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Yamada S, Nagafuchi Y, Fujio K. Pathophysiology and stratification of treatment-resistant rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Med 2024; 47:12-23. [PMID: 37462450 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2023.2235734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and timely therapeutic intervention are clinical challenges of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), especially for treatment-resistant or difficult-to-treat patients. Little is known about the immunological mechanisms involved in refractory RA. In this review, we summarize previous research findings on the immunological mechanisms of treatment-resistant RA. Genetic prediction of treatment-resistant RA is challenging. Patients with and without anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide autoantibodies are considered part of distinct subgroups, especially regarding long-term clinical prognosis and treatment responses. B cells, T cells and other immune cells and fibroblasts are of pathophysiological importance and are associated with treatment responses. Finally, we propose a new hypothesis that stratifies patients with RA into two subgroups with distinct immunological pathologies based on our recent immunomics analysis of RA. One RA subgroup with a favorable prognosis is characterized by increased interferon signaling. Another subgroup with a worse prognosis is characterized by enhanced acquired immune responses. Increases in dendritic cell precursors and diversified autoreactive anti-modified protein antibodies may have pathophysiological roles, especially in the latter subgroup. These findings that improve treatment response predictions might contribute to future precision medicine for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Yamada
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nagafuchi
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Functional Genomics and Immunological Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Slavick A, Furer V, Polachek A, Tzemach R, Elkayam O, Gertel S. Circulating and Synovial Monocytes in Arthritis and Ex-Vivo Model to Evaluate Therapeutic Modulation of Synovial Monocytes. Immunol Invest 2023; 52:832-855. [PMID: 37615125 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2023.2247438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes are innate immune cells that play a dual role in protection of host against pathogens and initiation and perpetuation of inflammatory disorders including joint diseases. During inflammation, monocytes migrate from peripheral blood to tissues via chemokine receptors where they produce inflammatory factors. Monocytes are classified into three subsets, namely: classical, intermediate and non-classical, each subset has particular function. Synovium of patients with inflammatory joint diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis as well as osteoarthritis, is enriched by monocytes that differ from circulatory ones by distinct subsets distribution. Several therapeutic agents used systemically or locally through intra-articular injections in arthritis management modulate monocyte subsets. This scoping review summarized the existing literature delineating the effect of common therapeutic agents used in arthritis management on circulating and synovial monocytes/macrophages. As certain agents have an inhibitory effect on monocytes, we propose to test their potential to inhibit synovial monocytes via an ex-vivo platform based on cultured synovial fluid mononuclear cells derived from patients with rheumatic diseases. Information obtained from the ex-vivo platform can be applied to explore the therapeutic potential of medications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Slavick
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Victoria Furer
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ari Polachek
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Reut Tzemach
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ori Elkayam
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Smadar Gertel
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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3
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Hsu P, Choi, EJ, Patel, SA, Wong, WH, Olvera, JG, Yao, P, Liu YC, Tsai MS, Wang W, Boland BS, Chang JT. Responsiveness to Vedolizumab Therapy in Ulcerative Colitis is Associated With Alterations in Immune Cell-Cell Communications. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023; 29:1602-1612. [PMID: 37235748 PMCID: PMC10547234 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease are 2 types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a group of chronic digestive disorders caused by aberrant immune responses to intestinal microbes. Although changes in the composition of immune cell subsets in the context of IBD have been previously described, the interactions and communication among cells are less well understood. Moreover, the precise mechanisms of action underlying many biologic therapies, including the anti-α4β7 integrin antagonist vedolizumab, remain incompletely understood. Our study aimed to explore possible additional mechanisms through which vedolizumab acts. METHODS We performed cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) on peripheral blood and colon immune cells derived from patients with ulcerative colitis treated with the anti-α4β7 integrin antagonist vedolizumab. We applied a previously published computational approach, NicheNet, to predict immune cell-cell interactions, revealing putative ligand-receptor pairs and key transcriptional changes downstream of these cell-cell communications (CCC). RESULTS We observed decreased proportions of T helper 17 (TH17) cells in UC patients who responded to vedolizumab and therefore focused the study on identifying cell-cell communications and signals of TH17 cells with other immune cells. For example, we observed that colon TH17 cells from vedolizumab nonresponders were predicted to have a greater degree of interactions with classical monocytes compared with responders, whereas colon TH17 cells from vedolizumab responders exhibited more interactions with myeloid dendritic cells compared with nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results indicate that efforts to elucidate cell-cell communications among immune and nonimmune cell types may increase the mechanistic understanding of current and investigational therapies for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hsu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eunice J Choi,
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shefali A Patel,
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - William H Wong,
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jocelyn G Olvera,
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Priscilla Yao,
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yi Chia Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Matthew S Tsai
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Brigid S Boland
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Jennifer Moreno Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
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4
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Chen SF, Yeh FC, Chen CY, Chang HY. Tailored therapeutic decision of rheumatoid arthritis using proteomic strategies: how to start and when to stop? Clin Proteomics 2023; 20:22. [PMID: 37301840 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-023-09411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Unpredictable treatment responses have been an obstacle for the successful management of rheumatoid arthritis. Although numerous serum proteins have been proposed, there is a lack of integrative survey to compare their relevance in predicting treatment outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis. Also, little is known about their applications in various treatment stages, such as dose modification, drug switching or withdrawal. Here we present an in-depth exploration of the potential usefulness of serum proteins in clinical decision-making and unveil the spectrum of immunopathology underlying responders to different drugs. Patients with robust autoimmunity and inflammation are more responsive to biological treatments and prone to relapse during treatment de-escalation. Moreover, the concentration changes of serum proteins at the beginning of the treatments possibly assist early recognition of treatment responders. With a better understanding of the relationship between the serum proteome and treatment responses, personalized medicine in rheumatoid arthritis will be more achievable in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Fu Chen
- Department of Heavy Particles & Radiation Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chiang Yeh
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yin Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan, 320317, Taiwan.
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Zhang X, Ramos-Rivers C, Prathapan K, Wang X, Tang G, Kim S, Binion DG. Peripheral Blood Monocytosis Is Associated With Long-Term Disease Severity in Pediatric-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 76:756-762. [PMID: 36827967 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Peripheral blood monocytosis (PBM) is a marker of increased disease severity in adults with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). We sought to determine whether PBM serves as a prognostic biomarker in patients with pediatric-onset IBD for a more aggressive long-term disease course when followed into adulthood. METHODS Patients with pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease were identified within an adult tertiary care center, within a consented, prospectively collected natural history disease registry, to compare clinical outcomes between patients with and without PBM from the years 2009 to 2019. Patients demonstrating elevation in PBM at any time defined membership and long-term clinical trajectories were compared with pediatric-onset patients without PBM. RESULTS A total of 581 patients with IBD, diagnosed by 18 years of age, were identified for inclusion, of which 440 patients were diagnosed with Crohn disease and 141 with ulcerative colitis. Monocytosis was detected by complete blood cell counts in 40.1% of patients. PBM was associated with steroid and biologic exposure, number of IBD-related surgeries, and increased health care utilization. Multivariate logistic regression analyses, accounting for elevation of inflammatory markers and other values associated with acute disease activity as well as steroid use, showed persistently increased odds of biologic exposure, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations, but not surgeries, after detection of monocytosis. CONCLUSIONS Within patients with pediatric-onset IBD, the sub-cohort with PBM had associated worse clinical outcomes and other markers of increased disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Zhang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Indiana University, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Claudia Ramos-Rivers
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | - Gong Tang
- the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sandra Kim
- the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - David G Binion
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA
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Talmon M, Percio M, Obeng JA, Ruffinatti FA, Sola D, Sainaghi PP, Bellis E, Cusinato S, Ianniello A, Fresu LG. Transcriptomic profile comparison of monocytes from rheumatoid arthritis patients in treatment with methotrexate, anti-TNFa, abatacept or tocilizumab. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282564. [PMID: 36877690 PMCID: PMC9987802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have distinct susceptibility to the different biologic DMARDs available on the market, probably because of the many facets of the disease. Monocytes are deeply involved in the pathogenesis of RA and we therefore evaluated and compared the transcriptomic profile of monocytes isolated from patients on treatment with methotrexate alone or in combination with tocilizumab, anti-TNFα or abatacept and from healthy donors. Whole-genome transcriptomics yielded a list of regulated genes by Rank Product statistics and DAVID was then used for functional annotation enrichment analysis. Last, data were validated by qRT-PCR. Abatacept, tocilizumab and anti-TNFa cohorts were separately compared with methotrexate, leading to the identification of 78, 6, and 436 differentially expressed genes, respectively. The upper-most ranked genes were related to inflammatory processes and immune responses. Such an approach draws the genomic profile of monocytes in treated RA patients and lays the basis for finding gene signature for tailored therapeutic choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Talmon
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marcella Percio
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Joyce Afrakoma Obeng
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Sola
- Struttura Complessa Allergologia ed Immunologia, CAAD Ipazia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Struttura Complessa Allergologia ed Immunologia, CAAD Ipazia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Emanuela Bellis
- Day Hospital Multidisciplinare—Struttura Complessa di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Ospedale di Borgomanero, Borgomanero, Italy
| | - Stefano Cusinato
- Day Hospital Multidisciplinare—Struttura Complessa di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Ospedale di Borgomanero, Borgomanero, Italy
| | - Aurora Ianniello
- Day Hospital Multidisciplinare—Struttura Complessa di Nefrologia e Dialisi, Ospedale di Borgomanero, Borgomanero, Italy
| | - Luigia G. Fresu
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Murayama MA, Shimizu J, Miyabe C, Yudo K, Miyabe Y. Chemokines and chemokine receptors as promising targets in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100869. [PMID: 36860872 PMCID: PMC9968812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that commonly causes inflammation and bone destruction in multiple joints. Inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, play important roles in RA development and pathogenesis. Biological therapies targeting these cytokines have revolutionized RA therapy. However, approximately 50% of the patients are non-responders to these therapies. Therefore, there is an ongoing need to identify new therapeutic targets and therapies for patients with RA. In this review, we focus on the pathogenic roles of chemokines and their G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in RA. Inflamed tissues in RA, such as the synovium, highly express various chemokines to promote leukocyte migration, tightly controlled by chemokine ligand-receptor interactions. Because the inhibition of these signaling pathways results in inflammatory response regulation, chemokines and their receptors could be promising targets for RA therapy. The blockade of various chemokines and/or their receptors has yielded prospective results in preclinical trials using animal models of inflammatory arthritis. However, some of these strategies have failed in clinical trials. Nonetheless, some blockades showed promising results in early-phase clinical trials, suggesting that chemokine ligand-receptor interactions remain a promising therapeutic target for RA and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori A Murayama
- Department of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chie Miyabe
- Department of Frontier Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yudo
- Department of Frontier Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshishige Miyabe
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Eakin AJ, Ahmed T, McGeough CM, Drain S, Alexander HD, Wright GD, Gardiner PV, Small D, Bjourson AJ, Gibson DS. CD169+ Monocyte and Regulatory T Cell Subsets Are Associated with Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111875. [PMID: 36579595 PMCID: PMC9695519 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is influenced by activation of circulating and synovial immune cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and monocytes are key cells that drive inflammation in RA. This study investigated if a relationship exists between disease activity in RA and circulating Treg and monocyte numbers and phenotypes. A potential sialic acid (Sia) mediated link between Tregs and monocytes was also probed in vitro. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from RA patient (n = 62) and healthy control (n = 21) blood using density gradient separation. Flow cytometry was used to count and phenotype Treg and monocyte subsets, and to sort healthy control Tregs for Sia cell culture experiments. The effects of Sia on activated Treg FoxP3 and NFκB expression was assessed by flow cytometry and concentrations of secreted TNFα, IL-10 and IFNγ determined by ELISA. High disease activity RA patients who were unresponsive to disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (n = 31), have significantly lower relative numbers (percentages) of CD4+CD25+CD127− Tregs (p < 0.01) and memory CD45RA−FoxP3+ Tregs (p < 0.01), compared to low disease activity responders (n = 24). Relative numbers of non-classical CD169+ monocytes are associated with disease activity in RA (p = 0.012). Sia reduced Treg expression of FoxP3, NFκB and cytokines in vitro. A strong association has been identified between non-classical CD169+ monocytes and post-treatment disease activity in RA. This study also indicates that Sia can reduce Treg activation and cytokine release. We postulate that such a reduction could be mediated by interaction with sialyted proteins captured by CD169+ monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Eakin
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Tahanver Ahmed
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
| | - Cathy M. McGeough
- Biomarker Research Unit, Almac Diagnostics Ltd., Craigavon BT63 5QD, UK
| | - Stephen Drain
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
| | - H. Denis Alexander
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
| | - Gary D. Wright
- Department of Rheumatology, Musgrave Park Hospital, Belfast BT9 7JB, UK
| | - Philip V. Gardiner
- Department of Rheumatology, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry BT47 6LS, UK
| | - Dawn Small
- Department of Rheumatology, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry BT47 6LS, UK
| | - Anthony J. Bjourson
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
| | - David S. Gibson
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Altnagelvin Hospital, Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)2871-675633
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Methotrexate Treatment Suppresses Monocytes in Nonresponders to Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:7561661. [PMID: 35935581 PMCID: PMC9352482 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7561661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have an increased risk of infections; therefore, immunization against vaccine-preventable diseases is important. Methotrexate (MTX) impairs the antibody response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in patients with arthritis, and the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we investigate the potential role of the innate immune system in the faltering antibody response following PCV vaccination in RA patients treated with MTX. Phenotypes of circulating granulocytes and monocytes were analyzed in 11 RA patients treated with MTX, 13 RA patients without disease-modifying antirheumatic drug treatment (0DMARD), and 13 healthy controls (HC). Peripheral blood samples were collected before and 7 days after vaccination. In addition, the MTX group was sampled before initiating treatment. Frequencies of granulocyte and monocyte subsets were determined using flow cytometry. Serotype-specific IgG were quantified using a multiplex bead assay, pre- and 4-6 weeks after vaccination. At baseline, no differences in granulocyte and monocyte frequencies were observed between the groups. Within the MTX group, the frequency of basophils increased during treatment and was higher compared to the HC and 0DMARD groups at the prevaccination time point. MTX patients were categorized into responders and nonresponders according to the antibody response. Before initiation of MTX, there were no differences in granulocyte and monocyte frequencies between the two subgroups. However, following 6-12 weeks of MTX treatment, both the frequency and concentration of monocytes were lower in PCV nonresponders compared to responders, and the difference in monocyte frequency remained after vaccination. In conclusion, the suppressive effect of MTX on monocyte concentration and frequency could act as a biomarker to identify nonresponders to PCV vaccination.
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Gene Ontology Analysis Highlights Biological Processes Influencing Non-Response to Anti-TNF Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081808. [PMID: 36009355 PMCID: PMC9404936 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-TNF therapy has significantly improved disease control in rheumatoid arthritis, but a fraction of rheumatoid arthritis patients do not respond to anti-TNF therapy or lose response over time. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying non-response to anti-TNF therapy remain largely unknown. To date, many single biomarkers of response to anti-TNF therapy have been published but they have not yet been analyzed as a system of interacting nodes. The aim of our study is to systematically elucidate the biological processes underlying non-response to anti-TNF therapy in rheumatoid arthritis using the gene ontologies of previously published predictive biomarkers. Gene networks were constructed based on published biomarkers and then enriched gene ontology terms were elucidated in subgroups using gene ontology software tools. Our results highlight the novel role of proteasome-mediated protein catabolic processes (p = 2.91 × 10−15) and plasma lipoproteins (p = 4.55 × 10−11) in anti-TNF therapy response. The results of our gene ontology analysis help elucidate the biological processes underlying non-response to anti-TNF therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and encourage further study of the highlighted processes.
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11
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Tucci G, Garufi C, Pacella I, Zagaglioni M, Pinzon Grimaldos A, Ceccarelli F, Conti F, Spinelli FR, Piconese S. Baricitinib therapy response in rheumatoid arthritis patients associates to STAT1 phosphorylation in monocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932240. [PMID: 35958600 PMCID: PMC9357974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Baricitinib is a Janus kinase (JAK) 1 and 2 inhibitor approved for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The JAK/STAT system is essential in the intracellular signaling of different cytokines and in the activation process of the monocyte lineage. This study verifies the effects of baricitinib on STAT phosphorylation in monocytes of RA patients and evaluates the correlation between STAT phosphorylation and response to therapy. We evaluated the disease activity of patients (DAS28CRP) at baseline (T0) and after 4 and 12 weeks (T1–T3) of treatment with baricitinib, dividing them into responders (n = 7) and non-responders (n = 7) based on the reduction of DAS28CRP between T0 and T1 of at least 1.2 points. Through flow cytometry, STAT1 phosphorylation was analyzed at T0/T1/T3 in monocytes, at basal conditions and after IL2, IFNα, and IL6 stimulation. We showed that monocyte frequency decreased from T0 to T1 only in responders. Regarding the phosphorylation of STAT1, we observed a tendency for higher basal pSTAT1 in monocytes of non-responder patients and, after 4 weeks, a significant reduction of cytokine-induced pSTAT1 in monocytes of responders compared with non-responders. The single IFNα stimulation only partially recapitulated the differences in STAT1 phosphorylation between the two patient subgroups. Finally, responders showed an increased IFN signature at baseline compared with non-responders. These results may suggest that monocyte frequency and STAT1 phosphorylation in circulating monocytes could represent early markers of response to baricitinib therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Tucci
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Garufi
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Pacella
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Zagaglioni
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pinzon Grimaldos
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvia Ceccarelli
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Conti
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Spinelli
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Department of Internal Clinical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Silvia Piconese,
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Hirahara L, Takase-Minegishi K, Kirino Y, Iizuka-Iribe Y, Soejima Y, Yoshimi R, Nakajima H. The Roles of Monocytes and Macrophages in Behçet’s Disease With Focus on M1 and M2 Polarization. Front Immunol 2022; 13:852297. [PMID: 35359926 PMCID: PMC8963421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.852297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Behçet’s disease (BD) is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by recurrent oral ulcers, genital ulcers, cutaneous inflammation, and uveitis. In addition, other potentially life-threatening lesions may occur in the intestinal tract, blood vessels, and central nervous system. This heterogeneity of the BD phenotype hampers development of a targeted treatment strategy. The pathogenesis of BD is not fully elucidated, but it is likely that genetically susceptible people develop BD in response to environmental factors, such as microbiome factors. Genetic analyses have identified various BD susceptibility loci that function in HLA-antigen presentation pathways, Th1 and Th17 cells, and autoinflammation related to monocytes/macrophages, or that increase levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, reduce levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, or act in dysfunctional mucous barriers. Our functional analyses have revealed that impairment of M2 monocyte/macrophage-mediated anti-inflammatory function through IL-10 is crucial to BD pathogenesis. We, therefore, propose that BD is an M1-dominant disease. In this review, we describe the roles of monocytes and macrophages in BD and consider the potential of these cells as therapeutic targets.
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13
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Pereckova J, Martiniakova S, Payer J, Falk M, Killinger Z, Perecko T. Analysis of hematological parameters in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving biological therapy: contribution to prevention of avoidable hematological complications. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:580-594. [PMID: 35651659 PMCID: PMC9150010 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-4702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Administration of biological therapy (BT) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is often associated with hematological complications, which result in switching among therapies. Thus, there is an instant need for suitable screening parameters that will help to individualize the therapy and minimize the onset of adverse effects. We analyzed the hematological profile of 99 RA patients receiving TNFα (Adalimumab - ADA, Golimumab - GOL, Etanercept - ETA) or IL-6 receptor (Tocilizumab - TCZ) inhibitors in order to find possible indicators to improve personalization of RA therapy. BTs significantly affect the levels of observed hematological parameters. In contrast to TNF-α inhibitors, TCZ normalized almost all monitored hematological parameters to values of healthy donors. Only GOL from the TNF-α inhibitors studied, was able to normalize neutrophil counts, as well as platelet indicators. Importantly, effects on the blood parameters (e.g. lymphocytes or platelet count) differ even within the same therapeutic group (anti-TNFα). Variable effects of individual biological agents in RA treatment point to importance to evaluate the patient's hematological profile to improve the selection of suitable BT. It will help to personalize the administration of BT and prevent unnecessary switching from an effective therapy just because of provocation of avoidable hematological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pereckova
- Center of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic,Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Martiniakova
- Center of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic,Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Payer
- Comenius University Faculty of Medicine, 5th Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Falk
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenko Killinger
- Comenius University Faculty of Medicine, 5th Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomas Perecko
- Center of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bratislava, Slovak Republic,Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Brno, Czech Republic,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tomas Perecko, Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Brno, Czech Republic; Tel.: 00420 723 285 231, E-mail:
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14
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Clanchy FIL, Borghese F, Bystrom J, Balog A, Penn H, Taylor PC, Stone TW, Mageed RA, Williams RO. Disease status in human and experimental arthritis, and response to TNF blockade, is associated with MHC class II invariant chain (CD74) isoform expression. J Autoimmun 2022; 128:102810. [PMID: 35245865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Splice variants of CD74 differentially modulate the activity of cathepsin L (CTSL). As CD74 and CTSL participate in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we determined whether splice variants of CD74 could be biomarkers of disease activity. Gene expression was measured in mice with collagen-induced arthritis using quantitative PCR (qPCR). In vitro studies using murine macrophage/DC-lineage cells determined the relative influence of macrophage phenotype on isoform expression and the potential to produce CTSL in response to TNF. CD74 splice variants were measured in human RA synovium and RA patients' monocytes. In arthritic mice, the expression of the p41 CD74 isoform was significantly higher in severely affected paws compared with unaffected paws or the paws of naïve mice; the p41 isoform significantly correlated with the expression of TNF in arthritic paws. Compared with M2-like macrophages, M1-like macrophages expressed increased levels of CD74 and had higher expression, secretion and activity of CTSL. RA patients that responded to TNF blockade had significantly higher expression levels of CD74 in circulating monocytes after treatment, compared with non-responders. The expression of the human CD74 isoform a was significantly higher in RA synovia, compared with osteoarthritis synovia, and was associated with CSTL enzymatic activity. This study is the first to demonstrate differential expression of the CD74 p41 isoform in an auto-immune disorder and in response to therapy. The differential expression of CD74 splice variants indicates an association, and potentially a mechanistic role, in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix I L Clanchy
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom; Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Federica Borghese
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Bystrom
- Centre for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Attila Balog
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Szent-Györgyi Albert Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Peter C Taylor
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Trevor W Stone
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Rizgar A Mageed
- Centre for Translational Medicine & Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O Williams
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
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15
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Huang Y, Deng W, Pan X, Liu M, Zhong Z, Huang Q, Li T. The relationship between platelet to albumin ratio and disease activity in axial spondyloarthritis patients. Mod Rheumatol 2021; 32:974-979. [PMID: 34918121 DOI: 10.1093/mr/roab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aims to investigate the clinical significance of platelet to albumin ratio (PAR), neutrophil to albumin ratio (NAR), and monocyte to albumin ratio (MAR) in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). METHODS Two hundred and ninety-seven axSpA patients and 71 healthy volunteers were recruited. AxSpA patients were divided into inactive group and active group. Spearman's correlation, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and binary logistic regression analysis were conducted. RESULTS Albumin was lower in axSpA group, while neutrophil, platelet, monocyte, NAR, PAR, and MAR were higher (p < .05). Albumin was negatively correlated with BASDAI and BASFI (p < .05). Platelet, NAR, PAR, MAR, ESR, and CRP were all positively correlated with BASDAI and BASFI (p < .05). Albumin was lower in axSpA of active group, while platelet, NAR, PAR, MAR, ESR, and CRP were higher (p < .05). ROC curve indicated that the AUC of PAR for axSpA of active group was higher than that of other variables. The optimal cut-off value of PAR was 6.354, with Youden index of 0.337, specificity of 55.4%, and sensitivity of 78.4%. Logistic regression analysis result suggested that PAR was an independent indicator for axSpA disease activity. CONCLUSIONS PAR had a high diagnostic value for axSpA of active group. PAR was a novel and reliable indicator for axSpA disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukai Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Weiming Deng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Xia Pan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Zheng Zhong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Qidang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China
| | - Tianwang Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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16
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Roszkowski L, Ciechomska M. Tuning Monocytes and Macrophages for Personalized Therapy and Diagnostic Challenge in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081860. [PMID: 34440629 PMCID: PMC8392289 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages play a central role in chronic inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Activation of these cells results in the production of various mediators responsible for inflammation and RA pathogenesis. On the other hand, the depletion of macrophages using specific antibodies or chemical agents can prevent their synovial tissue infiltration and subsequently attenuates inflammation. Their plasticity is a major feature that helps the switch from a pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1) to an anti-inflammatory state (M2). Therefore, understanding the precise strategy targeting pro-inflammatory monocytes/macrophages should be a powerful way of inhibiting chronic inflammation and bone erosion. In this review, we demonstrate potential consequences of different epigenetic regulations on inflammatory cytokines production by monocytes. In addition, we present unique profiles of monocytes/macrophages contributing to identification of new biomarkers of disease activity or predicting treatment response in RA. We also outline novel approaches of tuning monocytes/macrophages by biologic drugs, small molecules or by other therapeutic modalities to reduce arthritis. Finally, the importance of cellular heterogeneity of monocytes/macrophages is highlighted by single-cell technologies, which leads to the design of cell-specific therapeutic protocols for personalized medicine in RA in the future.
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17
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Shipa MRA, Amarnani R, Yeoh SA, Mainuddin MD, Ehrenstein MR. Early reduction in circulating monocyte count predicts maintenance of remission in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF therapy. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:1628-1629. [PMID: 34162595 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raj Amarnani
- Department of Rheumatology, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Su-Ann Yeoh
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - M D Mainuddin
- Department of Rheumatology, North Middlesex University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael R Ehrenstein
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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18
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Anderson A, Cherfane C, Click B, Ramos-Rivers C, Koutroubakis IE, Hashash JG, Babichenko D, Tang G, Dunn M, Barrie A, Proksell S, Dueker J, Johnston E, Schwartz M, Binion DG. Monocytosis Is a Biomarker of Severity in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Analysis of a 6-Year Prospective Natural History Registry. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 28:70-78. [PMID: 33693659 PMCID: PMC8730686 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with alterations of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Monocytes respond to inflammation and infection, yet the relationship between monocytosis and IBD severity is not fully understood. We aimed to characterize the prevalence of monocytosis in IBD and the association between monocytosis and disease severity and IBD-related health care utilization. METHODS We used a multiyear, prospectively collected natural history registry to compare patients with IBD with monocytosis to those without monocytosis, among all patients and by disease type. RESULTS A total of 1290 patients with IBD (64.1% with Crohn disease; 35.9% with ulcerative colitis) were included (mean age 46.4 years; 52.6% female). Monocytosis was found in 399 (30.9%) of patients with IBD (29.3% with Crohn disease; 33.9% with ulcerative colitis). Monocytosis was significantly associated with abnormal C-reactive protein level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, anemia, worse quality of life, active disease, and increased exposure to biologics (all P < 0.001). Compared with patients without monocytosis, patients with monocytosis had a 3-fold increase in annual financial health care charges (median: $127,013 vs. $32,925, P < 0.001) and an increased likelihood of hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.5; P < 0.001), IBD-related surgery (AOR, 1.9; P = 0.002), and emergency department (ED) use (AOR, 2.8; P < 0.001). Patients with monocytosis had a shorter time to surgery, hospitalization, and ED visit after stratifying by disease activity (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with IBD with monocytosis, regardless of disease type, are at increased risk for worse clinical outcomes, hospitalization, surgery, and ED use. Peripheral monocytosis may represent a routinely available biomarker of a distinct subgroup with severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce Anderson
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cynthia Cherfane
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Benjamin Click
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Claudia Ramos-Rivers
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ioannis E Koutroubakis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jana G Hashash
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos-Jbeil, Lebanon
| | - Dmitriy Babichenko
- School of Information Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gong Tang
- School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Dunn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arthur Barrie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Siobhan Proksell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey Dueker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elyse Johnston
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marc Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David G Binion
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,Address correspondence to: David G. Binion, MD, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UPMC PUH Mezzanine Level C-Wing, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 ()
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19
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Zhuang J, Huang Y, Liang G. Clinical significance of the monocyte:lymphocyte ratio for ankylosing spondylitis patients with thoracolumbar kyphotic deformities. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060519893167. [PMID: 31939332 PMCID: PMC7254163 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519893167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to determine the clinical significance of the monocyte:lymphocyte ratio (MLR) in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients with thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity. Methods Ninety AS patients and 45 healthy controls were retrospectively enrolled. AS patients were divided into thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity (AS deformity) and spine normal (AS normal) groups. Blood parameters including C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were determined. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and binary logistic regression analysis were conducted. Results Counts of white blood cells, neutrophils, and monocytes, and the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio, platelet:lymphocyte ratio, and MLR were significantly higher in the AS than the control group. ROC curve results showed that the MLR yielded a higher area under the curve (AUC) value than other parameters, compared with controls. The MLR and monocyte count were higher in the AS deformity group than the AS normal group. ROC curve results indicated that the MLR yielded a higher AUC value than other parameters, compared with the AS normal group. Logistic regression suggested that the MLR was an independent predictor for thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity. Conclusions The MLR was elevated in AS patients, and was shown to be an independent predictor for thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxiong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoyan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Torres-Ruiz J, Carrillo-Vazquez DA, Padilla-Ortiz DM, Vazquez-Rodriguez R, Nuñez-Alvarez C, Juarez-Vega G, Gomez-Martin D. TLR expression in peripheral monocyte subsets of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: association with clinical and immunological features. J Transl Med 2020; 18:125. [PMID: 32164729 PMCID: PMC7066841 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocytes and toll-like receptors (TLR) have been found in the inflammatory infiltrate of muscle biopsies in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), suggesting an important role of these cells in the pathogenesis of myositis. The monocyte subsets, their TLR expression in peripheral blood and their relationship with the clinical characteristics of patients with IIM has not been addressed. METHODS We recruited 45 patients with IIM diagnosis and 15 age and sex-adjusted healthy controls. We assessed the disease activity and damage, performed a nailfold capillaroscopy and registered the cardio-pulmonary parameters from the medical charts. Monocyte subsets, their expression of TLR2 and TLR4 and the serum Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines levels were evaluated by flow cytometry. We expressed quantitative variables as medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) or minimum and maximum (min-max). Differences between groups were assessed with Mann-Whitney U and the Kruskal-Wallis tests. Correlation between quantitative variables was assessed with Spearman Rho. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients were women (64.4%) and 32 (71.1%) had dermatomyositis. In comparison to healthy controls, patients with active IIM had a higher percentage of intermediate monocytes and lower amounts of classical monocytes. Patients with IIM had a higher expression of TLR4 in all their monocyte subsets, regardless of disease activity and prednisone treatment. Serum IL-6 correlated with the TLR2 expression in every monocyte subset and the expression of TLR2 in intermediate monocytes was higher among patients with dysphagia. Subjects with nailfold capillaroscopy abnormalities had a higher amount of TLR2+ classical and non-classical monocytes and those with interstitial lung disease (ILD) had a higher percentage of TLR4+ non-classical monocytes. The classical and intermediate monocytes from patients with anti Mi2 antibodies had a higher expression of TLR4. The percentage of intermediate monocytes and the expression of TLR4 in all monocyte subsets showed a good diagnostic capacity in patients with IIM. CONCLUSION Patients with IIM have a differential pool of monocyte subsets with an enhanced expression of TLR2 and TLR4, which correlates with disease activity and distinctive clinical features including dysphagia, ILD, vasculopathy, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These immunological features might be useful as a potential diagnostic tool as well as novel disease activity biomarkers in IIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiram Torres-Ruiz
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Emergency Medicine Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Alberto Carrillo-Vazquez
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Marcela Padilla-Ortiz
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Universidad de La Sabana, Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Vazquez-Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Nuñez-Alvarez
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Juarez-Vega
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Gomez-Martin
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave Morones Prieto 3000, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
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21
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Keilich SR, Bartley JM, Haynes L. Diminished immune responses with aging predispose older adults to common and uncommon influenza complications. Cell Immunol 2019; 345:103992. [PMID: 31627841 PMCID: PMC6939636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza (flu) is a serious disease for older adults, with increased severity of infection and greater risk for hospitalization and death. Flu infection is limited to pulmonary epithelial cells, yet there are many systemic symptoms and older adults are more susceptible to flu-related complications. In older adults, flu rarely comes without additional complications and there is a perfect storm for enhanced disease due to multiple factors including existing co-morbidities, plus impaired lung function and dysregulated immune responses that occur with even healthy aging. Commonly, opportunistic secondary bacterial infections prosper in damaged lungs. Intensified systemic inflammation with aging can cause dysfunction in extra-pulmonary organs and tissues such as cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, neuropathologic, hepatic, and renal complications. Often overlooked is the underappreciated connections between many of these conditions, which exacerbate one another when in parallel. This review focuses on flu infection and the numerous complications in older adults associated with diminished immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer R Keilich
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Jenna M Bartley
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Laura Haynes
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Using the Immunophenotype to Predict Response to Biologic Drugs in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Pers Med 2019; 9:jpm9040046. [PMID: 31581724 PMCID: PMC6963853 DOI: 10.3390/jpm9040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a key mediator of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, and its discovery led to the development of highly successful anti-TNF therapy. Subsequently, other biologic drugs targeting immune pathways, namely interleukin-6 blockade, B cell depletion, and T cell co-stimulation blockade, have been developed. Not all patients respond to a biologic drug, leading to a knowledge gap between biologic therapies available and the confident prediction of response. So far, genetic studies have failed to uncover clinically informative biomarkers to predict response. Given that the targets of biologics are immune pathways, immunological study has become all the more pertinent. Furthermore, advances in single-cell technology have enabled the characterization of many leucocyte subsets. Studying the blood immunophenotype may therefore, define biomarker profiles relevant to each individual patient's disease and treatment outcome. This review summarises our current understanding of how immune biomarkers might be able to predict treatment response to biologic drugs.
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23
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Monserrat J, Bohórquez C, Gómez Lahoz AM, Movasat A, Pérez A, Ruíz L, Díaz D, Chara L, Sánchez AI, Albarrán F, Sanz I, Álvarez-Mon M. The Abnormal CD4+T Lymphocyte Subset Distribution and Vbeta Repertoire in New-onset Rheumatoid Arthritis Can Be Modulated by Methotrexate Treament. Cells 2019; 8:E871. [PMID: 31405169 PMCID: PMC6721760 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with long-term, treated, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) show abnormalities in their circulating CD4+ T-lymphocytes, but whether this occurs in recently diagnosed naïve patients to disease-modifying drugs (DMARDs) is under discussion. These patients show heterogeneous clinical response to methotrexate (MTX) treatment. We have examined the count of circulating CD4+ T-lymphocytes, and their naïve (TN), central memory (TCM), effector memory (TEM) and effector (TE) subsets, CD28 expression and Vβ TCR repertoire distribution by polychromatic flow cytometry in a population of 68 DMARD-naïve recently diagnosed RA patients, before and after 3 and 6 months of MTX treatment. At pre-treatment baseline, patients showed an expansion of the counts of CD4+ TN, TEM, TE and TCM lymphocyte subsets, and of total CD4+CD28- cells and of the TE subset with a different pattern of numbers in MTX responder and non-responders. The expansion of CD4+TEM lymphocytes showed a predictive value of MTX non-response. MTX treatment was associated to different modifications in the counts of the CD4+ subsets and of the Vβ TCR repertoire family distribution and in the level of CD28 expression in responders and non-responders. In conclusion, the disturbance of CD4+ lymphocytes is already found in DMARD-naïve RA patients with different patterns of alterations in MTX responders and non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Monserrat
- Laboratory of Immune System Diseases, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Bohórquez
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Gómez Lahoz
- Laboratory of Immune System Diseases, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atusa Movasat
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Ruíz
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Díaz
- Laboratory of Immune System Diseases, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Chara
- Laboratory of Immune System Diseases, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Sánchez
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Albarrán
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Laboratory of Immune System Diseases, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", University of Alcalá and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Bystryak S, Bandwar RP, Santockyte R. A flow-through cell counting assay for point-of-care enumeration of CD4 T-cells. J Virol Methods 2019; 271:113672. [PMID: 31145920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T-cell count is a priority for staging HIV disease and guiding clinical management as part of HIV care. Conventional CD4 T-cell enumeration methods based on flow cytometry are expensive, require well-trained personnel, and are challenging to use in rural, resource-scarce areas. A simple CD4 T-cell count test that can be used at point-of care, the Flow-Through cell Counting Assay (FTCA), is described in this article. The FTCA is based on the use of: 1) a special membrane that selectively retains white blood cells (WBCs); 2) a sample delivery system; and 3) optical signal detection. To show the feasibility of the FTCA, a proof-of-concept prototype of the FTCA cassette and digital camera or handheld reflectance meter were used for obtaining quantitative assay results within 30 min. The results show that the FTCA allows for quantitative enumeration of CD4 T-cells in the clinically relevant range of CD4 T-cell concentrations. The advantages of the FTCA technology, including simplicity, short analysis time, and portability, suggest that FTCA has great potential for use in clinical practice and wide applicability for other cell-based diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bystryak
- Allied Innovative Systems, 13 Watchung Avenue, Suite 102, Chatham, New Jersey 07928, USA.
| | - Rajiv P Bandwar
- Allied Innovative Systems, 13 Watchung Avenue, Suite 102, Chatham, New Jersey 07928, USA
| | - Rasa Santockyte
- Allied Innovative Systems, 13 Watchung Avenue, Suite 102, Chatham, New Jersey 07928, USA
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25
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Batko B, Schramm-Luc A, Skiba DS, Mikolajczyk TP, Siedlinski M. TNF-α Inhibitors Decrease Classical CD14 hiCD16- Monocyte Subsets in Highly Active, Conventional Treatment Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020291. [PMID: 30642076 PMCID: PMC6358965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are pivotal cells in inflammatory joint diseases. We aimed to determine the effect of TNF-α inhibitors (TNFi) on peripheral blood monocyte subpopulations and their activation in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with high disease activity. To address this, we studied 50 (32 AS, 18 RA) patients with highly active disease with no prior history of TNFi use who were recruited and assigned to TNFi or placebo treatment for 12 weeks. Cytometric and clinical assessment was determined at baseline, four, and 12 weeks after initiation of TNFi treatment. We observed that treatment with TNFi led to a significant decrease in CD14hiCD16- monocytes in comparison to placebo, while circulating CD14dimCD16+ monocytes significantly increased. The TNFi-induced monocyte subset shifts were similar in RA and AS patients. While the percentage of CD14dimCD16+ monocytes increased, expression of CD11b and CD11c integrins on their surface was significantly reduced by TNFi. Additionally, CD45RA+ cells were more frequent. The shift towards nonclassical CD14dimCD16+ monocytes in peripheral blood due to TNFi treatment was seen in both AS and RA. This may reflect reduced recruitment of these cells to sites of inflammation due to lower inflammatory burden, which is associated with decreased disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Batko
- Department of Rheumatology, J. Dietl Specialist Hospital, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agata Schramm-Luc
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Dominik S Skiba
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Tomasz P Mikolajczyk
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Mateusz Siedlinski
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
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26
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Guo X, Wang S, Godwood A, Close D, Ryan PC, Roskos LK, White WI. Pharmacodynamic biomarkers and differential effects of TNF- and GM-CSF-targeting biologics in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2018; 22:646-653. [PMID: 30358109 PMCID: PMC6587493 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aim The aim of our study was to identify pharmacodynamic biomarkers and assess differential effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐ and non‐TNF‐targeting agents on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with an inadequate response to anti‐TNF agents (anti‐TNF‐IR) in comparison with biologic‐naïve patients. Methods EARTH EXPLORER 2, a phase IIb trial, evaluated golimumab, an anti‐TNF antibody, and mavrilimumab, an granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) receptor antibody, in disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)‐IR and anti‐TNF‐IR patients. Our current study assessed peripheral protein markers and gene expression levels in association with clinical response post‐treatment in two disease strata. Results Serum proteomics results indicated the existence of specific pharmacodynamic markers for golimumab and mavrilimumab, regardless of prior anti‐TNF treatment. In contrast, both antibodies induced early and sustained suppression of RA disease markers, including interleukin (IL)‐6, C‐reactive protein, IL2RA, and matrix metalloproteinase 1, in DMARD‐IR patients. Golimumab‐induced early changes rapidly returned toward baseline concentrations in anti‐TNF‐IR patients, whereas mavrilimumab‐induced changes were maintained through to day 169. RNA sequencing demonstrated gene expression changes at day 169 after administration of mavrilimumab but not golimumab in anti‐TNF‐IR patients. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic curve and regression analysis showed the association of early IL‐6 change and subsequent clinical responses to golimumab in anti‐TNF‐IR patients. Conclusion Our results revealed golimumab‐ and mavrilimumab‐specific pharmacodynamic biomarkers, and demonstrated differential biomarker‐treatment relationships in anti‐TNF‐IR and DMARD‐IR patients, respectively. Early IL‐6 change after anti‐TNF antibody treatment may be a potential predictive biomarker for selection of different treatment regimens in anti‐TNF‐IR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Guo
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Shiliang Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | | | - David Close
- Clinical Development, MedImmune, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patricia C Ryan
- Biologics Safety Assessment, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Lorin K Roskos
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Wendy I White
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland
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Szeremeta A, Jura-Półtorak A, Koźma EM, Głowacki A, Kucharz EJ, Kopeć-Mędrek M, Olczyk K. Effects of a 15-month anti-TNF-α treatment on plasma levels of glycosaminoglycans in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:211. [PMID: 30227885 PMCID: PMC6145339 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, the effect of 15-month anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) treatment on circulating levels of plasma sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and the nonsulfated GAG hyaluronic acid (HA) in female rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients was assessed. Methods Plasma was obtained from healthy subjects and RA women treated with TNF-α antagonists (etanercept or adalimumab or certolizumab pegol) in combination with methotrexate. GAGs were isolated from plasma samples using ion exchange low-pressure liquid chromatography. Total sulfated GAGs were quantified using a hexuronic acid assay. Plasma levels of keratan sulfate (KS) and HA were measured using immunoassay kits. Results Total sulfated GAGs and HA levels were higher in female RA patients before treatment in comparison to healthy subjects. KS levels did not differ between RA women and controls. Anti-TNF-α treatment resulted in normalization of plasma total GAG and HA levels in RA patients, without any effect on KS levels. Conclusions Our results suggest that anti-TNF-α therapy has a beneficial effect on extracellular matrix remodeling in the course of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szeremeta
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Jura-Półtorak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ewa Maria Koźma
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Andrzej Głowacki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Eugeniusz Józef Kucharz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ziołowa 45/47, 40-635, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kopeć-Mędrek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ziołowa 45/47, 40-635, Katowice, Poland
| | - Krystyna Olczyk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jedności 8, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
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Gubbels Bupp MR, Potluri T, Fink AL, Klein SL. The Confluence of Sex Hormones and Aging on Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1269. [PMID: 29915601 PMCID: PMC5994698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune systems of post-pubescent males and females differ significantly with profound consequences to health and disease. In many cases, sex-specific differences in the immune responses of young adults are also apparent in aged men and women. Moreover, as in young adults, aged women develop several late-adult onset autoimmune conditions more frequently than do men, while aged men continue to develop many cancers to a greater extent than aged women. However, sex differences in the immune systems of aged individuals have not been extensively investigated and data addressing the effectiveness of vaccinations and immunotherapies in aged men and women are scarce. In this review, we evaluate age- and sex hormone-related changes to innate and adaptive immunity, with consideration about how this impacts age- and sex-associated changes in the incidence and pathogenesis of autoimmunity and cancer as well as the efficacy of vaccination and cancer immunotherapy. We conclude that future preclinical and clinical studies should consider age and sex to better understand the ways in which these characteristics intersect with immune function and the resulting consequences for autoimmunity, cancer, and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanvi Potluri
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ashley L Fink
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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29
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Smiljanovic B, Radzikowska A, Kuca-Warnawin E, Kurowska W, Grün JR, Stuhlmüller B, Bonin M, Schulte-Wrede U, Sörensen T, Kyogoku C, Bruns A, Hermann S, Ohrndorf S, Aupperle K, Backhaus M, Burmester GR, Radbruch A, Grützkau A, Maslinski W, Häupl T. Monocyte alterations in rheumatoid arthritis are dominated by preterm release from bone marrow and prominent triggering in the joint. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 77:300-308. [PMID: 29191820 PMCID: PMC5867420 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) accompanies infiltration and activation of monocytes in inflamed joints. We investigated dominant alterations of RA monocytes in bone marrow (BM), blood and inflamed joints. METHODS CD14+ cells from BM and peripheral blood (PB) of patients with RA and osteoarthritis (OA) were profiled with GeneChip microarrays. Detailed functional analysis was performed with reference transcriptomes of BM precursors, monocyte blood subsets, monocyte activation and mobilisation. Cytometric profiling determined monocyte subsets of CD14++CD16-, CD14++CD16+ and CD14+CD16+ cells in BM, PB and synovial fluid (SF) and ELISAs quantified the release of activation markers into SF and serum. RESULTS Investigation of genes differentially expressed between RA and OA monocytes with reference transcriptomes revealed gene patterns of early myeloid precursors in RA-BM and late myeloid precursors along with reduced terminal differentiation to CD14+CD16+monocytes in RA-PB. Patterns associated with tumor necrosis factor/lipopolysaccharide (TNF/LPS) stimulation were weak and more pronounced in RA-PB than RA-BM. Cytometric phenotyping of cells in BM, blood and SF disclosed differences related to monocyte subsets and confirmed the reduced frequency of terminally differentiated CD14+CD16+monocytes in RA-PB. Monocyte activation in SF was characterised by the predominance of CD14++CD16++CD163+HLA-DR+ cells and elevated concentrations of sCD14, sCD163 and S100P. CONCLUSION Patterns of less mature and less differentiated RA-BM and RA-PB monocytes suggest increased turnover with accelerated monocytopoiesis, BM egress and migration into inflamed joints. Predominant activation in the joint indicates the action of local and primary stimuli, which may also promote adaptive immune triggering through monocytes, potentially leading to new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Smiljanovic
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Radzikowska
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kuca-Warnawin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Kurowska
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joachim R Grün
- Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Stuhlmüller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Bonin
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ursula Schulte-Wrede
- Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Sörensen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chieko Kyogoku
- Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Bruns
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Hermann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Ohrndorf
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karlfried Aupperle
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Backhaus
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerd R Burmester
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Grützkau
- Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum Berlin (DRFZ), A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wlodzimierz Maslinski
- Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Thomas Häupl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Bystrom J, Clanchy FI, Taher TE, Al-Bogami MM, Muhammad HA, Alzabin S, Mangat P, Jawad AS, Williams RO, Mageed RA. Response to Treatment with TNFα Inhibitors in Rheumatoid Arthritis Is Associated with High Levels of GM-CSF and GM-CSF + T Lymphocytes. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 53:265-276. [PMID: 28488248 PMCID: PMC5597702 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Biologic TNFα inhibitors are a mainstay treatment option for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) refractory to other treatment options. However, many patients either do not respond or relapse after initially responding to these agents. This study was carried out to identify biomarkers that can distinguish responder from non-responder patients before the initiation of treatment. The level of cytokines in plasma and those produced by ex vivo T cells, B cells and monocytes in 97 RA patients treated with biologic TNFα inhibitors was measured before treatment and after 1 and 3 months of treatment by multiplex analyses. The frequency of T cell subsets and intracellular cytokines were determined by flow cytometry. The results reveal that pre-treatment, T cells from patients who went on to respond to treatment with biologic anti-TNFα agents produced significantly more GM-CSF than non-responder patients. Furthermore, immune cells from responder patients produced higher levels of IL-1β, TNFα and IL-6. Cytokine profiling in the blood of patients confirmed the association between high levels of GM-CSF and responsiveness to biologic anti-TNFα agents. Thus, high blood levels of GM-CSF pre-treatment had a positive predictive value of 87.5% (61.6 to 98.5% at 95% CI) in treated RA patients. The study also shows that cells from most anti-TNFα responder patients in the current cohort produced higher levels of GM-CSF and TNFα pre-treatment than non-responder patients. Findings from the current study and our previous observations that non-responsiveness to anti-TNFα is associated with high IL-17 levels suggest that the disease in responder and non-responder RA patients is likely to be driven/sustained by different inflammatory pathways. The use of biomarker signatures of distinct pro-inflammatory pathways could lead to evidence-based prescription of the most appropriate biological therapies for different RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bystrom
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Felix I Clanchy
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Taher E Taher
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Mohammed M Al-Bogami
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Hawzheen A Muhammad
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Saba Alzabin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Pamela Mangat
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Free Hospital, NHS Fundation Trust London, London, UK
| | - Ali S Jawad
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - Rizgar A Mageed
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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31
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Gibellini L, De Biasi S, Bianchini E, Bartolomeo R, Fabiano A, Manfredini M, Ferrari F, Albertini G, Trenti T, Nasi M, Pinti M, Iannone A, Salvarani C, Cossarizza A, Pellacani G. Anti-TNF-α Drugs Differently Affect the TNFα-sTNFR System and Monocyte Subsets in Patients with Psoriasis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167757. [PMID: 27936119 PMCID: PMC5147951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF-α has a central role in the development and maintenance of psoriatic plaques, and its serum levels correlate with disease activity. Anti-TNF-α drugs are, however, ineffective in a relevant percentage of patients for reasons that are currently unknown. To understand whether the response to anti-TNF-α drugs is influenced by the production of anti-drug antibodies or by the modulation of the TNFα-TNFα receptor system, and to identify changes in monocyte phenotype and activity, we analysed 119 psoriatic patients who either responded or did not respond to different anti-TNF-α therapies (adalimumab, etanercept or infliximab), and measured plasma levels of TNF-α, TNF-α soluble receptors, drug and anti-drug antibodies. Moreover, we analyzed the production of TNF-α and TNF-α soluble receptors by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and characterized different monocyte populations. We found that: i) the drug levels varied between responders and non-responders; ii) anti-infliximab antibodies were present in 15% of infliximab-treated patients, while anti-etanercept or anti-adalimumab antibodies were never detected; iii) plasma TNF-α levels were higher in patients treated with etanercept compared to patients treated with adalimumab or infliximab; iv) PBMCs from patients responding to adalimumab and etanercept produced more TNF-α and sTNFRII in vitro than patients responding to infliximab; v) PBMCs from patients not responding to infliximab produce higher levels of TNF-α and sTNFRII than patients responding to infliximab; vi) anti- TNF-α drugs significantly altered monocyte subsets. A complex remodelling of the TNFα-TNFα receptor system thus takes place in patients treated with anti-TNF-α drugs, that involves either the production of anti-drug antibodies or the modulation of monocyte phenotype or inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gibellini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Bianchini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Regina Bartolomeo
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonella Fabiano
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Manfredini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Albertini
- Dermatologic Unit, IRCCS - Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- Department of Clinical Pathology - NOCSAE Baggiovara, Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Iannone
- Department of Diagnostics, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Salvarani
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Reumatology Unit, IRCCS - Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Amoruso A, Sola D, Rossi L, Obeng JA, Fresu LG, Sainaghi PP, Pirisi M, Brunelleschi S. Relation among anti-rheumatic drug therapy, CD14(+)CD16(+) blood monocytes and disease activity markers (DAS28 and US7 scores) in rheumatoid arthritis: A pilot study. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:308-314. [PMID: 27045818 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Circulating human monocytes, a functionally and phenotypically heterogeneous population, are emerging as fundamental cell types in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this pilot study was to assess the correlation, if any, among anti-rheumatic drug therapy, circulating CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes and validated clinical scales (e.g., DAS28 score and ultrasonography US7 score) of disease severity in RA. Thirty consecutive RA patients, either naïve or under disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or biological therapy, and 10 age-matched healthy volunteers, were enrolled. Monocytes were prepared from heparinized blood samples; surface expression of CD14 and CD16 was determined by flow cytometry. RA patients presented a significantly higher percentage of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes, as compared to healthy subjects. There was a good correlation between DAS28 clinical score and the ultrasound composite score US7 (r=0.66), as well as between both scores and the percentage of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes (r=0.43 and 0.47, respectively). Naïve RA patients had the highest expression (19.2±3.2%) of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes and elevated DAS28 score; patients on DMARDs presented a 7-fold increased expression of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes, relatively to healthy volunteers (2.1±1.4%), and an intermediate disease severity. The RA patients treated with biological therapy had a low percentage of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes (5.1±3.6%; p<0.01 vs naïve and DMARDs groups), similar to the one detected in healthy controls, and reduced US7 and DAS28 scores. Interestingly, for the same DAS28 score, monocytes isolated from RA patients on biological therapy had a lower CD16 expression than patients on DMARDs. Therefore, CD14(+)CD16(+) circulating blood monocytes may represent an appropriate biomarker to assess RA disease activity along with DAS28 and US7 scores. Together, these three parameters may represent a better indicator for evaluating therapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Amoruso
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Daniele Sola
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Luca Rossi
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Joyce Afrakoma Obeng
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Luigia Grazia Fresu
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Sainaghi
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; IRCAD, School of Medicine, Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Pirisi
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; IRCAD, School of Medicine, Novara, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Sandra Brunelleschi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli, 17-28100 Novara, Italy; IRCAD, School of Medicine, Novara, Italy.
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Kragstrup TW, Jalilian B, Keller KK, Zhang X, Laustsen JK, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Hetland ML, Hørslev-Petersen K, Junker P, Østergaard M, Hauge EM, Hvid M, Vorup-Jensen T, Deleuran B. Changes in Soluble CD18 in Murine Autoimmune Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Reflect Disease Establishment and Treatment Response. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148486. [PMID: 26849368 PMCID: PMC4743942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) immune activation and presence of autoantibodies may precede clinical onset of disease, and joint destruction can progress despite remission. However, the underlying temporal changes of such immune system abnormalities in the inflammatory response during treat-to-target strategies remain poorly understood. We have previously reported low levels of the soluble form of CD18 (sCD18) in plasma from patients with chronic RA and spondyloarthritis. Here, we study the changes of sCD18 before and during treatment of early RA and following arthritis induction in murine models of rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS The level of sCD18 was analyzed with a time-resolved immunoflourometric assay in 1) plasma from early treatment naïve RA patients during a treat-to-target strategy (the OPERA cohort), 2) plasma from chronic RA patients, 3) serum from SKG and CIA mice following arthritis induction, and 4) supernatants from synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 6 RA patients cultured with TNFα or adalimumab. RESULTS Plasma levels of sCD18 were decreased in chronic RA patients compared with early RA patients and in early RA patients compared with healthy controls. After 12 months of treatment the levels in early RA patients were similar to healthy controls. This normalization of plasma sCD18 levels was more pronounced in patients with very early disease who achieved an early ACR response. Plasma sCD18 levels were associated with radiographic progression. Correspondingly, the serum level of sCD18 was decreased in SKG mice 6 weeks after arthritis induction compared with healthy littermates. The sCD18 levels in both SKG and CIA mice exhibited a biphasic course after arthritis induction with an initial increase above baseline followed by a decline. Shedding of CD18 from RA SFMC and RA PBMC cultures was increased by TNFα and decreased by adalimumab. CONCLUSIONS The plasma sCD18 levels were altered in patients with RA, in mice with autoimmune arthritis and in cell cultures treated with TNFα and adalimumab. Decreased levels of plasma sCD18 could reflect autoimmunity in transition from early to chronic disease and normalization in response to treatment could reflect autoimmunity in remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tue Wenzel Kragstrup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Babak Jalilian
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Xianwei Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Merete Lund Hetland
- Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mikkel Østergaard
- Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen-Margrethe Hauge
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Malene Hvid
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Bent Deleuran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Puchta A, Naidoo A, Verschoor CP, Loukov D, Thevaranjan N, Mandur TS, Nguyen PS, Jordana M, Loeb M, Xing Z, Kobzik L, Larché MJ, Bowdish DME. TNF Drives Monocyte Dysfunction with Age and Results in Impaired Anti-pneumococcal Immunity. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005368. [PMID: 26766566 PMCID: PMC4713203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte phenotype and output changes with age, but why this occurs and how it impacts anti-bacterial immunity are not clear. We found that, in both humans and mice, circulating monocyte phenotype and function was altered with age due to increasing levels of TNF in the circulation that occur as part of the aging process. Ly6C+ monocytes from old (18–22 mo) mice and CD14+CD16+ intermediate/inflammatory monocytes from older adults also contributed to this “age-associated inflammation” as they produced more of the inflammatory cytokines IL6 and TNF in the steady state and when stimulated with bacterial products. Using an aged mouse model of pneumococcal colonization we found that chronic exposure to TNF with age altered the maturity of circulating monocytes, as measured by F4/80 expression, and this decrease in monocyte maturation was directly linked to susceptibility to infection. Ly6C+ monocytes from old mice had higher levels of CCR2 expression, which promoted premature egress from the bone marrow when challenged with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although Ly6C+ monocyte recruitment and TNF levels in the blood and nasopharnyx were higher in old mice during S. pneumoniae colonization, bacterial clearance was impaired. Counterintuitively, elevated TNF and excessive monocyte recruitment in old mice contributed to impaired anti-pneumococcal immunity since bacterial clearance was improved upon pharmacological reduction of TNF or Ly6C+ monocytes, which were the major producers of TNF. Thus, with age TNF impairs inflammatory monocyte development, function and promotes premature egress, which contribute to systemic inflammation and is ultimately detrimental to anti-pneumococcal immunity. As we age, levels of inflammatory cytokines in the blood and tissues increase. Although this appears to be an inevitable part of aging, it ultimately contributes to declining health. Epidemiological studies indicate that older adults with higher than age-average levels of inflammatory cytokines are at increased risk of acquiring, becoming hospitalized with and dying of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia but how age-associated inflammation increased susceptibility to was not entirely clear. We demonstrate that the increase in the inflammatory cytokine TNF that occurs with age cause monocytes to leave the bone marrow prematurely and these immature monocytes produce more inflammatory cytokines when stimulated with bacterial products, thus further increasing levels of inflammatory cytokines in the blood. Furthermore, although old mice have higher levels of these inflammatory monocytes arriving at the site of S. pneumoniae, they are not able to clear the bacteria. By pharmacologically or genetically removing the inflammatory cytokine TNF or reducing the number of inflammatory monocytes we were able to restore antibacterial immunity in aged mice. Thus we demonstrate that monocytes are both influenced by and contributors to age-associated inflammation and that chronic exposure to age-associated inflammation increases susceptibility to S. pneumoniae due to altering monocyte maturity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Puchta
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Avee Naidoo
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Chris P. Verschoor
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Dessi Loukov
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Netusha Thevaranjan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Talveer S. Mandur
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Phuong-son Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Manel Jordana
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Mark Loeb
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Dawn M. E. Bowdish
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- * E-mail:
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[Biomarkers for prognosis of response to anti-TNF therapy of rheumatoid arthritis: Where do we stand?]. Z Rheumatol 2015; 74:812-8. [PMID: 26347122 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-014-1543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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García-Hernández MH, González-Amaro R, Portales-Pérez DP. Specific therapy to regulate inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis: molecular aspects. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:623-36. [PMID: 24896630 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease in which persistent inflammation of synovial tissue results in a progressive functional decline of the joint and premature mortality. TNF inhibitors were the first biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) used to treat RA. Since then, new biological drugs have emerged, such as inhibitors of IL-1, IL-6 and others, with different mechanisms of action that include the depletion of B cells and the inhibition of T-cell costimulation. Recently, RA treatments have incorporated the use of synthetic DMARDs. This review describes the molecular aspects of the mechanisms of action of biological and synthetic DMARDs, discusses the adverse effects and limitations of established therapies and analyses the alternative approaches to RA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana H García-Hernández
- Laboratory of Immunology & Cellular & Molecular Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
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Chara L, Sánchez-Atrio A, Pérez A, Cuende E, Albarrán F, Turrión A, Chevarria J, del Barco AA, Sánchez MA, Monserrat J, Prieto A, de la Hera A, Sanz I, Diaz D, Alvarez-Mon M. The number of circulating monocytes as biomarkers of the clinical response to methotrexate in untreated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Transl Med 2015; 13:2. [PMID: 25592233 PMCID: PMC4310181 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this work was to analyze the number and distribution of circulating monocytes, and of their CD14+highCD16−, CD14+highCD16+ and CD14+lowCD16+ subset cells, in treatment-naive patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to determine their value in predicting the clinical response to methotrexate (MTX) treatment. Methods This prospective work investigated the number of circulating monocytes, and the numbers of CD14+highCD16−, CD14+highCD16+ and CD14+lowCD16+ subset cells, in 52 untreated patients with RA before MTX treatment, and at 3 and 6 months into treatment, using flow cytometry. Results The absolute number of circulating monocytes, and the numbers of CD14+highCD16−, CD14+highCD16+ and CD14+lowCD16+ subset cells, were significantly higher in MTX non-responders than in responders and healthy controls before starting and throughout treatment. Responders showed normal numbers of monocytes, and of their subset cells, over the study period. The pre-treatment absolute number of circulating monocytes, and the numbers of CD14+highCD16− and CD14+highCD16+ subset cells, were found to be predictive of the clinical response to MTX, with a sensitivity and specificity of >70% and >88%, respectively. Conclusions Treatment-naive patients with RA showed an anomalous distribution of circulating monocyte subsets, and an anomalous number of cells in each subset. A higher pre-treatment number of circulating monocytes, and higher numbers of CD14+highCD16− and CD14+highCD16+ subset cells, predict a reduced clinical response to MTX in untreated patients with RA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0375-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Chara
- Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Sánchez-Atrio
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Pérez
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Cuende
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando Albarrán
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Turrión
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julio Chevarria
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Miguel A Sánchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jorge Monserrat
- Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alfredo Prieto
- Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio de la Hera
- Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - David Diaz
- Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Melchor Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. .,Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital "Príncipe de Asturias", Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Kragstrup TW, Jalilian B, Hvid M, Kjærgaard A, Østgård R, Schiøttz-Christensen B, Jurik AG, Robinson WH, Vorup-Jensen T, Deleuran B. Decreased plasma levels of soluble CD18 link leukocyte infiltration with disease activity in spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R42. [PMID: 24490631 PMCID: PMC3978678 DOI: 10.1186/ar4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spondyloarthritis (SpA) comprises a group of diseases often associated with HLA-B27 and characterized by inflammation of the entheses and joints of the axial skeleton. The inflammatory process in SpA is presumably driven by innate immune cells but is still poorly understood. Thus, new tools for monitoring and treating inflammation are needed. The family of CD18 integrins is pivotal in guiding leukocytes to sites of inflammation, and CD18 hypomorphic mice develop a disease resembling SpA. Previously, we demonstrated that altered soluble CD18 (sCD18) complexes in the blood and synovial fluid of patients with arthritis have anti-inflammatory functions. Here, we study the mechanisms for these alterations and their association with SpA disease activity. METHODS Plasma levels of sCD18 in a study population with 84 patients with SpA and matched healthy controls were analyzed with a time-resolved immunoflourometric assay (TRIFMA). Binding of sCD18 to endothelial cells and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) was studied with confocal microscopy. Shedding of CD18 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was studied with flow cytometry and TRIFMA. RESULTS Plasma levels of sCD18 were decreased in patients with SpA compared with healthy volunteers (P <0.001), and the lowest levels were in the HLA-B27-positive subgroup (P <0.05). In a multiple regression model, the sCD18 levels exhibited an inverse correlation with the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) (P <0.05), the level of morning stiffness (P <0.05), the Bath Ankylosing Spondilitis Metrology Index (P <0.05), the physician global assessment score (P <0.01), and the sacroiliac magnetic resonance imaging activity score (P <0.05). The mechanisms for these changes could be simulated in vitro. First, sCD18 in plasma adhered to inflammation-induced intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on endothelial cells and FLS, indicating increased consumption. Second, CD18 shedding from SpA PBMCs correlated inversely with the BASDAI (P <0.05), suggesting insufficient generation. CD18 was shed primarily from intermediate CD14⁺⁺ CD16⁺ monocytes, supporting the view that alterations in innate immunity can regulate the inflammatory processes in SpA. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the failure of patients with SpA to maintain adequate sCD18 levels may reflect insufficient CD18 shedding from monocytes to counterbalance the capture of sCD18 complexes to inflammation-induced ICAM-1. This could increase the availability of ICAM-1 molecules on the endothelium and in the synovium, facilitating leukocyte migration to the entheses and joints and aggregating disease activity.
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Krasselt M, Baerwald C, Wagner U, Rossol M. CD56+ monocytes have a dysregulated cytokine response to lipopolysaccharide and accumulate in rheumatoid arthritis and immunosenescence. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R139. [PMID: 24286519 PMCID: PMC3978677 DOI: 10.1186/ar4321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Peripheral blood monocytes are no longer regarded as a homogeneous cell population, but can be differentiated both phenotypically and functionally into various subpopulations. In rheumatoid arthritis, the subpopulation of CD14bright/CD16+ monocyte is expanded and prone towards generation of Th17 cells. CD56+ monocytes represent a different subpopulation, which is also expanded in conditions associated with autoimmunity like inflammatory bowel diseases. The aim of the study was the quantification and functional characterization of the CD56+ monocyte subset in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Frequencies of peripheral blood monocyte subpopulations were analyzed by flow cytometry in 86 healthy controls and 75 RA patients. In 16 patients, anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy was initiated, and the CD56+ monocyte frequency was monitored longitudinally. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine production of CD56+ and CD56– monocytes was determined by intracellular staining or cytokine secretion assays. Results In healthy individuals, 8.6% ± 0.6 of the monocytes co-expressed CD56, with the majority of CD56+ monocytes being CD14bright (7.9% ± 0.5), while only a minor population was CD14dim (0.7% ± 0.1). We found a strong positive correlation between an individual’s age and the frequency of CD56+ monocytes. Upon stimulation with LPS, CD56+ monocytes became more frequently positive for TNF, IL-10 and IL-23 than CD56– monocytes. In addition, CD56+ monocytes spontaneously produced more reactive oxygen intermediates than CD56- monocytes. In RA patients, the frequency of CD56+ monocytes was significantly higher than in healthy controls (12.2% ± 0.9 vs. 7.9% ± 0.5, p = 0.0002), and this difference most pronounced in RA patients below 40 years of age (11.1% ± 1.6 vs. 4.1% ± 0.4, P < 0.0001). Treatment of the patients with an anti-TNF blocking agent significantly reduced CD56+ monocyte frequencies (baseline 12.4% vs. 24 weeks treatment 8.0%, P = 0.0429), and the magnitude of this decrease was found to correlate with the change in disease activity under the therapy. Conclusion The CD14bright/CD56+ monocyte subset is expanded in aging individuals as well as in patients with RA. The pro-inflammatory production of cytokines and reactive oxygen species as well as the elimination of those cells in patients with a good response towards TNF inhibiting agents indicates a possible contribution of those monocytes in the inflammatory response in RA.
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