. In part A, the effect of the inoculation volume was assessed: 18 participants were injected intramuscularly (IM) with a dose of 2,500 PfSPZ divided into two injections of 10 µL (n = 6), 50 µL (n = 6) or 250 µL (n = 6), respectively. In part B, the injection volume that resulted in highest infectivity rates in part A (10 µL) was used to formulate IM doses of 25,000 PfSPZ (n = 6) and 75,000 PfSPZ (n = 6) divided into two 10-µL injections. Results from a parallel trial led to the decision to add a positive control group (n = 6), each volunteer receiving 3,200 PfSPZ in a single 500-µL injection by direct venous inoculation (DVI). RESULTS Four/six participants in the 10-µL group, 1/6 in the 50-µL group and 2/6 in the 250-µL group developed parasitaemia. Geometric mean (GM) pre-patent periods were 13.9, 14.0 and 15.0 days, respectively. Six/six (100%) participants developed parasitaemia in the 25,000 and 75,000 PfSPZ IM and 3,200 PfSPZ DVI groups. GM pre-patent periods were 12.2, 11.4 and 11.4 days, respectively. Injection of PfSPZ Challenge was well tolerated and safe in all groups. CONCLUSIONS IM injection of 75,000 PfSPZ and DVI injection of 3,200 PfSPZ resulted in infection rates and pre-patent periods comparable to the bite of five PfSPZ-infected mosquitoes. Remarkably, it required 23.4-fold more PfSPZ administered IM than DVI to achieve the same parasite kinetics. These results allow for translation of CHMI from research to routine use, and inoculation of PfSPZ by IM and DVI regimens. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01771848.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria P Gómez-Pérez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Almudena Legarda
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jose Muñoz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - María Rosa Ballester
- Drug Research Centre (CIM), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joseph J Campo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Antigen Discovery, Inc, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Pau Cisteró
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alfons Jimenez
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Diana Barrios
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen and German Centre for Infection Research, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Josefina Pardos
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mireia Navarro
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | - Alberto L García-Basteiro
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.
| | - Ariadna Sanz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Aldea
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.
| | | | | | | | - John J Aponte
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Caterina Guinovart
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rosa M Antonijoan
- Drug Research Centre (CIM), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen and German Centre for Infection Research, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | - Pedro L Alonso
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr Int Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shi B, Tan Q, Zhou XN, Liu J. Mining geographic variations of Plasmodium vivax for active surveillance: a case study in China. Malar J 2015; 14:216. [PMID: 26013665 PMCID: PMC4450990 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geographic variations of an infectious disease characterize the spatial differentiation of disease incidences caused by various impact factors, such as environmental, demographic, and socioeconomic factors. Some factors may directly determine the force of infection of the disease (namely, explicit factors), while many other factors may indirectly affect the number of disease incidences via certain unmeasurable processes (namely, implicit factors). In this study, the impact of heterogeneous factors on geographic variations of Plasmodium vivax incidences is systematically investigate in Tengchong, Yunnan province, China. METHODS A space-time model that resembles a P. vivax transmission model and a hidden time-dependent process, is presented by taking into consideration both explicit and implicit factors. Specifically, the transmission model is built upon relevant demographic, environmental, and biophysical factors to describe the local infections of P. vivax. While the hidden time-dependent process is assessed by several socioeconomic factors to account for the imported cases of P. vivax. To quantitatively assess the impact of heterogeneous factors on geographic variations of P. vivax infections, a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation method is developed to estimate the model parameters by fitting the space-time model to the reported spatial-temporal disease incidences. RESULTS Since there is no ground-truth information available, the performance of the MCMC method is first evaluated against a synthetic dataset. The results show that the model parameters can be well estimated using the proposed MCMC method. Then, the proposed model is applied to investigate the geographic variations of P. vivax incidences among all 18 towns in Tengchong, Yunnan province, China. Based on the geographic variations, the 18 towns can be further classify into five groups with similar socioeconomic causality for P. vivax incidences. CONCLUSIONS Although this study focuses mainly on the transmission of P. vivax, the proposed space-time model is general and can readily be extended to investigate geographic variations of other diseases. Practically, such a computational model will offer new insights into active surveillance and strategic planning for disease surveillance and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benyun Shi
- School of Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance & Economics, Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210003, China. .,Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jiming Liu
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Feng J, Xia ZG, Vong S, Yang WZ, Zhou SS, Xiao N. Preparedness for malaria resurgence in China: case study on imported cases in 2000-2012. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 86:231-65. [PMID: 25476887 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800869-0.00009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is the most important parasitic protozoan infection that has caused serious threats to human health globally. China has had success in reducing the morbidity and mortality of malaria to the lowest level through sustained and large-scale interventions. Although the total number of malaria cases declined gradually, the burden of the imported malaria cases mainly from Southeast Asian and African countries has increased substantially since 2000, posing a severe threat to public health in China. This review explores and analyses the epidemiological characteristics of the imported malaria based on data from 2000 to 2012, in order to provide theoretical bases and insights into effective prevention, avoid the resurgence of malaria in malaria-susceptible areas and develop appropriate strategies to protect people's health in China. This review also intends to offer the useful information of innovative approaches and tools that are required for malaria elimination in various settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sirenda Vong
- World Health Organization, China Representative Office, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Zhong Yang
- Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Sen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Approaches to the evaluation of malaria elimination at county level: case study in the Yangtze River Delta region. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 86:135-82. [PMID: 25476884 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800869-0.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
As the progress on transition from malaria control to malaria elimination in the People's Republic of China (P.R. China), four counties/districts, namely Zhabei District and Songjiang District of Shanghai municipality, and Anji County and Haiyan County of Zhejiang Province, representatives of the Yangtze River Delta region, were included in the pilot project of the national malaria elimination programme in P.R. China. A baseline survey was conducted first. The main measures performed were blood examination of febrile cases, improving the information management system of malaria cases, providing standard diagnosis and treatment, standardized disposal of epidemic focus, and health education and health promotion, strengthening the management of mobile population, etc. All the measures were assessed and evaluated through data examination and on-site investigation. In the whole process of the pilot project, quality control was especially emphasized. During the implementation of pilot project, the three-level control system was improved, professional staff was enriched and the working fund was ensured (a total fund of RMB 2,923,600). Thirty-nine training courses were conducted. Among 102,451 febrile cases receiving blood examination, all of the 23 malaria cases were confirmed as imported from other provinces or foreign countries. All the epidemic foci were surveyed and some control measures were carried out. Various health education and promotion activities were carried out including publicizing malaria control knowledge through news media, newspapers and periodicals and networks. Assessment and evaluation of the project was done by the Zhejiang and Shanghai Government, comprehensive score was >95 points under the evaluation system which indicated all four pilot counties/districts had first achieved the goal of elimination of malaria in P.R. China. Experiences and lessons about the measures carried out in the project were discussed.
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang RB, Zhang QF, Zheng B, Xia ZG, Zhou SS, Tang LH, Gao Q, Wang LY, Wang RR. Transition from control to elimination: impact of the 10-year global fund project on malaria control and elimination in China. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 86:289-318. [PMID: 25476889 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800869-0.00011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) supported a project on the control and elimination of malaria in People's Republic of China which was one of the biggest-scale international cooperation programmes to control malaria in the country during the past 10 years. The project promoted the effective implementation of the Chinese national malaria control programme. On the basis of epidemiologic data, an overview of the project activities and key performance indicators, the overall impact of the GFATM project was evaluated. We also reviewed relevant programme features including technological and management approaches, with a focus on best practice, innovations in implementation and the introduction of international standards. Last, we summarised the multi-stakeholder cooperation mechanism and comments on its sustainability in the post-GFATM period. Recommendations for the future management of the Chinese national malaria elimination programme are put forward after considering the challenges, shortcomings and lessons learnt during the implementation of the GFATM project in China to sustain past achievements and foster the attainment of the ultimate goal of malaria elimination for the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Bo Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Feng Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui-Sen Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Hua Tang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Gao
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ying Wang
- National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Rong Wang
- National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xia ZG, Wang RB, Wang DQ, Feng J, Zheng Q, Deng CS, Abdulla S, Guan YY, Ding W, Yao JW, Qian YJ, Bosman A, Newman RD, Ernest T, O’leary M, Xiao N. China-Africa cooperation initiatives in malaria control and elimination. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 86:319-37. [PMID: 25476890 PMCID: PMC7149756 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800869-0.00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Malaria has affected human health globally with a significant burden of disease, and also has impeded social and economic development in the areas where it is present. In Africa, many countries have faced serious challenges in controlling malaria, in part due to major limitations in public health systems and primary health care infrastructure. Although China is a developing country, a set of control strategies and measures in different local settings have been implemented successfully by the National Malaria Control Programme over the last 60 years, with a low cost of investment. It is expected that Chinese experience may benefit malaria control in Africa. This review will address the importance and possibility of China–Africa collaboration in control of malaria in targeted African countries, as well as how to proceed toward the goal of elimination where this is technically feasible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ru-Bo Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Duo-Quan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zheng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang-Sheng Deng
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Ya-Yi Guan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Ding
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Wen Yao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jun Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andrea Bosman
- Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Tambo Ernest
- Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Science; Center for Sustainable Malaria Control, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael O’leary
- World Health Organization, China Representative Office, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xia ZG, Zhang L, Feng J, Li M, Feng XY, Tang LH, Wang SQ, Yang HL, Gao Q, Kramer R, Ernest T, Yap P, Zhou XN. Lessons from malaria control to elimination: case study in Hainan and Yunnan provinces. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 86:47-79. [PMID: 25476881 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800869-0.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reduction patterns of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria transmission and the role of an integrated strategy of case management and vector control are compared between different ecological zones. The epidemiology of malaria in Hainan and Yunnan provinces was disparate, even though distinct malaria control strategies have been adapted to different situations based on risk group, vector behaviours, local health infrastructure, and environmental conditions. The island Hainan appears to be victorious in eliminating malaria. However, there is still a long way to go to prevent the reintroduction of malaria in Hainan province and eliminating malaria in the border areas of Yunnan province. This review of the experiences and challenges from malaria control to elimination in Hainan and Yunnan provinces of southern China will provide a basis for the future elimination of malaria in the whole country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gui Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yu Feng
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Hua Tang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Qing Wang
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng-Lin Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu-er, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Gao
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Randall Kramer
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tambo Ernest
- Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Science; Center for Sustainable Malaria Control, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences,University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peiling Yap
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH; WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhou X, Xia S, Huang JL, Tambo E, Zhuge HX, Zhou XN. Human babesiosis, an emerging tick-borne disease in the People's Republic of China. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:509. [PMID: 25403908 PMCID: PMC4254216 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is a typical zoonotic, emerging disease caused by a tick-borne intraerythrocytic protozoan of Babesia spp. that also can be transmitted by blood transfusion. Babesiosis imposes an increasing public-health threat. We reviewed and mapped epidemiological studies on Babesia in vectors and/or rodents in the People’s Republic of China (P.R. China) and found that B. microti was the predominant species detected in the investigated regions such as Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Fujian provinces and Taiwan island. We reviewed a series of sporadic human babesiosis cases collected from 1940’s to 2013, in Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, Taiwan and Zhejiang and other regions including a main endemic area of malaria on the China-Myanmar border areas in P.R. China. Clinical manifestations of human babesiosis were also reviewed. Human babesiosis may have previously been overlooked in P.R. China due to a lack of medical awareness and the limitation of clinical diagnostic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Key Laboratory of Parasite & Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, No.199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Key Laboratory of Parasite & Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji-Lei Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, No.199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ernest Tambo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Key Laboratory of Parasite & Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China. .,Biochemistry Department, Centers for Sustainable Malaria Control, Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Hong-Xiang Zhuge
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Soochow University, No.199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis; Key Laboratory of Parasite & Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|