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Mohammed HS, Elariny HA, Seif-Eldein NA, Mahgoub S, El-Said NT, Abu El Wafa SA, Taha EF. Investigating the involvement of the NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 and NF-κb/MAPK pathways in the pathogenesis of gouty arthritis: Insights from irradiated and non-irradiated Trifolium alexandrium L. extracts and some metabolites. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 334:118566. [PMID: 39002823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Trifolium alexandrinum L. (TA), has traditionally been used in folk medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties against hyperuricemia and gout. However, the specific mechanisms of action of TA have not been thoroughly studied. AIM OF THE WORK This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of irradiated (TR25) and non-irradiated (TR0) Trifolium alexandrinum L. aqueous extract (TAAE), along with two isolated compounds, caffeine (CAF) and saponin (SAP), in a rat model of acute gouty arthritis (GA). MATERIALS AND METHODS The GA model was established by injecting a monosodium urate (MSU) suspension into the knee joint. Synovial tissue pathology was assessed, and levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, NF-κB, mTOR, AKT1, PI3K, NLRP3, and ASC were measured by ELISA. mRNA expression of ERK1, JNK, and p-38 MAPK was detected using qRT-PCR, and Caspase-1 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis. Knee swelling, uric acid levels, liver and kidney function, and oxidative stress markers were also evaluated. RESULTS TAAE analysis identified 170 compounds, with 73 successfully identified using LC-HR-MS/MS, including caffeine citrate and theasapogenol B glycoside as the main constituents. The studied materials demonstrated significant protective effects against GA. TR25 administration significantly mitigated knee joint circumference compared to other treatments. It demonstrated potential in alleviating hyperuricemia, renal and hepatic impairments induced by MSU crystals. TR25 also alleviated oxidative stress and reduced levels of IL1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB. Weak Caspase-1 immune-positive staining was observed in the TR25 group. TR25 decreased NLRP3 and ASC expression, reducing inflammatory cytokine levels in GA. It effectively inhibited the PI3K, AKT, and mTOR signaling pathways, promoting autophagy. Additionally, TR25 suppressed ERK1, JNK, and p-38 MAPK gene expression in synovial tissue. These effects were attributed to various components in TAAE, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, alkaloids, and triterpenes. CONCLUSION Importantly, irradiation (25 KGy) enhanced the antioxidant effects and phtchemical contents of TAAE. Additionally, TR0, TR25, CAF, and SAP exhibited promising protective effects against GA, suggesting their therapeutic potential for managing this condition. These effects were likely mediated through modulation of the NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 and ERK/JNK/p-38 MAPK signaling pathways, as well as regulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms and optimize their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Sh Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hemat A Elariny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Noha A Seif-Eldein
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sebaey Mahgoub
- Food Analysis Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Nermin T El-Said
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Salwa A Abu El Wafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Eman Fs Taha
- Health Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
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Kumaresan V, Ingle TM, Kilgore N, Zhang G, Hermann BP, Seshu J. Cellular and transcriptome signatures unveiled by single-cell RNA-Seq following ex vivo infection of murine splenocytes with Borrelia burgdorferi. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1296580. [PMID: 38149246 PMCID: PMC10749944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1296580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lyme disease, the most common tick-borne infectious disease in the US, is caused by a spirochetal pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb). Distinct host responses are observed in susceptible and resistant strains of inbred of mice following infection with Bb reflecting a subset of inflammatory responses observed in human Lyme disease. The advent of post-genomic methodologies and genomic data sets enables dissecting the host responses to advance therapeutic options for limiting the pathogen transmission and/or treatment of Lyme disease. Methods In this study, we used single-cell RNA-Seq analysis in conjunction with mouse genomics exploiting GFP-expressing Bb to sort GFP+ splenocytes and GFP- bystander cells to uncover novel molecular and cellular signatures that contribute to early stages of immune responses against Bb. Results These data decoded the heterogeneity of splenic neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, B cells, and T cells in C3H/HeN mice in response to Bb infection. Increased mRNA abundance of apoptosis-related genes was observed in neutrophils and macrophages clustered from GFP+ splenocytes. Moreover, complement-mediated phagocytosis-related genes such as C1q and Ficolin were elevated in an inflammatory macrophage subset, suggesting upregulation of these genes during the interaction of macrophages with Bb-infected neutrophils. In addition, the role of DUSP1 in regulating the expression of Casp3 and pro-inflammatory cytokines Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Il1b, and Ccl5 in Bb-infected neutrophils were identified. Discussion These findings serve as a growing catalog of cell phenotypes/biomarkers among murine splenocytes that can be exploited for limiting spirochetal burden to limit the transmission of the agent of Lyme disease to humans via reservoir hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Kumaresan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Taylor MacMackin Ingle
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Nathan Kilgore
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Guoquan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Brian P. Hermann
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Janakiram Seshu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Petnicki-Ocwieja T, McCarthy JE, Powale U, Langston PK, Helble JD, Hu LT. Borrelia burgdorferi initiates early transcriptional re-programming in macrophages that supports long-term suppression of inflammation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011886. [PMID: 38157387 PMCID: PMC10783791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), the causative agent of Lyme disease, establishes a long-term infection and leads to disease manifestations that are the result of host immune responses to the pathogen. Inflammatory manifestations resolve spontaneously despite continued bacterial presence, suggesting inflammatory cells become less responsive over time. This is mimicked by in vitro repeated stimulations, resulting in tolerance, a phenotypic subset of innate immune memory. We performed comparative transcriptional analysis of macrophages in acute and memory states and identified sets of Tolerized, Hyper-Induced, Secondary-Induced and Hyper-Suppressed genes resulting from memory induction, revealing previously unexplored networks of genes affected by cellular re-programming. Tolerized gene families included inflammatory mediators and interferon related genes as would be predicted by the attenuation of inflammation over time. To better understand how cells mediate inflammatory hypo-responsiveness, we focused on genes that could mediate maintenance of suppression, such as Hyper-Induced genes which are up-regulated in memory states. These genes were notably enriched in stress pathways regulated by anti-inflammatory modulators. We examined one of the most highly expressed negative regulators of immune pathways during primary stimulation, Aconitate decarboxylase 1 (Acod1), and tested its effects during in vivo infection with Bb. As predicted by our in vitro model, we show its inflammation-suppressive downstream effects are sustained during in vivo long-term infection with Bb, with a specific role in Lyme carditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Petnicki-Ocwieja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julie E. McCarthy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Urmila Powale
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - P. Kent Langston
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer D. Helble
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Linden T. Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Inhibiting miR-186-5p relieves traumatic brain injury by regulating insulin-like growth factor-I-NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 signaling pathway. Neuroreport 2023; 34:156-164. [PMID: 36719839 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that micro-RNA (miR)-186-5p can affect apoptosis of cells by regulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1). However, the role of miR-186-5p-IGF1 axis in traumatic brain injury (TBI), especially oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory response, remains to be further studied. Lipopolysaccharide (5 μg/mL) was used to activate microglia in vitro . The expression of miR-186-5p, IGF-1 was detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). ELISA and western blot were used to detect the inflammatory factors and oxidative stress. Western blot was used to detect apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bcl2 and C-caspase3), inflammatory proteins (iNOS and COX2), oxidative stress proteins (Nrf2 and HO-1) and NLRP3/apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC)/caspase-1 inflammatory bodies. MiR-186-5p inhibitor could reduce the inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in BV2 treated with lipopolysaccharide, and reduce apoptosis. In addition, we also found that inhibition of miR-186-5p increased the expression of IGF-1, which is necessary for nervous system development. Luciferase activity assay confirmed that IGF-1 was the direct target gene of miR-186-5p. Inhibiting miR-186-5p, through upregulation IGF-1, attenuates the inflammatory factors, oxidative stress and by inhibiting NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 signal pathway TBI in-vitro model.
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Bockenstedt LK, Wooten RM, Baumgarth N. Immune Response to Borrelia: Lessons from Lyme Disease Spirochetes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2020; 42:145-190. [PMID: 33289684 PMCID: PMC10842262 DOI: 10.21775/cimb.042.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian host responds to infection with Borrelia spirochetes through a highly orchestrated immune defense involving innate and adaptive effector functions aimed toward limiting pathogen burdens, minimizing tissue injury, and preventing subsequent reinfection. The evolutionary adaptation of Borrelia spirochetes to their reservoir mammalian hosts may allow for its persistence despite this immune defense. This review summarizes our current understanding of the host immune response to B. burgdorferi sensu lato, the most widely studied Borrelia spp. and etiologic agent of Lyme borreliosis. Pertinent literature will be reviewed with emphasis on in vitro, ex vivo and animal studies that influenced our understanding of both the earliest responses to B. burgdorferi as it enters the mammalian host and those that evolve as spirochetes disseminate and establish infection in multiple tissues. Our focus is on the immune response of inbred mice, the most commonly studied animal model of B. burgdorferi infection and surrogate for one of this pathogen's principle natural reservoir hosts, the white-footed deer mouse. Comparison will be made to the immune responses of humans with Lyme borreliosis. Our goal is to provide an understanding of the dynamics of the mammalian immune response during infection with B. burgdorferi and its relation to the outcomes in reservoir (mouse) and non-reservoir (human) hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K. Bockenstedt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8031, USA
| | - R. Mark Wooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Dept. Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis CA 95616, USA
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Brouwer MAE, van de Schoor FR, Vrijmoeth HD, Netea MG, Joosten LAB. A joint effort: The interplay between the innate and the adaptive immune system in Lyme arthritis. Immunol Rev 2020; 294:63-79. [PMID: 31930745 PMCID: PMC7065069 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Articular joints are a major target of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme arthritis. Despite antibiotic treatment, recurrent or persistent Lyme arthritis is observed in a significant number of patients. The host immune response plays a crucial role in this chronic arthritic joint complication of Borrelia infections. During the early stages of B. burgdorferi infection, a major hinder in generating a proper host immune response is the lack of induction of a strong adaptive immune response. This may lead to a delayed hyperinflammatory reaction later in the disease. Several mechanisms have been suggested that might be pivotal for the development of Lyme arthritis and will be highlighted in this review, from molecular mimicry of matrix metallopeptidases and glycosaminoglycans, to autoimmune responses to live bacteria, or remnants of Borrelia spirochetes in joints. Murine studies have suggested that the inflammatory responses are initiated by innate immune cells, but this does not exclude the involvement of the adaptive immune system in this dysregulated immune profile. Genetic predisposition, via human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype and microRNA expression, has been associated with the development of antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis. Yet the ultimate cause for (antibiotic-refractory) Lyme arthritis remains unknown. Complex processes of different immune cells and signaling cascades are involved in the development of Lyme arthritis. When these various mechanisms are fully been unraveled, new treatment strategies can be developed to target (antibiotic-refractory) Lyme arthritis more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. E. Brouwer
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Freek R. van de Schoor
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Hedwig D. Vrijmoeth
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & ImmunoregulationLife and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES)University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Leo A. B. Joosten
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI)Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS)Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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7
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Role of glutathione metabolism in host defense against Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2320-E2328. [PMID: 29444855 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720833115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-induced changes in host cell metabolism are known to be important for the immune response. In this study, we investigated how infection with the Lyme disease-causing bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) affects host metabolic pathways and how these metabolic pathways may impact host defense. First, metabolome analysis was performed on human primary monocytes from healthy volunteers, stimulated for 24 h with Bb at low multiplicity of infection (MOI). Pathway analysis indicated that glutathione (GSH) metabolism was the pathway most significantly affected by Bb Specifically, intracellular levels of GSH increased on average 10-fold in response to Bb exposure. Furthermore, these changes were found to be specific, as they were not seen during stimulation with other pathogens. Next, metabolome analysis was performed on serum samples from patients with early-onset Lyme disease in comparison with patients with other infections. Supporting the in vitro analysis, we identified a cluster of GSH-related metabolites, the γ-glutamyl amino acids, specifically altered in patients with Lyme disease, and not in other infections. Lastly, we performed in vitro experiments to validate the role for GSH metabolism in host response against Bb. We found that the GSH pathway is essential for Bb-induced cytokine production and identified glutathionylation as a potential mediating mechanism. Taken together, these data indicate a central role for the GSH pathway in the host response to Bb GSH metabolism and glutathionylation may therefore be important factors in the pathogenesis of Lyme disease and potentially other inflammatory diseases as well.
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Deviant Behavior: Tick-Borne Pathogens and Inflammasome Signaling. Vet Sci 2016; 3:vetsci3040027. [PMID: 29056735 PMCID: PMC5606592 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the face of an assault, host cells mount an immediate response orchestrated by innate immunity. Two of the best described innate immune signaling networks are the Toll- and the Nod-like receptor pathways. Extensive work has been done characterizing both signaling cascades with several recent advances on the forefront of inflammasome biology. In this review, we will discuss how more commonly-studied pathogens differ from tick-transmitted microbes in the context of Nod-like receptor signaling and inflammasome formation. Because pathogens transmitted by ticks have unique characteristics, we offer the opinion that these microbes can be used to uncover novel principles of Nod-like receptor biology.
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Borrelia-induced cytokine production is mediated by spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) but is Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 independent. Cytokine 2015; 76:465-472. [PMID: 26297607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although it is known that Borrelia species express sugar-like structures on their outer surface, not much is known about the role of these structures in immune recognition by host cells. Fungi, like Candida albicans, are mainly recognized by C-type lectin receptors, in specific Dectin-1 and Dectin-2. In this study we assessed the role of Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 in the recognition process of Borrelia spirochetes. Using specific inhibitors against these receptors on human cells did not influenced cytokine production. Individuals carrying a SNP leading to an early stop codon in the DECTIN-1 gene also did not lead to differential induction of Borrelia-dependent cytokines. After injection of live Borrelia into knee joints of Dectin-2 deficient mice a trend towards lower inflammation was observed. Inhibition of Syk in human cells resulted in lower cytokine production after Borrelia stimulation. In conclusion, Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 seem not to play a major role in Borrelia recognition or Borrelia-induced inflammation. However, Syk seems to be involved in Borrelia-induced cytokine production.
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Esch KJ, Schaut RG, Lamb IM, Clay G, Morais Lima ÁL, do Nascimento PRP, Whitley EM, Jeronimo SMB, Sutterwala FS, Haynes JS, Petersen CA. Activation of autophagy and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome during Leishmania infantum-associated glomerulonephritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2105-17. [PMID: 26079813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a major contributor to human and companion animal morbidity and mortality. Renal complications are sequelae of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Despite the high incidence of infection-mediated glomerulonephritis, little is known about pathogenesis of VL-associated renal disease. Leishmania infantum-infected dogs are a naturally occurring model of VL-associated glomerulonephritis. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I [24 of 25 (96%)], with interstitial lymphoplasmacytic nephritis [23 of 25 (92%)], and glomerular and interstitial fibrosis [12 of 25 (48%)] were predominant lesions. An ultrastructural evaluation of glomeruli from animals with VL identified mesangial cell proliferation and interposition. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated significant Leishmania antigen, IgG, and C3b deposition in VL dog glomeruli. Asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs had increased glomerular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 and autophagosome-associated microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 associated with glomerular lesion severity. Transcriptional analyses from symptomatic dogs confirmed induction of autophagy and inflammasome genes within glomeruli and tubules. On the basis of temporal VL staging, glomerulonephritis was initiated by IgG and complement deposition. This deposition preceded presence of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3-associated inflammasomes and increased light chain 3 puncta indicative of autophagosomes in glomeruli from dogs with clinical VL and renal failure. These findings indicate potential roles for inflammasome complexes in glomerular damage during VL and autophagy in ensuing cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Esch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Robert G Schaut
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ian M Lamb
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Gwendolyn Clay
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ádila L Morais Lima
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Paulo R P do Nascimento
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth M Whitley
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Selma M B Jeronimo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Joseph S Haynes
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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11
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Lyme disease: A rigorous review of diagnostic criteria and treatment. J Autoimmun 2015; 57:82-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Divan A, Budd RC, Tobin RP, Newell-Rogers MK. γδ T Cells and dendritic cells in refractory Lyme arthritis. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:653-63. [PMID: 25605869 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2ru0714-343rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is a multisystem infection transmitted by tick vectors with an incidence of up to 300,000 individuals/yr in the United States. The primary treatments are oral or i.v. antibiotics. Despite treatment, some individuals do not recover and have prolonged symptoms affecting multiple organs, including the nervous system and connective tissues. Inflammatory arthritis is a common symptom associated with Lyme pathology. In the past decades, γδ T cells have emerged as candidates that contribute to the transition from innate to adaptive responses. These cells are also differentially regulated within the synovia of patients affected by RLA. Here, we review and discuss potential cellular mechanisms involving γδ T cells and DCs in RLA. TLR signaling and antigen processing and presentation will be the key concepts that we review in aid of understanding the impact of γδ T cells in RLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Divan
- *Texas A&M Health Science, Temple, Texas, USA; and University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Ralph C Budd
- *Texas A&M Health Science, Temple, Texas, USA; and University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Richard P Tobin
- *Texas A&M Health Science, Temple, Texas, USA; and University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - M Karen Newell-Rogers
- *Texas A&M Health Science, Temple, Texas, USA; and University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Petnicki-Ocwieja T, Kern A. Mechanisms of Borrelia burgdorferi internalization and intracellular innate immune signaling. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:175. [PMID: 25566512 PMCID: PMC4266086 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is a long-term infection whose most severe pathology is characterized by inflammatory arthritis of the lower bearing joints, carditis, and neuropathy. The inflammatory cascades are initiated through the early recognition of invading Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes by cells of the innate immune response, such as neutrophils and macrophage. B. burgdorferi does not have an intracellular niche and thus much research has focused on immune pathways activated by pathogen recognition molecules at the cell surface, such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). However, in recent years, studies have shown that internalization of the bacterium by host cells is an important component of the defense machinery in response to B. burgdorferi. Upon internalization, B. burgdorferi is trafficked through an endo/lysosomal pathway resulting in the activation of a number of intracellular pathogen recognition receptors including TLRs and Nod-like receptors (NLRs). Here we will review the innate immune molecules that participate in both cell surface and intracellular immune activation by B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Petnicki-Ocwieja
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aurelie Kern
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Zhuang Y, Ding G, Zhao M, Bai M, Yang L, Ni J, Wang R, Jia Z, Huang S, Zhang A. NLRP3 inflammasome mediates albumin-induced renal tubular injury through impaired mitochondrial function. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25101-11. [PMID: 25059664 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.578260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinuria serves as a direct causative factor of renal tubular cell injury and is highly associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease via uncertain mechanisms. Recently, evidence demonstrated that both NLRP3 inflammasome and mitochondria are involved in the chronic kidney disease progression. The present study was undertaken to examine the role of NLRP3 inflammasome/mitochondria axis in albumin-induced renal tubular injury. In patients with proteinuria, NLRP3 was significantly up-regulated in tubular epithelial cells and was positively correlated with the severity of proteinuria. In agreement with these results, albumin remarkably activated NLRP3 inflammasome in both in vitro renal tubular cells and in vivo kidneys in parallel with significant epithelial cell phenotypic alteration and cell apoptosis. Genetic disruption of NLRP3 inflammasome remarkably attenuated albumin-induced cell apoptosis and phenotypic changes under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. In addition, albumin treatment resulted in a significant mitochondrial abnormality as evidenced by the impaired function and morphology, which was markedly reversed by invalidation of NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway. Interestingly, protection of mitochondria function by Mn(III)tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP) or cyclosporin A (CsA) robustly attenuated albumin-induced injury in mouse proximal tubular cells. Collectively, these findings demonstrated a pathogenic role of NLRP3 inflammasome/caspase-1/mitochondria axis in mediating albumin-induced renal tubular injury. The discovery of this novel axis provides some potential targets for the treatment of proteinuria-associated renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhuang
- From the Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital and the Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guixia Ding
- From the Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital and
| | - Min Zhao
- the Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mi Bai
- the Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lingyun Yang
- the Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jiajia Ni
- the Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Rong Wang
- the Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- From the Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital and the Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Songming Huang
- From the Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital and the Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- From the Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital and the Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
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15
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Oosting M, Buffen K, van der Meer JWM, Netea MG, Joosten LAB. Innate immunity networks during infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 42:233-44. [PMID: 24963691 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.929563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of Borrelia species represents a complex process in which multiple components of the immune system are involved. In this review, we summarize the interplay between the host innate system and Borrelia spp., from the recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to the induction of a complex network of proinflammatory mediators. Several PRR families are crucial for recognition of Borrelia spp., including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs). TLR-2 is crucial for the recognition of outer surface protein (Osp)A from Borrelia spp. and together with TLR8 mediates phagocytosis of the microorganism and production of type I interferons. Intracellular receptors such as TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9 on the one hand and the NLR receptor NOD2 on the other hand, represent the second major recognition system of Borrelia. PRR-dependent signals induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 and T-helper-derived cytokines, which are thought to mediate the inflammation during Lyme disease. Understanding the regulation of host defense mechanisms against Borrelia has the potential to lead to the discovery of novel immunotherapeutic targets to improve the therapy against Lyme disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije Oosting
- a Department of Internal Medicine , and.,b Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Buffen
- a Department of Internal Medicine , and.,b Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Jos W M van der Meer
- a Department of Internal Medicine , and.,b Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- a Department of Internal Medicine , and.,b Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- a Department of Internal Medicine , and.,b Nijmegen Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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16
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Mills KHG, Gerdts V. Mouse and pig models for studies of natural and vaccine-induced immunity to Bordetella pertussis. J Infect Dis 2014; 209 Suppl 1:S16-9. [PMID: 24626866 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of whooping cough in many developed countries has been linked with waning immunity induced after immunization with acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines. The rational design of an improved aP vaccine requires a full understanding of the mechanism of protective immunity and preclinical studies in animal models. Infection of mice and pigs with Bordetella pertussis has many features of the infection seen in humans and has already provided valuable information on the roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in protection. Recent findings in these models have already indicated that it may be possible to develop an improved aP vaccine based on a formulation that includes a Toll-like receptor agonist as an adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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17
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Mason LMK, Veerman CC, Geijtenbeek TBH, Hovius JWR. Ménage à trois: Borrelia, dendritic cells, and tick saliva interactions. Trends Parasitol 2013; 30:95-103. [PMID: 24388562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis, is inoculated into the skin during an Ixodes tick bite where it is recognised and captured by dendritic cells (DCs). However, considering the propensity of Borrelia to disseminate, it would appear that DCs fall short in mounting a robust immune response against it. Many aspects of the DC-driven immune response to Borrelia have been examined. Recently, components of tick saliva have been identified that sabotage DC responses and aid Borrelia infection. In this review, we summarise what is currently known about the immune response of DCs to Borrelia and explore the mechanisms by which Borrelia manages to circumvent this immune response, with or without the help of tick salivary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M K Mason
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Christiaan C Veerman
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joppe W R Hovius
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Kim JJ, Jo EK. NLRP3 inflammasome and host protection against bacterial infection. J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28:1415-23. [PMID: 24133343 PMCID: PMC3792593 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.10.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a multi-protein complex that induces maturation of inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 through activation of caspase-1. Several nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family members, including NLRP3, recognize unique microbial and danger components and play a central role in inflammasome activation. The NLRP3 inflammasome is critical for maintenance of homeostasis against pathogenic infections. However, inflammasome activation acts as a double-edged sword for various bacterial infections. When the IL-1 family of cytokines is secreted excessively, they cause tissue damage and extensive inflammatory responses that are potentially hazardous for the host. Emerging evidence has shown that diverse bacterial pathogens or their components negatively regulate inflammasome activation to escape the immune response. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the roles and regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome during bacterial infections. Activation and regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome should be tightly controlled to prevent virulence and pathology during infections. Understanding the roles and regulatory mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome is essential for developing potential treatment approaches against pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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19
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Richer O, Coupet A, Berciaud S, Pillet P. Atteintes rhumatologiques : Quand évoquer et ne pas évoquer une maladie de Lyme ? Arch Pediatr 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(13)71299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Buckland J. Insight into the innate immune response in Lyme disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2012. [PMID: 23208188 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2012.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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