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Xu L, Xu H, Tang C. Aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: progress of experimental models based on disease pathogenesis. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:354-365. [PMID: 38819039 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorders that lead to permanent visual loss and motor dysfunction. To date, no effective treatment exists as the exact causative mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, experimental models of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are essential for exploring its pathogenesis and in screening for therapeutic targets. Since most patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are seropositive for IgG autoantibodies against aquaporin-4, which is highly expressed on the membrane of astrocyte endfeet, most current experimental models are based on aquaporin-4-IgG that initially targets astrocytes. These experimental models have successfully simulated many pathological features of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, such as aquaporin-4 loss, astrocytopathy, granulocyte and macrophage infiltration, complement activation, demyelination, and neuronal loss; however, they do not fully capture the pathological process of human neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. In this review, we summarize the currently known pathogenic mechanisms and the development of associated experimental models in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, suggest potential pathogenic mechanisms for further investigation, and provide guidance on experimental model choices. In addition, this review summarizes the latest information on pathologies and therapies for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders based on experimental models of aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, offering further therapeutic targets and a theoretical basis for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Yan H, Wang Y, Li Y, Shen X, Ma L, Wang M, Du J, Chen W, Xi X, Li B. Combined platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and blood-brain barrier biomarkers as indicators of disability in acute neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:709-718. [PMID: 37676374 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a complex neuroinflammatory disease characterized by severe disability. In this study, we investigated the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/serum albumin quotient (Qalb) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in assessing disease severity. METHOD A retrospective analysis of 72 NMOSD patients and 72 healthy controls was conducted, and patients were divided into two groups based on their Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores. RESULTS NMOSD patients had significantly higher levels of serum PLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) compared to healthy controls (all P<0.01). Patients in the EDSS≥4 group exhibited significantly elevated levels of Qalb, QIgG, QIgA, QIgM, and PLR (P=0.000, P<0.0001, P=0.0019, P=0.0001, respectively). Spearman's correlation test revealed significant positive associations between Qalb, QIgG, QIgA, QIgM, PLR, and EDSS score. Specifically, Qalb (r=0.571; P<0.001), QIgG (r=0.551; P<0.001), QIgA (r=0.519; P<0.001), and QIgM (r=0.541; P<0.001) demonstrated significant positive correlations with EDSS score, while PLR exhibited a moderate positive correlation (r=0.545; P<0.001) with EDSS score and a mild positive association (r=0.387; P<0.001) with Qalb. The increase of Qalb was positively correlated with the increased EDSS score (r=0.528, P=0.001), as well as the increase of QIgG (r=0.509, P=0.001), and the increase of QIgA (r=0.4989, P=0.03). ROC analysis indicated that Qalb, QIgG, QIgA, QIgM, and PLR levels could effectively serve as indicators of NMOSD severity (all P<0.0001). Multivariate analysis confirmed the independent significance of Qalb and PLR in assessing disease severity (P=0.000). CONCLUSION These findings provide valuable insights into the risk and pathogenesis of NMOSD and highlight the potential of Qalb and PLR as independent markers for disease severity assessment in NMOSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjing Yan
- Department of Neurology, Handan First Hospital, Handan, China.
| | - Yining Wang
- Department of Neurology, Handan First Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Yanmei Li
- Department of Neurology, Handan First Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Xiaoling Shen
- Department of Neurology, Handan First Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Lifen Ma
- Department of Neurology, Handan First Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurology, Handan First Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Neurology, Handan First Hospital, Handan, China
| | - Weifeng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Central Hospital of Handan, Handan, China
| | - Xutao Xi
- Department of Orthopedics, Handan First Hospital, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical, University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Li H, Yang M, Song H, Sun M, Zhou H, Fu J, Zhou D, Bai W, Chen B, Lai M, Kang H, Wei S. ACT001 Relieves NMOSD Symptoms by Reducing Astrocyte Damage with an Autoimmune Antibody. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031412. [PMID: 36771078 PMCID: PMC9918908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease, the pathogenesis of which involves autoantibodies targeting the extracellular epitopes of aquaporin-4 on astrocytes. We neutralized the AQP4-IgG from NMOSD patient sera using synthesized AQP4 extracellular epitope peptides and found that the severe cytotoxicity produced by aquaporin-4 immunoglobin (AQP4-IgG) could be blocked by AQP4 extracellular mimotope peptides of Loop A and Loop C in astrocyte protection and animal models. ACT001, a natural compound derivative, has shown anti-tumor activity in various cancers. In our study, the central nervous system anti-inflammatory effect of ACT001 was investigated. The results demonstrated the superior astrocyte protection activity of ACT001 at 10 µM. Furthermore, ACT001 decreases the behavioral score in the mouse NMOSD model, which was not inferior to Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate, the first-line therapy of NMOSD in clinical practice. In summary, our study showed that astrocytes are protected by specific peptides, or small molecular drugs, which is a new strategy for the treatment of NMOSD. It is possible for ACT001 to be a promising therapy for NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongen Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital & The Chinese People’s Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Honglu Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital & The Chinese People’s Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The 980th Hospital of the Chinese PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050082, China
| | - Mingming Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital & The Chinese People’s Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Huanfen Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital & The Chinese People’s Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Junxia Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital & The Chinese People’s Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital & The Chinese People’s Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wenhao Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital & The Chinese People’s Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Biyue Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital & The Chinese People’s Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Mengying Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital & The Chinese People’s Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Hao Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (S.W.)
| | - Shihui Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital & The Chinese People’s Liberation Army Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (S.W.)
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Yuan C, Liu X, Cai S, Zhang L, Guo R, Jia Z, Sun Y, Li B. Secreted aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-interacting multifunctional protein-1 (AIMP1) is a promising predictor for the severity of acute AQP4-IgG positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 70:104504. [PMID: 36623394 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex interacting with multifunctional protein-1 (AIMP1) has been reported to carry pro-inflammatory properties and anti-angiogenesis effects. However, the exact role of AIMP1 in patients with NMOSD is not yet clear. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between plasma AIMP1 levels and disease severity in patients with AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD from North China based on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score. METHODS Plasma AIMP1 levels were measured using ELISA kits in 94 patients with AQP4-IgG+NMOSD (48 in the acute phase before high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) therapy, 21 in the acute phase after IVMP therapy, 25 in the clinical remission-phase)as well as 33 healthy controls (HCs). The disability function of NMOSD patients was evaluated using the EDSS score. Furthermore, the clinical characteristics of the patients were also evaluated, and laboratory tests were performed on blood samples. RESULTS The plasma AIMP1 levels in AQP4-IgG+NMOSD patients with acute phase before IVMP therapy were significantly higher as compared to those in patients after the IVMP therapy (p < 0.001) as well as those in the clinical remission phase (p = 0.021) or HCs (p < 0.001). Plasma AIMP1 levels were positively correlated with EDSS scores (r = 0.485, p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with serum complement 3 concentrations (r =-0.452, p = 0.001). AIMP1 exhibited the potential to distinguish NMOSD from HCs (AUROC 0.820, p < 0.0001) and could differentiate mild and moderate-severe NMOSD (AUROC 0.790, p = 0.0006). Furthermore, plasma AIMP1 levels of ≥49.55pg/mL were found to be an independent predictor of the risk for moderate-severe NMOSD (with OR 0.03, 95%CI 0.001-0.654, p = 0.026). CONCLUSION AIMP1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of AQP4-IgG+NMOSD disease and predict the disease activity, severity, or effect of treatment in patients with NMOSD. Further studies should be performed to reveal the precise mechanisms of AQP4-IgG+NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Department of Neurology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xueyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Ruoyi Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Zhen Jia
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Yafei Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
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Mireles-Ramírez MA, Pacheco-Moises FP, González-Usigli HA, Sánchez-Rosales NA, Hernández-Preciado MR, Delgado-Lara DLC, Hernández-Cruz JJ, Ortiz GG. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: pathophysiological approach. Int J Neurosci 2022:1-13. [PMID: 36453541 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2153046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To review the main pathological findings of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) associated with the presence of autoantibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP4) as well as the mechanisms of astrocyte dysfunction and demyelination. Methods: An comprehensive search of the literature in the field was carried out using the database of The National Center for Biotechnology Information from . Systematic searches were performed until July 2022. Results: NMOSD is an inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system mainly in the areas of the optic nerves and spinal cord, thus explaining mostly the clinical findings. Other areas affected in NMOSD are the brainstem, hypothalamus, and periventricular regions. Relapses in NMOSD are generally severe and patients only partially recover. NMOSD includes clinical conditions where autoantibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG) of astrocytes are detected as well as similar clinical conditions where such antibodies are not detected. AQP4 are channel-forming integral membrane proteins of which AQ4 isoforms are able to aggregate in supramolecular assemblies termed orthogonal arrays of particles (OAP) and are essential in the regulation of water homeostasis and the adequate modulation of neuronal activity and circuitry. AQP4 assembly in orthogonal arrays of particles is essential for AQP4-IgG pathogenicity since AQP4 autoantibodies bind to OAPs with higher affinity than for AQP4 tetramers. NMOSD has a complex background with prominent roles for genes encoding cytokines and cytokine receptors. AQP4 autoantibodies activate the complement-mediated inflammatory demyelination and the ensuing damage to AQP4 water channels, leading to water influx, necrosis and axonal loss. Conclusions: NMOSD as an astrocytopathy is a nosological entity different from multiple sclerosis with its own serological marker: immunoglobulin G-type autoantibodies against the AQP4 protein which elicits a complement-dependent cytotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Some patients with typical manifestations of NMSOD are AQP4 seronegative and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein positive. Thus, the detection of autoantibodies against AQP4 or other autoantibodies is crucial for the correct treatment of the disease and immunosuppressant therapy is the first choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Mireles-Ramírez
- Department of Neurology, High Specialty Medical Unit, Western National Medical Center of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Fermín P Pacheco-Moises
- Department of Chemistry, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering; University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Héctor A González-Usigli
- Department of Neurology, High Specialty Medical Unit, Western National Medical Center of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Nayeli A Sánchez-Rosales
- Department of Neurology, High Specialty Medical Unit, Western National Medical Center of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Martha R Hernández-Preciado
- Department of Neurology, High Specialty Medical Unit, Western National Medical Center of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - José J Hernández-Cruz
- Department of Philosophical and Methodological Disciplines and Service of Molecular Biology in medicine HC, University Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Genaro Gabriel Ortiz
- Department of Neurology, High Specialty Medical Unit, Western National Medical Center of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Department of Philosophical and Methodological Disciplines and Service of Molecular Biology in medicine HC, University Health Sciences Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Stathopoulos P, Dalakas MC. The role of complement and complement therapeutics in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:933-945. [PMID: 35899480 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are characterized in the majority of cases by the presence of IgG1 autoantibodies against aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), both capable of activating complement. AREAS COVERED We review evidence of complement involvement in NMOSD pathophysiology from pathological, in vitro, in vivo, human studies, and clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION In AQP4 NMOSD, complement deposition is a prominent pathological feature, while in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated complement-dependent pathogenicity of AQP4 antibodies. Consistent with these studies, the anti-C5 monoclonal antibody eculizumab was remarkably effective and safe in a phase 2/3 trial of AQP4-NMOSD patents leading to FDA-approved indication. Several other anti-complement agents, either approved or in trials for other neuro-autoimmunities, like myasthenia, CIDP, and GBS, are also relevant to NMOSD generating an exciting group of evolving immunotherapies. Limited but compelling in vivo and in vitro data suggest that anti-complement therapeutics may be also applicable to a subset of MOG NMOSD patients with severe disease. Overall, anticomplement agents, along with the already approved anti-IL6 and anti-CD19 monoclonal antibodies sartralizumab and inebilizumab, are rapidly changing the therapeutic algorithm in NMOSD, a previously difficult-to-treat autoimmune neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Stathopoulos
- Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marinos C Dalakas
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Neuroimmunology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: From Basic Research to Clinical Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147908. [PMID: 35887254 PMCID: PMC9323454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by relapses and autoimmunity caused by antibodies against the astrocyte water channel protein aquaporin-4. Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in the biologic knowledge of NMOSD, which resulted in the IDENTIFICATION of variable disease phenotypes, biomarkers, and complex inflammatory cascades involved in disease pathogenesis. Ongoing clinical trials are looking at new treatments targeting NMOSD relapses. This review aims to provide an update on recent studies regarding issues related to NMOSD, including the pathophysiology of the disease, the potential use of serum and cerebrospinal fluid cytokines as disease biomarkers, the clinical utilization of ocular coherence tomography, and the comparison of different animal models of NMOSD.
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Abstract
The realization that autoantibodies can contribute to dysfunction of the brain has brought about a paradigm shift in neurological diseases over the past decade, offering up important novel diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. Detection of specific autoantibodies to neuronal or glial targets has resulted in a better understanding of central nervous system autoimmunity and in the reclassification of some diseases previously thought to result from infectious, 'idiopathic' or psychogenic causes. The most prominent examples, such as aquaporin 4 autoantibodies in neuromyelitis optica or NMDAR autoantibodies in encephalitis, have stimulated an entire field of clinical and experimental studies on disease mechanisms and immunological abnormalities. Also, these findings inspired the search for additional autoantibodies, which has been very successful to date and has not yet reached its peak. This Review summarizes this rapid development at a point in time where preclinical studies have started delivering fundamental new data for mechanistic understanding, where new technologies are being introduced into this field, and - most importantly - where the first specifically tailored immunotherapeutic approaches are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Prüss
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Carnero Contentti E, Correale J. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:208. [PMID: 34530847 PMCID: PMC8444436 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by acute optic neuritis (ON) and transverse myelitis (TM). NMO is caused by a pathogenic serum IgG antibody against the water channel aquoporin 4 (AQP4) in the majority of patients. AQP4-antibody (AQP4-ab) presence is highly specific, and differentiates NMO from multiple sclerosis. It binds to AQP4 channels on astrocytes, triggering activation of the classical complement cascade, causing granulocyte, eosinophil, and lymphocyte infiltration, culminating in injury first to astrocyte, then oligodendrocytes followed by demyelination and neuronal loss. NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) has recently been defined and stratified based on AQP4-ab serology status. Most NMOSD patients experience severe relapses leading to permanent neurologic disability, making suppression of relapse frequency and severity, the primary objective in disease management. The most common treatments used for relapses are steroids and plasma exchange.Currently, long-term NMOSD relapse prevention includes off-label use of immunosuppressants, particularly rituximab. In the last 2 years however, three pivotal clinical trials have expanded the spectrum of drugs available for NMOSD patients. Phase III studies have shown significant relapse reduction compared to placebo in AQP4-ab-positive patients treated with satralizumab, an interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) inhibitor, inebilizumab, an antibody against CD19+ B cells; and eculizumab, an antibody blocking the C5 component of complement. In light of the new evidence on NMOSD pathophysiology and of preliminary results from ongoing trials with new drugs, we present this descriptive review, highlighting promising treatment modalities as well as auspicious preclinical and clinical studies.
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Soerensen SF, Wirenfeldt M, Wlodarczyk A, Moerch MT, Khorooshi R, Arengoth DS, Lillevang ST, Owens T, Asgari N. An Experimental Model of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder-Optic Neuritis: Insights Into Disease Mechanisms. Front Neurol 2021; 12:703249. [PMID: 34367056 PMCID: PMC8345107 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.703249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Optic neuritis (ON) is a common inflammatory optic neuropathy, which often occurs in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease (NMOSD). An experimental model of NMOSD-ON may provide insight into disease mechanisms. Objective: To examine the pathogenicity of autoantibodies targeting the astrocyte water channel aquaporin-4 [aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG)] in the optic nerve. Materials and Methods: Purified IgG from an AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD-ON patient was together with human complement (C) given to wild-type (WT) and type I interferon (IFN) receptor-deficient mice (IFNAR1-KO) as two consecutive intrathecal injections into cerebrospinal fluid via cisterna magna. The optic nerves were isolated, embedded in paraffin, cut for histological examination, and scored semi-quantitatively in a blinded fashion. In addition, optic nerves were processed to determine selected gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: Intrathecal injection of AQP4-IgG+C induced astrocyte pathology in the optic nerve with loss of staining for AQP4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), deposition of C, and demyelination, as well as upregulation of gene expression for interferon regulatory factor-7 (IRF7) and CXCL10. Such pathology was not seen in IFNAR1-KO mice nor in control mice. Conclusion: We describe induction of ON in an animal model for NMOSD and show a requirement for type I IFN signaling in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Forsberg Soerensen
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Wirenfeldt
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marlene Thorsen Moerch
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dina S Arengoth
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark.,Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Repulsive Guidance Molecule-a and Central Nervous System Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5532116. [PMID: 33997000 PMCID: PMC8112912 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5532116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Repulsive guidance molecule-a (RGMa) is a member of glycosylphosphatidylinositol- (GPI-) anchored protein family, which has axon guidance function and is widely involved in the development and pathological processes of the central nervous system (CNS). On the one hand, the binding of RGMa and its receptor Neogenin can regulate axonal guidance, differentiation of neural stem cells into neurons, and the survival of these cells; on the other hand, RGMa can inhibit functional recovery of CNS by inhibiting axonal growth. A number of studies have shown that RGMa may be involved in the pathogenesis of CNS diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum diseases, cerebral infarction, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Targeting RGMa can enhance the functional recovery of CNS, so it may become a promising target for the treatment of CNS diseases. This article will comprehensively review the research progression of RGMa in various CNS diseases up to date.
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Chen T, Bosco DB, Ying Y, Tian DS, Wu LJ. The Emerging Role of Microglia in Neuromyelitis Optica. Front Immunol 2021; 12:616301. [PMID: 33679755 PMCID: PMC7933531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.616301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoantibody-triggered neuro-inflammatory disease which preferentially attacks the spinal cord and optic nerve. Its defining autoantibody is specific for the water channel protein, aquaporin-4 (AQP4), which primarily is localized at the end-feet of astrocytes. Histopathology studies of early NMO lesions demonstrated prominent activation of microglia, the resident immune sentinels of the central nervous system (CNS). Significant microglial reactivity is also observed in NMO animal models induced by introducing AQP4-IgG into the CNS. Here we review the potential roles for microglial activation in human NMO patients as well as different animal models of NMO. We will focus primarily on the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial function and microglia-astrocyte interaction in NMO pathogenesis. Understanding the role of microglia in NMO pathology may yield novel therapeutic approaches for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Dale B. Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Yanlu Ying
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Dai-Shi Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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13
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Luo J, Xie C, Zhang W, Cai Y, Ding J, Wang Y, Hao Y, Zhang Y, Guan Y. Experimental mouse model of NMOSD produced by facilitated brain delivery of NMO-IgG by microbubble-enhanced low-frequency ultrasound in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis mice. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 46:102473. [PMID: 32919181 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although optic neuritis and myelitis are the core clinical characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), appropriate animal models of NMOSD with myelitis and optic neuritis are lacking. we developed a mouse model of NMOSD by intravenously injecting 100 µg neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G antibody (NMO-IgG) and complement into experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice after reversible blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening by microbubble-enhanced low-frequency ultrasound (MELFUS). Animals were assessed by histopathology. We found noticeable inflammation and demyelination concomitant with the loss of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the spinal cord, brain and optic nerve, as well as human IgG and C9neo deposition. Thus, with the help of MELFUS, we established an NMOSD mouse model with the core lesions of NMOSD by applying a considerably lower dose of human NMO-IgG, which may help identify the pathogenesis and facilitate the development of other neuroimmune disease models in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Luo
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1630 Dongfang Road, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1630 Dongfang Road, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No.600 Yishan Road, 200233, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1630 Dongfang Road, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1630 Dongfang Road, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Yishu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1630 Dongfang Road, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Hao
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1630 Dongfang Road, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1630 Dongfang Road, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.1630 Dongfang Road, 200127, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Yao X, Adams MS, Jones PD, Diederich CJ, Verkman AS. Noninvasive, Targeted Creation of Neuromyelitis Optica Pathology in AQP4-IgG Seropositive Rats by Pulsed Focused Ultrasound. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:47-56. [PMID: 30500945 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nly107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (herein called NMO) is an autoimmune disease of the CNS characterized by astrocyte injury, inflammation, and demyelination. In seropositive NMO, immunoglobulin G autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG) cause primary astrocyte injury. A passive transfer model of NMO was developed in which spatially targeted access of AQP4-IgG into the CNS of seropositive rats was accomplished by pulsed focused ultrasound through intact skin. Following intravenous administration of microbubbles, pulsed ultrasound at 0.5 MPa peak acoustic pressure was applied using a 1 MHz transducer with 6-cm focal length. In brain, the transient opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in an approximately prolate ellipsoidal volume of diameter ∼3.5 mm and length ∼44 mm allowed entry of IgG-size molecules for up to 3-6 hours. The ultrasound treatment did not cause erythrocyte extravasation or inflammation. Ultrasound treatment in AQP4-IgG seropositive rats produced localized NMO pathology in brain, with characteristic astrocyte injury, inflammation, and demyelination after 5 days. Pathology was not seen when complement was inhibited, when non-NMO human IgG was administered instead of AQP4-IgG, or in AQP4-IgG seropositive AQP4 knockout rats. NMO pathology was similarly created in cervical spinal cord in seropositive rats. These results establish a noninvasive, spatially targeted model of NMO in rats, and demonstrate that BBB permeabilization, without underlying injury or inflammation, is sufficient to create NMO pathology in AQP4-IgG seropositive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew S Adams
- Department of Medicine and Physiology.,Thermal Therapy Research Group, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Peter D Jones
- Thermal Therapy Research Group, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Chris J Diederich
- Thermal Therapy Research Group, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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15
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Duan T, Verkman AS. Experimental animal models of aquaporin-4-IgG-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: progress and shortcomings. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:13-25. [PMID: 31587392 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is a heterogeneous group of neuroinflammatory conditions associated with demyelination primarily in spinal cord and optic nerve, and to a lesser extent in brain. Most NMOSD patients are seropositive for IgG autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG), the principal water channel in astrocytes. There has been interest in establishing experimental animal models of seropositive NMOSD (herein referred to as NMO) in order to elucidate NMO pathogenesis mechanisms and to evaluate drug candidates. An important outcome of early NMO animal models was evidence for a pathogenic role of AQP4-IgG. However, available animal models of NMO, based largely on passive transfer to rodents of AQP4-IgG or transfer of AQP4-sensitized T cells, often together with pro-inflammatory maneuvers, only partially recapitulate the clinical and pathological features of human NMO, and are inherently biased toward humoral or cellular immune mechanisms. This review summarizes current progress and shortcomings in experimental animal models of seropositive NMOSD, and opines on the import of advancing animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Duan
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143.,Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143
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16
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Fang L, Kang X, Wang Z, Wang S, Wang J, Zhou Y, Chen C, Sun X, Yan Y, Kermode AG, Peng L, Qiu W. Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein-IgG Contributes to Oligodendrocytopathy in the Presence of Complement, Distinct from Astrocytopathy Induced by AQP4-IgG. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:853-866. [PMID: 31041694 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) is detectable in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) without aquaporin-4 IgG (AQP4-IgG), but its pathogenicity remains unclear. In this study, we explored the pathogenic mechanisms of MOG-IgG in vitro and in vivo and compared them with those of AQP4-IgG. MOG-IgG-positive serum induced complement activation and cell death in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293T cells transfected with human MOG. In C57BL/6 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats, MOG-IgG only caused lesions in the presence of complement. Interestingly, AQP4-IgG induced astroglial damage, while MOG-IgG mainly caused myelin loss. MOG-IgG also induced astrocyte damage in mouse brains in the presence of complement. Importantly, we also observed ultrastructural changes induced by MOG-IgG and AQP4-IgG. These findings suggest that MOG-IgG directly mediates cell death by activating complement in vitro and producing NMOSD-like lesions in vivo. AQP4-IgG directly targets astrocytes, while MOG-IgG mainly damages oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Fang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xinmei Kang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Shisi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Jingqi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Yaping Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Department of Neurology, Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Lisheng Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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17
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Soltys J, Liu Y, Ritchie A, Wemlinger S, Schaller K, Schumann H, Owens GP, Bennett JL. Membrane assembly of aquaporin-4 autoantibodies regulates classical complement activation in neuromyelitis optica. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2000-2013. [PMID: 30958797 DOI: 10.1172/jci122942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune CNS disorder mediated by pathogenic aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel autoantibodies (AQP4-IgG). Although AQP4-IgG-driven complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is critical for the formation of NMO lesions, the molecular mechanisms governing optimal classical pathway activation are unknown. We investigated the molecular determinants driving CDC in NMO using recombinant AQP4-specific autoantibodies (AQP4 rAbs) derived from affected patients. We identified a group of AQP4 rAbs targeting a distinct extracellular loop C epitope that demonstrated enhanced CDC on target cells. Targeted mutations of AQP4 rAb Fc domains that enhance or diminish C1q binding or antibody Fc-Fc interactions showed that optimal CDC was driven by the assembly of multimeric rAb platforms that increase multivalent C1q binding and facilitate C1q activation. A peptide that blocks antibody Fc-Fc interaction inhibited CDC induced by AQP4 rAbs and polyclonal NMO patient sera. Super-resolution microscopy revealed that AQP4 rAbs with enhanced CDC preferentially formed organized clusters on supramolecular AQP4 orthogonal arrays, linking epitope-dependent multimeric assembly with enhanced C1q binding and activation. The resulting model of AQP4-IgG CDC provides a framework for understanding classical complement activation in human autoantibody-mediated disorders and identifies a potential new therapeutic avenue for treating NMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Soltys
- Neuroscience and Medical Scientist Training Programs
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Neuroscience and Medical Scientist Training Programs.,Department of Neurology, and.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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18
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Thurman JM, Yapa R. Complement Therapeutics in Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:672. [PMID: 31001274 PMCID: PMC6456694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many autoimmune diseases are characterized by generation of autoantibodies that bind to host proteins or deposit within tissues as a component of immune complexes. The autoantibodies can activate the complement system, which can mediate tissue damage and trigger systemic inflammation. Complement inhibitory drugs may, therefore, be beneficial across a large number of different autoimmune diseases. Many new anti-complement drugs that target specific activation mechanisms or downstream activation fragments are in development. Based on the shared pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases, some of these complement inhibitory drugs may provide benefit across multiple different diseases. In some antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases, however, unique features of the autoantibodies, the target antigens, or the affected tissues may make it advantageous to block individual components or pathways of the complement system. This paper reviews the evidence that complement is involved in various autoimmune diseases, as well as the studies that have examined whether or not complement inhibitors are effective for treating these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roshini Yapa
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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19
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Wu Y, Zhong L, Geng J. Visual impairment in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 97:66-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Purpose of review Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are severe inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), with the presence of aquaporin 4 (AQP4)-specific serum antibodies in the vast majority of patients, and with the presence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific antibodies in approximately 40% of all AQP4-antibody negative NMOSD patients. Despite differences in antigen recognition, the preferred sites of lesions are similar in both groups of patients: They localize to the spinal cord and to the anterior visual pathway including retina, optic nerves, chiasm, and optic tracts, and – to lesser extent – also to certain predilection sites in the brain. Recent findings The involvement of T cells in the formation of NMOSD lesions has been challenged for quite some time. However, several recent findings demonstrate the key role of T cells for lesion formation and localization. Studies on the evolution of lesions in the spinal cord of NMOSD patients revealed a striking similarity of early NMOSD lesions with those observed in corresponding T-cell-induced animal models, both in lesion formation and in lesion localization. Studies on retinal abnormalities in NMOSD patients and corresponding animals revealed the importance of T cells for the very early stages of retinal lesions which eventually culminate in damage to Müller cells and to the retinal nerve fiber layer. Finally, a study on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier pathology demonstrated that NMOSD immunopathology extends beyond perivascular astrocytic foot processes to include the pia, the ependyma, and the choroid plexus, and that diffusion of antibodies from the CSF could further influence lesion formation in NMOSD patients. Summary The pathological changes observed in AQP4-antibody positive and MOG-antibody positive NMOSD patients are strikingly similar to those found in corresponding animal models, and many mechanisms which determine lesion localization in experimental animals seem to closely reflect the human situation.
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21
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Wu Y, Zhong L, Geng J. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Pathogenesis, treatment, and experimental models. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 27:412-418. [PMID: 30530071 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) are inflammatory CNS syndromes mainly involving the optic nerve and/or spinal cord and characterized by the presence of serum aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G antibodies (AQP4-IgG). The pathology of NMOSD is complicated, while therapies for NMOSD are limited and only partially effective in most cases. This review article focuses on the main pathology of NMOSD involving AQP4-IgG and lymphocyte function. We also review the existing therapeutic methods and potential new treatments. Experimental NMO animal models are crucial for further research into NMO pathology and treatment. However, no AQP4-IgG-immunized animals have been reported. The establishment of NMO models is therefore difficult and primarily depends on the generation of transgenic mice or transcranial manipulation using human or monoclonal mouse anti-AQP4 antibodies. Advantages and disadvantages of each model are discussed.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- Abbreviations: ADCC, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
- Aqp4, aquaporin 4
- Aquaporin-4
- BAFF, b-cell activating factor
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- BCR, b cell receptor
- CDD, complement-dependent cytotoxicity
- CFA, complete freund's adjuvant
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- CXCL, c-x-c motif chemokine ligand
- EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- ECD, extracellular domain
- Experimental animal models
- IGG, immunoglobulin g
- IVMP, methylprednisolone pulse
- LETM, longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis
- MAB, monoclonal antibody
- MBP, myelin-binding protein
- MOG, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
- MOG-Ab, anti-MOG antibody
- NF-H, neurofilament heavy chain
- NMO, neuromyelitis optica
- NMO-IgG, NMO with serum AQP4-IgG
- NMOSD, NMO spectrum disorder
- Neuromyelitis optica
- Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
- PB, plasmablast
- PP, plasmapheresis
- Remyelination
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xichang Road No.295, Kunming 650000, China.
| | - Lianmei Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Xichang Road No.295, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Jia Geng
- Department of Neurology, Xichang Road No.295, Kunming 650000, China
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22
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Yick LW, Ma OKF, Ng RCL, Kwan JSC, Chan KH. Aquaporin-4 Autoantibodies From Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Patients Induce Complement-Independent Immunopathologies in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1438. [PMID: 29988553 PMCID: PMC6026644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are central nervous system inflammatory disorders causing significant morbidities and mortality. The majority of NMOSD patients have autoimmunity against aquaporin-4 (AQP4), evidenced by seropositivity for autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4–IgG). AQP4–IgG is pathogenic with neuroinflammation initiated upon binding of AQP4–IgG to astrocytic AQP4. Complement activation contributes to astrocytic cytotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and tissue necrosis in NMOSD, but the role of complement-independent mechanisms is uncertain. We studied the complement-independent pathogenic effects of AQP4–IgG by passive transfer of IgG from NMOSD patients to mice with breached blood–brain barrier (BBB). Mice, pretreated with bacterial proteins, received daily intraperitoneal injections of IgG purified from AQP4–IgG-seropositive NMOSD patients [IgG(AQP4+)], or IgG from AQP4–IgG-seronegative patients [IgG(AQP4−)] or healthy subjects [IgG(Healthy)] for 8 days. Motor function was tested by walking across narrow beams, and spinal cords were collected for immunofluorescent analysis. We found that human IgG infiltrated into cord parenchyma of mice with breached BBB without deposition of complement activation products. Spinal cord of mice that received IgG(AQP4+) demonstrated loss of AQP4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (suggestive of astrocyte loss), decrease in excitatory amino acid transporter 2, microglial/macrophage activation, neutrophil infiltration, patchy demyelination, and loss in axonal integrity. Mice that received IgG(AQP4+) required longer time with more paw slips to walk across narrow beams indicative of motor slowing and incoordination. Our findings suggest that AQP4–IgG induces complement-independent cord pathologies, including astrocytopathy, neuroinflammation, demyelination, and axonal injuries/loss, which are associated with subtle motor impairments. These complement-independent pathophysiologies likely contribute to early NMOSD lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leung-Wah Yick
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Oscar Ka-Fai Ma
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Roy Chun-Laam Ng
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jason Shing-Cheong Kwan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Koon-Ho Chan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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24
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Combination Treatment of C16 Peptide and Angiopoietin-1 Alleviates Neuromyelitis Optica in an Experimental Model. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:4187347. [PMID: 29670463 PMCID: PMC5835265 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4187347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease that mainly affects the spinal cord and optic nerve, causing blindness and paralysis in some individuals. Moreover, NMO may cause secondary complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), leading to oligodendrocyte and neuronal damage. In this study, a rodent NMO model, showing typical NMO pathogenesis, was induced with NMO-IgG from patient serum and human complement. We then tested whether the combination of C16, an αvβ3 integrin-binding peptide, and angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), a member of the endothelial growth factor family, could alleviate NMO in the model. Our results demonstrated that this combination therapy significantly decreased disease severity, inflammatory cell infiltration, secondary demyelination, and axonal loss, thus reducing neural death. In conclusion, our study suggests a possible treatment that can relieve progressive blindness and paralysis in an animal model of NMO through improvement of the inflammatory milieu.
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25
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Harada K, Fujita Y, Okuno T, Tanabe S, Koyama Y, Mochizuki H, Yamashita T. Inhibition of RGMa alleviates symptoms in a rat model of neuromyelitis optica. Sci Rep 2018; 8:34. [PMID: 29311561 PMCID: PMC5758562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune disease associated with NMO immunoglobulin G (NMO-IgG), an antibody that selectively binds to the aquaporin-4. Here, we established a localized NMO model by injecting NMO-IgG into the spinal cord, and assessed the efficacy of treating its NMO-like symptoms by blocking repulsive guidance molecule-a (RGMa), an axon growth inhibitor. The model showed pathological features consistent with NMO. Systemic administration of humanized monoclonal anti-RGMa antibody delayed the onset and attenuated the severity of clinical symptoms. Further, it preserved astrocytes and reduced inflammatory-cell infiltration and axonal damage, suggesting that targeting RGMa is effective in treating NMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Harada
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Tatsusada Okuno
- Department of Immunopathology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shogo Tanabe
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Koyama
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Yao X, Verkman AS. Complement regulator CD59 prevents peripheral organ injury in rats made seropositive for neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:57. [PMID: 28750658 PMCID: PMC5532786 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis in aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG) seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (herein called NMO) involves complement-dependent cytotoxicity initiated by AQP4-IgG binding to astrocyte AQP4. We recently reported that rats lacking complement inhibitor protein CD59 were highly susceptible to development of NMO pathology in brain and spinal cord following direct AQP4-IgG administration (Yao and Verkman, Acta Neuropath Commun 2017, 5:15). Here, we report evidence that CD59 is responsible for protection of peripheral, AQP4-expressing tissues in seropositive NMO. Rats made seropositive by intraperitoneal injection of AQP4-IgG developed marked weakness by 24 h and died soon thereafter. Serum creatine phosphokinase at 24 h was >900-fold greater in seropositive CD59-/- rats than in seropositive CD59+/+ (or control) rats. AQP4-expressing cells in skeletal muscle and kidney, but not in stomach, of seropositive CD59-/- rats showed injury with deposition of AQP4-IgG and activated complement C5b-9, and inflammation. Organ injury in seropositive CD59-/- rats was prevented by a complement inhibitor. Significant pathological changes in seropositive CD59-/- rats were not seen in optic nerve, spinal cord or brain, including circumventricular tissue. These results implicate a major protective role of CD59 outside of the central nervous system in seropositive NMO, and hence offer an explanation as to why peripheral, AQP4-expressing cells are largely unaffected in NMO.
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Deng S, Liu H, Qiu K, You H, Lei Q, Lu W. Role of the Golgi Apparatus in the Blood-Brain Barrier: Golgi Protection May Be a Targeted Therapy for Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4788-4801. [PMID: 28730529 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain from toxic material in the blood, provides nutrients for brain tissues, and screens harmful substances from the brain. The specific brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs), tight junction between endothelial cells, and astrocytes ensure proper function of the central nervous system (CNS). Pathological factors disrupt the integrity of the BBB by destroying the normal function of endothelial cells and decreasing the production of tight junction proteins or the expression of proteins specifically localized on astrocytes. Interestingly, fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus is observed in neurological diseases and is involved in the destruction of the BBB function. The Golgi acts as a processing center in which proteins are transported after being processed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Besides reprocessing, classifying, and packaging proteins, the Golgi apparatus (GA) also acts as a signaling platform and calcium pool. In this review, we summarized the current literature on the potential relationship between the Golgi and endothelial cells, tight junction, and astrocytes. The normal function of the BBB is maintained as long as the normal function and morphology of the GA are not disturbed. Furthermore, we speculate that protecting the Golgi may be a novel therapeutic approach to protect the BBB and treat neurological diseases due to BBB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong You
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lei
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China.
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Liu Y, Given KS, Harlow DE, Matschulat AM, Macklin WB, Bennett JL, Owens GP. Myelin-specific multiple sclerosis antibodies cause complement-dependent oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:25. [PMID: 28340598 PMCID: PMC5366134 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrathecal immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oligoclonal IgG bands and lesional IgG deposition are seminal features of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease pathology. Both the specific targets and pathogenic effects of MS antibodies remain poorly characterized. We produced IgG1 monoclonal recombinant antibodies (rAbs) from clonally-expanded plasmablasts recovered from MS patient CSF. Among these were a subset of myelin-specific MS rAbs. We examined their immunoreactivity to mouse organotypic cerebellar slices by live binding and evaluated tissue injury in the presence and absence of human complement. Demyelination, glial and neuronal viability, and complement pathway activation were assayed by immunofluorescence microscopy and compared to the effects of an aquaporin-4 water channel (AQP4)-specific rAb derived from a neuromyelitis optica (NMO) patient. MS myelin-specific rAbs bound to discrete surface domains on oligodendrocyte processes and myelinating axons. Myelin-specific MS rAbs initiated complement-dependent cytotoxicity to oligodendrocytes and induced rapid demyelination. Demyelination was accompanied by increased microglia activation; however, the morphology and survival of astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitors and neurons remained unaffected. In contrast, NMO AQP4-specific rAb initiated complement-dependent astrocyte damage, followed by sequential loss of oligodendrocytes, demyelination, microglia activation and neuronal death. Myelin-specific MS antibodies cause oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination in organotypic cerebellar slices, which are distinct from AQP4-targeted pathology, and display seminal features of active MS lesions. Myelin-specific antibodies may play an active role in MS lesion formation through complement-dependent mechanisms.
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Yao X, Verkman AS. Marked central nervous system pathology in CD59 knockout rats following passive transfer of Neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:15. [PMID: 28212662 PMCID: PMC5316191 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (herein called NMO) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in which pathogenesis involves complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) produced by immunoglobulin G autoantibodies targeting aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG) on astrocytes. We reported evidence previously, using CD59-/- mice, that the membrane-associated complement inhibitor CD59 modulates CDC in NMO (Zhang and Verkman, J. Autoimmun. 53:67-77, 2014). Motivated by the observation that rats, unlike mice, have human-like complement activity, here we generated CD59-/- rats to investigate the role of CD59 in NMO and to create NMO pathology by passive transfer of AQP4-IgG under conditions in which minimal pathology is produced in normal rats. CD59-/- rats generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology showed no overt phenotype at baseline except for mild hemolysis. CDC assays in astrocyte cultures and cerebellar slices from CD59-/- rats showed much greater sensitivity to AQP4-IgG and complement than those from CD59+/+ rats. Intracerebral administration of AQP4-IgG in CD59-/- rats produced marked NMO pathology, with astrocytopathy, inflammation, deposition of activated complement, and demyelination, whereas identically treated CD59+/+ rats showed minimal pathology. A single, intracisternal injection of AQP4-IgG in CD59-/- rats produced hindlimb paralysis by 3 days, with inflammation and deposition of activated complement in spinal cord, optic nerves and brain periventricular and surface matter, with most marked astrocyte injury in cervical spinal cord. These results implicate an important role of CD59 in modulating NMO pathology in rats and demonstrate amplification of AQP4-IgG-induced NMO disease with CD59 knockout.
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Felix CM, Levin MH, Verkman AS. Complement-independent retinal pathology produced by intravitreal injection of neuromyelitis optica immunoglobulin G. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:275. [PMID: 27765056 PMCID: PMC5072328 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, is often associated with retinal abnormalities including thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer and microcystic changes. Here, we demonstrate that passive transfer of an anti-aquaporin-4 autoantibody (AQP4-IgG) produces primary retinal pathology. Methods AQP4-IgG was delivered to adult rat retinas by intravitreal injection. Rat retinas and retinal explant cultures were assessed by immunofluorescence. Results Immunofluorescence showed AQP4-IgG deposition on retinal Müller cells, with greatly reduced AQP4 expression and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein by 5 days. There was mild retinal inflammation with microglial activation but little leukocyte infiltration and loss of retinal ganglion cells by 30 days with thinning of the ganglion cell complex. Interestingly, the loss of AQP4 was complement independent as seen in cobra venom factor-treated rats and in normal rats administered a mutated AQP4-IgG lacking complement effector function. Exposure of ex vivo retinal cultures to AQP4-IgG produced a marked reduction in AQP4 expression by 24 h, which was largely prevented by inhibitors of endocytosis or lysosomal acidification. Conclusions Passive transfer of AQP4-IgG results in primary, complement-independent retinal pathology, which might contribute to retinal abnormalities seen in NMO patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Felix
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, 1246 Health Sciences East Tower, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0521, USA
| | - Marc H Levin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, 1246 Health Sciences East Tower, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0521, USA.
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31
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Herwerth M, Kalluri SR, Srivastava R, Kleele T, Kenet S, Illes Z, Merkler D, Bennett JL, Misgeld T, Hemmer B. In vivo imaging reveals rapid astrocyte depletion and axon damage in a model of neuromyelitis optica-related pathology. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:794-805. [PMID: 26946517 PMCID: PMC5021140 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, which resembles multiple sclerosis (MS). NMO differs from MS, however, in the distribution and histology of neuroinflammatory lesions and shows a more aggressive clinical course. Moreover, the majority of NMO patients carry immunoglobulin G autoantibodies against aquaporin‐4 (AQP4), an astrocytic water channel. Antibodies against AQP4 can damage astrocytes by complement, but NMO histopathology also shows demyelination, and — importantly—axon injury, which may determine permanent deficits following NMO relapses. The dynamics of astrocyte injury in NMO and the mechanisms by which toxicity spreads to axons are not understood. Methods Here, we establish in vivo imaging of the spinal cord, one of the main sites of NMO pathology, as a powerful tool to study the formation of experimental NMO‐related lesions caused by human AQP4 antibodies in mice. Results We found that human AQP4 antibodies caused acute astrocyte depletion with initial oligodendrocyte survival. Within 2 hours of antibody application, we observed secondary axon injury in the form of progressive swellings. Astrocyte toxicity and axon damage were dependent on AQP4 antibody titer and complement, specifically C1q. Interpretation In vivo imaging of the spinal cord reveals the swift development of NMO‐related acute axon injury after AQP4 antibody‐mediated astrocyte depletion. This approach will be useful in studying the mechanisms underlying the spread of NMO pathology beyond astrocytes, as well as in evaluating potential neuroprotective interventions. Ann Neurol 2016;79:794–805
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Herwerth
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Sudhakar Reddy Kalluri
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rajneesh Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleele
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Selin Kenet
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.,Department of Neurology and Institute of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Center of Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Munich, Germany.,equal contributing senior authors
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,equal contributing senior authors
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Kurosawa K, Misu T, Takai Y, Sato DK, Takahashi T, Abe Y, Iwanari H, Ogawa R, Nakashima I, Fujihara K, Hamakubo T, Yasui M, Aoki M. Severely exacerbated neuromyelitis optica rat model with extensive astrocytopathy by high affinity anti-aquaporin-4 monoclonal antibody. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:82. [PMID: 26637322 PMCID: PMC4670539 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), an autoimmune astrocytopathic disease associated with anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody, is characterized by extensive necrotic lesions preferentially involving the optic nerves and spinal cord. However, previous in-vivo experimental models injecting human anti-AQP4 antibodies only resulted in mild spinal cord lesions compared to NMO autopsied cases. Here, we investigated whether the formation of severe NMO-like lesions occurs in Lewis rats in the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), intraperitoneally injecting incremental doses of purified human immunoglobulin-G from a NMO patient (hIgGNMO) or a high affinity anti-AQP4 monoclonal antibody (E5415A), recognizing extracellular domain of AQP4 made by baculovirus display method. Results NMO-like lesions were observed in the spinal cord, brainstem, and optic chiasm of EAE-rats with injection of pathogenic IgG (hIgGNMO and E5415A), but not in control EAE. Only in higher dose E5415A rats, there were acute and significantly severer clinical exacerbations (tetraparesis or moribund) compared with controls, within half day after the injection of pathogenic IgG. Loss of AQP4 was observed both in EAE rats receiving hIgGNMO and E5415A in a dose dependent manner, but the ratio of AQP4 loss in spinal sections became significantly larger in those receiving high dose E5415A up to about 50 % than those receiving low-dose E5415A or hIgGNMO less than 3 %. These lesions were also characterized by extensive loss of glial fibrillary acidic protein but relatively preserved myelin sheaths with perivascular deposition of IgG and C5b-9, which is compatible with post mortem NMO pathology. In high dose E5415A rats, massive neutrophil infiltration was observed especially at the lesion edge, and such lesions were highly vacuolated with partial demyelination and axonal damage. In contrast, such changes were absent in EAE rats receiving low-dose E5415A and hIgGNMO. Conclusions In the present study, we established a severe experimental NMO rat model with highly clinical exacerbation and extensive tissue destructive lesions typically observed in NMO patients, which has not adequately been realized in in-vivo rodent models. Our data suggest that the pathogenic antibodies could induce immune mediated astrocytopathy with mobilized neutrophils, resulted in early lesion expansion of NMO lesion with vacuolation and other tissue damages. (350/350) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0259-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kang H, Cao S, Chen T, Jiang Z, Liu Z, Li Z, Wei Y, Ai N, Xu Q, Lin Q, Wei S. The poor recovery of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is associated with a lower level of CXCL12 in the human brain. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 289:56-61. [PMID: 26616871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) are blindness-causing neuritis. In NMOSD patients, NMO-IgG evokes astrocytopathy that in turn causes demyelination. While measurement of NMO-IgG titer will help neurologists make the diagnosis of NMOSDs, it is not sufficient to evaluate the severity of astrocytopathy. In this study, we compared the different levels of an astrocyte biomarker in cerebrospinal fluid of NMOSD patients with good or poor recovery, and then linked their differences to the changes in remyelinating promoter (CXCL12) levels. Our results indicate that NMO-IgG down-regulated CXCL12 and impaired the remyelinating process, this may be a mechanism contributing to the poor recovery of NMOSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tingjun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaocai Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Longfu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zihao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yangang Wei
- Bioori Translational Medicine Center, Beijing, China
| | - Nanping Ai
- Bioori Translational Medicine Center, Beijing, China
| | - Quangang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
| | - Shihui Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Riedhammer C, Weissert R. Antigen Presentation, Autoantigens, and Immune Regulation in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2015; 6:322. [PMID: 26136751 PMCID: PMC4470263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation is in the center of the immune system, both in host defense against pathogens, but also when the system is unbalanced and autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) develop. It is not just by chance that a major histocompatibility complex gene is the major genetic susceptibility locus in MS; a feature that MS shares with other autoimmune diseases. The exact etiology of the disease, however, has not been fully understood yet. T cells are regarded as the major players in the disease, but most probably a complex interplay of altered central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms, T-cell and B-cell functions, characteristics of putative autoantigens, and a possible interference of environmental factors like microorganisms are at work. In this review, new data on all these different aspects of antigen presentation and their role in MS will be discussed, probable autoantigens will be summarized, and comparisons to other autoimmune diseases will be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Riedhammer
- Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Robert Weissert
- Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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