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B Cell Involvement in the Pathogenesis of Ankylosing Spondylitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413325. [PMID: 34948121 PMCID: PMC8703482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research into ankylosing spondylitis (AS) has suggested the major role of genetics, immune reactions, and the joint-gut axis in its etiology, although an ultimate consensus does not yet exist. The available evidence indicates that both autoinflammation and T-cell-mediated autoimmune processes are actively involved in the disease process of AS. So far, B cells have received relatively little attention in AS pathogenesis; this is largely due to a lack of conventional disease-defining autoantibodies. However, against prevailing dogma, there is a growing body of evidence suggestive of B cell involvement. This is illustrated by disturbances in circulating B cell populations and the formation of auto-reactive and non-autoreactive antibodies, along with B cell infiltrates within the axial skeleton of AS patients. Furthermore, the depletion of B cells, using rituximab, displayed beneficial results in a subgroup of patients with AS. This review provides an overview of our current knowledge of B cells in AS, and discusses their potential role in its pathogenesis. An overarching picture portrays increased B cell activation in AS, although it is unclear whether B cells directly affect pathogenesis, or are merely bystanders in the disease process.
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Ankylosing spondylitis: an autoimmune or autoinflammatory disease? Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:387-404. [PMID: 34113018 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology. Unlike other systemic autoimmune diseases, in AS, the innate immune system has a dominant role characterized by aberrant activity of innate and innate-like immune cells, including γδ T cells, group 3 innate lymphoid cells, neutrophils, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and mast cells, at sites predisposed to the disease. The intestine is involved in disease manifestations, as it is at the forefront of the interaction between the mucosal-associated immune cells and the intestinal microbiota. Similarly, biomechanical factors, such as entheseal micro-trauma, might also be involved in the pathogenesis of the articular manifestation of AS, and sentinel immune cells located in the entheses could provide links between local damage, genetic predisposition and the development of chronic inflammation. Although these elements might support the autoinflammatory nature of AS, studies demonstrating the presence of autoantibodies (such as anti-CD74, anti-sclerostin and anti-noggin antibodies) and evidence of activation and clonal expansion of T cell populations support an autoimmune component to the disease. This Review presents the evidence for autoinflammation and the evidence for autoimmunity in AS and, by discussing the pathophysiological factors associated with each, aims to reconcile the two hypotheses.
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Wilbrink R, Spoorenberg A, Arends S, van der Geest KSM, Brouwer E, Bootsma H, Kroese FGM, Verstappen GM. CD27 -CD38 lowCD21 low B-Cells Are Increased in Axial Spondyloarthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:686273. [PMID: 34168654 PMCID: PMC8217653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cells have received little attention in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and for this reason their role in pathogenesis remains unclear. However, there are indications that B-cells may be involved in the disease process. Our objective was to obtain insights into the composition of the peripheral B-cell compartment of axSpA patients compared to healthy donors (HD) and patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS), a typical B-cell-associated autoimmune disease. Special emphasis was given to CD27-negative B-cells expressing low levels of CD21 (CD21low B-cells), since this subset is implicated in autoimmune diseases with strong involvement of B-cells. Transitional B-cells (CD38hi) were excluded from the analysis of the CD27-CD21low B-cell compartment. This study included 45 axSpA patients, 20 pSS patients and 30 HDs. Intriguingly, compared to HDs the frequency of CD27-CD38lowCD21low B-cells was significantly elevated in both axSpA and pSS patients (P<0.0001 for both comparisons). The frequency of CD27-CD38lowCD21low B-cells expressing the activation-induced immune markers T-bet and CD11c was decreased in axSpA patients compared to HDs. A higher proportion of CD27-CD38lowCD21low B-cells expressed the chemokine receptor CXCR3 in axSpA compared to HDs, suggestive for active involvement of these cells in an inflammatory process. The frequency of CD27-CD38lowCD21low B-cells in axSpA patients correlated positively with age and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Furthermore, axSpA patients with extra-skeletal manifestations (ESM) showed increased frequencies of CD27-CD38lowCD21low B-cells compared to patients without ESM. In conclusion, our findings are suggestive of active B-cell involvement in the pathogenesis of axSpA, against prevailing dogma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Wilbrink
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anneke Spoorenberg
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Arends
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kornelis S M van der Geest
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Brouwer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hendrika Bootsma
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Kroese
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gwenny M Verstappen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Pipi E, Nayar S, Gardner DH, Colafrancesco S, Smith C, Barone F. Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: Autoimmunity Goes Local. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1952. [PMID: 30258435 PMCID: PMC6143705 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are frequently observed in target organs of autoimmune diseases. TLS present features of secondary lymphoid organs such as segregated T and B cell zones, presence of follicular dendritic cell networks, high endothelial venules and specialized lymphoid fibroblasts and display the mechanisms to support local adaptive immune responses toward locally displayed antigens. TLS detection in the tissue is often associated with poor prognosis of disease, auto-antibody production and malignancy development. This review focuses on the contribution of TLS toward the persistence of the inflammatory drive, the survival of autoreactive lymphocyte clones and post-translational modifications, responsible for the pathogenicity of locally formed autoantibodies, during autoimmune disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pipi
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Experimental Medicine Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapeutic Area, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Saba Nayar
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David H Gardner
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Charlotte Smith
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Barone
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Kim JY, Yoon HK, Song ST, Park SR, Shim SC. Expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase splicing variants in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Autoimmunity 2017; 50:435-440. [DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2017.1385777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Daejeon Rheumatoid and Degenerative Arthritis Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Taek Song
- Department of Rheumatology, Cheongju St. Mary's Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Rae Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Shim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Daejeon Rheumatoid and Degenerative Arthritis Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Rituximab therapy for ankylosing spondylitis associated to demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Joint Bone Spine 2016; 83:105-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shan Y, Qi C, Zhao J, Liu Y, Gao H, Zhao D, Ding F, Wang J, Jiang Y. Higher frequency of peripheral blood follicular regulatory T cells in patients with new onset ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:154-61. [PMID: 25345823 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Shan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Changlin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Jixue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Ding Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Fupeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Yanfang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research; Ministry of Education; The First Hospital of Jilin University; Changchun China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses; Yangzhou China
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Sheen DH, Kim JY, Lee SY, Lim MK, Yoo SJ, Yoo IS, Kim J, Kang SW, Shim SC. Restoration of overexpressed variable heavy chain 2 transcripts with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 2014; 41:613-4. [PMID: 24585525 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.131195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Huyk Sheen
- Department of Medicine, Eulji Med-Bio Research Institute, Eulji University
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Xiao F, Zhang HY, Liu YJ, Zhao D, Shan YX, Jiang YF. Higher frequency of peripheral blood interleukin 21 positive follicular helper T cells in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 2013; 40:2029-37. [PMID: 24187103 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.130125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of follicular Th (TFH) cells remains unclear in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Our study examined the frequency of different subsets of circulating CXCR5+CD4+ T cells in patients with AS before and after receiving therapy. METHODS Percentages of peripheral blood inducible costimulator (ICOS)+, programmed death 1 (PD-1)+, and interleukin 21 (IL-21)+ CXCR5+CD4+ T cells in 26 patients with AS and 12 healthy controls (HC) were examined by flow cytometry, and the disease activity of individual patients was measured by Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). The concentrations of serum IL-21, IgG, IgA, IgM, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were examined and the values of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were measured. The potential association among these measures was analyzed. RESULTS In comparison with that in HC, significantly increased percentages of CXCR5+CD4+, CXCR5+CD4+PD-1+, and CXCR5+CD4+IL-21+, but not CXCR5+CD4+ICOS+ and PD-1+ICOS+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells, and elevated concentrations of serum IL-21 were detected in patients with AS (p = 0.001, p = 0.012, p < 0.001, p = 0.233, p = 0.216, p < 0.001, respectively). Treatment with meloxicam, thalidomide, and etanercept for 1 month significantly reduced percentages of IL-21+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells and concentrations of serum IL-21 (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively), accompanied by significantly minimized disease activity in drug responders, but not in the drug nonresponders. Further, percentages of IL-21+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells were positively correlated with BASDAI in patients (r = 0.6, p = 0.0012) and in the drug-responders 1 month after treatment (r = 0.68, p = 0.005), while the percentages of PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells were negatively correlated with BASDAI (r = -0.58, p = 0.0018). CONCLUSION These data suggest that IL-21+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells may be associated with development of AS and that the frequency of IL-21+CXCR5+CD4+ T cells may be a biomarker for evaluation of disease activity and drug responses in patients with AS, particularly in drug-responding patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- From the Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, the Second Part of First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130032, China
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Wendling D, Dougados M, Berenbaum F, Brocq O, Schaeverbeke T, Mazieres B, Marcelli C, Leparc JM, Bertin P, Robin M, Sibilia J, Lafforgue P, Prati C, Combe B, Gottenberg JE. Rituximab treatment for spondyloarthritis. A nationwide series: data from the AIR registry of the French Society of Rheumatology. J Rheumatol 2012; 39:2327-31. [PMID: 22896028 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.120201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of rituximab (RTX) in several subsets of spondyloarthritis (SpA) using the data of the AIR (Autoimmunity and Rituximab) registry. METHODS All patients receiving RTX for SpA, and prospectively included in the AIR registry from September 2005 to September 2010, were retrospectively analyzed. The response to treatment was evaluated by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index for axial disease, joint count for peripheral disease, and C-reactive protein reduction. RESULTS Among the 595 patients included in the AIR registry, 26 patients with SpA from 13 centers were reported: ankylosing spondylitis (10), undifferentiated SpA (7), and psoriatic arthritis (9). Mean disease duration was 8.8 years (range 1-40). The extraarticular features found were psoriasis, 12 cases; uveitis, 4 cases; and Crohn's disease, 3 cases. The mean number of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs before RTX was 2.4; previous anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents were taken in 23 cases. The mean number of RTX courses was 1.5 (range 1-5), with a total of 35.6 patient-years. Efficacy was noted in 11/23 cases: 3 out of 3 anti-TNF-naive patients and 8 out of 20 anti-TNF nonresponder patients. No predictive factors of response could be identified, particularly in diagnosis subsets or clinical presentation (axial or peripheral). CONCLUSION In this nationwide study of several subsets of SpA, RTX had only a moderate efficacy that was more marked in patients who were anti-TNF-naive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wendling
- Department of Rheumatology, CHU de Besançon, and EA 4266, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France.
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Cantaert T, Doorenspleet ME, FrancoSalinas G, Paramarta JE, Klarenbeek PL, Tiersma Y, van der Loos CM, De Vries N, Tak PP, Baeten DL. Increased numbers of CD5+ B lymphocytes with a regulatory phenotype in spondylarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1859-68. [DOI: 10.1002/art.34364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chevigné A, Fischer A, Mathu J, Counson M, Beaupain N, Plesséria JM, Schmit JC, Deroo S. Selection of a CXCR4 antagonist from a human heavy chain CDR3-derived phage library. FEBS J 2011; 278:2867-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
SUMMARYPatients with chronic Chagas' Heart Disease (cChHD) develop an antibody response that is suspected to be involved in the cardiac pathogenesis. The response againstTrypanosoma cruziribosomal P proteins is of particular interest, as these antibodies can cross-react with host cardiac receptors causing electrophysiological alterations. To better understand the humoral anti-P response we constructed a single-chain variable fragment library derived from a cChHD patient. The variable heavy and light regions were amplified from bone-marrow RNA and subcloned into the vector pComb3X. The phage library was subsequently panned againstT. cruziribosomal P2βprotein (TcP2β). We obtained 3 different human recombinant antibodies that specifically reacted with TcP2βin ELISA and Western blots. Two of them reacted with the C-terminal region of TcP2β, peptide R13, as the recombinant autoanti-P antibodies from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients. Interestingly, the third one was specific for TcP2βbut did not recognize R13, confirming the specific nature of the anti-P response in Chagas disease. Neither sequence nor VH usage similarities between Chagas and SLE anti-P autoantibodies were observed. Herein, the first human mAbs against TcP2βhave been obtained and characterized showing that the humoral anti-P response is directed against the parasite and does not include an autoimmune component.
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Stoll ML. Interactions of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2011; 29:322-30. [PMID: 21269576 PMCID: PMC3266164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The immune system can be divided into the innate and adaptive arms. Historically, most of the research into the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis (SpA) and other types of chronic arthritis focused on the adaptive immune system. Recently, the pendulum has shifted, and much current work in SpA focuses on innate immunity. Herein, I summarise evidence demonstrating that both the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system are involved in the pathogenesis of SpA, propose a mechanism in which both arms interact to maintain chronic arthritis, and discuss potential research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Stoll
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA.
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Somers K, Geusens P, Elewaut D, De Keyser F, Rummens JL, Coenen M, Blom M, Stinissen P, Somers V. Novel autoantibody markers for early and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:33-46. [PMID: 21071175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kim YJ, Kim NY, Lee MK, Choi HJ, Baek HJ, Nam CH. Overexpression and unique rearrangement of VH2 transcripts in immunoglobulin variable heavy chain genes in ankylosing spondylitis patients. Exp Mol Med 2010; 42:319-26. [PMID: 20177145 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.5.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify immunoglobulin variable heavy chain (VH) gene usages in Korean ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients, expression level of VH2 genes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 8 AS patients and 9 healthy donors was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR). Q-PCR results demonstrated VH2 genes were overexpressed in AS patients (Relative amount of mRNA of VH2 genes to a house-keeping gene, 7.13+/-7.77 vs, 0.68+/-0.55; P<0.0001). The sequence analysis revealed the majority of them contained CDC42 binding protein kinase Beta (CDC42 BPB) genes. The insertion of CDC42 BPB gene was confirmed by PCR with primers corresponding CDC42 BPB and CH genes. Our study revealed VH2 overexpression and unique rearrangement in Ig VH genes from peripheral blood of AS patients. This may imply aberrant immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in B cell occurs in Korean AS patients, which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Joo Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology - Europe Forschungsges. mbH Saarbücken, Germany
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Foreman AL, Foreman AL, Lemercier B, Foreman AL, Lemercier B, Lim A, Kourlisky P, Kenny T, Gershwin ME, Foreman AL, Lemercier B, Lim A, Kourlisky P, Kenny T, Gershwin ME, Gougeon ML, Foreman AL, Lemercier B, Lim A, Kourlisky P, Kenny T, Gershwin ME, Gougeon ML. VH gene usage and CDR3 analysis of B cell receptor in the peripheral blood of patients with PBC. Autoimmunity 2009; 41:80-6. [DOI: 10.1080/08916930701619656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bennett JL, Haubold K, Ritchie AM, Edwards SJ, Burgoon M, Shearer AJ, Gilden DH, Owens GP. CSF IgG heavy-chain bias in patients at the time of a clinically isolated syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 199:126-32. [PMID: 18547652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using FACS and single cell reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, we examined the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IgG VH repertoires from 10 subjects with a clinically isolated demyelinating syndrome (CIS). B and plasma cell repertoires from individual subjects showed similar VH family germline usage, nearly identical levels of post-germinal center somatic hypermutation, and significant overlap in their clonal populations. Repertoires from 7 of 10 CIS subjects demonstrated a biased usage of VH4 and/or VH2 family gene segments in their plasma or B cell repertoires. V-regionbias, however, was not observed in the corresponding peripheral blood CD19+ B cell repertoires from 2 CIS subjects or in normal healthy adults. Clinically, subjects with VH4 or VH2 CSF IgG repertoire bias rapidly progressed to definite MS, whereas individuals without repertoire bias did not develop MS after a minimum of 2 years of follow-up (p=0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Bennett
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, United States.
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Foreman AL, Van de Water J, Gougeon ML, Gershwin ME. B cells in autoimmune diseases: insights from analyses of immunoglobulin variable (Ig V) gene usage. Autoimmun Rev 2007; 6:387-401. [PMID: 17537385 PMCID: PMC2094701 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of B cells in autoimmune diseases has not been fully elucidated. It is also unclear whether breaking of B cell tolerance in patients with autoimmune diseases is due to underlying defects in the molecular mechanisms involved in the arrangement of antibody genes or deficiencies in the subsequent selective influences that shape the antibody repertoire. Analysis of immunoglobulin (Ig) variable (V) gene usage is beginning to provide answers to some of these questions. Such analyses have identified some differences in the basic Ig V gene repertoire of patients with autoimmune diseases compared to healthy controls, even though none of these differences can be considered major. Defects in positive and negative selection, mutational targeting and, in some cases, receptor editing have also been detected. In addition, analysis of Ig V gene usage in target organs and tissues of patients with autoimmune diseases has clearly demonstrated that there is a highly compartmentalized clonal expansion of B cells driven by a limited number of antigens in these tissues. Great progress has been made in the structural and functional characterization of disease-associated antibodies, largely because of the development of the combinatorial library technique. Use of antibodies generated by this technique offers great promise in identifying B cell epitopes on known target antigens and in gaining greater insights into the pathogenic role of B cells in both B and T cell mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lee Foreman
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Silverman GJ. Therapeutic B cell depletion and regeneration in rheumatoid arthritis: emerging patterns and paradigms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2356-67. [PMID: 16868991 DOI: 10.1002/art.22020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Eurelings M, Notermans NC, Lokhorst HM, van Kessel B, Jacobs BC, Wokke JHJ, Sahota SS, Bloem AC. Immunoglobulin gene analysis in polyneuropathy associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathy. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 175:152-9. [PMID: 16600385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antineural antibody activity is the implicated pathogenic mechanism in polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy. Recognition of antigen depends on immunoglobulin variable regions, encoded by V genes. We studied V(H)DJ(H) and V(L)J(L) gene use in monoclonal B cells by clonal analysis in 20 patients with polyneuropathy and IgM monoclonal gammopathy. V genes associated with bacterial responses appear over-represented and V(H)3-23 was preferentially used, without association with specific D, J(H) or V(L)J(L). V genes revealed somatic mutation and intraclonal variation was found in 9 of 20 patients. Polyneuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy may be caused by an immune response to bacterial antigens, which recruit somatically mutated autoreactive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Eurelings
- Department of Neurology, the Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kotlan B, Simsa P, Teillaud JL, Fridman WH, Toth J, McKnight M, Glassy MC. Novel Ganglioside Antigen Identified by B Cells in Human Medullary Breast Carcinomas: The Proof of Principle Concerning the Tumor-Infiltrating B Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:2278-85. [PMID: 16081796 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The potential tumor-recognizing capacity of B cells infiltrating human breast carcinoma is an important aspect of breast cancer biology. As an experimental system, we used human medullary breast carcinoma because of its heavy B lymphocytic infiltration paralleled to a relatively better prognosis. Ig-rearranged V region V(H)-J(H), Vkappa-Jkappa, and Vlambda-Jlambda genes, amplified by RT-PCR of the infiltrating B cells, were cloned, sequenced, and subjected to a comparative DNA analysis. A combinatorial single-chain variable fragment Ab minilibrary was constructed out of randomly selected V(H) and Vkappa clones and tested for binding activity. Our data analysis revealed that some of the V(H)-J(H), Vkappa-Jkappa, and Vlambda-Jlambda region sequences were being assigned to clusters with oligoclonal predominance, while other characteristics of the Ab repertoire were defined also. A tumor-restricted binder clone could be selected out of the single-chain variable fragment kappa minilibrary tested against membrane fractions of primary breast tumor cells and tumor cell lines, the V(H) of which proved to be the overexpressed V(H)3-1 cluster. The specific binding was confirmed by FACS analysis with primary breast carcinoma cells and MDA-MB 231 cell line. ELISA and thin layer chromatography dot-blot experiments showed this target Ag to be a ganglioside D3 (GD3). Our results are a proof of principle about the capacity of B cells infiltrating breast carcinomas to reveal key cancer-related Ags, such as the GD3. GD3-specific Abs may influence tumor cell progression and could be used for further development of diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- COS Cells
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/immunology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Medullary/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Medullary/immunology
- Carcinoma, Medullary/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Clone Cells
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Gangliosides/chemistry
- Gangliosides/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Light Chain
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/isolation & purification
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/isolation & purification
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/isolation & purification
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Peptide Library
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Kotlan
- National Medical Center/Institute of Haematology and Immunology, Budapest, Hungary
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Jimenez-Boj E, Redlich K, Türk B, Hanslik-Schnabel B, Wanivenhaus A, Chott A, Smolen JS, Schett G. Interaction between Synovial Inflammatory Tissue and Bone Marrow in Rheumatoid Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:2579-88. [PMID: 16081832 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) leads to destruction of cartilage and bone. Whether rheumatoid arthritis also affects the adjacent bone marrow is less clear. In this study, we investigated subcortical bone marrow changes in joints from patients with RA. We describe penetration of the cortical barrier by synovial inflammatory tissue, invasion into the bone marrow cavity and formation of mononuclear cell aggregates with B cells as the predominant cell phenotype. B cells expressed common B cell markers, such as CD20, CD45RA, and CD79a, and were mature B cells, as indicated by CD27 expression. Plasma cells were also present and were enriched in the regions between aggregates and inflammatory tissue. Moreover, molecules for B cell chemoattraction, such as BCA-1 and CCL-21, homing, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 and survival, BAFF, were expressed. Endosteal bone next to subcortical bone marrow aggregates showed an accumulation of osteoblasts and osteoid deposition. In summary, we show that synovial inflammatory tissue can reach the adjacent bone marrow by fully breaking the cortical barrier, which results in formation of B cell-rich aggregates as well as increased formation of new bone. This suggests that bone marrow is an additional compartment in the disease process of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Jimenez-Boj
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Takhar P, Smurthwaite L, Coker HA, Fear DJ, Banfield GK, Carr VA, Durham SR, Gould HJ. Allergen drives class switching to IgE in the nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5024-32. [PMID: 15814733 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IgE-expressing B cells are over 1000 times more frequent in the nasal B cell than the peripheral blood B cell population. We have investigated the provenance of these B cells in the nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis. It is generally accepted that expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase and class switch recombination (CSR) occur in lymphoid tissue, implying that IgE-committed B cells must migrate through the circulation to the nasal mucosa. Our detection of mRNA for activation-induced cytidine, multiple germline gene transcripts, and epsilon circle transcripts in the nasal mucosa of allergic, in contrast to nonallergic control subjects, however, indicates that local CSR occurs in allergic rhinitis. The germline gene transcripts and epsilon circle transcripts in grass pollen-allergic subjects are up-regulated during the season and also when biopsies from allergic subjects are incubated with the allergen ex vivo. These results demonstrate that allergen stimulates local CSR to IgE, revealing a potential target for topical therapies in allergic rhinitis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Allergens/administration & dosage
- B-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Base Sequence
- Case-Control Studies
- Cytidine Deaminase
- Cytosine Deaminase/genetics
- Cytosine Deaminase/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Class Switching
- Immunoglobulin E/genetics
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nasal Mucosa/enzymology
- Nasal Mucosa/immunology
- Nasal Mucosa/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/enzymology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/genetics
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/pathology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/enzymology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/genetics
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/pathology
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Takhar
- The Randall Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
B lymphocytes play several critical roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. They are the source of the rheumatoid factors and anticitrullinated protein antibodies, which contribute to immune complex formation and complement activation in the joints. B cells are also very efficient antigen-presenting cells, and can contribute to T cell activation through expression of costimulatory molecules. B cells both respond to and produce the chemokines and cytokines that promote leukocyte infiltration into the joints, formation of ectopic lymphoid structures, angiogenesis, and synovial hyperplasia. The success of B cell depletion therapy in rheumatoid arthritis may depend on disruption of all these diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg J Silverman
- Rheumatic Disease Core Center and Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Collins AM, Sewell WA, Edwards MR. Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement, repertoire diversity, and the allergic response. Pharmacol Ther 2003; 100:157-70. [PMID: 14609718 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The immunoglobulin repertoire arises as a consequence of combinatorial diversity, junctional diversity, and the process of somatic point mutation. Each of these processes involves biases that limit and shape the available immunoglobulin repertoire. The expressed repertoire is further shaped by selection, to the extent that biased gene usage can become apparent in many disease states. The study of rearranged immunoglobulin genes therefore may not only provide insights into the molecular processes involved in the generation of antibody diversity but also inform us of pathogenic processes and perhaps identify particular lymphocyte clones as therapeutic targets. Partly as a consequence of the low numbers of circulating IgE-committed B-cells, studies of rearranged IgE genes in allergic individuals have commenced relatively recently. In this review, recent advances in our understanding of the processes of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and somatic point mutation are described, and biases inherent to these processes are discussed. The evidence that some diseases may be associated with particular gene rearrangements is then considered, with a particular focus on allergic disease. Reviewed data suggest that an important contribution to the IgE response may come from cells that use relatively rare heavy chain V (V(H)) segment genes, which display little somatic point mutation. Some IgE antibodies also seem to display polyreactive binding. In other contexts, these 3 characteristics have been associated with antibodies of the B-1 B-cell subset, and the possibility that B-1 B-cells contribute to the allergic response is therefore considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Collins
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Wündisch T, Neubauer A, Stolte M, Ritter M, Thiede C. B-cell monoclonality is associated with lymphoid follicles in gastritis. Am J Surg Pathol 2003; 27:882-7. [PMID: 12826879 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200307000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The gold standard for diagnosis of gastric MALT lymphoma is histopathology. Polymerase chain reaction-based assays to detect the expansion of monoclonal B cells have also been used to corroborate the diagnosis. However, there are conflicting data on monoclonal B-cell expansion in gastritis. We asked about its frequency in graded gastritis cases. Lymphocytic infiltration in gastric biopsies was graded according to Wotherspoon in 129 cases. The histologic diagnosis ranged from normal gastric mucosa to suspicious for gastric MALT lymphoma. To search for a monoclonal B-cell population, a semi-nested polymerase chain reaction strategy was used for amplification of rearranged VDJ sequences of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. Of 106 evaluable samples, 18 were found to be monoclonal. The detection of a monoclonal B-cell population was strongly associated with the presence of lymphoid follicles. In cases with lymphoid follicles, detection of monoclonality was independent of Wotherspoon grading; there is no significant difference between cases being suspicious for lymphoma and those not. We found B-cell monoclonality to be a more frequent than expected finding in gastritis and to be strongly associated with the presence of lymphoid follicles; thus, its presence is of little significance in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wündisch
- Klinik für Hämatologie, Onkologie und Immunologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany.
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28
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