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Lu KC, Tsai KW, Hu WC. Role of TGFβ-producing regulatory T cells in scleroderma and end-stage organ failure. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35590. [PMID: 39170360 PMCID: PMC11336735 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial immune cells that initiate a tolerable immune response. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is a key cytokine produced by Tregs and plays a significant role in stimulating tissue fibrosis. Systemic sclerosis, an autoimmune disease characterized by organ fibrosis, is associated with an overrepresentation of regulatory T cells. This review aims to identify Treg-dominant tolerable host immune reactions and discuss their association with scleroderma and end-stage organ failure. End-stage organ failures, including heart failure, liver cirrhosis, uremia, and pulmonary fibrosis, are frequently linked to tissue fibrosis. This suggests that TGFβ-producing Tregs are involved in the pathogenesis of these conditions. However, the exact significance of TGFβ and the mechanisms through which it induces tolerable immune reactions during end-stage organ failure remain unclear. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms could lead to improved preventive and therapeutic strategies for these severe diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chung Hu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan City, 333, Taiwan
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2
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Leask A, Fadl A, Naik A. A modest proposal: targeting αv integrin-mediated activation of latent TGFbeta as a novel therapeutic approach to treat scleroderma fibrosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:279-285. [PMID: 38393748 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2323528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The potent profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been associated with the onset and progression of the fibrosis seen in the autoimmune connective tissue disease scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc). AREA COVERED This review explores the data supporting the notion that TGF-β contributes to SSc fibrosis and examines why initiating clinical trials in SSc aimed at targeting integrin-mediated latent TGF-β activation is timely. EXPERT OPINION Targeting TGF-β directly has not been proven to be clinically effective in this disease. Conversely, targeting matrix stiffness, which perpetuates fibrosis, may have more promise. Intriguingly, targeting integrin-mediated activation of latent TGF-β, which bridges these concepts, may have therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Asmaa Fadl
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Angha Naik
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Rudnik M, Hukara A, Kocherova I, Jordan S, Schniering J, Milleret V, Ehrbar M, Klingel K, Feghali-Bostwick C, Distler O, Błyszczuk P, Kania G. Elevated Fibronectin Levels in Profibrotic CD14 + Monocytes and CD14 + Macrophages in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642891. [PMID: 34504485 PMCID: PMC8421541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by overproduction of extracellular matrix (ECM) and multiorgan fibrosis. Animal studies pointed to bone marrow-derived cells as a potential source of pathological ECM-producing cells in immunofibrotic disorders. So far, involvement of monocytes and macrophages in the fibrogenesis of SSc remains poorly understood. Methods and Results Immunohistochemistry analysis showed accumulation of CD14+ monocytes in the collagen-rich areas, as well as increased amount of alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA)-positive fibroblasts, CD68+ and mannose-R+ macrophages in the heart and lungs of SSc patients. The full genome transcriptomics analyses of CD14+ blood monocytes revealed dysregulation in cytoskeleton rearrangement, ECM remodeling, including elevated FN1 (gene encoding fibronectin) expression and TGF-β signalling pathway in SSc patients. In addition, single cell RNA sequencing analysis of tissue-resident CD14+ pulmonary macrophages demonstrated activated profibrotic signature with the elevated FN1 expression in SSc patients with interstitial lung disease. Peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes obtained from either healthy subjects or SSc patients exposed to profibrotic treatment with profibrotic cytokines TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 increased production of type I collagen, fibronectin, and αSMA. In addition, CD14+ monocytes co-cultured with dermal fibroblasts obtained from SSc patients or healthy individuals acquired a spindle shape and further enhanced production of profibrotic markers. Pharmacological blockade of the TGF-β signalling pathway with SD208 (TGF-β receptor type I inhibitor), SIS3 (Smad3 inhibitor) or (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol (TGF-β-activated kinase 1 inhibitor) ameliorated fibronectin levels and type I collagen secretion. Conclusions Our findings identified activated profibrotic signature with elevated production of profibrotic fibronectin in CD14+ monocytes and CD14+ pulmonary macrophages in SSc and highlighted the capability of CD14+ monocytes to acquire a profibrotic phenotype. Taking together, tissue-infiltrating CD14+ monocytes/macrophages can be considered as ECM producers in SSc pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Rudnik
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amela Hukara
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ievgeniia Kocherova
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Suzana Jordan
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janine Schniering
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Milleret
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ehrbar
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Klingel
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Przemysław Błyszczuk
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Gabriela Kania
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Karatas A, Celik C, Oz B, Akar ZA, Etem EO, Dagli AF, Koca SS. Secukinumab and metformin ameliorate dermal fibrosis by decreasing tissue interleukin-17 levels in bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis. Int J Rheum Dis 2021; 24:795-802. [PMID: 33835703 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis is not exactly known, it is thought that immune activation has prominent roles in pathogenesis. Secukinumab is a monoclonal antibody against interleukin (IL)-17A. Metformin, a widely used antidiabetic medication, has anti-proliferative, immunomodulating and anti-fibrotic activities. The purpose of our study is to determine the therapeutic efficacy of secukinumab and metformin on bleomycin (BLM) induced dermal fibrosis. Fifty Balb/c female mice were divided into 5 groups: (group 1 control, 2 sham, 3 secukinumab, 4 metformin and 5 secukinumab + metformin). The mice in the control group received 100 μL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), while the mice in other groups received 100 μL (100 μg) BLM in PBS subcutaneously (sc) every day for 4 weeks. In addition, mice in groups 3 and 5 received secukinumab at a dose of 10 mg/kg/wk sc, and mice in the groups 4 and 5 received oral metformin 50 mg/kg/d for 28 days. All groups of mice were sacrificed at the end of the 4th week and tissue samples were taken for analysis. In addition to histopathological analysis, skin tissue messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of IL-17 and collagen 3A were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Repeated BLM injections had caused dermal fibrosis. In addition, the mRNA expressions of IL-17 and collagen 3A were increased in the BLM group. Secukinumab and metformin ameliorated dermal fibrosis. They decreased dermal thickness and tissue IL-17A and collagen 3A mRNA levels. Secukinumab and metformin exhibit anti-fibrotic effects in the BLM-induced dermal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Karatas
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Celik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eleskirt State Hospital, Agri, Turkey
| | - Burak Oz
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Zeynel Abidin Akar
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ebru Onalan Etem
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Adile Ferda Dagli
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Serdar Koca
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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Kotani H, Yoshizaki A, Matsuda KM, Norimatsu Y, Kuzumi A, Fukayama M, Fukasawa T, Ebata S, Yoshizaki-Ogawa A, Asano Y, Oba K, Sato S. Serum Calponin 3 Levels in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis: Possible Association with Skin Sclerosis and Arthralgia. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10020280. [PMID: 33466615 PMCID: PMC7828654 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by tissue fibrosis and vasculopathy in various organs with a background of inflammation initiated by autoimmune abnormalities. Calponin 3 plays a role in the cell motility and contractibility of fibroblasts during wound healing in the skin. We aimed to evaluate serum calponin 3 levels in SSc patients and their association with clinical manifestations of SSc. Serum samples were collected from 68 patients with SSc and 20 healthy controls. Serum calponin 3 levels were examined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, and their association with clinical features of SSc was statistically analyzed. The upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of serum calponin 3 levels in healthy controls was utilized as the cut-off value when dividing SSc patients into the elevated and normal groups. Serum calponin 3 levels were significantly higher in SSc patients than in healthy controls (mean (95% confidence interval), 15.38 (14.66–16.11) vs. 13.56 (12.75–14.38) ng/mL, p < 0.05). The modified Rodnan total skin thickness score was significantly higher in the elevated serum calponin 3 level group than in the normal level group (median (25–75th percentiles), 10.0 (2.0–16.0) vs. 6.5 (3.25–8.75), p < 0.05). Moreover, SSc patients with increased serum calponin 3 levels also had a higher frequency of arthralgia (40% vs. 9%, p < 0.05). Elevated serum calponin 3 levels were associated with skin sclerosis and arthralgia in SSc patients. Serum calponin 3 levels might be a biomarker that reflects the severity of skin sclerosis and joint involvement in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Kotani
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.M.); (Y.N.); (A.K.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (S.E.); (A.Y.-O.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Ayumi Yoshizaki
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.M.); (Y.N.); (A.K.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (S.E.); (A.Y.-O.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3815-5411
| | - Kazuki M. Matsuda
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.M.); (Y.N.); (A.K.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (S.E.); (A.Y.-O.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Yuta Norimatsu
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.M.); (Y.N.); (A.K.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (S.E.); (A.Y.-O.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Ai Kuzumi
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.M.); (Y.N.); (A.K.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (S.E.); (A.Y.-O.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Maiko Fukayama
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.M.); (Y.N.); (A.K.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (S.E.); (A.Y.-O.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Takemichi Fukasawa
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.M.); (Y.N.); (A.K.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (S.E.); (A.Y.-O.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Satoshi Ebata
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.M.); (Y.N.); (A.K.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (S.E.); (A.Y.-O.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Asako Yoshizaki-Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.M.); (Y.N.); (A.K.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (S.E.); (A.Y.-O.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Yoshihide Asano
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.M.); (Y.N.); (A.K.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (S.E.); (A.Y.-O.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Koji Oba
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan;
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (H.K.); (K.M.M.); (Y.N.); (A.K.); (M.F.); (T.F.); (S.E.); (A.Y.-O.); (Y.A.); (S.S.)
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Nicola S, Rolla G, Bucca C, Geronazzo G, Ridolfi I, Ferraris A, Fusaro E, Peroni CL, Dughera L, Brussino L. Gastric Juice Expression of Th-17 and T-Reg Related Cytokines in Scleroderma Esophageal Involvement. Cells 2020; 9:E2106. [PMID: 32947843 PMCID: PMC7564480 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disorder which key feature is a fibrotic process. The role of Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and T-helper (Th)-1 cells in lung and skin fibrosis is well known, although Th17- and Treg-cells were found to be involved. However, no studies analyzed cytokines expression in gastric-juice of SSc patients. Our study aimed to evaluate proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines in gastric-juice of SSc patients and to investigate their correlations with esophageal dysmotility. METHODS Patients performed upper-gastrointestinal-endoscopy with gastric-juice collection, esophageal manometry and thoracic CT-scan. GM-CSF, ET-1, Th-1 (IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-9), Th-17 (IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23) and T-reg (IL-10, TGF-β) related cytokines were measured in 29 SSc-patients and 20 healthy-controls. RESULTS Patients showed significant lower levels of IL-6, IL-17, IL-22 and ET-1 (p < 0.005) compared with controls. Patients with atrophic gastritis presented significant lower levels of IL-2, IL-9, IL-6, TGF-β, GM-CSF, IL-17 and ET-1 (p < 0.005) compared to patients without gastritis. Increased values of IL-2, IL-9, IL-1β, IL-17, ET-1 and GM-CSF (p < 0.005) were observed in patients with esophageal impairment. This is the first report of cytokines measurement in gastric juice of patients with SSc. The high IL-17 concentrations in gastric-juice of scleroderma patients with esophageal dysmotility support the signature of Th-17 cells in scleroderma esophageal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Nicola
- Department of Medical Sciences, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Torino & Mauriziano Hospital, 10128 Turin, Italy; (S.N.); (G.R.); (C.B.); (G.G.); (I.R.)
| | - Giovanni Rolla
- Department of Medical Sciences, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Torino & Mauriziano Hospital, 10128 Turin, Italy; (S.N.); (G.R.); (C.B.); (G.G.); (I.R.)
| | - Caterina Bucca
- Department of Medical Sciences, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Torino & Mauriziano Hospital, 10128 Turin, Italy; (S.N.); (G.R.); (C.B.); (G.G.); (I.R.)
| | - Giada Geronazzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Torino & Mauriziano Hospital, 10128 Turin, Italy; (S.N.); (G.R.); (C.B.); (G.G.); (I.R.)
| | - Irene Ridolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Torino & Mauriziano Hospital, 10128 Turin, Italy; (S.N.); (G.R.); (C.B.); (G.G.); (I.R.)
| | - Andrea Ferraris
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Surgical Sciences, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Enrico Fusaro
- Rheumatology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.F.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Clara Lisa Peroni
- Rheumatology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.F.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Luca Dughera
- Unit of Digestive Motility and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Città della Salute e della Scienza, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Luisa Brussino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Torino & Mauriziano Hospital, 10128 Turin, Italy; (S.N.); (G.R.); (C.B.); (G.G.); (I.R.)
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Zhang Y, Distler JHW. Therapeutic molecular targets of SSc-ILD. JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2020; 5:17-30. [DOI: 10.1177/2397198319899013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is a fibrosing chronic connective tissue disease of unknown etiology. A major hallmark of systemic sclerosis is the uncontrolled and persistent activation of fibroblasts, which release excessive amounts of extracellular matrix, lead to organ dysfunction, and cause high mobility and motility of patients. Systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease is one of the most common fibrotic organ manifestations in systemic sclerosis and a major cause of death. Treatment options for systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease and other fibrotic manifestations, however, remain very limited. Thus, there is a huge medical need for effective therapies that target tissue fibrosis, vascular alterations, inflammation, and autoimmune disease in systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease. In this review, we discuss data suggesting therapeutic ways to target different genes in distinct tissues/organs that contribute to the development of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg HW Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3—Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Lee CM, He CH, Park JW, Lee JH, Kamle S, Ma B, Akosman B, Cotez R, Chen E, Zhou Y, Herzog EL, Ryu C, Peng X, Rosas IO, Poli S, Bostwick CF, Choi AM, Elias JA, Lee CG. Chitinase 1 regulates pulmonary fibrosis by modulating TGF-β/SMAD7 pathway via TGFBRAP1 and FOXO3. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:e201900350. [PMID: 31085559 PMCID: PMC6516052 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β1 is a critical mediator of tissue fibrosis in health and disease whose effects are augmented by chitinase 1 (CHIT1). However, the mechanisms that CHIT1 uses to regulate TGF-β1-mediated fibrotic responses have not been defined. Here, we demonstrate that CHIT1 enhances TGF-β1-stimulated fibrotic cellular and tissue responses and TGF-β1 signaling. Importantly, we also demonstrate that these effects are mediated by the ability of CHIT1 to inhibit TGF-β1 induction of its feedback inhibitor, SMAD7. CHIT1 also interacted with TGF-β receptor associated protein 1 (TGFBRAP1) and forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) with TGFBRAP1 playing a critical role in CHIT1 enhancement of TGF-β1 signaling and effector responses and FOXO3 playing a critical role in TGF-β1 induction of SMAD7. These pathways were disease relevant because the levels of CHIT1 were increased and inversely correlated with SMAD7 in tissues from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease. These studies demonstrate that CHIT1 regulates TGF-β1/SMAD7 axis via TGFBRAP1 and FOXO3 and highlight the importance of these pathways in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Min Lee
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chuan-Hua He
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jin Wook Park
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jae Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suchita Kamle
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bing Ma
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bedia Akosman
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Roberto Cotez
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Emily Chen
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Erica L Herzog
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Changwan Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xueyan Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Sergio Poli
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carol Feghali Bostwick
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Augustine M Choi
- Weill Cornell Medicine Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jack A Elias
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Division of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Brown University, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chun Geun Lee
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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9
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Systemic Sclerosis and Serum Content of Transforming Growth Factor. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1153:63-67. [PMID: 30758773 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is a connective tissue disease characterized by tissue fibrosis leading to interstitial lung disease. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been of interest as a potential diagnostic marker and also as a drug target in systemic sclerosis. The aim of this study was to assess the serum content of TGF-β1 in patients with systemic sclerosis and to assess its potential role in tissue fibrosis. The study included 30 patients, 5 men and 25 women, of the mean age of 46.9 ± 12.8 years, diagnosed with systemic sclerosis. The control group consisted of 19 women of the mean age of 28.4 ± 7.8 years, diagnosed with primary Raynaud's disease. TGF-β1 serum levels were measured, chest imaging examinations were performed, and fibrotic tissue changes were assessed using the modified Rodnan Skin Score. We found that the mean serum TGF-β1 content in patients with systemic sclerosis was 598.7 ± 242.6 pg/mL, whereas it was 568.4 ± 322.2 pg/mL in the control group (p = 0.378). We also failed to substantiate any significant relationship between TGF-β1 serum levels and the severity of pulmonary and skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. In conclusion, systemic sclerosis does not seem a disease that would be accompanied by a specific enhancement of serum TGF-β1. Thus, this cytokine is rather unlikely to play an essential role in the development and course of the disease, nor can it be considered diagnostic or prognostic marker.
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Bale S, Pulivendala G, Godugu C. Withaferin A attenuates bleomycin-induced scleroderma by targeting FoxO3a and NF-κβ signaling: Connecting fibrosis and inflammation. Biofactors 2018; 44:507-517. [PMID: 30367690 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Scleroderma is an inflammatory autoimmune disease which begins with inflammation due to tissue injury and advances to progressive accumulation of extracellular matrix resulting in scarring and hardening of the skin. Inflammation is a salutary response to tissue injury caused by varied factors. While inflammation is required for systematic wound healing, dysregulated chronic inflammation often leads to tissue scarring. Prominent role of inflammation in pathology and physiology makes it a double edge sword. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of Withaferin A (WFA), a steroidal lactone from Withania somnifera in a 28-day murine model of bleomycin-induced experimental scleroderma. Withaferin A was administered at two doses 2 and 4 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 28 days. At the time of study termination, we observed significant reduction in dorsal skin thickness. Our results indicate that WFA was able to sufficiently suppress pro-inflammatory phase of fibrosis, TGF-β/Smad signaling and also significantly repressed fibroblast conversion to myofibroblasts. Additionally, our study also demonstrated that WFA modulates FoxO3a-Akt-dependent NF-κβ/IKK-mediated inflammatory cascade, which is a prime signaling pathway in fibrogenesis. The findings of this study are persuasive of WFA as an antifibrotic agent with promising therapeutic effects in scleroderma. © 2018 BioFactors, 44(6):507-517, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarna Bale
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Gauthami Pulivendala
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
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11
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Ursini F, Russo E, Pellino G, D'Angelo S, Chiaravalloti A, De Sarro G, Manfredini R, De Giorgio R. Metformin and Autoimmunity: A "New Deal" of an Old Drug. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1236. [PMID: 29915588 PMCID: PMC5994909 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin (dimethyl biguanide) is a synthetic derivative of guanidine, isolated from the extracts of Galega officinalis, a plant with a prominent antidiabetic effect. Since its discovery more than 50 years ago, metformin represents a worldwide milestone in treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recent evidence in humans indicates novel pleiotropic actions of metformin which span from its consolidated role in T2D management up to various regulatory properties, including cardio- and nephro-protection, as well as antiproliferative, antifibrotic, and antioxidant effects. These findings, together with ground-breaking studies demonstrating its ability to prolong healthspan and lifespan in mice, provided the basis for defining metformin as a potential antiaging molecule. Moreover, emerging in vivo and in vitro evidence support the novel hypothesis that metformin can exhibit immune-modulatory features. Studies suggest that metformin interferes with key immunopathological mechanisms involved in systemic autoimmune diseases, such as the T helper 17/regulatory T cell balance, germinal centers formation, autoantibodies production, macrophage polarization, cytokine synthesis, neutrophil extracellular traps release, and bone or extracellular matrix remodeling. These effects may represent a powerful contributor to antiaging and anticancer properties exerted by metformin and, from another standpoint, may open the way to assess whether metformin can be a candidate molecule for clinical trials involving patients with immune-mediated diseases. In this article, we will review the available preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the effect of metformin on individual cells of the immune system, with emphasis on immunological mechanisms related to the development and maintenance of autoimmunity and its potential relevance in treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ursini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gianluca Pellino
- Colorectal Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Ageing Sciences, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore D'Angelo
- Rheumatology Institute of Lucania (IReL) - Rheumatology Department of Lucania, "San Carlo" Hospital of Potenza and "Madonna delle Grazie" Hospital of Matera, Potenza, Italy.,Basilicata Ricerca Biomedica (BRB) Foundation, Potenza, Italy
| | - Agostino Chiaravalloti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Manfredini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinica Medica Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinica Medica Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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12
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McFarlane IM, Bhamra MS, Kreps A, Iqbal S, Al-Ani F, Saladini-Aponte C, Grant C, Singh S, Awwal K, Koci K, Saperstein Y, Arroyo-Mercado FM, Laskar DB, Atluri P. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Systemic Sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8. [PMID: 30057856 PMCID: PMC6059963 DOI: 10.4172/2161-1149.1000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by fibroproliferative alterations of the microvasculature leading to fibrosis and loss of function of the skin and internal organs. Gastrointestinal manifestations of SSc are the most commonly encountered complications of the disease affecting nearly 90% of the SSc population. Among these complications, the esophagus and the anorectum are the most commonly affected. However, this devastating disorder does not spare any part of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large bowels as well as the liver and pancreas. In this review, we present the current understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of SSc including vasculopathy, endothelial to mesenchymal transformation as well as the autoimmune pathogenetic pathways. We also discuss the clinical presentation and diagnosis of each part of the GIT affected by SSc. Finally, we highlight the latest developments in the management of this disease, addressing the severe malnutrition that affects this vulnerable patient population and ways to assess and improve the nutritional status of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M McFarlane
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Manjeet S Bhamra
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Alexandra Kreps
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Sadat Iqbal
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Firas Al-Ani
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Carla Saladini-Aponte
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Christon Grant
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Soberjot Singh
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Khalid Awwal
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Kristaq Koci
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Yair Saperstein
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Fray M Arroyo-Mercado
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Derek B Laskar
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
| | - Purna Atluri
- Division of Rheumatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Hospitals Kings County Hospital Brooklyn, State University of New York, USA
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Buyang Huanwu Decoction Ameliorates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats via Downregulation of Related Protein and Gene Expression. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:9185485. [PMID: 29681987 PMCID: PMC5851293 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9185485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of Buyang Huanwu decoction on pulmonary fibrosis. Herein, 144 healthy SD rats were randomly divided into six groups: blank control group (B), model control group (M), positive medicine control group (Mp), and high-, moderate-, and low-dose Buyang Huanwu decoction groups (Hd, Md, and Ld). A pulmonary fibrosis model was established by endotracheal injection of bleomycin. On the second day of modeling, the corresponding saline, methylprednisolone suspension, and the three doses of Buyang Huanwu decoction were used to treat the 6 groups of rats by intragastric administration for 7, 14, and 28 consecutive days. After 7, 14, and 28 days of treatment, the mRNA expression of CTGF and AKT, the protein level of CTGF, p-AKT, and collagen types I and III were tested. Finally, we found that the serum collagen type I and III level in Hd, Md, and Ld rats on the 14th and 28th day and the collagen type I and III level in Hd rats on 7th day were significantly lower than in M rats (P < 0.01). The protein level of p-AKT and CTGF in Hd and Md rats on the 7th and 14th days and the protein level of p-AKT in Hd rats on the 28th day were lower than in M rats (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The level of CTGF mRNA in Hd, Md, and Ld rats and the level of AKT mRNA in Hd and Md rats on the 7th, 14th, and 28th days and the expression level of AKT mRNA in Ld rats on the 14th and 28th days were significantly lower than in M rats (P < 0.01). The study suggests that Buyang Huanwu decoction alleviated pulmonary fibrosis of rats by improvement of lung tissue morphology, low level of serum collagen types I and III, and the reduced expression of CTGF and p-AKT protein, which might be a result of its downregulated expression of CTGF and AKT mRNA levels.
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14
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Raab-Westphal S, Marshall JF, Goodman SL. Integrins as Therapeutic Targets: Successes and Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E110. [PMID: 28832494 PMCID: PMC5615325 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9090110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that are central to the biology of many human pathologies. Classically mediating cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell interaction, and with an emerging role as local activators of TGFβ, they influence cancer, fibrosis, thrombosis and inflammation. Their ligand binding and some regulatory sites are extracellular and sensitive to pharmacological intervention, as proven by the clinical success of seven drugs targeting them. The six drugs on the market in 2016 generated revenues of some US$3.5 billion, mainly from inhibitors of α4-series integrins. In this review we examine the current developments in integrin therapeutics, especially in cancer, and comment on the health economic implications of these developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Raab-Westphal
- Translational In Vivo Pharmacology, Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - John F Marshall
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Simon L Goodman
- Translational and Biomarkers Research, Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Merck KGaA, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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15
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Salazar G, Bellocchi C, Todoerti K, Saporiti F, Piacentini L, Scorza R, Colombo GI. Gene expression profiling reveals novel protective effects of Aminaphtone on ECV304 endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 782:59-69. [PMID: 27083548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aminaphtone, a drug used in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), showed a remarkable role in the modulation of several vasoactive factors, like endothelin-1 and adhesion molecules. We analysed in vitro the effects of Aminaphtone on whole-genome gene expression and production of different inflammatory proteins. ECV-304 endothelial cells were stimulated with IL-1β 100U/ml in the presence or absence of Aminaphtone 6μg/ml. Gene expression profiles were compared at 1, 3, and 6h after stimulation by microarray. Supernatants of ECV-304 cultures were analysed at 3, 6, 12, and 24h by multiplex ELISA for production of several cytokine and chemokines. Microarrays showed a significant down-regulation at all times of a wide range of inflammatory genes. Aminaphtone appeared also able to modulate the regulation of immune response process (down-regulating cytokine biosynthesis, transcripts involved in lymphocyte differentiation and cell proliferation, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction) and to regulate genes engaged in homeostasis, secretion, body fluid levels, response to hypoxia, cell division, and cell-to-cell communication and signalling. Results were confirmed and extended analysing the secretome, which showed significant reduction of the release of 14 cytokines and chemokines. These effects are predicted to be mediated by interaction with different transcription factors. Aminaphtone was able to modulate the expression of inflammatory molecules relevant to the pathogenesis of several conditions in which the endothelial dysfunction is the main player and early event, like scleroderma, lung fibrosis, or atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Salazar
- Referral Centre for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
| | - Chiara Bellocchi
- Referral Centre for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Katia Todoerti
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Centre of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Federica Saporiti
- Laboratory of Immunology and Functional Genomics, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Piacentini
- Laboratory of Immunology and Functional Genomics, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Scorza
- Referral Centre for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Gualtiero I Colombo
- Laboratory of Immunology and Functional Genomics, Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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16
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Guo X, Higgs BW, Bay-Jensen AC, Karsdal MA, Yao Y, Roskos LK, White WI. Suppression of T Cell Activation and Collagen Accumulation by an Anti-IFNAR1 mAb, Anifrolumab, in Adult Patients with Systemic Sclerosis. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2402-2409. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Farhat YM, Al-Maliki AA, Chen T, Juneja SC, Schwarz EM, O’Keefe RJ, Awad HA. Gene expression analysis of the pleiotropic effects of TGF-β1 in an in vitro model of flexor tendon healing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51411. [PMID: 23251524 PMCID: PMC3519680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexor tendon injuries are among the most challenging problems for hand surgeons and tissue engineers alike. Not only do flexor tendon injuries heal with poor mechanical strength, they can also form debilitating adhesions that may permanently impair hand function. While TGF-β1 is a necessary factor for regaining tendon strength, it is associated with scar and adhesion formation in the flexor tendons and other tissues as well as fibrotic diseases. The pleiotropic effects of TGF-β1 on tendon cells and tissue have not been characterized in detail. The goal of the present study was to identify the targets through which the effects of TGF-β1 on tendon healing could be altered. To accomplish this, we treated flexor tendon tenocytes cultured in pinned collagen gels with 1, 10 or 100 ng/mL of TGF-β1 and measured gel contraction and gene expression using RT-PCR up to 48 hours after treatment. Specifically, we studied the effects of TGF-β1 on the expression of collagens, fibronectin, proteoglycans, MMPs, MMP inhibitors, and the neotendon transcription factors, Scleraxis and Mohawk. Area contraction of the gels was not dose-dependent with the TGF-β1 concentrations tested. We observed dose-dependent downregulation of MMP-16 (MT3-MMP) and decorin, and upregulation of biglycan, collagen V, collagen XII, PAI-1, Scleraxis, and Mohawk by TGF-β1. Inter-gene analyses were also performed to further characterize the expression of ECM and MMP genes in the tenocyte-seeded collagen gels. These analyses illustrate that TGF-β1 tilts the balance of gene expression in favor of ECM synthesis rather than the matrix-remodeling MMPs, a possible means by which TGF-β1 promotes adhesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef M. Farhat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Alaa A. Al-Maliki
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Tony Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Subhash C. Juneja
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Edward M. Schwarz
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Regis J. O’Keefe
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Hani A. Awad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Topal AA, Dhurat RS. Scleroderma therapy: clinical overview of current trends and future perspective. Rheumatol Int 2012; 33:1-18. [PMID: 23011088 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-012-2486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune condition with a complex pathogenesis and a high rate of mortality and morbidity. Internal organ involvement requires interdisciplinary approach in individual patient management. New discoveries in the pathogenesis of scleroderma herald a drastic change in the traditional outlook to therapy and have led to the development of the target-based approach in management. The challenge at present is to translate these advances in molecular mechanisms into well-designed clinical trials that will recognize potential disease-modifying therapies. This article is an evidence-based review of prevailing treatment options and future therapeutic targets in systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsha A Topal
- T.N.M.C & BYL Nair Hospital, OPD 16, OPD building, Mumbai Central, Mumbai 400 008, India.
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19
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Blocking TGFβ via Inhibition of the αvβ6 Integrin: A Possible Therapy for Systemic Sclerosis Interstitial Lung Disease. Int J Rheumatol 2011; 2011:208219. [PMID: 22013449 PMCID: PMC3195527 DOI: 10.1155/2011/208219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a commonly encountered complication of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and accounts for a significant proportion of SSc-associated morbidity and mortality. Its pathogenesis remains poorly understood, and therapies that treat SSc ILD are suboptimal, at best. SSc ILD pathogenesis may share some common mechanisms with other fibrotic lung diseases, in which dysregulation of lung epithelium can contribute to pathologic fibrosis via recruitment or in situ generation and activation of fibroblasts. TGFβ, a master regulator of fibrosis, is tightly regulated in the lung by the integrin αvβ6, which is expressed at low levels on healthy alveolar epithelial cells but is highly induced in the setting of lung injury or fibrosis. Here we discuss the biology of αvβ6 and present this integrin as a potentially attractive target for inhibition in the setting of SSc ILD.
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20
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Song K, Peng S, Sun Z, Li H, Yang R. Curcumin suppresses TGF-β signaling by inhibition of TGIF degradation in scleroderma fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:821-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Katsumoto TR, Whitfield ML, Connolly MK. The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2011; 6:509-37. [PMID: 21090968 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is a rare connective tissue disease characterized by vascular and immune dysfunction, leading to fibrosis that can damage multiple organs. Its pathogenesis is complex and poorly understood. Two major clinical subtypes are the limited and diffuse forms. Research into SSc has been hampered by its rarity, its clinical heterogeneity, and the lack of mouse models that accurately recapitulate the disease. Clinical and basic studies have yielded some mechanistic clues regarding pathogenesis. Recent insights gained through the use of microarrays have revealed distinctive subsets of SSc within and beyond the limited and diffuse subsets. In this review, we discuss potential mechanisms underlying the vascular, autoimmune, and fibrotic points of dysregulation. Proper categorization of SSc patients for research studies by use of microarrays or other biomarkers is critical, as disease heterogeneity may explain some of the inconsistencies of prior studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiko R Katsumoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA.
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22
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Chen Y, Leask A, Abraham DJ, Kennedy L, Shi-Wen X, Denton CP, Black CM, Verjee LS, Eastwood M. Thrombospondin 1 is a key mediator of transforming growth factor β-mediated cell contractility in systemic sclerosis via a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent mechanism. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2011; 4:9. [PMID: 21453480 PMCID: PMC3077328 DOI: 10.1186/1755-1536-4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The mechanism underlying the ability of fibroblasts to contract a collagen gel matrix is largely unknown. Fibroblasts from scarred (lesional) areas of patients with the fibrotic disease scleroderma show enhanced ability to contract collagen relative to healthy fibroblasts. Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1), an activator of latent transforming growth factor (TGF)β, is overexpressed by scleroderma fibroblasts. In this report we investigate whether activation of latent TGFβ by TSP1 plays a key role in matrix contraction by normal and scleroderma fibroblasts. Methods We use the fibroblast populated collagen lattices (FPCL) model of matrix contraction to show that interfering with TSP1/TGFβ binding and knockdown of TSP1 expression suppressed the contractile ability of normal and scleroderma fibroblasts basally and in response to TGFβ. Previously, we have shown that ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mediates matrix contraction basally and in response to TGFβ. Results During mechanical stimulation in the FPCL system, using a multistation tensioning-culture force monitor (mst-CFM), TSP1 expression and p-ERK activation in fibroblasts are enhanced. Inhibiting TSP1 activity reduced the elevated activation of MEK/ERK and expression of key fibrogenic proteins. TSP1 also blocked platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced contractile activity and MEK/ERK activation. Conclusions TSP1 is a key mediator of matrix contraction of normal and systemic sclerosis fibroblasts, via MEK/ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Andrew Leask
- Canadian Institute of Health Research Group in Skeletal Development and Remodelling, Division of Oral Biology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Abraham
- Department of Inflammation, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Kennedy
- Canadian Institute of Health Research Group in Skeletal Development and Remodelling, Division of Oral Biology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xu Shi-Wen
- Department of Inflammation, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher P Denton
- Department of Inflammation, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Carol M Black
- Department of Inflammation, Centre for Rheumatology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Liaquat S Verjee
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Eastwood
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
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23
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Liu S, Shi-wen X, Blumbach K, Eastwood M, Denton CP, Eckes B, Krieg T, Abraham DJ, Leask A. Expression of integrin β1 by fibroblasts is required for tissue repair in vivo. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:3674-82. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.070672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In tissue repair, fibroblasts migrate into the wound to produce and remodel extracellular matrix (ECM). Integrins are believed to be crucial for tissue repair, but their tissue-specific role in this process is poorly understood. Here, we show that mice containing a fibroblast-specific deletion of integrin β1 exhibit delayed cutaneous wound closure and less granulation tissue formation, including reduced production of new ECM and reduced expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Integrin-β1-deficient fibroblasts showed reduced expression of type I collagen and connective tissue growth factor, and failed to differentiate into myofibroblasts as a result of reduced α-SMA stress fiber formation. Loss of integrin β1 in adult fibroblasts reduced their ability to adhere to, to spread on and to contract ECM. Within stressed collagen matrices, integrin-β1-deficient fibroblasts showed reduced activation of latent TGFβ. Addition of active TGFβ alleviated the phenotype of integrin-β1-deficient mice. Thus integrin β1 is essential for normal wound healing, where it acts, at least in part, through a TGFβ-dependent mechanism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangxi Liu
- The Canadian Institute of Health Research Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Division of Oral Biology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Dental Sciences Building, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Xu Shi-wen
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, UCL-Medical School (Royal Free Campus), University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Katrin Blumbach
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Street 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mark Eastwood
- Division of Biosciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Christopher P. Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, UCL-Medical School (Royal Free Campus), University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Beate Eckes
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Street 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Street 62, D-50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - David J. Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Inflammation, Division of Medicine, UCL-Medical School (Royal Free Campus), University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Andrew Leask
- The Canadian Institute of Health Research Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Division of Oral Biology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Dental Sciences Building, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
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Derrett-Smith EC, Dooley A, Khan K, Shi-wen X, Abraham D, Denton CP. Systemic vasculopathy with altered vasoreactivity in a transgenic mouse model of scleroderma. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R69. [PMID: 20398328 PMCID: PMC2888224 DOI: 10.1186/ar2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Vasculopathy, including altered vasoreactivity and abnormal large vessel biomechanics, is a hallmark of systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, the pathogenic link with other aspects of the disease is less clear. To assess the potential role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) overactivity in driving these cardiovascular abnormalities, we studied a novel transgenic mouse model characterized by ligand-dependent activation of TGF-β signaling in fibroblasts. Methods The transgenic mouse strain Tβ RIIΔk-fib is characterized by balanced ligand-dependent upregulation of TGF-β signaling. Aortic and cardiac tissues were examined with histologic, biochemical, and isolated organ bath studies. Vascular and perivascular architecture was examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and special stains including immunostaining for TGF-β1 and phospho-Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3). Confirmatory aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation, phenotype, and functional assays, including signaling responses to exogenous TGF-β and endothelin-1, were performed. Aortic ring contractile responses to direct and receptor-mediated stimulation were assessed. Results Aortic ring contractility and relaxation were diminished compared with wild-type controls, and this was associated with aortic adventitial fibrosis confirmed histologically and with Sircol assay. TGF-β1 and pSmad 2/3 expression was increased in the adventitia and smooth muscle layer of the aorta. Aortic smooth muscle cells from transgenic animals showed significant upregulation of TGF-β- responsive genes important for cytoskeletal function, such as transgelin and smoothelin, which were then resistant to further stimulation with exogenous TGF-β1. These cells promoted significantly more contraction of free floating type I collagen lattices when compared with the wild-type, but were again resistant to exogenous TGF-β1 stimulation. Aortic ring responses to receptor-mediated contraction were reduced in the transgenic animals. Specifically, bosentan reduced endothelin-mediated contraction in wild-type animals, but had no effect in transgenic animals, and endothelin axis gene expression was altered in transgenic animals. Transgenic mice developed cardiac fibrosis. Conclusions The histologic, biochemical, and functional phenotype of this transgenic mouse model of scleroderma offers insight into the altered biomechanical properties previously reported for large elastic arteries in human SSc and suggests a role for perturbed TGF-β and endothelin activity in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Derrett-Smith
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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Leask A. Thrombin-induced CCN2 expression as a target for anti-fibrotic therapy in scleroderma. J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 4:111-2. [PMID: 19957054 PMCID: PMC2876241 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SSc) is a fibrotic disease for which there is no therapy. CCN2 (connective tissue growth factor, CTGF) is a marker and mediator of fibrosis. Previously, it has been shown that thrombin induces CCN2 expression in fibroblasts. In a recent fascinating report, Bogatkevich et al. (Arthritis Rheum 60:3455–3464, 2009) show that dabigatran, an inhibitor of thrombin action, blocks the overexpression of CCN2 by scleroderma fibroblasts and reverses the contractile phenotype of these cells. These results strongly suggest that dabigatran may be a potential antifibrotic drug for the treatment of fibrosing diseases such as scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Division of Oral Biology, Department of Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Dental Sciences Building, University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada N6A 5C1
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A TGFbeta-responsive gene signature is associated with a subset of diffuse scleroderma with increased disease severity. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 130:694-705. [PMID: 19812599 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is a complex disease with widespread skin fibrosis and variable visceral organ involvement. Since transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) has been implicated in driving fibrosis in systemic sclerosis, a mechanism-derived gene expression signature was used to assay TGFbeta-responsive gene expression in the skin of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Primary dermal fibroblasts from patients with diffuse SSc (dSSc) and healthy controls were treated with TGFbeta, and the genome-wide gene expression was measured on DNA microarrays over a time course of 24 hours. Eight hundred and ninety-four probes representing 674 uniquely annotated genes were identified as TGFbeta responsive. Expression of the TGFbeta-responsive signature was examined in skin biopsies from 17 dSSc, seven limited SSc (lSSc), three morphea patients, and six healthy controls. The TGFbeta-responsive signature was expressed in 10 out of 17 dSSc skin biopsies, but was not found in lSSc, morphea, or healthy control biopsies. Expression of dSSC the TGFbeta-responsive signature stratifies patients into two major groups, one of which corresponds to the "diffuse-proliferation" intrinsic subset that showed higher modified Rodnan skin score and a higher likelihood of scleroderma lung disease. The TGFbeta-responsive signature is found in only a subset of dSSc patients who could be targeted by specific therapies.
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Sgonc R, Wick G. Pro- and anti-fibrotic effects of TGF-beta in scleroderma. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 47 Suppl 5:v5-7. [PMID: 18784145 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The University of California at Davis 200 and 206 (UCD-200/206) lines of chickens have proven to be the animal model that best reflects the situation in human SSc. We have demonstrated a misbalance of pro-fibrotic (TGF-beta1) and anti-fibrotic (TGF-beta2 and -beta3) TGF-beta isoforms as a possible cause for fibrotic alterations in this model. This opens new avenues for diagnosis and therapy for this still intractable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sgonc
- Division of Experimental Pathophysiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 4a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Liu S, Kapoor M, Leask A. Rac1 expression by fibroblasts is required for tissue repair in vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1847-56. [PMID: 19349358 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tissue repair requires that fibroblasts migrate into the wound to produce and remodel extracellular matrix, a process that requires adhesion. Failure to suppress the tissue repair program results in fibrotic disorders that are characterized by excessive adhesive signaling. The role of specific components of adhesive signaling in fibrogenic responses is unclear, but may involve small GTPases such as Rac1. To address the functions of Rac1 in fibroblasts, we generated mice containing a fibroblast-specific deletion of Rac1. These mice show delayed cutaneous wound closure, including reduced collagen production and myofibroblast formation. In cultured Rac1-deficient fibroblasts, adhesion, spreading, and migration were significantly inhibited. Rac1-deficient fibroblasts possessed impaired myofibroblast formation and function as visualized by reduced alpha-smooth muscle actin expression as well as matrix contraction. Both in vivo and in vitro, Rac1- deficient fibroblasts showed a reduced generation of reactive oxygen species; in vitro, hydrogen peroxide alleviated the phenotype of Rac1-deficient fibroblasts. Thus, Rac1 is an essential signaling integrator that is required for normal wound healing and dermal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangxi Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Division of Oral Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Canadian Institute of Health Research Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Shi-Wen X, Parapuram SK, Pala D, Chen Y, Carter DE, Eastwood M, Denton CP, Abraham DJ, Leask A. Requirement of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 for transforming growth factor β-induced α-smooth muscle actin expression and extracellular matrix contraction in fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:234-41. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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TGFbeta1 antagonistic peptides inhibit TGFbeta1-dependent angiogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:813-25. [PMID: 19041849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) in tumor promotion and in angiogenesis is context-dependent. While TGFbeta prevents tumor growth and angiogenesis in early phases of tumor development, evidence is accumulating about its pro-angiogenic and tumor promotion activities in late-stages of tumor progression. Here we have studied, in an experimental context previously reported to disclose the pro-angiogenic effects of TGFbeta, the blocking activity of TGFbeta antagonist peptides. In agreement with previous results, we have observed that TGFbeta exerts a powerful pro-angiogenic activity on human normal dermal microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC), by promoting invasion and capillary morphogenesis in Matrigel. No apoptotic activity of TGFbeta was observed. By RT-PCR we have shown that TGFbeta up-regulates expression not only of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), but also of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), whose inhibition by specific antibodies blunted the TGFbeta angiogenic response in vitro. The SMAD2/3 and FAK signaling pathways were activated by TGFbeta in MVEC, as an early and late response, respectively. The use of two different TGFbeta1 antagonist peptides, derived from TGFbeta type III receptor sequence and 15-mer phage display technology, inhibited the signaling and pro-angiogenic response in vitro, as well as uPAR and PAI-1 up-regulation of MVEC following TGFbeta challenge. The anti-angiogenic properties of both inhibitors were evident also in the in vivo TGFbeta Matrigel Sponge Assay. These results may be relevant to develop a potentially fruitful strategy for the therapy of late-stage-associated tumor angiogenesis.
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Caveolin-1, transforming growth factor-β receptor internalization, and the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008; 20:713-9. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e3283103d27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Leask A. Targeting the TGFβ, endothelin-1 and CCN2 axis to combat fibrosis in scleroderma. Cell Signal 2008; 20:1409-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is associated with transforming growth factor beta and Smad without evidence of renin-angiotensin system involvement. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58:1025-30. [PMID: 18485985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms of fibrosis associated with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) are largely unknown. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), a known profibrotic cytokine, is theorized to play a central role. The renin-angiotensin system has been linked with both TGF-beta expression and fibrosis in other organ systems. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate whether these mechanisms were involved with NSF. METHOD Eleven biopsy specimens from 8 patients with NSF were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for the expression of TGF-beta, Smad 2/3, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT1). RESULTS TGF-beta was detected in 8 of 11 samples of NSF. Smad 2/3 nuclear staining was seen in 8 of 11 samples. Conversely, only faint staining for ACE was seen in 2 of the 11 specimens. No AT1 staining was seen. LIMITATIONS We did not perform our studies on a cohort of comparable patients with renal dysfunction without NSF. Our technique may not have been sufficiently sensitive to detect renin-angiotensin system involvement. CONCLUSIONS TGF-beta, as well as its second messengers, Smad 2/3, appears to be associated with the fibrosis seen in NSF. No definitive evidence of renin-angiotensin system involvement could be determined.
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Liu S, Kapoor M, Shi‐Wen X, Kennedy L, Denton CP, Glogauer M, Abraham DJ, Leask A. Role of Rac1 in a bleomycin‐induced scleroderma model using fibroblast‐specific Rac1‐knockout mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:2189-95. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chen Y, Leask A, Abraham DJ, Pala D, Shiwen X, Khan K, Liu S, Carter DE, Wilcox-Adelman S, Goetinck P, Denton CP, Black CM, Pitsillides AA, Sarraf CE, Eastwood M. Heparan sulfate-dependent ERK activation contributes to the overexpression of fibrotic proteins and enhanced contraction by scleroderma fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:577-85. [PMID: 18240216 DOI: 10.1002/art.23146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the contribution of heparan sulfate proteoglycan and Ras/MEK/ERK to the overexpression of profibrotic proteins and the enhanced contractile ability of dermal fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). METHODS The effects of the MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126, the heparan sulfate side chain formation inhibitor beta-xyloside, and soluble heparin on the overexpression of profibrotic genes were compared in fibroblasts from lesional skin of patients with diffuse SSc and fibroblasts from healthy control subjects. Identified protein expressions were compared with the contractile abilities of fibroblasts while they resided within a collagen lattice. Forces generated were measured using a culture force monitor. RESULTS Inhibiting MEK/ERK with U0126 significantly reduced expression of a cohort of proadhesive and procontractile proteins that normally are overexpressed by scleroderma fibroblasts, including integrin alpha4 and integrin beta1. Antagonizing heparan sulfate side chain formation with beta-xyloside or the addition of soluble heparin prevented ERK activation, in addition to reducing the expression of these proadhesive/contractile proteins. Treatment with either U0126, beta-xyloside, or heparin resulted in a reduction in the overall peak contractile force generated by dermal fibroblasts. Blocking platelet-derived growth factor receptor with Gleevec (imatinib mesylate) reduced overall contractile ability and the elevated syndecan 4 expression and ERK activation in SSc fibroblasts. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that heparan sulfate-dependent ERK activation contributes to the enhanced contractile ability demonstrated by dermal fibroblasts from lesional skin of patients with scleroderma. These results are consistent with the notion that the MEK/ERK procontractile pathway is dysregulated in scleroderma dermal fibroblasts. Additionally, the results suggest that antagonizing the MEK/ERK pathway is likely to modulate heparan sulfate proteoglycan activity, which in turn may have a profound effect on the fibrotic response in SSc.
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Shi-wen X, Kennedy L, Renzoni EA, Bou-Gharios G, du Bois RM, Black CM, Denton CP, Abraham DJ, Leask A. Endothelin is a downstream mediator of profibrotic responses to transforming growth factor beta in human lung fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 56:4189-94. [PMID: 18050250 DOI: 10.1002/art.23134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibrosis is excessive scarring caused by the accumulation and contraction of extracellular matrix proteins and is a common end pathway in many chronic diseases, including scleroderma (systemic sclerosis [SSc]). Indeed, pulmonary fibrosis is a major cause of death in SSc. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) induces endothelin 1 (ET-1) in human lung fibroblasts by a Smad-independent, JNK-dependent mechanism. The goal of this study was to assess whether ET-1 is a downstream mediator of the profibrotic effects of TGFbeta in lung fibroblasts. METHODS We used a specific endothelin receptor antagonist to determine whether ET-1 is a downstream mediator of TGFbeta responses in lung fibroblasts, using microarray technology, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analyses. RESULTS The ability of TGFbeta to induce the expression of a cohort of profibrotic genes, including type I collagen, fibronectin, and CCN2, and to contract a collagen gel matrix, depends on ET-1. CONCLUSION ET-1 contributes to the ability of TGFbeta to promote a profibrotic phenotype in human lung fibroblasts, consistent with the notion that endothelin receptor antagonism may be beneficial in controlling fibrogenic responses in lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Shi-wen
- Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
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Prud'homme GJ. Pathobiology of transforming growth factor beta in cancer, fibrosis and immunologic disease, and therapeutic considerations. J Transl Med 2007; 87:1077-91. [PMID: 17724448 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a highly pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in wound healing, angiogenesis, immunoregulation and cancer. The cells of the immune system produce the TGF-beta1 isoform, which exerts powerful anti-inflammatory functions, and is a master regulator of the immune response. However, this is context dependent, because TGF-beta can contribute to the differentiation of both regulatory (suppressive) T cells (Tr cells) and inflammatory Th17 cells. While TGF-beta might be underproduced in some autoimmune diseases, it is overproduced in many pathological conditions. This includes pulmonary fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis, renal interstitial fibrosis, cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, cardiomyopathy, scleroderma and chronic graft-vs-host disease. In neoplastic disease, TGF-beta suppresses the progression of early lesions, but later this effect is lost and cancer cells produce TGF-beta, which then promotes metastasis. This cytokine also contributes to the formation of the tumor stroma, angiogenesis and immunosuppression. In view of this, several approaches are being studied to inhibit TGF-beta activity, including neutralizing antibodies, soluble receptors, receptor kinase antagonist drugs, antisense reagents and a number of less specific drugs such as angiotensin II antagonists and tranilast. It might be assumed that TGF-beta blockade would result in severe inflammatory disease, but this has not been the case, presumably because the neutralization is only partial. In contrast, the systemic administration of TGF-beta for therapeutic purposes is limited by toxicity and safety concerns, but local administration appears feasible, especially to promote wound healing. Immunotherapy or vaccination stimulating TGF-beta production and/or Tr differentiation might be applied to the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The benefits of new therapies targeting TGF-beta are under intense investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald J Prud'homme
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV-like activity mediate antifibrotic effects in normal and keloid-derived skin fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:855-66. [PMID: 17943180 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of collagen and matrix synthesis and inhibition of the fibrogenic cytokine transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) is a major therapeutic goal in the treatment of fibrosis and keloids. Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP IV)-like activity affect cell growth and cytokine production and are currently under investigation for the treatment of metabolic, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We show here that the inhibitors of DP IV-like activity, Lys[Z(NO(2))]-thiazolidide and Lys[Z(NO(2))]-pyrrolidide, suppress proliferation in human skin fibroblasts and keloid-derived skin fibroblasts in vitro. They significantly decrease TGF-beta(1) expression and secretion of procollagen type I C-terminal peptide in supernatants of both cell types. Furthermore, they abrogate the TGF-beta(1)-induced stimulation of collagen synthesis, matrix deposition, and TGF-beta(1) and fibronectin expression. Both inhibitors lead to dephosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases pp38 and pERK1/2, which are activated upon TGF-beta1 stimulation and have been implicated in fibrogenesis. In a mouse model of dermal fibrosis, induced by repetitive intracutaneous injections of TGF-beta(1), the profibrotic effect of TGF-beta(1) detected by dermal thickening, collagen I, and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression, is significantly suppressed in the presence of inhibitors. Inhibition of DP IV-like enzymatic activity may therefore represent a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of fibrotic skin disorders and keloids.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Myositis and myopathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2007; 19:651-3. [PMID: 17917548 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e3282f20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Liu S, Shi-wen X, Kennedy L, Pala D, Chen Y, Eastwood M, Carter DE, Black CM, Abraham DJ, Leask A. FAK is required for TGFbeta-induced JNK phosphorylation in fibroblasts: implications for acquisition of a matrix-remodeling phenotype. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:2169-78. [PMID: 17409352 PMCID: PMC1877111 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-12-1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) plays a critical role in connective tissue remodeling by fibroblasts during development, tissue repair, and fibrosis. We investigated the molecular pathways in the transmission of TGFbeta signals that lead to features of connective tissue remodeling, namely formation of an alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) cytoskeleton, matrix contraction, and expression of profibrotic genes. TGFbeta causes the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), leading to JNK phosphorylation. TGFbeta induces JNK-dependent actin stress fiber formation, matrix contraction, and expression of profibrotic genes in fak+/+, but not fak-/-, fibroblasts. Overexpression of MEKK1, a kinase acting upstream of JNK, rescues TGFbeta responsiveness of JNK-dependent transcripts and actin stress fiber formation in FAK-deficient fibroblasts. Thus we propose a FAK-MEKK1-JNK pathway in the transmission of TGFbeta signals leading to the control of alpha-SMA cytoskeleton reorganization, matrix contraction, and profibrotic gene expression and hence to the physiological and pathological effects of TGFbeta on connective tissue remodeling by fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangxi Liu
- *Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Division of Oral Biology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Xu Shi-wen
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, United Kingdom NW3 2PF
| | - Laura Kennedy
- *Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Division of Oral Biology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Daphne Pala
- *Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Division of Oral Biology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Yunliang Chen
- School of Biosciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom, W1W 6UW; and
| | - Mark Eastwood
- School of Biosciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom, W1W 6UW; and
| | | | - Carol M. Black
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, United Kingdom NW3 2PF
| | - David J. Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, United Kingdom NW3 2PF
| | - Andrew Leask
- *Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Division of Oral Biology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
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