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Khorshid Shamshiri A, Alidoust M, Hemmati Nokandei M, Pasdar A, Afzaljavan F. Genetic architecture of mammographic density as a risk factor for breast cancer: a systematic review. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF SPANISH ONCOLOGY SOCIETIES AND OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE OF MEXICO 2023; 25:1729-1747. [PMID: 36639603 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-03071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammography Density (MD) is a potential risk marker that is influenced by genetic polymorphisms and can subsequently modulate the risk of breast cancer. This qualitative systematic review summarizes the genes and biological pathways involved in breast density and discusses the potential clinical implications in view of the genetic risk profile for breast density. METHODS The terms related to "Common genetic variations" and "Breast density" were searched in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Gene pathways analysis and assessment of protein interactions were also performed. RESULTS Eighty-six studies including 111 genes, reported a significant association between mammographic density in different populations. ESR1, IGF1, IGFBP3, and ZNF365 were the most prevalent genes. Moreover, estrogen metabolism, signal transduction, and prolactin signaling pathways were significantly related to the associated genes. Mammography density was an associated phenotype, and eight out of 111 genes, including COMT, CYP19A1, CYP1B1, ESR1, IGF1, IGFBP1, IGFBP3, and LSP1, were modifiers of this trait. CONCLUSION Genes involved in developmental processes and the evolution of secondary sexual traits play an important role in determining mammographic density. Due to the effect of breast tissue density on the risk of breast cancer, these genes may also be associated with breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Khorshid Shamshiri
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Alidoust
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Hemmati Nokandei
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Pasdar
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Division of Applied Medicine, Medical School, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Fahimeh Afzaljavan
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 917794-8564, Iran.
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Akinjiyan FA, Adams A, Xu S, Wang M, Toriola AT. Plasma Growth Factor Gene Expression and Mammographic Breast Density in Postmenopausal Women. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:391-398. [PMID: 35288741 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammographic breast density (MBD) is a risk factor for breast cancer, but its molecular basis is poorly understood. Growth factors stimulate cellular and epithelial proliferation and could influence MBD via these mechanisms. Studies investigating the associations of circulating growth factors with MBD have, however, yielded conflicting results especially in postmenopausal women. We, therefore, investigated the associations of plasma growth factor gene expression (IGF-1, IGFBP-3, FGF-1, FGF-12, TGFB-1 and BMP-2) with MBD in postmenopausal women. We used NanoString nCounter platform to quantify plasma growth factor gene expression and Volpara to evaluate volumetric MBD measures. We investigated the associations of growth factor gene expression with MBD using both multiple linear regression (fold change) and multinomial logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders. The mean age of the 368 women enrolled was 58 years (range: 50-64). In analyses using linear regression models, one unit increase in IGF-1 gene expression was associated with a 35% higher VPD (1.35, 95%CI 1.13-1.60, p-value=0.001). There were suggestions that TGFB-1 gene expression was positively associated with VPD while BMP gene expression was inversely associated with VPD, but these were not statistically significant. In analyses using multinomial logistic regression, TGFB-1 gene expression was 33% higher (OR=1.33, 95%CI 1.13-1.56, p-value=0.0008) in women with extremely dense breasts than those with almost entirely fatty breasts. There were no associations between growth factor gene expression and dense volume or non-dense volume. Our study provides insights into the associations of growth factors with MBD in postmenopausal women and require confirmation in other study populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Favour A Akinjiyan
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Andrea Adams
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Shuai Xu
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, United States
| | - Mei Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Adetunji T Toriola
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Mammographic breast density and IGF-1 gene polymorphisms rs1520220, rs2946834 and rs6219 in Polish women. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2021; 25:191-197. [PMID: 34729039 PMCID: PMC8547182 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2021.109727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study The aim of the study was to analyze three single nucleotide polymorphisms – rs1520220, rs2946834, rs6219 – of the IGF-1 gene in the context of breast mammographic density. Material and methods The research material included 202 samples of the peripheral blood of women with increased mammographic breast density and 238 samples of the epithelium from the oral mucosa of women without diagnosed pathological changes of the breast and with no family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer. The real-time polymerase chain reaction method was applied for analysis of polymorphisms. Results rs1520220 polymorphism was associated with increased mammographic density of the breasts. The presence of the CC genotype in the IGF-1 gene increased the risk of developing higher breast density visible in mammography by 2.43-fold. CC homozygotes (rs1520220) correlated with higher Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System scale (3 vs. 4 and 5) (OR = 5.6; 95% CI: 1.82–16.3, p = 0.001). In the present study no relationship was detected between rs6219 and rs2946834 polymorphism and mammographic breast density. Conclusions The results suggest that the rs1520220 polymorphism of the IGF-1 gene plays an important role in the occurrence of increased mammographic breast density.
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms of insulin-like growth factor gene and mammographic breast density. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2021; 19:160-170. [PMID: 33488326 PMCID: PMC7812538 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2020.101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aim of the study To analyze six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs1520220, rs2945834, rs5747694, rs6214, rs6219, rs5742678. An attempt was made to assess the significance of the above IGF-1 gene polymorphisms as prognostic and predictive factors in Polish women with diagnosed increased breast mammographic density. Material and methods The study included women diagnosed with an increased breast mammographic density (n = 98), breast cancer (n = 135) and women as a control group (n = 60). The method used to detect polymorphisms in the IGF-1 gene was the analysis of single-stranded DNA conformation polymorphism (SSCP-PCR) and Sanger’s sequencing. Results In the case of rs1520220 polymorphism, the genotype CC was found to increase the risk of breast cancer (OR = 2.6 95% CI 1.01-6.5, p = 0.04). Analysis of the rs2945834 polymorphism revealed that the occurrence of the G allele reduced the risk of breast cancer, while the occurrence of the A allele increased the risk of disease almost twice (OR = 0.55 95% CI). Among women who are heterozygous in terms of rs5747694 polymorphism (TG), the risk of breast cancer is twice as high as in the control group. The SNPs in the study group did not correlate with mammographic breast density. Conclusions The results obtained in the course of the analysis indicate that polymorphisms rs1520220, rs2946834, rs5747694 gene IGF-1 are associated with the occurrence of breast cancer but not with increased mammographic density. Summing up, the association between the polymorphisms of IGF-1 and the risk of developing breast cancer is independent of mammographic density.
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Kim EY, Chang Y, Ahn J, Yun JS, Park YL, Park CH, Shin H, Ryu S. Mammographic breast density, its changes, and breast cancer risk in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cancer 2020; 126:4687-4696. [PMID: 32767699 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of breast cancer related to changes in breast density over time, including its regression and persistence, remains controversial. The authors investigated the relationship between breast density and its changes over time with the development of breast cancer in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. METHODS The current cohort study included 74,249 middle-aged Korean women (aged ≥35 years) who were free of breast cancer at baseline and who underwent repeated screening mammograms. Mammographic breast density was categorized according to the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). A dense breast was defined as heterogeneously dense or extremely dense, and changes in dense breasts between baseline and subsequent follow-up were classified as none, developed, regressed, or persistent dense breast. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 6.1 years (interquartile range, 4.1-8.8 years), a total of 803 incident breast cancers were identified. Baseline breast density was found to be positively associated with incident breast cancer in a dose-response manner, and this association did not significantly differ by menopausal status. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for breast cancer comparing "heterogeneously dense" and "extremely dense" categories with the nondense category were 1.96 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.40-2.75) and 2.86 (95% CI, 2.04-4.01), respectively. With respect to changes in dense breasts over time, multivariable-adjusted HRs for breast cancer comparing persistent dense breast with none were 2.37 (95% CI, 1.34-4.21) in premenopausal women and 3.61 (95% CI, 1.78-7.30) in postmenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS Both baseline dense breasts and their persistence over time were found to be strongly associated with an increased risk of incident breast cancer in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. LAY SUMMARY Both baseline breast density and its changes over time were found to be independently associated with the risk of breast cancer in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. The risk of incident breast cancer increased in women with persistent dense breasts, whereas the breast cancer risk decreased as dense breasts regressed. The findings of the current study support that both dense breasts at baseline and their persistence over time are independent risk factors for developing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoosoo Chang
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiin Ahn
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Sup Yun
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Lai Park
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Heun Park
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hocheol Shin
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Family Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee E, Luo J, Schumacher FR, Van Den Berg D, Wu AH, Stram DO, Bernstein L, Ursin G. Growth factor genes and change in mammographic density after stopping combined hormone therapy in the California Teachers Study. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1072. [PMID: 30400783 PMCID: PMC6220514 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4981-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The contribution of genetic polymorphisms to the large inter-individual variation in mammographic density (MD) changes following starting and stopping use of estrogen and progestin combined therapy (EPT) has not been well-studied. Previous studies have shown that circulating levels of insulin-like growth factors are associated with MD and cross-talk between estrogen signaling and growth factors is necessary for cell proliferation in the breast. We evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in growth factor genes in association with MD changes after women stop EPT use. Methods We genotyped 191 SNPs in 13 growth factor pathway genes in 284 non-Hispanic white California Teachers Study participants who previously used EPT and collected their mammograms before and after quitting EPT. Percent MD was assessed using a computer-assisted method. Change in percent MD was calculated by subtracting percent MD of an ‘off-EPT’ mammogram from percent MD of an ‘on-EPT’ (i.e. baseline) mammogram. We used multivariable linear regression analysis to investigate the association between SNPs and change in percent MD. We calculated P-values corrected for multiple testing within a gene (Padj). Results Rs1983210 in INHA and rs35539615 in IGFBP1/3 showed the strongest associations. Per minor allele of rs1983210, the absolute change in percent MD after stopping EPT use decreased by 1.80% (a difference in absolute change in percent MD) (Padj= 0.021). For rs35539615, change in percent MD increased by 1.79% per minor allele (Padj= 0.042). However, after applying a Bonferroni correction for the number of genes tested, these associations were no longer statistically significant. Conclusions Genetic variation in growth factor pathway genes INHA and IGFBP1/3 may predict longitudinal MD change after women quit EPT. The observed differences in EPT-associated changes in percent MD in association with these genetic polymorphisms are modest but may be clinically significant considering that the magnitude of absolute increase in percent MD reported from large clinical trials of EPT ranged from 3% to 7%. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4981-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjung Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Jianning Luo
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - David Van Den Berg
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Daniel O Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Giske Ursin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
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Interaction of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin resistance-related genetic variants with lifestyle factors on postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 164:475-495. [PMID: 28478612 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic variants and traits in metabolic signaling pathways may interact with obesity, physical activity, and exogenous estrogen (E), influencing postmenopausal breast cancer risk, but these inter-related pathways are incompletely understood. METHODS We used 75 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)/insulin resistance (IR) traits and signaling pathways, and data from 1003 postmenopausal women in Women's Health Initiative Observation ancillary studies. Stratifying via obesity and lifestyle modifiers, we assessed the role of IGF-I/IR traits (fasting IGF-I, IGF-binding protein 3, insulin, glucose, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance) in breast cancer risk as a mediator or influencing factor. RESULTS Seven SNPs in IGF-I and INS genes were associated with breast cancer risk. These associations differed between non-obese/active and obese/inactive women and between exogenous E non-users and users. The mediation effects of IGF-I/IR traits on the relationship between these SNPs and cancer differed between strata, but only roughly 35% of the cancer risk due to the SNPs was mediated by traits. Similarly, carriers of 20 SNPs in PIK3R1, AKT1/2, and MAPK1 genes (signaling pathways-genetic variants) had different associations with breast cancer between strata, and the proportion of the SNP-cancer relationship explained by traits varied 45-50% between the strata. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that IGF-I/IR genetic variants interact with obesity and lifestyle factors, altering cancer risk partially through pathways other than IGF-I/IR traits. Unraveling gene-phenotype-lifestyle interactions will provide data on potential genetic targets in clinical trials for cancer prevention and intervention strategies to reduce breast cancer risk.
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Costa-Silva DR, Barros-Oliveira MDAC, Borges RS, Tavares CB, Borges US, Alves-Ribeiro FA, Silva VC, Silva BBDA. Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2016; 88:2349-2356. [PMID: 27925035 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620160169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) gene polymorphism has been associated with an increased risk for breast cancer. IGF-1 is a key regulator of proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis. It has important mitogenic and anti-apoptotic activities in normal cells and in breast cancer cells, acting synergistically with estrogen to increase neoplastic cell proliferation. This review aims to present the recent finds of IGF-1 gene polymorphism and its relationship with the risk of breast cancer through following the polymorphic dinucleotide repeat cytosine-adenine (CA) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by searching in the PubMed database publications focused studies published from 2010 to 2015 related to IGF-1 gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk. A growing number of studies support an association between IGF-1 gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk with conflicting results, nevertheless elucidation of the patterns of IGF-1 gene expression may permit characterization of women at high-risk for breast cancer, as well as the development of strategies for early diagnosis and efficient treatment against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danylo R Costa-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Saúde, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Av. Frei Serafim, 2280, Centro, 64001-020 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Maria DA Conceição Barros-Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Saúde, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Av. Frei Serafim, 2280, Centro, 64001-020 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Borges
- Setor de Mastologia do Hospital Getulio Vargas, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Av. Frei Serafim, 2352, Centro, 64001-020 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Cléciton B Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Saúde, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Av. Frei Serafim, 2280, Centro, 64001-020 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Umbelina S Borges
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Saúde, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Av. Frei Serafim, 2280, Centro, 64001-020 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Alves-Ribeiro
- Setor de Mastologia do Hospital Getulio Vargas, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Av. Frei Serafim, 2352, Centro, 64001-020 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Vladimir C Silva
- Serviço de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Natan Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Rua Governador Raimundo Artur de Vasconcelos, 151, Centro/Sul, 64001-450 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Benedito B DA Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Saúde, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Av. Frei Serafim, 2280, Centro, 64001-020 Teresina, PI, Brazil.,Setor de Mastologia do Hospital Getulio Vargas, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Av. Frei Serafim, 2352, Centro, 64001-020 Teresina, PI, Brazil
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Chen HY, Ma SL, Huang W, Ji L, Leung VHK, Jiang H, Yao X, Tang NLS. The mechanism of transactivation regulation due to polymorphic short tandem repeats (STRs) using IGF1 promoter as a model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38225. [PMID: 27910883 PMCID: PMC5133613 DOI: 10.1038/srep38225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional short tandem repeats (STR) are polymorphic in the population, and the number of repeats regulates the expression of nearby genes (known as expression STR, eSTR). STR in IGF1 promoter has been extensively studied for its association with IGF1 concentration in blood and various clinical traits and represents an important eSTR. We previously used an in-vitro luciferase reporter model to examine the interaction between STRs and SNPs in IGF1 promoter. Here, we further explored the mechanism how the number of repeats of the STR regulates gene transcription. An inverse correlation between the number of repeats and the extent of transactivation was found in a haplotype consisting of three promoter SNPs (C-STR-T-T). We showed that these adjacent SNPs located outside the STR were required for the STR to function as eSTR. The C allele of rs35767 provides a binding site for CCAAT/enhancer-binding-protein δ (C/EBPD), which is essential for the gradational transactivation property of eSTR and FOXA3 may also be involved. Therefore, we propose a mechanism in which the gradational transactivation by the eSTR is caused by the interaction of one or more transcriptional complexes located outside the STR, rather than by direct binding to a repeat motif of the STR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Y Chen
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Suk Ling Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lindan Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Vincent H K Leung
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Honglin Jiang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nelson L S Tang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Laboratory of Genetics of Disease Susceptibility, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Functional Genomics and Biostatistical Computing laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.,KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming, China
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Shi J, Aronson KJ, Grundy A, Kobayashi LC, Burstyn I, Schuetz JM, Lohrisch CA, SenGupta SK, Lai AS, Brooks-Wilson A, Spinelli JJ, Richardson H. Polymorphisms of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Pathway Genes and Breast Cancer Risk. Front Oncol 2016; 6:136. [PMID: 27376028 PMCID: PMC4896919 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) pathway genes have been shown to be associated with breast density and IGF1 levels and, therefore, may also influence breast cancer risk via pro-survival signaling cascades. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between IGF1 pathway single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and breast cancer risk among European and East Asian women, and potential interactions with menopausal status and breast tumor subtype. Stratified analyses of 1,037 cases and 1,050 controls from a population-based case–control study were conducted to assess associations with breast cancer for 22 SNPs across 5 IGF1 pathway genes in European and East Asian women. Odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression in additive genetic models. Polytomous logistic regression was used to assess heterogeneity by breast tumor subtype. Two SNPs of the IGF1 gene (rs1019731 and rs12821878) were associated with breast cancer risk among European women. Four highly linked IGF1 SNPs (rs2288378, rs17727841, rs7136446, and rs7956547) were modified by menopausal status among East Asian women only and associated with postmenopausal breast cancers. The association between rs2288378 and breast cancer risk was also modified by breast tumor subtype among East Asian women. Several IGF1 polymorphisms were found to be associated with breast cancer risk and some of these associations were modified by menopausal status or breast tumor subtype. Such interactions should be considered when assessing the role of these variants in breast cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Shi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , Canada
| | - Kristan J Aronson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , Canada
| | - Anne Grundy
- Individuals and Families, Alberta Cancer Prevention Legacy Fund, Alberta Health Services , Calgary, AB , Canada
| | - Lindsay C Kobayashi
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London , London , UK
| | - Igor Burstyn
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Johanna M Schuetz
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Caroline A Lohrisch
- Department of Medical Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Sandip K SenGupta
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , Canada
| | - Agnes S Lai
- Department of Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Angela Brooks-Wilson
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - John J Spinelli
- Department of Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Harriet Richardson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University , Kingston, ON , Canada
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Implication of milk and dairy products consumption through insulin-like growth factor-I in induction of breast cancer risk factors in women. NUTR CLIN METAB 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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12
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Lee CPL, Choi H, Soo KC, Tan MH, Chay WY, Chia KS, Liu J, Li J, Hartman M. Mammographic Breast Density and Common Genetic Variants in Breast Cancer Risk Prediction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136650. [PMID: 26401662 PMCID: PMC4581713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Known prediction models for breast cancer can potentially by improved by the addition of mammographic density and common genetic variants identified in genome-wide associations studies known to be associated with risk of the disease. We evaluated the benefit of including mammographic density and the cumulative effect of genetic variants in breast cancer risk prediction among women in a Singapore population. Methods We estimated the risk of breast cancer using a prospective cohort of 24,161 women aged 50 to 64 from Singapore with available mammograms and known risk factors for breast cancer who were recruited between 1994 and 1997. We measured mammographic density using the medio-lateral oblique views of both breasts. Each woman’s genotype for 75 SNPs was simulated based on the genotype frequency obtained from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium data and the cumulative effect was summarized by a genetic risk score (GRS). Any improvement in the performance of our proposed prediction model versus one containing only variables from the Gail model was assessed by changes in receiver-operating characteristic and predictive values. Results During 17 years of follow-up, 680 breast cancer cases were diagnosed. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.60 (1.22–2.10), 2.20 (1.65–2.92), 2.33 (1.71–3.20), 2.12 (1.43–3.14), and 3.27 (2.24–4.76) for the corresponding mammographic density categories: 11-20cm2, 21-30cm2, 31-40cm2, 41-50cm2, 51-60cm2, and 1.10 (1.03–1.16) for GRS. At the predicted absolute 10-year risk thresholds of 2.5% and 3.0%, a model with mammographic density and GRS could correctly identify 0.9% and 0.5% more women who would develop the disease compared to a model using only the Gail variables, respectively. Conclusion Mammographic density and common genetic variants can improve the discriminatory power of an established breast cancer risk prediction model among females in Singapore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Pei Ling Lee
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Min-Han Tan
- National Cancer Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kee Seng Chia
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jenny Liu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jingmei Li
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mikael Hartman
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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13
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Stone J, Thompson DJ, Dos Santos Silva I, Scott C, Tamimi RM, Lindstrom S, Kraft P, Hazra A, Li J, Eriksson L, Czene K, Hall P, Jensen M, Cunningham J, Olson JE, Purrington K, Couch FJ, Brown J, Leyland J, Warren RML, Luben RN, Khaw KT, Smith P, Wareham NJ, Jud SM, Heusinger K, Beckmann MW, Douglas JA, Shah KP, Chan HP, Helvie MA, Le Marchand L, Kolonel LN, Woolcott C, Maskarinec G, Haiman C, Giles GG, Baglietto L, Krishnan K, Southey MC, Apicella C, Andrulis IL, Knight JA, Ursin G, Alnaes GIG, Kristensen VN, Borresen-Dale AL, Gram IT, Bolla MK, Wang Q, Michailidou K, Dennis J, Simard J, Pharoah P, Dunning AM, Easton DF, Fasching PA, Pankratz VS, Hopper JL, Vachon CM. Novel Associations between Common Breast Cancer Susceptibility Variants and Risk-Predicting Mammographic Density Measures. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2457-67. [PMID: 25862352 PMCID: PMC4470785 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammographic density measures adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI) are heritable predictors of breast cancer risk, but few mammographic density-associated genetic variants have been identified. Using data for 10,727 women from two international consortia, we estimated associations between 77 common breast cancer susceptibility variants and absolute dense area, percent dense area and absolute nondense area adjusted for study, age, and BMI using mixed linear modeling. We found strong support for established associations between rs10995190 (in the region of ZNF365), rs2046210 (ESR1), and rs3817198 (LSP1) and adjusted absolute and percent dense areas (all P < 10(-5)). Of 41 recently discovered breast cancer susceptibility variants, associations were found between rs1432679 (EBF1), rs17817449 (MIR1972-2: FTO), rs12710696 (2p24.1), and rs3757318 (ESR1) and adjusted absolute and percent dense areas, respectively. There were associations between rs6001930 (MKL1) and both adjusted absolute dense and nondense areas, and between rs17356907 (NTN4) and adjusted absolute nondense area. Trends in all but two associations were consistent with those for breast cancer risk. Results suggested that 18% of breast cancer susceptibility variants were associated with at least one mammographic density measure. Genetic variants at multiple loci were associated with both breast cancer risk and the mammographic density measures. Further understanding of the underlying mechanisms at these loci could help identify etiologic pathways implicated in how mammographic density predicts breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Stone
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Dos Santos Silva
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Scott
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rulla M Tamimi
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sara Lindstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aditi Hazra
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jingmei Li
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louise Eriksson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matt Jensen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Julie Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Janet E Olson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kristen Purrington
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Judith Brown
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Leyland
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth M L Warren
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert N Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- MRC Centre for Nutritional Epidemiology in Cancer Prevention and Survival (CNC), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian M Jud
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Heusinger
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Julie A Douglas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kaanan P Shah
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Heang-Ping Chan
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark A Helvie
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Christy Woolcott
- Department of Obstetrics and Genecology, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada
| | | | - Christopher Haiman
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Laura Baglietto
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif Cedex, France. Paris-South University, Villejuif, France
| | - Kavitha Krishnan
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carmel Apicella
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Center for Cancer Genetics, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia A Knight
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giske Ursin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway. Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, California
| | - Grethe I Grenaker Alnaes
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vessela N Kristensen
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Lise Borresen-Dale
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Torhild Gram
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Qin Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jacques Simard
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center and Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A Fasching
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - V Shane Pankratz
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Celine M Vachon
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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mRNA profiling reveals determinants of trastuzumab efficiency in HER2-positive breast cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117818. [PMID: 25710561 PMCID: PMC4339844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired resistance to the monoclonal antibody drug trastuzumab is a major problem in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. A deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms could help to develop new agents. Our intention was to detect genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affecting trastuzumab efficiency in cell culture. Three HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines with different resistance phenotypes were analyzed. We chose BT474 as model of trastuzumab sensitivity, HCC1954 as model of intrinsic resistance, and BTR50, derived from BT474, as model of acquired resistance. Based on RNA-Seq data, we performed differential expression analyses on these cell lines with and without trastuzumab treatment. Differentially expressed genes between the resistant cell lines and BT474 are expected to contribute to resistance. Differentially expressed genes between untreated and trastuzumab treated BT474 are expected to contribute to drug efficacy. To exclude false positives from the candidate gene set, we removed genes that were also differentially expressed between untreated and trastuzumab treated BTR50. We further searched for SNPs in the untreated cell lines which could contribute to trastuzumab resistance. The analysis resulted in 54 differentially expressed candidate genes that might be connected to trastuzumab efficiency. 90% of 40 selected candidates were validated by RT-qPCR. ALPP, CALCOCO1, CAV1, CYP1A2 and IGFBP3 were significantly higher expressed in the trastuzumab treated than in the untreated BT474 cell line. GDF15, IL8, LCN2, PTGS2 and 20 other genes were significantly higher expressed in HCC1954 than in BT474, while NCAM2, COLEC12, AFF3, TFF3, NRCAM, GREB1 and TFF1 were significantly lower expressed. Additionally, we inferred SNPs in HCC1954 for CAV1, PTGS2, IL8 and IGFBP3. The latter also had a variation in BTR50. 20% of the validated subset have already been mentioned in literature. For half of them we called and analyzed SNPs. These results contribute to a better understanding of trastuzumab action and resistance mechanisms.
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15
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Huo CW, Chew GL, Britt KL, Ingman WV, Henderson MA, Hopper JL, Thompson EW. Mammographic density-a review on the current understanding of its association with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 144:479-502. [PMID: 24615497 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There has been considerable recent interest in the genetic, biological and epidemiological basis of mammographic density (MD), and the search for causative links between MD and breast cancer (BC) risk. This report will critically review the current literature on MD and summarize the current evidence for its association with BC. Keywords 'mammographic dens*', 'dense mammary tissue' or 'percent dens*' were used to search the existing literature in English on PubMed and Medline. All reports were critically analyzed. The data were assigned to one of the following aspects of MD: general association with BC, its relationship with the breast hormonal milieu, the cellular basis of MD, the generic variations of MD, and its significance in the clinical setting. MD adjusted for age, and BMI is associated with increased risk of BC diagnosis, advanced tumour stage at diagnosis and increased risk of both local recurrence and second primary cancers. The MD measures that predict BC risk have high heritability, and to date several genetic markers associated with BC risk have been found to also be associated with these MD risk predictors. Change in MD could be a predictor of the extent of chemoprevention with tamoxifen. Although the biological and genetic pathways that determine and perhaps modulate MD remain largely unresolved, significant inroads are being made into the understanding of MD, which may lead to benefits in clinical screening, assessment and treatment strategies. This review provides a timely update on the current understanding of MD's association with BC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Huo
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia,
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16
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Rinaldi S, Biessy C, Hernandez M, Lesueur F, dos-Santos-Silva I, Rice MS, Lajous M, Lopez-Ridaura R, Torres-Mejía G, Romieu I. Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3, genetic polymorphisms and mammographic density in premenopausal Mexican women: results from the ESMaestras cohort. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1436-44. [PMID: 24037648 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays an essential role in the development of the mammary gland. High circulating levels of IGF-I and of its major binding protein IGFBP3 have been related with increased mammographic density in Caucasian premenopausal women. Some common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes of the IGF pathway have also been suggested to play a role in mammographic density. We conducted a cross-sectional study nested within the large Mexican ESMaestras cohort to investigate the relation between circulating levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio, five common SNPs in the IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and IGF-1R genes and mammographic density in 593 premenopausal Mexican women. Mean age at mammogram was 43.1 (standard deviation, SD = 3.7) years, and average body mass index (BMI) at recruitment was 28.5 kg/m(2). Mean percent mammographic density was 36.5% (SD: 17.1), with mean dense tissue area of 48.3 (SD: 33.3) cm(2) . Mean IGF-I and IGFBP-3 concentrations were 15.33 (SD: 5.52) nmol/l and 114.96 (SD: 21.34) nmol/l, respectively. No significant associations were seen between percent density and biomarker concentrations, but women with higher IGF-I and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 concentrations had lower absolute dense (p(trend) = 0.03 and 0.09, respectively) and nondense tissue areas (p(trend) < 0.001 for both parameters). However, these associations were null after adjustment by BMI. SNPs in specific genes were associated with circulating levels of growth factors, but not with mammographic density features. These results do not support the hypothesis of a strong association between circulating levels of growth hormones and mammographic density in Mexican premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rinaldi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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Delmanto A, Nahas-Neto J, Traiman P, Uemura G, Pessoa EC, Nahas EAP. Effects of soy isoflavones on mammographic density and breast parenchyma in postmenopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Menopause 2013; 20:1049-54. [PMID: 23481125 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182850270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the effects of soy isoflavones on breast tissue in postmenopausal women. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 80 women (aged ≥ 45 y and with amenorrhea >12 mo) with vasomotor symptoms were randomized to receive either 250 mg of standardized soy extract corresponding to isoflavone 100 mg/day (n = 40) or placebo (n = 40) for 10 months. Breasts were evaluated through mammographic density and breast parenchyma using ultrasound (US) at baseline and 10-month follow-up. Independent t test, analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U test, and χ2 trend test were used in statistical analysis. RESULTS Baseline clinical characteristics showed no significant differences between the isoflavone group and the placebo group, with mean (SD) age of 55.1 (6.0) and 56.2 (7.7) years, mean (SD) menopause duration of 6.6 (4.8) and 7.1 (4.2) years, and mean (SD) body mass index of 29.7 (5.0) and 28.5 (4.9) kg/m2, respectively (P > 0.05). The study was completed by 32 women on isoflavone and 34 women on placebo. The groups did not differ in mammographic density or breast parenchyma by US (P > 0.05). Within each group, the baseline and final moments did not differ in mammography or US parameters significantly (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The use of soy isoflavone extract for 10 months does not affect breast density, as assessed by mammography and US, in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Delmanto
- From the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Ozhand A, Lee E, Wu AH, Ellingjord-Dale M, Akslen LA, McKean-Cowdin R, Ursin G. Variation in inflammatory cytokine/growth-factor genes and mammographic density in premenopausal women aged 50-55. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65313. [PMID: 23762340 PMCID: PMC3676419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammographic density (MD) has been found to be an independent risk factor for breast cancer. Although data from twin studies suggest that MD has a strong genetic component, the exact genes involved remain to be identified. Alterations in stromal composition and the number of epithelial cells are the most predominant histopathological determinants of mammographic density. Interactions between the breast stroma and epithelium are critically important in the maturation and development of the mammary gland and the cross-talk between these cells are mediated by paracrine growth factors and cytokines. The potential impact of genetic variation in growth factors and cytokines on MD is largely unknown. Methods We investigated the association between 89 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 7 cytokine/growth-factor genes (FGFR2, IGFBP1, IGFBP3, TGFB1, TNF, VEGF, IL6) and percent MD in 301 premenopausal women (aged 50 to 55 years) participating in the Norwegian Breast Cancer Screening Program. We evaluated the suggestive associations in 216 premenopausal Singapore Chinese Women of the same age. Results We found statistically significant associations between 9 tagging SNPs in the IL6 gene and MD in Norwegian women; the effect ranged from 3–5% in MD per variant allele (p-values = 0.02 to 0.0002). One SNP in the IL6 (rs10242595) significantly influenced MD in Singapore Chinese women. Conclusion Genetic variations in IL6 may be associated with MD and therefore may be an indicator of breast cancer risk in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ozhand
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anna H. Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Lars A. Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, The Gade Laboratorium for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Giske Ursin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Aschard H, Zaitlen N, Tamimi RM, Lindström S, Kraft P. A nonparametric test to detect quantitative trait loci where the phenotypic distribution differs by genotypes. Genet Epidemiol 2013; 37:323-33. [PMID: 23512279 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Searching for genetic variants involved in gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in large-scale data raises multiple methodological issues. Many existing methods have focused on the problem of dimensionality, trying to explore the largest number of combinations between risk factors while considering simple interaction models. Despite evidence demonstrating the efficacy of these methods in simulated data, their application in real data has been unsuccessful so far. The classical test of a linear marginal genetic effect has been widely used for agnostic genome-wide association studies, with the underlying idea that most variants involved in interactions might display marginal effect on the phenotypic mean. Although this approach may allow for the identification of genetic variants involved in interactions in many scenarios, the linear marginal effects of some causal alleles on the phenotypic mean might not be always detectable at genome-wide significance level. We introduce in this study a general association test for quantitative trait loci that compare the distributions of phenotypic values by genotypic classes as opposed to most standard tests that compare phenotypic means by genotypic classes. Using simulations we show that in presence of interactions, this approach can be more powerful than the standard test of the linear marginal effect, with a gain of power increasing with increasing interaction effect and decreasing frequencies of the interacting exposures. We demonstrate the potential utility of our method on real data by analyzing mammographic density genome-wide data from the Nurses' Health Study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Aschard
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Sparkman AM, Schwartz TS, Madden JA, Boyken SE, Ford NB, Serb JM, Bronikowski AM. Rates of molecular evolution vary in vertebrates for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a pleiotropic locus that regulates life history traits. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2012; 178:164-73. [PMID: 22569170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a member of the vertebrate insulin/insulin-like growth factor/relaxin gene family necessary for growth, reproduction, and survival at both the cellular and organismal level. Its sequence, protein structure, and function have been characterized in mammals, birds, and fish; however, a notable gap in our current knowledge of the function of IGF-1 and its molecular evolution is information in ectothermic reptiles. To address this disparity, we sequenced the coding region of IGF-1 in 11 reptile species-one crocodilian, three turtles, three lizards, and four snakes. Complete sequencing of the full mRNA transcript of a snake revealed the Ea-isoform, the predominant isoform of IGF-1 also reported in other vertebrate groups. A gene tree of the IGF-1 protein-coding region that incorporated sequences from diverse vertebrate groups showed similarity to the species phylogeny, with the exception of the placement of Testudines as sister group to Aves, due to their high nucleotide sequence similarity. In contrast, long-branch lengths indicate more rapid divergence in IGF-1 among lizards and snakes. Additionally, lepidosaurs (i.e., lizards and snakes) had higher rates of non-synonymous:synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) relative to archosaurs (i.e., birds and crocodilians) and turtles. Tests for positive selection on specific codons within branches and evaluation of the changes in the amino acid properties, suggested positive selection in lepidosaurs on the C domain of IGF-1, which is involved in binding affinity to the IGF-1 receptor. Predicted structural changes suggest that major alterations in protein structure and function may have occurred in reptiles. These data propose new insights into the molecular co-evolution of IGF-1 and its receptors, and ultimately the evolution of IGF-1's role in regulating life-history traits across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Sparkman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Onitilo AA, Engel JM, Glurich I, Stankowski RV, Williams GM, Doi SA. Diabetes and cancer II: role of diabetes medications and influence of shared risk factors. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 23:991-1008. [PMID: 22527174 PMCID: PMC4138811 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-9971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and cancer has long been postulated, but the biological mechanism responsible for this association has not been defined. In part one of this review, we discussed the epidemiological evidence for increased risk of cancer, decreased cancer survival, and decreased rates of cancer screening in diabetic patients. Here we review the risk factors shared by cancer and DM and how DM medications play a role in altering cancer risk. Hyperinsulinemia stands out as a major factor contributing to the association between DM and cancer, and modulation of circulating insulin levels by DM medications appears to play an important role in altering cancer risk. Drugs that increase circulating insulin, including exogenous insulin, insulin analogs, and insulin secretagogues, are generally associated with an increased cancer risk. In contrast, drugs that regulate insulin signaling without increasing levels, especially metformin, appear to be associated with a decreased cancer risk. In addition to hyperinsulinemia, the effect of DM medications on other shared risk factors including hyperglycemia, obesity, and oxidative stress as well as demographic factors that may influence the use of certain DM drugs in different populations are described. Further elucidation of the mechanisms behind the association between DM, cancer, and the role of DM medications in modulating cancer risk may aid in the development of better prevention and treatment options for both DM and cancer. Additionally, incorporation of DM medication use into cancer prediction models may lead to the development of improved risk assessment tools for diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedayo A Onitilo
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Marshfield Clinic Weston Center, WI 54476, USA.
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22
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Seyhan AA, Varadarajan U, Choe S, Liu W, Ryan TE. A genome-wide RNAi screen identifies novel targets of neratinib resistance leading to identification of potential drug resistant genetic markers. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:1553-70. [PMID: 22446932 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb05512k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neratinib (HKI-272) is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the ErbB receptor family currently in Phase III clinical trials. Despite its efficacy, the mechanism of potential cellular resistance to neratinib and genes involved with it remains unknown. We have used a pool-based lentiviral genome-wide functional RNAi screen combined with a lethal dose of neratinib to discover chemoresistant interactions with neratinib. Our screen has identified a collection of genes whose inhibition by RNAi led to neratinib resistance including genes involved in oncogenesis (e.g. RAB33A, RAB6A and BCL2L14), transcription factors (e.g. FOXP4, TFEC, ZNF), cellular ion transport (e.g. CLIC3, TRAPPC2P1, P2RX2), protein ubiquitination (e.g. UBL5), cell cycle (e.g. CCNF), and genes known to interact with breast cancer-associated genes (e.g. CCNF, FOXP4, TFEC, several ZNF factors, GNA13, IGFBP1, PMEPA1, SOX5, RAB33A, RAB6A, FXR1, DDO, TFEC, OLFM2). The identification of novel mediators of cellular resistance to neratinib could lead to the identification of new or neoadjuvant drug targets. Their use as patient or treatment selection biomarkers could make the application of anti-ErbB therapeutics more clinically effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila A Seyhan
- Systems Biology, Global Biotherapeutics, Pfizer Inc., 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
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23
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Greenwood CMT, Paterson AD, Linton L, Andrulis IL, Apicella C, Dimitromanolakis A, Kriukov V, Martin LJ, Salleh A, Samiltchuk E, Parekh RV, Southey MC, John EM, Hopper JL, Boyd NF, Rommens JM. A genome-wide linkage study of mammographic density, a risk factor for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R132. [PMID: 22188651 PMCID: PMC3326574 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mammographic breast density is a highly heritable (h2 > 0.6) and strong risk factor for breast cancer. We conducted a genome-wide linkage study to identify loci influencing mammographic breast density (MD). METHODS Epidemiological data were assembled on 1,415 families from the Australia, Northern California and Ontario sites of the Breast Cancer Family Registry, and additional families recruited in Australia and Ontario. Families consisted of sister pairs with age-matched mammograms and data on factors known to influence MD. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was performed on 3,952 individuals using the Illumina Infinium 6K linkage panel. RESULTS Using a variance components method, genome-wide linkage analysis was performed using quantitative traits obtained by adjusting MD measurements for known covariates. Our primary trait was formed by fitting a linear model to the square root of the percentage of the breast area that was dense (PMD), adjusting for age at mammogram, number of live births, menopausal status, weight, height, weight squared, and menopausal hormone therapy. The maximum logarithm of odds (LOD) score from the genome-wide scan was on chromosome 7p14.1-p13 (LOD = 2.69; 63.5 cM) for covariate-adjusted PMD, with a 1-LOD interval spanning 8.6 cM. A similar signal was seen for the covariate adjusted area of the breast that was dense (DA) phenotype. Simulations showed that the complete sample had adequate power to detect LOD scores of 3 or 3.5 for a locus accounting for 20% of phenotypic variance. A modest peak initially seen on chromosome 7q32.3-q34 increased in strength when only the 513 families with at least two sisters below 50 years of age were included in the analysis (LOD 3.2; 140.7 cM, 1-LOD interval spanning 9.6 cM). In a subgroup analysis, we also found a LOD score of 3.3 for DA phenotype on chromosome 12.11.22-q13.11 (60.8 cM, 1-LOD interval spanning 9.3 cM), overlapping a region identified in a previous study. CONCLUSIONS The suggestive peaks and the larger linkage signal seen in the subset of pedigrees with younger participants highlight regions of interest for further study to identify genes that determine MD, with the goal of understanding mammographic density and its involvement in susceptibility to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia MT Greenwood
- Department of Oncology (Division of Cancer Epidemiology), and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC; Lady Davis Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Community Studies, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2 Canada
| | - Andrew D Paterson
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 101 College Street, East Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7 Canada
| | - Linda Linton
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Ontario Genetics Network, Ontario Cancer Care, Toronto; Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8 Canada
| | - Carmel Apicella
- Center for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Apostolos Dimitromanolakis
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 101 College Street, East Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Valentina Kriukov
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Lisa J Martin
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9 Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Ayesha Salleh
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Elena Samiltchuk
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 101 College Street, East Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Rashmi V Parekh
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 101 College Street, East Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Esther M John
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford; Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, CA 94538, USA
| | - John L Hopper
- Center for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytical Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Norman F Boyd
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9 Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Johanna M Rommens
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 101 College Street, East Tower, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1A8 Canada
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Donohoe CL, Doyle SL, Reynolds JV. Visceral adiposity, insulin resistance and cancer risk. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2011; 3:12. [PMID: 21696633 PMCID: PMC3145556 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-3-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a well established link between obesity and cancer. Emerging research is characterising this relationship further and delineating the specific role of excess visceral adiposity, as opposed to simple obesity, in promoting tumorigenesis. This review summarises the evidence from an epidemiological and pathophysiological perspective. METHODS Relevant medical literature was identified from searches of PubMed and references cited in appropriate articles identified. Selection of articles was based on peer review, journal and relevance. RESULTS Numerous epidemiological studies consistently identify increased risk of developing carcinoma in the obese. Adipose tissue, particularly viscerally located fat, is metabolically active and exerts systemic endocrine effects. Putative pathophysiological mechanisms linking obesity and carcinogenesis include the paracrine effects of adipose tissue and systemic alterations associated with obesity. Systemic changes in the obese state include chronic inflammation and alterations in adipokines and sex steroids. Insulin and the insulin-like growth factor axis influence tumorigenesis and also have a complex relationship with adiposity. There is evidence to suggest that insulin and the IGF axis play an important role in mediating obesity associated malignancy. CONCLUSIONS There is much evidence to support a role for obesity in cancer progression, however further research is warranted to determine the specific effect of excess visceral adipose tissue on tumorigenesis. Investigation of the potential mechanisms underpinning the association, including the role of insulin and the IGF axis, will improve understanding of the obesity and cancer link and may uncover targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Donohoe
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin/St James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Suzanne L Doyle
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin/St James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - John V Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin/St James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Qian B, Zheng H, Yu H, Chen K. Genotypes and phenotypes of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in breast tumors among Chinese women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 130:217-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Papantoniou V, Valsamaki P, Sotiropoulou E, Tsaroucha A, Tsiouris S, Sotiropoulou M, Marinopoulos S, Kounadi E, Karianos T, Fothiadaki A, Archontaki A, Syrgiannis K, Ptohis N, Makris N, Limouris G, Antsaklis A. Increased breast density correlates with the proliferation-seeking radiotracer (99m)Tc(V)-DMSA uptake in florid epithelial hyperplasia and in mixed ductal carcinoma in situ with invasive ductal carcinoma but not in pure invasive ductal carcinoma or in mild epithelial hyperplasia. Mol Imaging 2011; 10:370-6. [PMID: 21521552 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2010.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of mammographic breast density (BD) and cell proliferation/focal adhesion kinase activation-seeking radiotracer technetium 99m pentavalent dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc(V)-DMSA) uptake in women with different breast histologies, that is, mild epithelial hyperplasia (MEH), florid epithelial hyperplasia (FEH), mixed ductal carcinoma in situ with invasive ductal carcinoma (DCIS + IDC), and pure IDC. Fifty-five women with histologically confirmed mammary pathologies were submitted preoperatively to mammography and 99mTc(V)-DMSA scintimammography. The percentage and intensity of 99mTc(V)-DMSA uptake and the percentage of BD were calculated by computer-assisted methods and compared (t-test) between the breast pathologies. In breasts with increased BD, FEH and DCIS + IDC were found. On the contrary, pure IDC and MEH were identified in breasts with significantly lower BD values. In breasts with increased 99mTc(V)-DMSA area and intensity of uptake, FEH was the main lesion found compared to all other histologies. Linear regression analysis between BD and 99mTc(V)-DMSA uptake area and intensity revealed significant coefficients of correlation (r = .689, p < .001 and r = .582, p < .001, respectively). Increased BD correlates with the presence of FEH and mixed DCIS + IDC but not with pure IDC or MEH. Its close relationship to 99mTc(V)-DMSA, which also showed an affinity to FEH, indicates that stromal microenvironment may constitute a specific substrate leading to progression to different subtypes of cancerous lesions originating from different pathways.
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McGrath M, Lee IM, Buring J, De Vivo I. Common genetic variation within IGFI, IGFII, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-3 and endometrial cancer risk. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 120:174-8. [PMID: 21078522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway plays a critical role in the growth and development of the uterus and is believed to function as a mediator of steroid hormone actions in the endometrium. The local expression of genes encoding IGFs and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) is important in determining IGF bioactivity in the uterus. Genetic variation in key genes within the IGF pathway may influence the rate of cellular proliferation and differentiation in the uterus and ultimately affect the risk of endometrial cancer. Our hypothesis is that variant alleles in key genes involved in the IGF pathway will influence the development of endometrial cancer. METHODS We conducted a case-control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the Women's Health Study (WHS) to investigate the association between forty-four polymorphisms within IGFI, IGFII, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-3 with endometrial cancer risk using 692 invasive endometrial cancer cases and 1723 matched controls. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the risk of endometrial cancer. RESULTS We observed an inverse association with IGFII rs3741211 and endometrial cancer risk (OR=0.79 (95% CI: 0.63, 0.99)) and IGFII rs1004446 and endometrial cancer risk (OR=0.80 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.94)). We also observed an inverse association with IGFBP-3 rs2453839 and endometrial cancer risk (OR=0.81 (95%CI: 0.67, 0.98). However, we did not observe any statistically significant associations with the polymorphisms in IGFI and IGFBP1 and endometrial cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation with IGFII and IGFBP-3 may influence endometrial cancer risk in Caucasians. Polymorphisms in IGFI and IGFBP-1 were not associated with endometrial cancer risk, but further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica McGrath
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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IGF1 htSNPs in relation to IGF-1 levels in young women from high-risk breast cancer families: implications for early-onset breast cancer. Fam Cancer 2010; 10:173-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10689-010-9404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Gu F, Schumacher FR, Canzian F, Allen NE, Albanes D, Berg CD, Berndt SI, Boeing H, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Buring JE, Chabbert-Buffet N, Chanock SJ, Clavel-Chapelon F, Dumeaux V, Gaziano JM, Giovannucci EL, Haiman CA, Hankinson SE, Hayes RB, Henderson BE, Hunter DJ, Hoover RN, Johansson M, Key TJ, Khaw KT, Kolonel LN, Lagiou P, Lee IM, LeMarchand L, Lund E, Ma J, Onland-Moret NC, Overvad K, Rodriguez L, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Stampfer MJ, Stattin P, Stram DO, Thomas G, Thun MJ, Tjønneland A, Trichopoulos D, Tumino R, Virtamo J, Weinstein SJ, Willett WC, Yeager M, Zhang SM, Kaaks R, Riboli E, Ziegler RG, Kraft P. Eighteen insulin-like growth factor pathway genes, circulating levels of IGF-I and its binding protein, and risk of prostate and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:2877-87. [PMID: 20810604 PMCID: PMC2989404 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its main binding protein, IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), have been associated with risk of several types of cancer. Heritable factors explain up to 60% of the variation in IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in studies of adult twins. METHODS We systematically examined common genetic variation in 18 genes in the IGF signaling pathway for associations with circulating levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. A total of 302 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were genotyped in >5,500 Caucasian men and 5,500 Caucasian women from the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium. RESULTS After adjusting for multiple testing, SNPs in the IGF1 and SSTR5 genes were significantly associated with circulating IGF-I (P < 2.1 × 10(-4)); SNPs in the IGFBP3 and IGFALS genes were significantly associated with circulating IGFBP-3. Multi-SNP models explained R(2) = 0.62% of the variation in circulating IGF-I and 3.9% of the variation in circulating IGFBP-3. We saw no significant association between these multi-SNP predictors of circulating IGF-I or IGFBP-3 and risk of prostate or breast cancers. CONCLUSION Common genetic variation in the IGF1 and SSTR5 genes seems to influence circulating IGF-I levels, and variation in IGFBP3 and IGFALS seems to influence circulating IGFBP-3. However, these variants explain only a small percentage of the variation in circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in Caucasian men and women. IMPACT Further studies are needed to explore contributions from other genetic factors such as rare variants in these genes and variation outside of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Gu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Verheus M, Maskarinec G, Woolcott CG, Haiman CA, Le Marchand L, Henderson BE, Cheng I, Kolonel LN. IGF1, IGFBP1, and IGFBP3 genes and mammographic density: the Multiethnic Cohort. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1115-23. [PMID: 20039319 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has mitogenic properties and stimulates cell growth. In this analysis, we investigated the relation between common genetic variation in IGF1, IGFBP1, and IGFBP3, and mammographic density among 819 women of Hawaiian, European, and Japanese ancestry from the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Mammographic density was assessed using a quantitative computer-assisted method. Previously identified tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for IGF1 (26 tag SNPs) and IGFBP1/IGFBP3 (22 tag SNPs) were genotyped among the 819 women. Mixed models were conducted to evaluate the associations between genetic variation and mammographic density. Two SNPs were borderline statistical significantly associated with mammographic density: rs35539615 on IGFBP1 (p = 0.05) and rs2453839 on IGFBP3 (p = 0.01). Rs35767on IGF1 (p = 0.03) was also associated with mammographic density, although in opposite direction of what was expected from previous findings with IGF-I levels. The majority of SNPs were, however, not associated with mammographic density. Analyses stratified by ethnicity showed similar results as the overall analyses for IGF1 and IGFBP1. However, for 4 SNPs in the IGFBP3 gene, the minor allele was associated with lower mammographic density in Japanese Americans and higher mammographic density in Caucasians. Given the large number of SNPs tested and the few borderline significant results, we only found weak evidence that genetic variations in IGFBP1 or IGFBP3 may be related to mammographic density. Ethnicity may modify these relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Verheus
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
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Abstract
Under physiological conditions, cells receive fate-determining signals from their tissue surroundings, primarily in the form of polypeptide growth factors. Integration of these extracellular signals underlies tissue homeostasis. Although departure from homeostasis and tumor initiation are instigated by oncogenic mutations rather than by growth factors, the latter are the major regulators of all subsequent steps of tumor progression, namely clonal expansion, invasion across tissue barriers, angiogenesis, and colonization of distant niches. Here, we discuss the relevant growth factor families, their roles in tumor biology, as well as the respective downstream signaling pathways. Importantly, cancer-associated activating mutations that impinge on these pathways often relieve, in part, the reliance of tumors on growth factors. On the other hand, growth factors are frequently involved in evolvement of resistance to therapeutic regimens, which extends the roles for polypeptide factors to very late phases of tumor progression and offers opportunities for cancer therapy.
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Sung J, Song YM, Stone J, Lee K, Kim SY. Association of body size measurements and mammographic density in Korean women: the Healthy Twin study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:1523-31. [PMID: 20501766 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both greater body size and higher mammographic density seem to be associated with a risk of breast cancer. To understand a mechanism through which body size confers a higher risk of breast cancer, associations between mammographic measures and various measures of body size were examined. METHOD Study subjects were 730 Korean women selected from the Healthy Twin study. Body size measurements were completed according to standard protocol. Mammographic density was measured from digital mammograms using a computer-assisted method from which the total area and the dense area of the breast were calculated, and nondense area and percent of dense area were straightforwardly derived. Linear mixed models considering familial correlations were used for analyses. RESULTS Total and nondense areas were positively associated with current body mass index (BMI), BMI at 35 years, total fat percent, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio, whereas percent dense area was inversely associated with these characteristics in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Height was not associated with any mammographic measure. Total and nondense areas had strong positive genetic correlations with current BMI, total fat percent, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio, whereas percent dense area had strong inverse genetic correlations with these body size measurements. CONCLUSION Mammographic density and obesity are inversely associated with each other possibly from common genetic influences that have opposite effects on mammographic density and obesity in Korean women. IMPACT The association between obesity and breast cancer does not seem to be mediated through mammographic density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohon Sung
- Department of Epidemiology, the Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Kostek MC, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Harris TB, Thompson PD, Clarkson PM, Angelopoulos TJ, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Seip RL, Garcia M, Li R, Zmuda JM, Delmonico MJ, Kanaya A, Hoffman EP. A polymorphism near IGF1 is associated with body composition and muscle function in women from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:315-24. [PMID: 20490824 PMCID: PMC2928925 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported associations of polymorphisms in the IGF1 gene with phenotypes of body composition (BC). The purpose of this study was to identify phenotypes of BC and physical function that were associated with the IGF1 promoter polymorphism (rs35767, −C1245T). Subjects from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, white males and females (n = 925/836) and black males and females (533/705) aged 70–79 years were genotyped for the polymorphism. Phenotypes of muscle size and function, bone mineral density, and BC were analyzed for associations with this polymorphism. To validate and compare these findings, a cohort of young (mean age = 24.6, SD = 5.9) white men and women (n = 173/296) with similar phenotypic measurements were genotyped. An association with BC was identified in elderly females when significant covariates (physical activity, age, smoking status, body mass index) were included. White women with C/C genotype had 3% more trunk fat and 2% more total fat than those with C/T (P < 0.05). Black women with C/C genotype had 3% less total lean mass and 3% less muscle mass than their T/T counterparts (P < 0.05). Associations were identified with muscle strength in white women (P < 0.01) that were in agreement with the C/C genotype having lower muscle function. Thus, in an elderly population but not a young population, a polymorphism in the IGF1 gene may be predictive of differences in body composition, primarily in black females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Kostek
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Carvajal-Carmona LG. Genetic dissection of intermediate phenotypes as a way to discover novel cancer susceptibility alleles. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 20:308-14. [PMID: 20456939 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The availability of affordable genome-wide association (GWA) studies has led to the discovery of a large number of cancer risk alleles. The prospects of identifying additional alleles using the same disease-based approach are limited unless very large samples sizes are used in future investigations. An alternative and powerful way to identify additional cancer genes is to study intermediate phenotypes, such as variation in DNA repair capacity, that are known to be associated with increased disease risk. Most of these phenotypes are highly genetic. Their measurement can be achieved using well-established medium-throughput to high-throughput methods and their genetic mapping can be carried out with relatively small sample sizes. The genetic variants associated with these phenotypes will represent ideal functionally validated candidates for cancer susceptibility studies. Unlike hypothesis-free and disease-based GWA-discovered alleles, intermediate phenotype alleles that mediate cancer risk will have a strong biological relevance and will represent excellent modifiable or 'drugable' therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Carvajal-Carmona
- Molecular and Population Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Haars G, van Gils CH, Elias SG, Lokate M, van Noord PAH, Peeters PHM. The influence of a period of caloric restriction due to the Dutch famine on breast density. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:2211-5. [PMID: 19739115 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we showed that short, intense caloric restriction due to the Dutch famine increased breast cancer risk in women and influenced the hormonal- and IGF-system. These systems may also affect breast density, which is one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer. We examined the influence of the Dutch famine on breast density, using mammograms of 1,035 women. Breast size, dense and non-dense tissue and the relative density were measured on a continuous scale. Mean density was compared between three groups of ascending levels of famine-exposure. Results were adjusted for known determinants of breast density and stratified by age at exposure. There were no overall, significant differences by exposure. In unexposed compared to severely exposed women, means varied from 124 cm(2) to 121 cm(2) (p(trend) = 0.50) for breast size, from 23.4 to 21.8 cm(2) (p(trend) = 0.48) for amount of dense tissue, from 87.7 to 85.4 cm(2) (p(trend) = 0.55) for non-dense tissue and from 22.8 to 22.3% (p(trend) = 0.78) for relative density. Only among women who were younger than 10 years during the famine was the amount of non-dense tissue significantly lower with higher exposure, with 53.1 cm(2) for severely exposed compared to 77.8 cm(2) (p(trend) = 0.03) for unexposed. This group also appeared to have smaller breasts with more absolute and relative density, but not statistically significant. We observed no overall effect on breast density in women severely exposed to a short, intense caloric restriction. However, in women exposed before puberty, the non-dense area was smaller and density tended to be higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerco Haars
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Biong M, Gram IT, Brill I, Johansen F, Solvang HK, Alnaes GIG, Fagerheim T, Bremnes Y, Chanock SJ, Burdett L, Yeager M, Ursin G, Kristensen VN. Genotypes and haplotypes in the insulin-like growth factors, their receptors and binding proteins in relation to plasma metabolic levels and mammographic density. BMC Med Genomics 2010; 3:9. [PMID: 20302654 PMCID: PMC2853484 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-3-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased mammographic density is one of the strongest independent risk factors for breast cancer. It is believed that one third of breast cancers are derived from breasts with more than 50% density. Mammographic density is affected by age, BMI, parity, and genetic predisposition. It is also greatly influenced by hormonal and growth factor changes in a woman's life cycle, spanning from puberty through adult to menopause. Genetic variations in genes coding for hormones and growth factors involved in development of the breast are therefore of great interest. The associations between genetic polymorphisms in genes from the IGF pathway on mammographic density and circulating levels of IGF1, its binding protein IGFBP3, and their ratio in postmenopausal women are reported here. METHODS Samples from 964 postmenopausal Norwegian women aged 55-71 years were collected as a part of the Tromsø Mammography and Breast Cancer Study. All samples were genotyped for 25 SNPs in IGF1, IGF2, IGF1R, IGF2R, IGFALS and IGFBP3 using Taqman (ABI). The main statistical analyses were conducted with the PROC HAPLOTYPE procedure within SAS/GENETICS (SAS 9.1.3). RESULTS The haplotype analysis revealed six haploblocks within the studied genes. Of those, four had significant associations with circulating levels of IGF1 or IGFBP3 and/or mammographic density. One haplotype variant in the IGF1 gene was found to be associated with mammographic density. Within the IGF2 gene one haplotype variant was associated with levels of both IGF1 and IGFBP3. Two haplotype variants in the IGF2R were associated with the level of IGF1. Both variants of the IGFBP3 haplotype were associated with the IGFBP3 level and indicate regulation in cis. CONCLUSION Polymorphisms within the IGF1 gene and related genes were associated with plasma levels of IGF1, IGFBP3 and mammographic density in this study of postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarethe Biong
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Montebello 0310, Oslo, Norway
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Li J, Eriksson L, Humphreys K, Czene K, Liu J, Tamimi RM, Lindström S, Hunter DJ, Vachon CM, Couch FJ, Scott CG, Lagiou P, Hall P. Genetic variation in the estrogen metabolic pathway and mammographic density as an intermediate phenotype of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:R19. [PMID: 20214802 PMCID: PMC2879563 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Several studies have examined the effect of genetic variants in genes involved in the estrogen metabolic pathway on mammographic density, but the number of loci studied and the sample sizes evaluated have been small and pathways have not been evaluated comprehensively. In this study, we evaluate the association between mammographic density and genetic variants of the estrogen metabolic pathway. Methods A total of 239 SNPs in 34 estrogen metabolic genes were studied in 1,731 Swedish women who participated in a breast cancer case-control study, of which 891 were cases and 840 were controls. Film mammograms of the medio-lateral oblique view were digitalized and the software Cumulus was used for computer-assisted semi-automated thresholding of mammographic density. Generalized linear models controlling for possible confounders were used to evaluate the effects of SNPs on mammographic density. Results found to be nominally significant were examined in two independent populations. The admixture maximum likelihood-based global test was performed to evaluate the cumulative effect from multiple SNPs within the whole metabolic pathway and three subpathways for androgen synthesis, androgen-to-estrogen conversion and estrogen removal. Results Genetic variants of genes involved in estrogen metabolism exhibited no appreciable effect on mammographic density. None of the nominally significant findings were validated. In addition, global analyses on the overall estrogen metabolic pathway and its subpathways did not yield statistically significant results. Conclusions Overall, there is no conclusive evidence that genetic variants in genes involved in the estrogen metabolic pathway are associated with mammographic density in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Li
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Taverne CW, Verheus M, McKay JD, Kaaks R, Canzian F, Grobbee DE, Peeters PHM, van Gils CH. Common genetic variation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), IGFBP-3, and acid labile subunit in relation to serum IGF-I levels and mammographic density. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 123:843-55. [PMID: 20155489 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammographic density is strongly related to increased breast cancer risk. Accumulating evidence indicates that a role for the IGF-pathway in mammographic density and breast cancer development. Here, we investigate whether common genetic variation in this pathway influences insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels and mammographic density. In 1,916 premenopausal women within the Prospect-EPIC cohort, we examined associations of 14 haplotype tagging SNPs in the ALS, IGFBP1, and IGFBP3 genes with IGF-I circulating levels and mammographic density. In 657 women, who became postmenopausal during follow-up, we investigated how these SNPs were related with the decrease in density over menopause. Linear regression models were used for statistical analysis. None of the ALS or IGFBP3 SNPs were statistically significantly associated with IGF-I levels or mammographic density. The CC genotype for rs1908751 (IGFBP1) was associated with lower levels of IGF-I (110.9 ng/ml) compared to the CT/TT genotypes (115.7 ng/ml) (P = 0.04). Women with the CC genotype also had lower percent density, although not statistically significantly (P = 0.12). Women carrying the AA genotype for rs1995051 (IGFBP1) showed that borderline significantly lower IGF-I levels (P = 0.06) and significantly lower mammographic density (40.3% compared to 43.5% in the GG/GA genotypes; P = 0.05). No relationships were found for any of the SNPs in relation with changes in breast density over menopause. These findings suggest that common genetic variation in the IGFBP1 gene is weakly related to IGF-I levels and mammographic density. Our results do not provide support for such a role of genetic variants in the IGFBP3 and ALS genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia W Taverne
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Room Str 6.131, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508, GA, The Netherlands
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Breast density, scintimammographic 99mTc(V)DMSA uptake, and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) expression in mixed invasive ductal associated with extensive in situ ductal carcinoma (IDC + DCIS) and pure invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC): correlation with estrogen receptor (ER) status, proliferation index Ki-67, and histological grade. Breast Cancer 2010; 18:286-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12282-009-0192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Terry KL, Tworoger SS, Gates MA, Cramer DW, Hankinson SE. Common genetic variation in IGF1, IGFBP1 and IGFBP3 and ovarian cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 2010; 30:2042-6. [PMID: 19858071 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 and its binding proteins foster cellular proliferation and inhibit apoptosis. In vitro studies show that IGF1 increases ovarian cell growth and invasive potential, suggesting a role for the IGF1 pathway in ovarian cancer etiology. We evaluated genetic variation in the IGF1, IGFBP1 and IGFBP3 genes in relation to ovarian cancer risk by genotyping 29 haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms in 1173 cases and 1201 controls from the New England Case-Control (NECC) study and 296 cases and 854 controls from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS). The association of haplotypes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with ovarian cancer was estimated using unconditional (NECC) and conditional (NHS) logistic regression. Additionally, we evaluated the association of SNPs with IGF1, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) 3 and IGFBP2 plasma levels (n = 380 NHS controls). Our data suggest a decreased risk for women carrying haplotype 2C of the IGF1 gene [odds ratios (ORs) = 0.82, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 0.69-0.98] and an increased risk for women carrying haplotype 1D (OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.03-1.94) or 2D (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.01-1.41) in the binding proteins. When evaluated individually, three SNPs in the IGFBPs (rs10228265, rs4988515 and rs2270628) were associated with increased ovarian cancer risk, and several IGF1 (rs11111285, rs1996656 and rs1019731) and IGFBP3 (rs2270628, rs2854746 and rs2854744) SNPs were significantly associated with IGF1, IGFBP3 and IGFBP2 plasma levels. Some haplotypes and SNPs in the IGF pathway genes may be associated with ovarian cancer risk; however, these results need to be confirmed. Of particular interest was the IGFBP3 SNP rs2270628, which was associated with both increased IGF1 plasma levels and higher ovarian cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Terry
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Jogie-Brahim S, Feldman D, Oh Y. Unraveling insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 actions in human disease. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:417-37. [PMID: 19477944 PMCID: PMC2819737 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The IGF system plays critical roles in somatic growth in an endocrine fashion (somatomedin hypothesis) as well as proliferation and differentiation of normal and malignant cells in a paracrine/autocrine fashion. IGFBP-3 is known to modulate the actions of IGFs in circulation as well as the immediate extracellular environment. Interestingly, apart from the ability to inhibit or enhance IGF actions, IGFBP-3 also exhibits very clear, distinct biological effects independent of the IGF/IGF-I receptor axis. Over the past decade it has become widely appreciated that IGF/IGF-IR-independent actions of IGFBP-3 (antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects) contribute to improving the pathophysiology of a variety of human diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, and malnutrition. Recent studies have implicated interaction of IGFBP-3 with a variety of proteins or signaling cascades critical to cell cycle control and apoptosis; however, the actual mechanism of IGFBP-3 action is still unclear. This review reinforces the concept in support of the IGF/IGF-IR axis-independent actions of IGFBP-3 and delineates potential underlying mechanisms involved and subsequent biological significance, focusing in particular on functional binding partners and the clinical significance of IGFBP-3 in the assessment of cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherryline Jogie-Brahim
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0662, USA
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Fabian CJ. Surrogate response biomarkers in prevention research: do they point the way or lead us astray? J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:3734-6. [PMID: 19597020 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.22.9211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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McCormack VA, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, Johnson N, Palles C, Coupland B, Holly JM, Vinnicombe SJ, Perry NM, dos Santos Silva I. Sex steroids, growth factors and mammographic density: a cross-sectional study of UK postmenopausal Caucasian and Afro-Caribbean women. Breast Cancer Res 2009; 11:R38. [PMID: 19545414 PMCID: PMC2716507 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sex steroids, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and prolactin are breast cancer risk factors but whether their effects are mediated through mammographic density, one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer, is unknown. If such a hormonal basis of mammographic density exists, hormones may underlie ethnic differences in both mammographic density and breast cancer incidence rates. Methods In a cross-sectional study of 270 postmenopausal Caucasian and Afro-Caribbean women attending a population-based breast screening service in London, UK, we investigated whether plasma biomarkers (oestradiol, oestrone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), testosterone, prolactin, leptin, IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3)) were related to and explained ethnic differences in mammographic percent density, dense area and nondense area, measured in Cumulus using the threshold method. Results Mean levels of oestrogens, leptin and IGF-I:IGFBP3 were higher whereas SHBG and IGF-II:IGFBP3 were lower in Afro-Caribbean women compared with Caucasian women after adjustment for higher mean body mass index (BMI) in the former group (by 3.2 kg/m2 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.8, 4.5)). Age-adjusted percent density was lower in Afro-Caribbean compared with Caucasian women by 5.4% (absolute difference), but was attenuated to 2.5% (95% CI: -0.2, 5.1) upon BMI adjustment. Despite ethnic differences in biomarkers and in percent density, strong ethnic-age-adjusted inverse associations of oestradiol, leptin and testosterone with percent density were completely attenuated upon adjustment for BMI. There were no associations of IGF-I, IGF-II or IGFBP3 with percent density or dense area. We found weak evidence that a twofold increase in prolactin and oestrone levels were associated, respectively, with an increase (by 1.7% (95% CI: -0.3, 3.7)) and a decrease (by 2.0% (95% CI: 0, 4.1)) in density after adjustment for BMI. Conclusions These findings suggest that sex hormone and IGF levels are not associated with BMI-adjusted percent mammographic density in cross-sectional analyses of postmenopausal women and thus do not explain ethnic differences in density. Mammographic density may still, however, be influenced by much higher premenopausal hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A McCormack
- Cancer Research UK Epidemiology and Genetics Group, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Kataoka M, Antoniou A, Warren R, Leyland J, Brown J, Audley T, Easton D. Genetic models for the familial aggregation of mammographic breast density. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1277-84. [PMID: 19336563 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammographic breast density (MBD) has a strong genetic component. Investigating the genetic models for mammographic density may provide further insights into the genetic factors affecting breast cancer risk. PURPOSE To evaluate the familial aggregation of MBD and investigate the genetic models of susceptibility. METHODS We used data on 746 women from 305 families participating in the Sisters in Breast Screening study. Retrieved mammograms were digitized, and percent mammographic density was determined using the Cumulus software. Linear regression analysis was done to identify the factors that are associated with mammographic density and a multivariate regression model was constructed. Familial correlations between relative pairs were calculated using the residuals from these models. Genetic models of susceptibility were investigated using segregation analysis. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates, the intraclass correlation coefficient among the residuals was 0.26 (95% confidence interval, 0.16-0.36) in sister-sister pairs and 0.67 (0.27-1.00) among the monozygotic twin pairs. The most parsimonious model was a Mendelian single major gene model in which an allele with population frequency 0.39 (95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.46) influenced mammographic density in an additive fashion. This model explained 66% of the residual variance. CONCLUSION These results confirm that MBD has a strong heritable basis, and suggest that major genes may explain some of the familial aggregation. These results may have implications for the search of genes that control mammographic density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Kataoka
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Birmann BM, Tamimi RM, Giovannucci E, Rosner B, Hunter DJ, Kraft P, Mitsiades C, Anderson KC, Colditz GA. Insulin-like growth factor-1- and interleukin-6-related gene variation and risk of multiple myeloma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:282-8. [PMID: 19124510 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and interleukin (IL)-6 promote the proliferation and survival of multiple myeloma cells. Variation in genes related to IGF-1 and IL-6 signaling may influence susceptibility to multiple myeloma. To assess their etiologic role, we examined the association of 70 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in seven IGF-1 and three IL-6 pathway genes with multiple myeloma risk in two prospective cohorts, the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Among the participants who provided DNA specimens, we identified 58 women and 24 men with multiple myeloma and matched two controls per case. We used multivariable logistic regression models to assess the association of the SNPs or tagged haplotypes with multiple myeloma risk. Several SNPs had suggestive associations with multiple myeloma based on large odds ratios (OR), although the corresponding omnibus P values were not more than nominally significant (i.e., at P < 0.05). These SNPs included rs1801278 in the gene encoding insulin receptor substrate-1 [IRS1; C/T versus C/C genotypes; OR, 4.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.5-12.1] and three IL-6 receptor SNPs: rs6684439 (T/T versus C/C; OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2-7.0), rs7529229 (C/C versus T/T; OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-6.0), and rs8192284 (C/C versus A/A; OR, 2.5, 95% CI, 1.1-6.0). Additional SNPs in genes encoding IGF-1, IGF binding protein-2, IRS2, and gp130 also showed suggestive associations with multiple myeloma risk. We conducted a large number of statistical tests, and the findings may be due to chance. Nonetheless, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that IGF-1- and IL-6-related gene variation influences susceptibility to multiple myeloma and warrant confirmation in larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda M Birmann
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Melnik BC. Milk--the promoter of chronic Western diseases. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:631-9. [PMID: 19232475 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Revised: 12/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Common chronic diseases of Western societies, such as coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, hypertension, obesity, dementia, and allergic diseases are significantly influenced by dietary habits. Cow's milk and dairy products are nutritional staples in most Western societies. Milk and dairy product consumption is recommended by most nutritional societies because of their beneficial effects for calcium uptake and bone mineralization and as a source of valuable protein. However, the adverse long-term effects of milk and milk protein consumption on human health have been neglected. A hypothesis is presented, showing for the first time that milk protein consumption is an essential adverse environmental factor promoting most chronic diseases of Western societies. Milk protein consumption induces postprandial hyperinsulinaemia and shifts the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis to permanently increased IGF-1 serum levels. Insulin/IGF-1 signalling is involved in the regulation of fetal growth, T-cell maturation in the thymus, linear growth, pathogenesis of acne, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, thus affecting most chronic diseases of Western societies. Of special concern is the possibility that milk intake during pregnancy adversely affects the early fetal programming of the IGF-1 axis which will influence health risks later in life. An accumulated body of evidence for the adverse effects of cow's milk consumption from fetal life to childhood, adolescence, adulthood and senescence will be provided which strengthens the presented hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, D-49090 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Abstract
The appearance of the breast on mammography varies among women, reflecting variations in tissue composition. Stroma and epithelium attenuate x-rays more than fat and appear light on a mammogram, which we refer to here as " mammographic density, " while fat appears dark. We show evidence that mammographic density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer, and that risk of breast cancer is four to five times greater in women with density in more than 75% of the breast, compared with those with little or no density. Density in more than 50% of the breast may account for a large proportion of breast cancers. Density is influenced by age, parity, body mass index, and menopause but these factors account for only 20 - 30% of the variation in density in the population. Twin studies have shown that percent mammographic density, at a given age, is highly heritable, and that inherited factors explain 63% of the variance. Mammographic density has the characteristics of a quantitative trait, and may be influenced by genes that are easier to identify than those associated with breast cancer itself. The genes that influence mammographic density may also be associated with risk of breast cancer, and their identification is also likely to provide insights into the biology of the breast, and to identify potential targets for preventive strategies.
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Perks CM, Holly JMP. IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) and regulation of breast cancer biology. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:455-69. [PMID: 19031049 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The IGFBP family comprises six proteins with high affinity for the IGFs. Changes in the balance of the components of the IGF system may contribute to the progression of breast cancer. In tumours the abundance of IGFBPs relates to the estrogen receptor status and their production in the breast is controlled by hormones, principally estrogen and progesterone. Important interactions occur between IGFBPs and key growth regulators such as TGF-beta, PTEN and EGF which are reviewed. The conflicting observations between the effects of IGFBPs on the risk of breast cancer, in particular IGFBP-3, obtained from epidemiology studies in comparison to in vivo observations are highlighted and potential explanations provided. The functional activity of IGFBPs can also be affected by proteolysis, phosphorylation and glycosylation and the implications of these are described. The IGFs are generally present at levels far in excess of that required for maximal receptor stimulation, and the IGFBPs are critical regulators of their cellular actions. IGFBPs can affect cell function in an IGF-dependent or independent manner. The key mechanisms underlying the intrinsic actions of the IGFBPs are still in debate. IGF bioactivity locally in the breast is influenced not only by local tissue expression and regulation of IGFs, IGFBPs and IGFBP proteases, but also by these factors delivered from the circulation. Finally, the therapeutic potential of IGFBPs-2 and -3 are considered together with key questions that still need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Perks
- Department of Clinical Sciences North Bristol, IGFs and Metabolic Endocrinology Group, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, The Medical School Unit, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
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Abstract
Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are well known as key regulators of energy metabolism and growth. There is now considerable evidence that these hormones and the signal transduction networks they regulate have important roles in neoplasia. Epidermiological, clinical and laboratory research methods are being used to investigate novel cancer prevention and treatment strategies related to insulin and IGF signalling. Pharmacological strategies under study include the use of novel receptor-specific antibodies, receptor kinase inhibitors and AMP-activated protein kinase activators such as metformin. There is evidence that insulin and IGF signalling may also be relevant to dietary and lifestyle factors that influence cancer risk and cancer prognosis. Recent results are encouraging and have justified the expansion of many translational research programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pollak
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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