1
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Marin A, Morales F, Walbaum B. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: mechanisms and role in endocrine resistance. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1406951. [PMID: 39040443 PMCID: PMC11260626 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1406951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) play a significant role in Estrogen Receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer by contributing to tumorigenesis and endocrine resistance. This review explores the structure, signaling pathways, and implications of FGFRs, particularly FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, and FGFR4, in ER+ breast cancer. FGFR1 is frequently amplified, especially in aggressive Luminal B-like tumors, and its amplification is associated with poor prognosis and treatment resistance. The co-amplification of FGFR1 with oncogenes like EIF4EBP1 and NSD3 complicates its role as a standalone oncogenic driver. FGFR2 amplification, though less common, is critical in hormone receptor regulation, driving proliferation and treatment resistance. FGFR3 and FGFR4 also contribute to endocrine resistance through various mechanisms, including the activation of alternate signaling pathways like PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK. Endocrine resistance remains a major clinical challenge, with around 70% of breast cancers initially hormone receptor positive. Despite the success of CDK 4/6 inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapy (ET), resistance often develops, necessitating new treatment strategies. FGFR inhibitors have shown potential in preclinical studies, but clinical trials have yielded limited success due to off-target toxicities and lack of predictive biomarkers. Current clinical trials, including those evaluating FGFR inhibitors like erdafitinib, lucitanib, and dovitinib, have demonstrated mixed outcomes, underscoring the complexity of FGFR signaling in breast cancer. The interplay between FGFR and other signaling pathways highlights the need for comprehensive molecular profiling and personalized treatment approaches. Future research should focus on identifying robust biomarkers and developing combination therapies to enhance the efficacy of FGFR-targeted treatments. In conclusion, targeting FGFR signaling in ER+ breast cancer presents both challenges and opportunities. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms and resistance pathways is crucial for the successful integration of FGFR inhibitors into clinical practice, aiming to improve outcomes for patients with endocrine-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo Marin
- Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Oncology Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Morales
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamín Walbaum
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Braun M, Piasecka D, Sadej R, Romanska HM. FGFR4-driven plasticity in breast cancer progression and resistance to therapy. Br J Cancer 2024; 131:11-22. [PMID: 38627607 PMCID: PMC11231301 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) is a complex and heterogeneous disease, with different intrinsic molecular subtypes that have distinct clinical outcomes and responses to therapy. Although intrinsic subtyping provides guidance for treatment decisions, it is now widely recognised that, in some cases, the switch of the BCa intrinsic subtype (which embodies cellular plasticity), may be responsible for therapy failure and disease progression. Aberrant FGFR4 signalling has been implicated in various cancers, including BCa, where it had been shown to be associated with aggressive subtypes, such as HER2-enriched BCa, and poor prognosis. More importantly, FGFR4 is also emerging as a potential driver of BCa intrinsic subtype switching, and an essential promoter of brain metastases, particularly in the HER2-positive BCa. Although the available data are still limited, the findings may have far-reaching clinical implications. Here, we provide an updated summary of the existing both pre- and clinical studies of the role of FGFR4 in BCa, with a special focus on its contribution to subtype switching during metastatic spread and/or induced by therapy. We also discuss a potential clinical benefit of targeting FGFR4 in the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Braun
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dominika Piasecka
- Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Rafal Sadej
- Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Hanna M Romanska
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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3
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Yan S, Ji J, Zhang Z, Imam M, Chen H, Zhang D, Wang J. Targeting the crosstalk between estrogen receptors and membrane growth factor receptors in breast cancer treatment: Advances and opportunities. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116615. [PMID: 38663101 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Estrogens play a critical role in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. Estrogen receptor (ER)α, ERβ, and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor are the primary receptors for estrogen in breast cancer. These receptors are mainly activated by binding with estrogens. The crosstalk between ERs and membrane growth factor receptors creates additional pathways that amplify the effects of their ligands and promote tumor growth. This crosstalk may cause endocrine therapy resistance in ERα-positive breast cancer. Furthermore, this may explain the resistance to anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) treatment in ERα-/HER2-positive breast cancer and chemotherapy resistance in triple-negative breast cancer. Accordingly, it is necessary to understand the complex crosstalk between ERs and growth factor receptors. In this review, we delineate the crosstalk between ERs and membrane growth factor receptors in breast cancer. Moreover, this review highlights the current progress in clinical treatment and discusses how pharmaceuticals target the crosstalk. Lastly, we discuss the current challenges and propose potential solutions regarding the implications of targeting crosstalk via pharmacological inhibition. Overall, the present review provides a landscape of the crosstalk between ERs and membrane growth factor receptors in breast cancer, along with valuable insights for future studies and clinical treatments using a chemotherapy-sparing regimen to improve patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchao Yan
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China.
| | - Jiale Ji
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Murshid Imam
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
| | - Jinpeng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110022, China
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4
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Chi F, Griffiths JI, Nath A, Bild AH. Paradoxical cancer cell proliferation after FGFR inhibition through decreased p21 signaling in FGFR1-amplified breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26:54. [PMID: 38553760 PMCID: PMC10979625 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-024-01808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) control various cellular functions through fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) activation, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. FGFR amplification in ER + breast cancer patients correlate with poor prognosis, and FGFR inhibitors are currently being tested in clinical trials. By comparing three-dimensional spheroid growth of ER + breast cancer cells with and without FGFR1 amplification, our research discovered that FGF2 treatment can paradoxically decrease proliferation in cells with FGFR1 amplification or overexpression. In contrast, FGF2 treatment in cells without FGFR1 amplification promotes classical FGFR proliferative signaling through the MAPK cascade. The growth inhibitory effect of FGF2 in FGFR1 amplified cells aligned with an increase in p21, a cell cycle inhibitor that hinders the G1 to S phase transition in the cell cycle. Additionally, FGF2 addition in FGFR1 amplified cells activated JAK-STAT signaling and promoted a stem cell-like state. FGF2-induced paradoxical effects were reversed by inhibiting p21 or the JAK-STAT pathway and with pan-FGFR inhibitors. Analysis of patient ER + breast tumor transcriptomes from the TCGA and METABRIC datasets demonstrated a strong positive association between expression of FGF2 and stemness signatures, which was further enhanced in tumors with high FGFR1 expression. Overall, our findings reveal a divergence in FGFR signaling, transitioning from a proliferative to stemness state driven by activation of JAK-STAT signaling and modulation of p21 levels. Activation of these divergent signaling pathways in FGFR amplified cancer cells and paradoxical growth effects highlight a challenge in the use of FGFR inhibitors in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 1218 S Fifth Ave, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Jason I Griffiths
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 1218 S Fifth Ave, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Aritro Nath
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 1218 S Fifth Ave, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Andrea H Bild
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 1218 S Fifth Ave, Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA.
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Fang Y, Zhang Q, Chen Z, Guo C, Wu J. Clinical significance and immune characteristics analysis of miR-221-3p and its key target genes related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:322-347. [PMID: 38189813 PMCID: PMC10817385 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA-221-3p (miR-221-3p) facilitates the advancement of breast cancer (BC) through the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our research aimed to utilize bioinformatics to discover possible EMT-related target genes (ETGs) of miR-221-3p and examine their roles in breast cancer. METHODS We employed bioinformatics techniques to identify ten key ETGs of miR-221-3p. Subsequently, we conducted an extensive analysis of both miR-221-3p and the ten ETGs, including clinical significance and immune characteristics. RESULTS The expression of miR-221-3p was notably higher in Basal-like BC compared to other subtypes and adjacent normal tissue. Our pathway analysis suggested that miR-221-3p might regulate EMT through the MAPK signaling pathway by targeting its ETGs. Among the ETGs, seven core genes (EGFR, IGF1, KDR, FGF2, KIT, FGFR1, and FGF1) exhibited downregulation in BC. Conversely, ERBB2, SDC1, and MMP14 showed upregulation in BC and displayed potential diagnostic value. The analysis of prognostication indicated that increased levels of SDC1 and MMP14 were correlated with an unfavorable prognosis, whereas elevated expression of KIT was associated with a more favorable prognosis. The infiltration of various immune cells and the expression of immune checkpoint genes (ICGs) exhibited positive correlations with most ETGs and miR-221-3p. SDC1 exhibited a greater tumor mutational burden (TMB) score, while ERBB2, KDR, FGF2, KIT, FGFR1, and FGF1 showed lower TMB scores. Furthermore, decreased ERBB2 and KDR expression levels were correlated with elevated microsatellite instability (MSI) scores. Elevated expression of ETGs was linked to decreased mRNA stemness indices (mRNAsi), whereas miR-221-3p displayed the opposite pattern. Most ETGs and miR-221-3p expression exhibited a negative correlation with IC50 values for drugs. Among the ETGs, amplification was the most significant genetic alteration, except for IGF1. CONCLUSION In conclusion, miR-221-3p acts as a unique indicator for Basal-like BC. The examination revealed ten essential ETGs of miR-221-3p, some of which show potential as diagnostic and prognostic markers. The in-depth examination of these ten ETGs and miR-221-3p indicates their participation in the development of BC, emphasizing their promise as innovative targets for therapy in BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Fang
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Qunchen Zhang
- Department of Breast, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen 529000, Guangdong, China
| | - Zexiao Chen
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuiping Guo
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Jundong Wu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
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6
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Ismail NZ, Khairuddean M, Abubakar S, Arsad H. Network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation of chalcone scaffold-based compounds targeting breast cancer receptors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-16. [PMID: 38149857 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2296606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Compounds with a chalcone scaffold-based structure have demonstrated promising anticancer biological activity. However, the molecular interactions between chalcone scaffold-based compounds and breast cancer-associated proteins remain unclear. Through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analyses, compounds with a chalcone scaffold-based structure were evaluated for their interaction with potential breast cancer targets. The compounds were retrieved from the ASINEX database, resulting in 575,302 compounds. A total of 342 compounds with chalcone scaffold-based structures were discovered. From the 342 compounds that was analysed, ten were chosen due to their adherence to Lipinski's rule, having an appropriate range of lipophilicity (LOGP), and topological polar surface area (TPSA), and absence of any toxicity. Based on target intersection, 50 target genes were found and subjected to protein-protein interaction (PPI), gene ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. Four target genes were found to be involved in the breast cancer pathway. Consequently, molecular docking was utilised to analyse the molecular interactions between the compounds and four target protein receptors. Compound 211 exhibited the highest binding affinities for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), oestrogen receptor (ESR1), and cyclin dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) with values of -8.95 kcal/mol, -8.60 kcal/mol, -10.33 kcal/mol, and -9.90 kcal/mol, respectively. During MD simulation, compound 211 and its respective proteins were stable, compact, and had minimal flexibility. The findings provide foundations for future studies into the interaction underlying the anti-breast cancer potential of compounds with chalcone-based scaffold structures.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melati Khairuddean
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Sadiq Abubakar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Hasni Arsad
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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7
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Zhang ZJ, Wu QF, Ren AQ, Chen Q, Shi JZ, Li JP, Liu XY, Zhang ZJ, Tang YZ, Zhao Y, Yao NN, Zhang XY, Liu CP, Dong G, Zhao JX, Xu MJ, Yue YQ, Hu J, Sun F, Liu Y, Ao QL, Zhou FL, Wu H, Zhang TC, Zhu HC. ATF4 renders human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell resistance to FGFR1 inhibitors through amino acid metabolic reprogramming. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:2282-2295. [PMID: 37280363 PMCID: PMC10618259 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of FGFR1 have been reported in multiple malignancies, suggesting FGFR1 as a potential target for precision treatment, but drug resistance remains a formidable obstacle. In this study, we explored whether FGFR1 acted a therapeutic target in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and the molecular mechanisms underlying T-ALL cell resistance to FGFR1 inhibitors. We showed that FGFR1 was significantly upregulated in human T-ALL and inversely correlated with the prognosis of patients. Knockdown of FGFR1 suppressed T-ALL growth and progression both in vitro and in vivo. However, the T-ALL cells were resistant to FGFR1 inhibitors AZD4547 and PD-166866 even though FGFR1 signaling was specifically inhibited in the early stage. Mechanistically, we found that FGFR1 inhibitors markedly increased the expression of ATF4, which was a major initiator for T-ALL resistance to FGFR1 inhibitors. We further revealed that FGFR1 inhibitors induced expression of ATF4 through enhancing chromatin accessibility combined with translational activation via the GCN2-eIF2α pathway. Subsequently, ATF4 remodeled the amino acid metabolism by stimulating the expression of multiple metabolic genes ASNS, ASS1, PHGDH and SLC1A5, maintaining the activation of mTORC1, which contributed to the drug resistance in T-ALL cells. Targeting FGFR1 and mTOR exhibited synergistically anti-leukemic efficacy. These results reveal that FGFR1 is a potential therapeutic target in human T-ALL, and ATF4-mediated amino acid metabolic reprogramming contributes to the FGFR1 inhibitor resistance. Synergistically inhibiting FGFR1 and mTOR can overcome this obstacle in T-ALL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Qi-Fang Wu
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - An-Qi Ren
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Jiang-Zhou Shi
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Jia-Peng Li
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Xi-Yu Liu
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yu-Zhe Tang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Ning-Ning Yao
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Chang-Peng Liu
- Department of Medical Records, Office for DRGs (Diagnosis Related Groups), Henan Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Ge Dong
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Jia-Xuan Zhao
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Mei-Jun Xu
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yun-Qiang Yue
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Fan Sun
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Qi-Lin Ao
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fu-Ling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, and Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
- Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education & Tianjin Key Lab of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Hai-Chuan Zhu
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
- College of Life Science, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, 430223, China.
- Synergy Innovation Center of Biological Peptide Antidiabetics of Hubei Province, College of Life Science, Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, 430223, China.
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8
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Boraka Ö, Klintman M, Vallon-Christersson J, Zackrisson S, Hall P, Borgquist S, Rosendahl AH. FGF/FGFR1 system in paired breast tumor-adjacent and tumor tissues, associations with mammographic breast density and tumor characteristics. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1230821. [PMID: 37546410 PMCID: PMC10400328 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1230821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mammographic breast density (MBD) is an established breast cancer risk factor, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be deciphered. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) amplification is associated with breast cancer development and aberrant FGF signaling found in the biological processes related to both high mammographic density and breast cancer microenvironment. The aim of this study was to investigate the FGF/FGFR1 expression in-between paired tumor-adjacent and tumor tissues from the same patient, and its associations with MBD and tumor characteristics. Methods FGFR1 expression in paired tissues from 426 breast cancer patients participating in the Karolinska Mammography Project for Risk Prediction of Breast Cancer (KARMA) cohort study was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. FGF ligand expression was obtained from RNA-sequencing data for 327 of the included patients. Results FGFR1 levels were differently expressed in tumor-adjacent and tumor tissues, with increased FGFR1 levels detected in 58% of the tumors. High FGFR1 expression in tumor tissues was associated with less favorable tumor characteristics; high histological grade (OR=1.86, 95% CI 1.00-3.44), high Ki67 proliferative index (OR=2.18, 95% CI 1.18-4.02) as well as tumors of Luminal B-like subtype (OR=2.56, 95%CI 1.29-5.06). While no clear association between FGFR1 expression and MBD was found, FGF ligand (FGF1, FGF11, FGF18) expression was positively correlated with MBD. Discussion Taken together, these findings support a role of the FGF/FGFR1 system in early breast cancer which warrants further investigation in the MBD-breast cancer context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Öykü Boraka
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marie Klintman
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Sophia Zackrisson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Diagnostic Radiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Signe Borgquist
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ann H. Rosendahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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9
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Nawrocka D, Krzyscik MA, Sluzalska KD, Otlewski J. Dual-Warhead Conjugate Based on Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Dimer Loaded with α-Amanitin and Monomethyl Auristatin E Exhibits Superior Cytotoxicity towards Cancer Cells Overproducing Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10143. [PMID: 37373291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is a promising therapeutic strategy for various cancers associated with alterations in the FGFR1 gene. In this study, we developed a highly cytotoxic bioconjugate based on fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), which is a natural ligand of this receptor, and two potent cytotoxic drugs-α-amanitin and monomethyl auristatin E-with completely independent mechanistic modes of action. Utilizing recombinant DNA technology, we produced an FGF2 N- to C-end dimer that exhibited superior internalization capacity in FGFR1-positive cells. The drugs were site-specifically attached to the targeting protein using SnoopLigase- and evolved sortase A-mediated ligations. The resulting dimeric dual-warhead conjugate selectively binds to the FGFR1 and utilizes receptor-mediated endocytosis to enter the cells. Moreover, our results demonstrate that the developed conjugate exhibits about 10-fold higher cytotoxic potency against FGFR1-positive cell lines than an equimolar mixture of single-warhead conjugates. The diversified mode of action of the dual-warhead conjugate may help to overcome the potential acquired resistance of FGFR1-overproducing cancer cells to single cytotoxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Nawrocka
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Adam Krzyscik
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dominika Sluzalska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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10
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Wu Y, Ma Z, Mai X, Liu X, Li P, Qi X, Li G, Li J. Identification of a Novel Inhibitor of TfR1 from Designed and Synthesized Muriceidine A Derivatives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050834. [PMID: 35624697 PMCID: PMC9137542 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) plays a key role in cellular iron uptake through its interaction with iron-bound Tf. TfR1 is often reported to be overexpressed in malignant cells, and this increase may be associated with poor prognosis in different types of cancer, which makes it an attractive target for antitumor therapy. The marine natural product Muriceidine A is a potent anticancer agent reported in our previous work. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of Muriceidine A derivatives and described the systematic investigation into their cytotoxic activities against four tumor cells. Most of the derivatives showed stronger antitumor activity and we found that the introduction of electron-donating groups at position C-2 of unsaturated piperidine was beneficial to anticancer activity and unsaturated piperidine was responsible for the antiproliferative activity. Among these compounds, 12b (methyl at position C-2 of unsaturated piperidine) exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells. Further pharmacological research showed that 12b bound to Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) directly caused iron deprivation and ROS imbalance along with the degradations of several oncoproteins, especially FGFR1, through the proteasome pathway; thus, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Our findings indicate that 12b is a promising lead compound targeting TfR1 for triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
| | - Zongchen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Mai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
| | - Pinglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (J.L.)
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11
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Valla M, Klæstad E, Ytterhus B, Bofin AM. CCND1 Amplification in Breast Cancer -associations With Proliferation, Histopathological Grade, Molecular Subtype and Prognosis. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2022; 27:67-77. [PMID: 35459982 PMCID: PMC9135839 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-022-09516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CCND1 is located on 11q13. Increased CCND1 copy number (CN) in breast cancer (BC) is associated with high histopathological grade, high proliferation, and Luminal B subtype. In this study of CCND1 in primary BCs and corresponding axillary lymph node metastases (LNM),we examine associations between CCND1 CN in primary BCs and proliferation status, molecular subtype, and prognosis. Furthermore, we studied associations between CCND1 CN and CNs of FGFR1 and ZNF703, both of which are located on 8p12. Fluorescence in situ hybridization probes for CCND1 and chromosome 11 centromere were used on tissue microarrays comprising 526 BCs and 123 LNM. We assessed associations between CCND1 CN and tumour characteristics using Pearson's χ2 test, and estimated cumulative risks of death from BC and hazard ratios in analysis of prognosis. We found CCND1 CN ≥ 4 < 6 in 45 (8.6%) tumours, and ≥ 6 in 42 (8.0%). CCND1 CN (≥ 6) was seen in all molecular subtypes, most frequently in Luminal B (HER2-) (20/126; 16%). Increased CCND1 CN was associated with high histopathological grade, high Ki-67, and high mitotic count, but not prognosis. CCND1 CN ≥ 6 was accompanied by CN increase of FGFR1 in 6/40 cases (15.0%) and ZNF703 in 5/38 cases (13.2%). Three cases showed CN increase of all three genes. High CCND1 CN was most frequent in Luminal B (HER2-) tumours. Good correlation between CCND1 CNs in BCs and LNM was observed. Despite associations between high CCND1 CN and aggressive tumour characteristics, the prognostic impact of CCND1 CN remains unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Valla
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, 7006, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elise Klæstad
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Borgny Ytterhus
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anna M Bofin
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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12
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Pasha N, Turner NC. Understanding and overcoming tumor heterogeneity in metastatic breast cancer treatment. NATURE CANCER 2022; 2:680-692. [PMID: 35121946 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rational development of targeted therapies has revolutionized metastatic breast cancer outcomes, although resistance to treatment remains a major challenge. Advances in molecular profiling and imaging technologies have provided evidence for the impact of clonal diversity in cancer treatment resistance, through the outgrowth of resistant clones. In this Review, we focus on the genomic processes that drive tumoral heterogeneity and the mechanisms of resistance underlying metastatic breast cancer treatment and discuss implications for future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Pasha
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Nicholas C Turner
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. .,Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research and Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK.
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13
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FGFR1 Amplification and Response to Neoadjuvant Anti-HER2 Treatment in Early HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020242. [PMID: 35213975 PMCID: PMC8875219 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2-positive breast cancer (BC) is an aggressive subtype that affects 20–25% of BC patients. For these patients, neoadjuvant therapy is a good option that targets a pathological complete response (pCR) and more breast-conserving surgery. In effect, the outcomes of patients with HER2-positive BC have dramatically improved since the introduction of anti-HER2 antibodies such as trastuzumab (TZ) and/or pertuzumab (PZ) added to chemotherapy. This study sought to examine whether correlation exists between copy number variations (CNVs) in several genes related to the PI3K/AKT pathway (HER2, FGFR1, PIK3CA, AKT3 and MDM2) and the efficacy of anti-HER2 neoadjuvant treatment in patients with early HER2-positive BC. Forty-nine patients received TZ or PZ/TZ and chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment. Gene CNVs were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction on paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens. The response to 6 months of therapy was assessed by Miller–Payne grading of the tumor on surgical resection; grades 4 and 5, indicating >90% tumor reduction, were defined as a good response. A good response was shown by 64.5% and a pCR by 31.2% of patients. When stratified by anti-HER2 antibody received and gene CNV, it was found that patients with FGFR1 gene amplification or those with FGFR1 amplification treated with TZ alone showed a poor response (p = 0.024 and p = 0.037, respectively). In the subset of patients treated with TZ/PZ combined, the pCR rate was significantly lower among those showing FGFR1 amplification (p = 0.021). Although based on a small sample size, our findings suggest that patients with FGFR1 amplification might benefit less from anti-HER2 antibody therapy.
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14
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Servetto A, Formisano L, Arteaga CL. FGFR signaling and endocrine resistance in breast cancer: Challenges for the clinical development of FGFR inhibitors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188595. [PMID: 34303787 PMCID: PMC10537726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) have been extensively investigated in solid malignancies, representing an attractive therapeutic target. In breast cancer, especially in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) subtype, FGFR signaling aberrations have been reported to contribute to proliferation, dedifferentiation, metastasis and drug resistance. However, clinical trials evaluating the use of FGFR inhibitors in breast cancer have had disappointing results. The different biological properties of distinct FGFR alterations and lack of established patient selection criteria, in addition to the early use of non-selective inhibitors, are possible reasons of this failure. Herein, we review the current knowledge regarding the role of FGFR signaling in endocrine resistance in breast cancer. We will also summarize the results from the clinical development of FGFR inhibitors in breast cancer, discussing future challenges to identify the correct cohorts of patients to enroll in trials testing FGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Servetto
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlos L Arteaga
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America.
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15
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Eldehna WM, Al-Rashood ST, Al-Warhi T, Eskandrani RO, Alharbi A, El Kerdawy AM. Novel oxindole/benzofuran hybrids as potential dual CDK2/GSK-3β inhibitors targeting breast cancer: design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and in silico studies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:270-285. [PMID: 33327806 PMCID: PMC7751407 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1862101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine protein kinases CDK2 and GSK-3β are key oncotargets in breast cancer cell lines, therefore, in the present study three series of oxindole-benzofuran hybrids were designed and synthesised as dual CDK2/GSK-3β inhibitors targeting breast cancer (5a-g, 7a-h, and 13a-b). The N1 -unsubstituted oxindole derivatives, series 5, showed moderate to potent activity on both MCF-7 and T-47D breast cancer cell lines. Compounds 5d-f showed the most potent cytotoxic activity with IC50 of 3.41, 3.45 and 2.27 μM, respectively, on MCF-7 and of 3.82, 4.53 and 7.80 μM, respectively, on T-47D cell lines, in comparison to the used reference standard (staurosporine) IC50 of 4.81 and 4.34 μM, respectively. On the other hand, the N1 -substituted oxindole derivatives, series 7 and 13, showed moderate to weak cytotoxic activity on both breast cancer cell lines. CDK2 and GSK-3β enzyme inhibition assay of series 5 revealed that compounds 5d and 5f are showing potent dual CDK2/GSK-3β inhibitory activity with IC50 of 37.77 and 52.75 nM, respectively, on CDK2 and 32.09 and 40.13 nM, respectively, on GSK-3β. The most potent compounds 5d-f caused cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase in MCF-7 cells inducing cell apoptosis because of the CDK2/GSK-3β inhibition. Molecular docking studies showed that the newly synthesised N1 -unsubstituted oxindole hybrids have comparable binding patterns in both CDK2 and GSK-3β. The oxindole ring is accommodated in the hinge region interacting through hydrogen bonding with the backbone CO and NH of the key amino acids Glu81 and Leu83, respectively, in CDK2 and Asp133 and Val135, respectively, in GSK-3β. Whereas, in series 7 and 13, the N1 -substitutions on the oxindole nucleus hinder the compounds from achieving these key interactions with hinge region amino acids what rationalises their moderate to low anti-proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagdy M. Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Sara T. Al-Rashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarfah Al-Warhi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan O. Eskandrani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. El Kerdawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Giza University, Cairo, Egypt
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16
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Khan I, Tantray MA, Hamid H, Sarwar Alam M, Sharma K, Kesharwani P. Design, synthesis, in vitro antiproliferative evaluation and GSK-3β kinase inhibition of a new series of pyrimidin-4-one based amide conjugates. Bioorg Chem 2021; 119:105512. [PMID: 34861627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A new series of novel amide conjugates of pyrimidin-4-one and aromatic/heteroaromatic /secondary cyclic amines has been synthesized and their in vitro antiproliferative activities against a panel of 60 human cancer cell lines of nine different cancer types were tested at NCI. Among the synthesized compounds, compound (4i) showed significant anti-proliferative activity. Compound (4i) displayed most potent activity against the breast tumor cell line T-47D and CNS tumor cell line SNB-75 exhibiting a growth of 1.93 % and 14.63 %, respectively. ADMET studies of the synthesized compounds were also performed and they were found to exhibit good drug like properties. Compound (4i) was found to exhibit potential inhibitory effect over GSK-3β with IC50 value of 71 nM. The molecular docking studies revealed that (4i) showed good binding affinity to GSK-3β and revealed multiple H-bonding and p-cation interactions with important amino acid residues on the receptor site. Compound (4i) may thus serve as a potential candidate for further development of novel anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Mushtaq A Tantray
- Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College Baramulla, J&K 193103, India
| | - Hinna Hamid
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062, India.
| | - Mohammad Sarwar Alam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Kalicharan Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062, India
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17
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Poźniak M, Porębska N, Jastrzębski K, Krzyścik MA, Kucińska M, Zarzycka W, Barbach A, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Miączyńska M, Opaliński Ł. Modular self-assembly system for development of oligomeric, highly internalizing and potent cytotoxic conjugates targeting fibroblast growth factor receptors. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:69. [PMID: 34635096 PMCID: PMC8504119 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of FGFR1 is observed in numerous tumors and therefore this receptor constitutes an attractive molecular target for selective cancer treatment with cytotoxic conjugates. The success of cancer therapy with cytotoxic conjugates largely relies on the precise recognition of a cancer-specific marker by a targeting molecule within the conjugate and its subsequent cellular internalization by receptor mediated endocytosis. We have recently demonstrated that efficiency and mechanism of FGFR1 internalization are governed by spatial distribution of the receptor in the plasma membrane, where clustering of FGFR1 into larger oligomers stimulated fast and highly efficient uptake of the receptor by simultaneous engagement of multiple endocytic routes. Based on these findings we aimed to develop a modular, self-assembly system for generation of oligomeric cytotoxic conjugates, capable of FGFR1 clustering, for targeting FGFR1-overproducing cancer cells. METHODS Engineered FGF1 was used as FGFR1-recognition molecule and tailored for enhanced stability and site-specific attachment of the cytotoxic drug. Modified streptavidin, allowing for controlled oligomerization of FGF1 variant was used for self-assembly of well-defined FGF1 oligomers of different valency and oligomeric cytotoxic conjugate. Protein biochemistry methods were applied to obtain highly pure FGF1 oligomers and the oligomeric cytotoxic conjugate. Diverse biophysical, biochemical and cell biology tests were used to evaluate FGFR1 binding, internalization and the cytotoxicity of obtained oligomers. RESULTS Developed multivalent FGF1 complexes are characterized by well-defined architecture, enhanced FGFR1 binding and improved cellular uptake. This successful strategy was applied to construct tetrameric cytotoxic conjugate targeting FGFR1-producing cancer cells. We have shown that enhanced affinity for the receptor and improved internalization result in a superior cytotoxicity of the tetrameric conjugate compared to the monomeric one. CONCLUSIONS Our data implicate that oligomerization of the targeting molecules constitutes an attractive strategy for improvement of the cytotoxicity of conjugates recognizing cancer-specific biomarkers. Importantly, the presented approach can be easily adapted for other tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Poźniak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Porębska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Jastrzębski
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Adam Krzyścik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marika Kucińska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Zarzycka
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Barbach
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zakrzewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Miączyńska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
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18
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Sánchez-Guixé M, Hierro C, Jiménez J, Viaplana C, Villacampa G, Monelli E, Brasó-Maristany F, Ogbah Z, Parés M, Guzmán M, Grueso J, Rodriguez O, Oliveira M, Azaro A, Garralda E, Tabernero J, Casanovas O, Scaltriti M, Prat A, Dienstmann R, Nuciforo P, Saura C, Graupera M, Vivancos A, Rodon J, Serra V. High FGFR1-4 mRNA expression levels correlate with response to selective FGFR inhibitors in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 28:137-149. [PMID: 34593528 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE FGFR1 amplification (FGFR1amp) is recurrent in metastatic breast cancer (BC) and is associated with resistance to endocrine therapy (ET) and CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i). Multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (MTKI) and selective pan-FGFR inhibitors (FGFRi) are being developed for FGFR1amp BC. High-level FGFR amplification and protein expression by IHC have identified BC responders to FGFRi or MTKI, respectively. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Here, we used preclinical models and patient samples to identify predictive biomarkers to these drugs. We evaluated the antitumor activity of an FGFRi and an MTKI in a collection of seventeen BC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) harboring amplification in FGFR1/2/3/4 and in ten patients receiving either an FGFRi/MTKI. mRNA levels were measured on FFPE tumor samples using two commercial strategies. Proliferation and angiogenesis were evaluated by detecting Ki-67 and CD31 in viable areas by immunofluorescence. RESULTS High FGFR1-4 mRNA levels but not copy number alteration (CNA) associated with FGFRi response. Treatment with MTKI showed higher response rates than with FGFRi (86% vs 53%), regardless of the FGFR1-4 mRNA levels. FGFR-addicted PDXs exhibited an antiproliferative response to either FGFRi or MTKI, and PDXs exclusively sensitive to MTKI exhibited an additional anti-angiogenic response. Consistently, clinical benefit of MTKI was not associated with high FGFR1-4 mRNA levels and it was observed in patients previously treated with anti-angiogenic drugs. CONCLUSION Tailored therapy with FGFRi in molecularly-selected metastatic BC based on high FGFR1-4 mRNA levels warrants prospective validation in luminal BC CDK4/6i-resistant patients and in TNBC patients without targeted therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cinta Hierro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital. Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Jiménez
- Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology
| | - Cristina Viaplana
- Oncology Data Science Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)
| | | | - Erika Monelli
- Angiogenesis Unit, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge
| | | | - Zighereda Ogbah
- Cancer Genomic Group, Vall Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)
| | - Mireia Parés
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology
| | - Marta Guzmán
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology
| | - Judit Grueso
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)
| | - Olga Rodriguez
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology
| | - Mafalda Oliveira
- Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)
| | - Analía Azaro
- Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital
| | | | - Josep Tabernero
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital
| | | | | | - Aleix Prat
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona
| | - Rodrigo Dienstmann
- Medical Oncology - Oncology Data Science, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Molecular Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)
| | - Cristina Saura
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Medical Oncology Department; SOLTI Breast Cancer Research Group
| | - Mariona Graupera
- ProCURE, Oncobell Program, Institut d�'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge
| | - Ana Vivancos
- Cancer Genomic Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)
| | - Jordi Rodon
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Violeta Serra
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)
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19
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Gu W, Yang J, Wang Y, Xu J, Wang X, Du F, Hu X, Guo H, Song C, Tao R, Zhang X. Comprehensive identification of FGFR1-4 alterations in 5 557 Chinese patients with solid tumors by next-generation sequencing. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3893-3906. [PMID: 34522456 PMCID: PMC8414391 DOI: pmid/34522456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) network is common in cancer due to activating mutations, gene amplifications and chromosomal translocations. Currently, various FGFR inhibitors are being developed. In order to optimize their clinical applications, understanding the frequencies and types of FGFR alterations in multiple cancer types appears to be extremely important. This study characterized FGFR1-4 alterations in solid tumors by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Between Jun. 2019 and Aug. 2020, the sequencing data of 5 557 solid tumors of diverse types in the database of Simcere Diagnostics, Inc. (Nanjing, China) were retrospectively analyzed. A panel-based NGS assay was used to detect FGFR1-4 alterations in tumor samples. 9.2% of cancer cases had FGFR1-4 alterations, in which gene amplifications (51.5%) and mutations (40.7%) were frequent, whereas gene rearrangements were less common (10.0%). FGFR1 was involved in 4.6% of 5 557 cases, FGFR2 in 2.1%, FGFR3 in 1.6%, and FGFR4 in 1.4%. Of patients with FGFR1-4 alterations, TP53, MUC16, NSD3, MYC and LRP1B genes were the top 5 mutant genes. FGFR1-4 aberrations occurred in almost every type of solid tumors, with the most common tumor being endometrial carcinoma (22.2%), followed by sarcoma (17.3%), breast cancer (13.2%), gastric cancer (12.2%), and more. 0.6% of cancer cases harbored FGFR1-4 fusions, with the most common fusion partner being TACC3. Two cases of GBM harboring FGFR3-TACC3 fusions were responsive to anlotinib treatment. In conclusion, FGFR1-4 alterations are prevalent in solid tumors of diverse types, with the majority being gene amplifications and mutations. FGFR1-4 fusions only occur in a minority of cancer cases, and those with glioblastoma harboring FGFR3-TACC3 fusions may benefit from anlotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of FoshanFoshan 528041, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of FoshanFoshan 528041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJinan 250012, Shandong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd.Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd.Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Furong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd.Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd.Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangjing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd.Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd.Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd.Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd.Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd.Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd.Nanjing 210042, Jiangsu, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Precision MedicineZhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Rongjie Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical SciencesJinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Xuchao Zhang
- Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou 510080, Guandong, China
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20
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Akazawa K, Kagara N, Sota Y, Motooka D, Nakamura S, Miyake T, Tanei T, Naoi Y, Shimoda M, Kim SJ, Noguchi S, Shimazu K. Comparison of the multigene panel test and OncoScan™ for the determination of HER2 amplification in breast cancer. Oncol Rep 2021; 46:217. [PMID: 34396441 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic accuracy of the multigene panel test (MPT) and OncoScan™ in the determination of HER2 amplification in breast tumors remains controversial. In the present study, HER2 copy number was analyzed using both MPT and OncoScan™ in 45 breast tumors and was compared with that in fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Tumors with low cellularity were examined using tumor cell enrichment and fluorescence‑activated cell sorting. Both MPT and OncoScan™ exhibited significant correlations with FISH with respect to the determination of HER2 amplification in breast tumors. However, the correlation coefficient was significantly higher for the comparison of MPT and FISH (r=0.770) compared with that between OncoScan™ and FISH (r=0.564). The accuracy of MPT (93.3%) was slightly higher compared with that in OncoScan™ (84.4%) in determining the HER2 status, which was mostly explained by the higher sensitivity of MPT in tumors with low cellularity (83.3 vs. 33.3%), but not in those with high cellularity (81.8 vs. 72.7%). The specificity was 100% for both tests. The MPT exhibited higher sensitivity in the determination of the amplification of other genes, including MYC, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and GATA binding protein 3 in tumors with low cellularity compared with that in tumors with high cellularity. OncoScan™ exhibited low sensitivity without tumor cell enrichment. The results suggested that MPT could be a promising method to determine HER2 status in breast tumors and that it could exhibit improved accuracy compared with that in OncoScan™ in tumors with low cellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Akazawa
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita‑shi, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Naofumi Kagara
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita‑shi, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sota
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita‑shi, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita‑shi, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita‑shi, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyake
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita‑shi, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Tomonori Tanei
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita‑shi, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Yasuto Naoi
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita‑shi, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimoda
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita‑shi, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Seung Jin Kim
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita‑shi, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Shinzaburo Noguchi
- Hyogo Prefectural Nishinomiya Hospital, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662‑0918, Japan
| | - Kenzo Shimazu
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita‑shi, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
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21
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Chew NJ, Lim Kam Sian TCC, Nguyen EV, Shin SY, Yang J, Hui MN, Deng N, McLean CA, Welm AL, Lim E, Gregory P, Nottle T, Lang T, Vereker M, Richardson G, Kerr G, Micati D, Jardé T, Abud HE, Lee RS, Swarbrick A, Daly RJ. Evaluation of FGFR targeting in breast cancer through interrogation of patient-derived models. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:82. [PMID: 34344433 PMCID: PMC8336364 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particular breast cancer subtypes pose a clinical challenge due to limited targeted therapeutic options and/or poor responses to the existing targeted therapies. While cell lines provide useful pre-clinical models, patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and organoids (PDO) provide significant advantages, including maintenance of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, 3D architecture and for PDX, tumor-stroma interactions. In this study, we applied an integrated multi-omic approach across panels of breast cancer PDXs and PDOs in order to identify candidate therapeutic targets, with a major focus on specific FGFRs. METHODS MS-based phosphoproteomics, RNAseq, WES and Western blotting were used to characterize aberrantly activated protein kinases and effects of specific FGFR inhibitors. PDX and PDO were treated with the selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors AZD4547 (FGFR1-3) and BLU9931 (FGFR4). FGFR4 expression in cancer tissue samples and PDOs was assessed by immunohistochemistry. METABRIC and TCGA datasets were interrogated to identify specific FGFR alterations and their association with breast cancer subtype and patient survival. RESULTS Phosphoproteomic profiling across 18 triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) and 1 luminal B PDX revealed considerable heterogeneity in kinase activation, but 1/3 of PDX exhibited enhanced phosphorylation of FGFR1, FGFR2 or FGFR4. One TNBC PDX with high FGFR2 activation was exquisitely sensitive to AZD4547. Integrated 'omic analysis revealed a novel FGFR2-SKI fusion that comprised the majority of FGFR2 joined to the C-terminal region of SKI containing the coiled-coil domains. High FGFR4 phosphorylation characterized a luminal B PDX model and treatment with BLU9931 significantly decreased tumor growth. Phosphoproteomic and transcriptomic analyses confirmed on-target action of the two anti-FGFR drugs and also revealed novel effects on the spliceosome, metabolism and extracellular matrix (AZD4547) and RIG-I-like and NOD-like receptor signaling (BLU9931). Interrogation of public datasets revealed FGFR2 amplification, fusion or mutation in TNBC and other breast cancer subtypes, while FGFR4 overexpression and amplification occurred in all breast cancer subtypes and were associated with poor prognosis. Characterization of a PDO panel identified a luminal A PDO with high FGFR4 expression that was sensitive to BLU9931 treatment, further highlighting FGFR4 as a potential therapeutic target. CONCLUSIONS This work highlights how patient-derived models of human breast cancer provide powerful platforms for therapeutic target identification and analysis of drug action, and also the potential of specific FGFRs, including FGFR4, as targets for precision treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Chew
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Terry C C Lim Kam Sian
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Elizabeth V Nguyen
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Sung-Young Shin
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jessica Yang
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Mun N Hui
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Niantao Deng
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Alana L Welm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Elgene Lim
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | | | - Tim Nottle
- TissuPath, Mount Waverley, VIC, 3149, Australia
| | - Tali Lang
- Szalmuk Family Department of Medical Oncology, Cabrini Institute, Malvern, VIC, 3144, Australia
| | - Melissa Vereker
- Szalmuk Family Department of Medical Oncology, Cabrini Institute, Malvern, VIC, 3144, Australia
| | - Gary Richardson
- Szalmuk Family Department of Medical Oncology, Cabrini Institute, Malvern, VIC, 3144, Australia
| | - Genevieve Kerr
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Diana Micati
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Thierry Jardé
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Helen E Abud
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Rachel S Lee
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Alex Swarbrick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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22
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Poźniak M, Porębska N, Krzyścik MA, Sokołowska-Wędzina A, Jastrzębski K, Sochacka M, Szymczyk J, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Opaliński Ł. The cytotoxic conjugate of highly internalizing tetravalent antibody for targeting FGFR1-overproducing cancer cells. Mol Med 2021; 27:46. [PMID: 33962559 PMCID: PMC8103757 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) represent one of the most promising approaches in the current immuno-oncology research. The precise delivery of cytotoxic drugs to the cancer cells using ADCs specific for tumor-associated antigens enables sparing the healthy cells and thereby reduces unwanted side effects. Overexpression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) has been demonstrated in numerous tumors and thereby constitutes a convenient molecular target for selective cancer treatment. We have recently engineered tetravalent anti-FGFR1 antibody, T-Fc, and have demonstrated that it displays extremely efficient internalization into FGFR1 producing cells, a feature highly desirable in the ADC approach. We have revealed that T-Fc mediates clustering of FGFR1, largely enhancing the uptake of FGFR1-T-Fc complexes by induction of clathrin-independent endocytic routes. The aim of this study was to obtain highly internalizing cytotoxic conjugate of the T-Fc for specific delivery of drugs into FGFR1-positive cancer cells. METHODS Conjugation of the T-Fc to a cytotoxic payload, vcMMAE, was carried out via maleimide chemistry, yielding the T-Fc-vcMMAE. The specific binding of the T-Fc-vcMMAE conjugate to FGFR1 was confirmed in vitro with BLI technique. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were applied to determine FGFR1-dependence of the T-Fc-vcMMAE internalization. Western blot analyses of FGFR1-dependent signaling were conducted to assess the impact of the T-Fc-vcMMAE on FGFR1 activation and initiation of downstream signaling cascades. Finally, using FGFR1-negative and FGFR1-possitive cell lines, the cytotoxic potential of the T-Fc-vcMMAE was evaluated. RESULTS We have performed the efficient conjugation of the tetravalent engineered antibody with a cytotoxic drug and generated FGFR1-specific ADC molecule, T-Fc-vcMMAE. We have demonstrated that T-Fc-vcMMAE conjugate exhibits high selectivity and affinity for FGFR1, similarly to T-Fc. Furthermore, we have shown that T-Fc constitutes an effective drug delivery vehicle as T-Fc-vcMMAE was efficiently and selectively internalized by FGFR1-producing cells leading to their death. Interestingly, we show that the efficiency of the uptake of T-Fc-vcMMAE corresponds well with the cytotoxicity of the conjugate, but doesn't correlate with the FGFR1expression level. CONCLUSION Our results show that T-Fc-vcMMAE fulfills the key criteria for the successful cytotoxic drug carrier in a targeted approach against FGFR1-positive cancer cells. Furthermore, our data implicate that not solely expression level of the receptor, but rather its cellular trafficking should be taken into account for selection of suitable molecular targets and cancer models for successful ADC approach.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Engineering
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Poźniak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Porębska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Adam Krzyścik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sokołowska-Wędzina
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Jastrzębski
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Sochacka
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Szymczyk
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zakrzewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
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23
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Martínez-Fernández P, Pose P, Dolz-Gaitón R, García A, Trigo-Sánchez I, Rodríguez-Zarco E, Garcia-Ruiz MJ, Barba I, Izquierdo-García M, Valero-Garcia J, Ruiz C, Lázaro M, Carbonell P, Gargallo P, Méndez C, Ríos-Martín JJ, Palmeiro-Uriach A, Camarasa-Lillo N, Forteza-Vila J, Calabria I. Comprehensive NGS Panel Validation for the Identification of Actionable Alterations in Adult Solid Tumors. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11050360. [PMID: 33947144 PMCID: PMC8145002 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing identification of driver oncogenic alterations and progress of targeted therapies addresses the need of comprehensive alternatives to standard molecular methods. The translation into clinical practice of next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels is actually challenged by the compliance of high quality standards for clinical accreditation. Herein, we present the analytical and clinical feasibility study of a hybridization capture-based NGS panel (Action OncoKitDx) for the analysis of somatic mutations, copy number variants (CNVs), fusions, pharmacogenetic SNPs and Microsatellite Instability (MSI) determination in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor samples. A total of 64 samples were submitted to extensive analytical validation for the identification of previously known variants. An additional set of 166 tumor and patient-matched normal samples were sequenced to assess the clinical utility of the assay across different tumor types. The panel demonstrated good specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and repeatability for the identification of all biomarkers analyzed and the 5% limit of detection set was validated. Among the clinical cohorts, the assay revealed pathogenic genomic alterations in 97% of patient cases, and in 82.7%, at least one clinically relevant variant was detected. The validation of accuracy and robustness of this assay supports the Action OncoKitDx's utility in adult solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martínez-Fernández
- Imegen-Health in Code Group, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (P.M.-F.); (M.G.-R.); (I.B.); (M.I.-G.); (J.V.-G.); (C.R.); (M.L.); (P.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Patricia Pose
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario de la Ribera, 46600 Alcira, Spain; (P.P.); (R.D.-G.)
| | - Raquel Dolz-Gaitón
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario de la Ribera, 46600 Alcira, Spain; (P.P.); (R.D.-G.)
| | - Arantxa García
- Servicio de Genética Molecular y Radiobiología, Centro Oncológico de Galicia, 15009 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Inmaculada Trigo-Sánchez
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (I.T.-S.); (E.R.-Z.); (J.J.R.-M.)
| | - Enrique Rodríguez-Zarco
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (I.T.-S.); (E.R.-Z.); (J.J.R.-M.)
| | - MJose Garcia-Ruiz
- Imegen-Health in Code Group, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (P.M.-F.); (M.G.-R.); (I.B.); (M.I.-G.); (J.V.-G.); (C.R.); (M.L.); (P.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Ibon Barba
- Imegen-Health in Code Group, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (P.M.-F.); (M.G.-R.); (I.B.); (M.I.-G.); (J.V.-G.); (C.R.); (M.L.); (P.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Marta Izquierdo-García
- Imegen-Health in Code Group, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (P.M.-F.); (M.G.-R.); (I.B.); (M.I.-G.); (J.V.-G.); (C.R.); (M.L.); (P.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Jennifer Valero-Garcia
- Imegen-Health in Code Group, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (P.M.-F.); (M.G.-R.); (I.B.); (M.I.-G.); (J.V.-G.); (C.R.); (M.L.); (P.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Carlos Ruiz
- Imegen-Health in Code Group, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (P.M.-F.); (M.G.-R.); (I.B.); (M.I.-G.); (J.V.-G.); (C.R.); (M.L.); (P.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Marián Lázaro
- Imegen-Health in Code Group, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (P.M.-F.); (M.G.-R.); (I.B.); (M.I.-G.); (J.V.-G.); (C.R.); (M.L.); (P.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Paula Carbonell
- Imegen-Health in Code Group, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (P.M.-F.); (M.G.-R.); (I.B.); (M.I.-G.); (J.V.-G.); (C.R.); (M.L.); (P.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Pablo Gargallo
- Imegen-Health in Code Group, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (P.M.-F.); (M.G.-R.); (I.B.); (M.I.-G.); (J.V.-G.); (C.R.); (M.L.); (P.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Carlos Méndez
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Centro Oncológico de Galicia, 15009 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Juan José Ríos-Martín
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (I.T.-S.); (E.R.-Z.); (J.J.R.-M.)
| | - Alberto Palmeiro-Uriach
- Laboratorio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General Universitario de Castellón, 12004 Castellón, Spain;
| | | | - Jerónimo Forteza-Vila
- Anatomía Patológica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Inés Calabria
- Imegen-Health in Code Group, 46980 Paterna, Spain; (P.M.-F.); (M.G.-R.); (I.B.); (M.I.-G.); (J.V.-G.); (C.R.); (M.L.); (P.C.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Lv Q, Guan S, Zhu M, Huang H, Wu J, Dai X. FGFR1 Is Associated With Tamoxifen Resistance and Poor Prognosis of ER-Positive Breast Cancers by Suppressing ER Protein Expression. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211004935. [PMID: 33783288 PMCID: PMC8013883 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211004935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is widely recognized as a key player in mammary carcinogenesis and associated with the prognosis and therapeutic response of breast cancers. With the aim of investigating the correlation between FGFR1 expression and estrogen receptor (ER) and exploring the effect of FGFR1 on endocrine therapy response and ER+ breast cancer prognosis, we examined the FGFR1 protein expression among 184 ER-positive breast cancers by the immunohistochemistry (IHC) method, analyzed the association between FGFR1 expression and disease characters using the Pearson’s chi-square test, and assessed the prognostic role of FGFR1 among breast cancers using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier analyses. Moreover, in vitro assays were conducted to confirm the correlation between FGFR1 and ER expression and investigate the effect of FGFR1 on tamoxifen (TAM) sensitivity in ER+ breast cancer. The results showed that ER expression was negatively correlated with FGFR1 expression (P = 0.011, r = -0.221). Moreover, FGFR1 expression was one of the prognostic factors of ER-positive breast cancer (OR = 1.974, 95% CI = 1.043-3.633), and high FGFR1 expression was correlated with decreased breast cancer overall survival. In addition, knocking down FGFR1 inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced TAM sensitivity in TAM-resistant cells. In conclusion, we found that there was a significant negative correlation between FGFR1 and ER levels in ER+ breast cancers, high FGFR1 protein expression was associated with poor breast cancer prognosis, down-regulating FGFR1 could elevate ER expression and is associated with enhanced TAM sensitivity in ER+ breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lv
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiming Guan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huadong Sanatorium, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjie Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiang Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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25
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Sung VYC, Knight JF, Johnson RM, Stern YE, Saleh SM, Savage P, Monast A, Zuo D, Duhamel S, Park M. Co-dependency for MET and FGFR1 in basal triple-negative breast cancers. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:36. [PMID: 33772015 PMCID: PMC7997957 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease that lacks both effective patient stratification strategies and therapeutic targets. Whilst elevated levels of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase are associated with TNBCs and predict poor clinical outcome, the functional role of MET in TNBC is still poorly understood. In this study, we utilise an established Met-dependent transgenic mouse model of TNBC, human cell lines and patient-derived xenografts to investigate the role of MET in TNBC tumorigenesis. We find that in TNBCs with mesenchymal signatures, MET participates in a compensatory interplay with FGFR1 to regulate tumour-initiating cells (TICs). We demonstrate a requirement for the scaffold protein FRS2 downstream from both Met and FGFR1 and find that dual inhibition of MET and FGFR1 signalling results in TIC depletion, hindering tumour progression. Importantly, basal breast cancers that display elevated MET and FGFR1 signatures are associated with poor relapse-free survival. Our results support a role for MET and FGFR1 as potential co-targets for anti-TIC therapies in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Y C Sung
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer F Knight
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Radia M Johnson
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yaakov E Stern
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sadiq M Saleh
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Savage
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anie Monast
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dongmei Zuo
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Duhamel
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Morag Park
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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26
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Bofin AM, Ytterhus B, Klæstad E, Valla M. FGFR1 copy number in breast cancer: associations with proliferation, histopathological grade and molecular subtypes. J Clin Pathol 2021; 75:459-464. [PMID: 33753561 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2021-207456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS FGFR1 is located on 8p11.23 and regulates cell proliferation and survival. Increased copy number of FGFR1 is found in several cancers including cancer of the breast. ZNF703 is located close to FGFR1 at 8p11-12 and is frequently expressed in the luminal B subtype of breast cancer. Using tissue samples from a well-described cohort of patients with breast cancer with long-term follow-up, we studied associations between FGFR1 copy number in primary breast cancer tumours and axillary lymph node metastases, and proliferation status, molecular subtype and prognosis. Furthermore, we studied associations between copy number increase of FGFR1 and copy number of ZNF703. METHODS We used fluorescence in situ hybridisation for FGFR1 and the chromosome 8 centromere applied to tissue microarray sections from a series of 534 breast cancer cases. RESULTS We found increased copy number (≥4) of FGFR1 in 74 (13.9%) of tumours. Only 6 of the 74 cases with increased copy number were non-luminal. Increased FGFR1 copy number was significantly associated with high Ki-67 status, high mitotic count and high histopathological grade, but not with prognosis. Forty-two (7.9%) cases had mean copy number ≥6. Thirty of these showed ZNF708 copy number ≥6. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that FGFR1 copy number increase is largely found among luminal subtypes of breast cancer, particularly luminal B (HER2-). It is frequently accompanied by increased copy number of ZNF703. FGFR1 copy number increase is associated with high histopathological grade and high proliferation. However, we did not discover an association with prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Bofin
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Borgny Ytterhus
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elise Klæstad
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit Valla
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pathology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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27
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Chang DY, Ma WL, Lu YS. Role of Alpelisib in the Treatment of PIK3CA-Mutated Breast Cancer: Patient Selection and Clinical Perspectives. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2021; 17:193-207. [PMID: 33707948 PMCID: PMC7943556 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s251668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has long been known to play a major role in the growth and survival of cancer cells. Breast tumors often harbor PIK3CA gene alterations, which therefore constitute a rational drug target. However, it has taken many years to demonstrate clinically-relevant efficacy of PI3K inhibition and eventually attain regulatory approvals. As data on PI3K inhibitors continue to mature, this review updates and summarizes the current state of the science, including the prognostic role of PIK3CA alterations in breast cancer; the evolution of PI3K inhibitors; the clinical utility of the first-in-class oral selective PI3Kα inhibitor, alpelisib; PIK3CA mutation detection techniques; and adverse effect management. PIK3CA-mutated breast carcinomas predict survival benefit from PI3K inhibitor therapy. The pan-PI3K inhibitor, buparlisib and the beta-isoform-sparing PI3K inhibitor, taselisib, met efficacy endpoints in clinical trials, but pictilisib did not; moreover, poor tolerability of these three drugs abrogated further clinical trials. Alpelisib is better tolerated, with a more manageable toxicity profile; the principal adverse events, hyperglycemia, rash and diarrhea, can be mitigated by intensive monitoring and timely intervention, thereby enabling patients to remain adherent to clinically beneficial treatment. Alpelisib plus endocrine therapy shows promising efficacy for treating postmenopausal women with HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer. Available evidence supporting using alpelisib after disease progression on first-line endocrine therapy with or without CDK4/6 inhibitors justifies PIK3CA mutation testing upon diagnosing HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer, which can be done using either tumor tissue or circulating tumor DNA. With appropriate toxicity management and patient selection using validated testing methods, all eligible patients can potentially benefit from this new treatment. Further clinical trials to assess combinations of hormone therapy with PI3K, AKT, mTOR, or CDK 4/6 inhibitors, or studies in men and women with other breast subtypes are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwan-Ying Chang
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Ma
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Shen Lu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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O’Leary B, Cutts RJ, Huang X, Hrebien S, Liu Y, André F, Loibl S, Loi S, Garcia-Murillas I, Cristofanilli M, Bartlett CH, Turner NC. Circulating Tumor DNA Markers for Early Progression on Fulvestrant With or Without Palbociclib in ER+ Advanced Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021; 113:309-317. [PMID: 32940689 PMCID: PMC7936069 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no established molecular biomarkers for patients with breast cancer receiving combination endocrine and CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i). We aimed to determine whether genomic markers in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can identify patients at higher risk of early progression on fulvestrant therapy with or without palbociclib, a CDK4/6i. METHODS PALOMA-3 was a phase III, multicenter, double-blind randomized controlled trial of palbociclib plus fulvestrant (n = 347) vs placebo plus fulvestrant (n = 174) in patients with endocrine-pretreated estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. Pretreatment plasma samples from 459 patients were analyzed for mutations in 17 genes, copy number in 14 genes, and circulating tumor fraction. Progression-free survival (PFS) was compared in patients with circulating tumor fraction above or below a prespecified cutoff of 10% and with or without a specific genomic alteration. All statistical tests were 2-sided. RESULTS Patients with high ctDNA fraction had worse PFS on both palbociclib plus fulvestrant (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17 to 2.24; P = .004) and placebo plus fulvestrant (HR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.21 to 2.59; P = .004). In multivariable analysis, high-circulating tumor fraction was associated with worse PFS (HR = 1.20 per 10% increase in tumor fraction, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.32; P < .001), as was TP53 mutation (HR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.27 to 2.65; P = .001) and FGFR1 amplification (HR = 2.91, 95% CI = 1.61 to 5.25; P < .001). No interaction with treatment randomization was observed. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment ctDNA identified a group of high-risk patients with poor clinical outcome despite the addition of CDK4/6 inhibition. These patients might benefit from inclusion in future trials of escalating treatment, with therapies that may be active in these genomic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben O’Leary
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rosalind J Cutts
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Sarah Hrebien
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Fabrice André
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Sibylle Loibl
- German Breast Group, Martin Behaim-Strasse 12, Neu-Isenburg, Germany
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Research and Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Isaac Garcia-Murillas
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Nicholas C Turner
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
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29
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Mouron S, Manso L, Caleiras E, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Rueda OM, Caldas C, Colomer R, Quintela-Fandino M, Bueno MJ. FGFR1 amplification or overexpression and hormonal resistance in luminal breast cancer: rationale for a triple blockade of ER, CDK4/6, and FGFR1. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:21. [PMID: 33579347 PMCID: PMC7881584 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FGFR1 amplification, but not overexpression, has been related to adverse prognosis in hormone-positive breast cancer (HRPBC). Whether FGFR1 overexpression and amplification are correlated, what is their distribution among luminal A or B HRPBC, and if there is a potential different prognostic role for amplification and overexpression are currently unknown features. The role of FGFR1 inhibitors in HRPBC is also unclear. METHODS FGFR1 amplification (FISH) and overexpression (RNAscope) were investigated in a N = 251 HRPBC patients cohort and the METABRIC cohort; effects on survival and FISH-RNAscope concordance were determined. We generated hormonal deprivation resistant (LTED-R) and FGFR1-overexpressing cell line variants of the ER+ MCF7 and T47-D and the ER+, FGFR1-amplified HCC1428 cell lines. The role of ER, CDK4/6, and/or FGFR1 blockade alone or in combinations in Rb phosphorylation, cell cycle, and survival were studied. RESULTS FGFR1 overexpression and amplification was non-concordant in > 20% of the patients, but both were associated to a similar relapse risk (~ 2.5-fold; P < 0.05). FGFR1 amplification or overexpression occurred regardless of the luminal subtype, but the incidence was higher in luminal B (16.3%) than A (6.6%) tumors; P < 0.05. The Kappa index for overexpression and amplification was 0.69 (P < 0.001). Twenty-four per cent of the patients showed either amplification and/or overexpression of FGFR1, what was associated to a hazard ratio for relapse of 2.6 (95% CI 1.44-4.62, P < 0.001). In vitro, hormonal deprivation led to FGFR1 overexpression. Primary FGFR1 amplification, engineered mRNA overexpression, or LTED-R-acquired FGFR1 overexpression led to resistance against hormonotherapy alone or in combination with the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib. Blocking FGFR1 with the kinase-inhibitor rogaratinib led to suppression of Rb phosphorylation, abrogation of the cell cycle, and resistance-reversion in all FGFR1 models. CONCLUSIONS FGFR1 amplification and overexpression are associated to similar adverse prognosis in hormone-positive breast cancer. Capturing all the patients with adverse prognosis-linked FGFR1 aberrations requires assessing both features. Hormonal deprivation leads to FGFR1 overexpression, and FGFR1 overexpression and/or amplification are associated with resistance to hormonal monotherapy or in combination with palbociclib. Both resistances are reverted with triple ER, CDK4/6, and FGFR1 blockade.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/etiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6/genetics
- Disease Management
- Disease Susceptibility
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Gene Amplification
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Mouron
- Breast Cancer Clinical Research Unit, CNIO - Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Manso
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Oscar M Rueda
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Oncology, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ramon Colomer
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Endowed Chair of Personalized Precision Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid - Fundación Instituto Roche, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Investigación Clínica y Ensayos Clínicos (UICEC) of Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Plataforma SCReN (Spanish Clinical Research Network), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Quintela-Fandino
- Breast Cancer Clinical Research Unit, CNIO - Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Quiron Pozuelo, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria J Bueno
- Breast Cancer Clinical Research Unit, CNIO - Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Sobhani N, Fassl A, Mondani G, Generali D, Otto T. Targeting Aberrant FGFR Signaling to Overcome CDK4/6 Inhibitor Resistance in Breast Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:293. [PMID: 33535617 PMCID: PMC7912842 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Therapies targeting molecular pathways altered in BC had significantly enhanced treatment options for BC over the last decades, which ultimately improved the lives of millions of women worldwide. Among various molecular pathways accruing substantial interest for the development of targeted therapies are cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)-in particular, the two closely related members CDK4 and CDK6. CDK4/6 inhibitors indirectly trigger the dephosphorylation of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein by blocking CDK4/6, thereby blocking the cell cycle transition from the G1 to S phase. Although the CDK4/6 inhibitors abemaciclib, palbociclib, and ribociclib gained FDA approval for the treatment of hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative BC as they significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) in randomized clinical trials, regrettably, some patients showed resistance to these therapies. Though multiple molecular pathways could be mechanistically responsible for CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy resistance, one of the most predominant ones seems to be the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) pathway. FGFRs are involved in many aspects of cancer formation, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and growth. Importantly, FGFRs are frequently mutated in BC, and their overexpression and/or hyperactivation correlates with CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance and shortened PFS in BC. Intriguingly, the inhibition of aberrant FGFR activity is capable of reversing the resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors. This review summarizes the molecular background of FGFR signaling and discusses the role of aberrant FGFR signaling during cancer development in general and during the development of CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in BC in particular, together with other possible mechanisms for resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Subsequently, future directions on novel therapeutic strategies targeting FGFR signaling to overcome such resistance during BC treatment will be further debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Sobhani
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anne Fassl
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giuseppina Mondani
- Department Breast Oncoplastic Surgery Royal Cornwall Hospital, Treliske, Truro TR13LJ, UK;
| | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Tobias Otto
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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31
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Akhand SS, Chen H, Purdy SC, Liu Z, Anderson JC, Willey CD, Wendt MK. Fibroblast growth factor receptor facilitates recurrence of minimal residual disease following trastuzumab emtansine therapy. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:5. [PMID: 33479246 PMCID: PMC7820437 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-020-00213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trastuzumab-emtansine (T-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that efficiently delivers a highly potent microtubule inhibitor to HER2 overexpressing cells. Herein, we utilize HER2 transformed human mammary epithelial cells (HME2) to demonstrate in vitro and in vivo response and recurrence upon T-DM1 treatment. Continuous in vitro dosing of HME2 cells with T-DM1 failed to produce a spontaneously resistant cell line. However, induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via pretreatment with TGF-β1 was capable of promoting emergence of T-DM1-resistant (TDM1R) cells. Flow cytometric analyses indicated that induction of EMT decreased trastuzumab binding, prior to overt loss of HER2 expression in TDM1R cells. Kinome analyses of TDM1R cells indicated increased phosphorylation of ErbB1, ErbB4, and FGFR1. TDM1R cells failed to respond to the ErbB kinase inhibitors lapatinib and afatinib, but they acquired sensitivity to FIIN4, a covalent FGFR kinase inhibitor. In vivo, minimal residual disease (MRD) remained detectable via bioluminescent imaging following T-DM1-induced tumor regression. Upon cessation of the ADC, relapse occurred and secondary tumors were resistant to additional rounds of T-DM1. These recurrent tumors could be inhibited by FIIN4. Moreover, ectopic overexpression of FGFR1 was sufficient to enhance tumor growth, diminish trastuzumab binding, and promote recurrence following T-DM1-induced MRD. Finally, patient-derived xenografts from a HER2+ breast cancer patient who had progressed on trastuzumab failed to respond to T-DM1, but tumor growth was significantly inhibited by FIIN4. Overall, our studies strongly support therapeutic combination of TDM1 with FGFR-targeted agents in HER2+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed S Akhand
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Stephen Connor Purdy
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zian Liu
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Joshua C Anderson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA
| | - Christopher D Willey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA
| | - Michael K Wendt
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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32
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Abdullah A, Akhand SS, Paez JSP, Brown W, Pan L, Libring S, Badamy M, Dykuizen E, Solorio L, Andy Tao W, Wendt MK. Epigenetic targeting of neuropilin-1 prevents bypass signaling in drug-resistant breast cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:322-333. [PMID: 33128042 PMCID: PMC7808937 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-amplified breast cancers are treated using targeted antibodies and kinase inhibitors, but resistance to these therapies leads to systemic tumor recurrence of metastatic disease. Herein, we conducted gene expression analyses of HER2 kinase inhibitor-resistant cell lines as compared to their drug-sensitive counterparts. These data demonstrate the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which included enhanced expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and axonal guidance molecules known as neuropilins (NRPs). Immunoprecipitation of FGFR1 coupled with mass spectroscopy indicated that FGFR1 forms a physical complex with NRPs, which is enhanced upon induction of EMT. Confocal imaging revealed that FGFR1 and NRP1 predominantly interact throughout the cytoplasm. Along these lines, short hairpin RNA-mediated depletion of NRP1, but not the use of NRP1-blocking antibodies, inhibited FGFR signaling and reduced tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Our results further indicate that NRP1 upregulation during EMT is mediated via binding of the chromatin reader protein, bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) in the NRP1 proximal promoter region. Pharmacological inhibition of BRD4 decreased NRP1 expression and ablated FGF-mediated tumor cell growth. Overall, our studies indicate that NRPs facilitate aberrant growth factor signaling during EMT-associated drug resistance and metastasis. Pharmacological combination of epigenetic modulators with FGFR-targeted kinase inhibitors may provide improved outcomes for breast cancer patients with drug-resistant metastatic disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neuropilin-1/genetics
- Neuropilin-1/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Abdullah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Saeed Salehin Akhand
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Juan Sebastian Paez Paez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Wells Brown
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sarah Libring
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael Badamy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Emily Dykuizen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Luis Solorio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - W Andy Tao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael K Wendt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Jacob S, Davis AA, Gerratana L, Velimirovic M, Shah AN, Wehbe F, Katam N, Zhang Q, Flaum L, Siziopikou KP, Platanias LC, Gradishar WJ, Behdad A, Bardia A, Cristofanilli M. The Use of Serial Circulating Tumor DNA to Detect Resistance Alterations in Progressive Metastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:1361-1370. [PMID: 33323406 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is a promising tool for noninvasive longitudinal monitoring of genomic alterations. We analyzed serial ctDNA to characterize genomic evolution in progressive metastatic breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort between 2015 and 2019 obtained under an Institutional Review Board-approved protocol at Northwestern University (Chicago, IL). ctDNA samples were analyzed with Guardant360 next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay. A total of 86 patients had at least two serial ctDNA collections with the second drawn at first post-NGS progression (PN1) by imaging and clinical assessment. A total of 27 participants had ctDNA drawn at second post-NGS clinical progression (PN2). We analyzed alterations, mutant allele frequency (MAF), number of alterations (NOA), and sites of disease on imaging in close proximity to ctDNA evaluation. Matched pairs' variations in MAF, NOA, and alterations at progression were tested through Wilcoxon test. We identified an independent control cohort at Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, MA) of 63 patients with serial ctDNA sampling and no evidence of progression. RESULTS We identified 44 hormone receptor-positive, 20 HER2+, and 22 triple-negative breast cancer cases. The significant alterations observed between baseline and PN1 were TP53 (P < 0.0075), PIK3CA (P < 0.0126), AR (P < 0.0126), FGFR1 (P < 0.0455), and ESR1 (P < 0.0143). Paired analyses revealed increased MAF and NOA from baseline to PN1 (P = 0.0026, and P < 0.0001, respectively). When compared with controls without progression, patients with ctDNA collection at times of progression were associated with increased MAF and NOA (P = 0.0042 and P < 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Serial ctDNA testing identified resistance alterations and increased NOA and MAF were associated with disease progression. Prospective longitudinal ctDNA evaluation could potentially monitor tumor genomic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saya Jacob
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrew A Davis
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lorenzo Gerratana
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Ami N Shah
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Firas Wehbe
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Neelima Katam
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lisa Flaum
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kalliopi P Siziopikou
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - William J Gradishar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amir Behdad
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aditya Bardia
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Peng R, Chen Y, Wei L, Li G, Feng D, Liu S, Jiang R, Zheng S, Chen Y. Resistance to FGFR1-targeted therapy leads to autophagy via TAK1/AMPK activation in gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2020; 23:988-1002. [PMID: 32617693 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-020-01088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) is frequently dysregulated in various tumors. FGFR inhibitors have shown promising therapeutic value in several preclinical models. However, tumors resistant to FGFR inhibitors have emerged, compromising therapeutic outcomes by demonstrating markedly aggressive metastatic progression; however, the underlying signaling mechanism of resistance remains unknown. METHODS We established FGFR inhibitor-resistant cell models using two gastric cancer (GC) cell lines, MGC-803 and BGC-823. RNA-seq was performed to determine the continuous cellular transcriptome changes between parental and resistant cells. We explored the mechanism of resistance to FGFR inhibitor, using a subcutaneous tumor model and GC patient-derived tumor organotypic culture. RESULTS We observed that FGFR1 was highly expressed in GC and FGFR1 inhibitor-resistant cell lines, demonstrating elevated levels of autophagic activity. These resistant cells were characterized by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) required to facilitate metastatic outgrowth. In drug-resistant cells, the FGFR1 inhibitor regulated GC cell autophagy via AMPK/mTOR signal activation, which could be blocked using either pharmacological inhibitors or essential gene knockdown. Furthermore, TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) amplification and metabolic restrictions led to AMPK pathway activation and autophagy. In vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that the FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 and TAK1 inhibitor NG25 synergistically inhibited proliferation and autophagy in AZD4547-resistant cell lines and patient-derived GC organotypic cultures. CONCLUSIONS We elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying primary resistance to FGFR1 inhibitors in GC, and revealed that the inhibition of FGFR1 and TAK1 signaling could present a potential novel therapeutic strategy for FGFR1 inhibitor-resistant GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center for Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Tumor Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Liangnian Wei
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center for Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongju Feng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siru Liu
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Tumor Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Runqiu Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shaojiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Tumor Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Research Center for Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China.
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Guerini-Rocco E, Gray KP, Fumagalli C, Reforgiato MR, Leone I, Rafaniello Raviele P, Munzone E, Kammler R, Neven P, Hitre E, Jerusalem G, Simoncini E, Gombos A, Deleu I, Karlsson P, Aebi S, Chirgwin J, Di Lauro V, Thompson A, Graas MP, Barber M, Fontaine C, Loibl S, Gavilá J, Kuroi K, Müller B, O'Reilly S, Di Leo A, Goldhirsch A, Viale G, Barberis M, Regan MM, Colleoni M. Genomic Aberrations and Late Recurrence in Postmenopausal Women with Hormone Receptor-positive Early Breast Cancer: Results from the SOLE Trial. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:504-512. [PMID: 33082214 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Women with hormone receptor-positive early breast cancers have a persistent risk of relapse and biomarkers for late recurrence are needed. We sought to identify tumor genomic aberrations associated with increased late-recurrence risk. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In a secondary analysis of Study of Letrozole Extension trial, a case-cohort-like sampling selected 598 primary breast cancers for targeted next-generation sequencing analysis of gene mutations and copy-number gains (CNGs). Correlations of genomic aberrations with clinicopathologic factors and breast and distant recurrence-free intervals (BCFIs and DRFIs) were analyzed using weighted Cox models. RESULTS Analysis of mutations and CNGs was successfully performed for 403 and 350 samples, including 148 and 134 patients with breast cancer recurrences (median follow-up time, 5.2 years), respectively. The most frequent alterations were PIK3CA mutations (42%) and CNGs of CCND1 (15%), ERBB2 (10%), FGFR1 (8%), and MYC (8%). PIK3CA mutations and MYC CNGs were associated with lower (P = 0.03) and higher (P = 0.004) tumor grade, respectively; a higher Ki-67 was seen in tumor with CCND1, ERBB2, and MYC CNGs (P = 0.01, P < 0.001, and P = 0.03, respectively). FGFR1 CNG was associated with an increased risk of late events in univariate analyses [17/29 patients; BCFI: HR, 3.2; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.48-6.92; P = 0.003 and DRFI: HR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.61-7.75; P = 0.002) and in multivariable models adjusted for clinicopathologic factors. CONCLUSIONS Postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer harboring FGFR1 CNG had an increased risk of late recurrence despite extended therapy. FGFR1 CNG may represent a useful prognostic biomarker for late recurrence and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Guerini-Rocco
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan and University of Milan, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Milan, Italy.
| | - Kathryn P Gray
- International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center, Frontier Science Foundation, and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Caterina Fumagalli
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Rita Reforgiato
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Leone
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rafaniello Raviele
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Munzone
- Division of Medical Senology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Patrick Neven
- Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erika Hitre
- National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | - Per Karlsson
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy/Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Aebi
- Lucerne Cantonal Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jacquie Chirgwin
- Box Hill and Maroondah Hospitals, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Alastair Thompson
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | - Joaquín Gavilá
- Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Katsumasa Kuroi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Bunkyo City, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bettina Müller
- Chilean Cooperative Group for Oncologic Research (GOCCHI), Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Aron Goldhirsch
- International Breast Cancer Study Group, Bern, Switzerland and MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, International Breast Cancer Study Group Central Pathology Office and University of Milan, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Barberis
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Meredith M Regan
- International Breast Cancer Study Group Statistical Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marco Colleoni
- Division of Medical Senology, European Institute of Oncology, and the International Breast Cancer Study Group, Milan, Italy
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36
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DiGiacomo JW, Godet I, Trautmann-Rodriguez M, Gilkes DM. Extracellular Matrix-Bound FGF2 Mediates Estrogen Receptor Signaling and Therapeutic Response in Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:136-149. [PMID: 33033110 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is often unaccounted for in studies that consider the stromal contribution to cancer cell signaling and response to treatment. To investigate the influence of a fibrotic microenvironment, we use fibroblast-derived ECM scaffolds as a cell culture platform. We uncover that estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer cells cultured within ECM-scaffolds have an increase in ER signaling that occurs via an MAPK-dependent, but estrogen-independent manner. The ECM acts as a reservoir by binding, enriching, and presenting growth factors to adjacent epithelial cells. We identified FGF2 as a specific ECM-bound factor that drives ER signaling. ER+ cells cultured on ECM matrices have reduced sensitivity to ER-targeted therapies. The sensitivity to ER-targeted therapy can be restored by inhibiting FGF2-FGFR1 binding. ECM-FGF2 complexes promote Cyclin D1 induction that prevents G1 arrest even in the presence of antiestrogens. This work demonstrates that the ECM can drive ER signaling and resistance to endocrine therapy, and suggests that patients with ER+ breast cancer that have high mammographic breast density may benefit from existing FGFR-targeted therapies. IMPLICATIONS: This work uncovers how the ECM may mediate signaling between growth factors and ER+ breast cancer cells to promote estrogen-independent ER signaling and resistance to endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh W DiGiacomo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Breast and Ovarian Cancer Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Inês Godet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Breast and Ovarian Cancer Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Trautmann-Rodriguez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniele M Gilkes
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Oncology, Breast and Ovarian Cancer Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Boothby-Shoemaker W, Benham V, Paithankar S, Shankar R, Chen B, Bernard JJ. The Relationship between Leptin, the Leptin Receptor and FGFR1 in Primary Human Breast Tumors. Cells 2020; 9:E2224. [PMID: 33019728 PMCID: PMC7600295 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with increased breast cancer risk and poorer cancer outcomes; however, the precise etiology of these observations has not been fully identified. Our previous research suggests that adipose tissue-derived fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) promotes the malignant transformation of epithelial cells through the activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 (FGFR1). FGF2 is increased in the context of obesity, and increased sera levels have been associated with endocrine-resistant breast cancer. Leptin is a marker of obesity and promotes breast carcinogenesis through several mechanisms. In this study, we leverage public gene expression datasets to evaluate the associations between FGFR1, leptin, and the leptin receptor (LepR) in breast cancer. We show a positive association between FGFR1 and leptin protein copy number in primary breast tumors. These observations coincided with a positive association between Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) mRNA with both leptin receptor (LepR) mRNA and FGFR1 mRNA. Moreover, two separate Jak2 inhibitors attenuated both leptin+FGF2-stimulated and mouse adipose tissue-stimulated MCF-10A transformation. These results demonstrate how elevated sera FGF2 and leptin in obese patients may promote cancer progression in tumors that express elevated FGFR1 and LepR through Jak2 signaling. Therefore, Jak2 is a potential therapeutic target for FGFR1 amplified breast cancer, especially in the context of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt Boothby-Shoemaker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (W.B.-S.); (V.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Vanessa Benham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (W.B.-S.); (V.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Shreya Paithankar
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (S.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Rama Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (S.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (W.B.-S.); (V.B.); (B.C.)
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; (S.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Jamie J. Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (W.B.-S.); (V.B.); (B.C.)
- Nicolas V. Perricone Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Aleksakhina SN, Kramchaninov MM, Mikushina AD, Kubrina SE, Petkau VV, Ivantsov AO, Moiseyenko VM, Imyanitov EN, Iyevleva AG. CCND1 and FGFR1 gene amplifications are associated with reduced benefit from aromatase inhibitors in metastatic breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 23:874-881. [PMID: 32880048 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Endocrine therapy is a mainstay for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (BC); however, only a fraction of patients experience a pronounced response to antagonists of estrogen signaling. There is a need to identify predictors for efficacy of this treatment. METHODS This study included 138 patients with newly diagnosed metastatic BC, who received upfront endocrine therapy. Archival biopsy specimens were tested for CCND1 and FGFR1 gene amplification and mRNA expression by PCR-based methods. RESULTS CCND1 and FGFR1 amplification was detected in 24 (17.9%) and 28 (20.9%) of 134 evaluable cases, respectively; 9 carcinomas had concurrent alterations of these two genes. Presence of amplification in at least one locus was more common in tumors of higher grade (p = 0.018) and was associated with higher Ki-67 proliferation index (p = 0.036). CCND1 gene amplification was associated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS) in patients receiving aromatase inhibitors (AI) [16.0 months vs. 32.4 months, HR = 3.16 (95% CI 1.26-7.93), p = 0.014]. FGFR1 status did not significantly affect PFS of AI-treated women; however, objective response to AI was observed less frequently in FGFR1-amplified BC as compared to cases with normal FGFR1 copy number [2/15 (13.3%) vs. 22/46 (47.8%), p = 0.031]. Meanwhile, CCND1/FGFR1 gene status did not influence the outcome of tamoxifen-treated patients. CONCLUSION Presence of CCND1 and/or FGFR1 amplification is associated with worse outcomes of AI therapy in patients with metastatic BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Aleksakhina
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 197758
| | | | - A D Mikushina
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 197758
| | - S E Kubrina
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 197758
| | - V V Petkau
- Sverdlovskiy Regional Oncological Hospital, Ekatherinburg, Russia, 620036
| | - A O Ivantsov
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 197758
| | | | - E N Imyanitov
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 197758.,Saint-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 194100.,I.I. Mechnikov North-Western Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 191015
| | - A G Iyevleva
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 197758. .,Saint-Petersburg Pediatric Medical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 194100.
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Impact of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) amplification on the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 184:311-324. [PMID: 32852708 PMCID: PMC7599145 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Various aberrations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor genes FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 are found in different cancers, including breast cancer (BC). This study analyzed the impact of FGFR amplification on the BC prognosis. Methods The study included 894 BC patients. The amplification rates of FGFR1, FGFR2, and FGFR3 were evaluated on tissue microarrays using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Associations between these parameters and prognosis were analyzed using multivariate Cox regression analyses. Results FGFR1 FISH was assessable in 503 samples, FGFR2 FISH in 447, and FGFR3 FISH in 562. The FGFR1 amplification rate was 6.6% (n = 33). Increased FGFR2 copy numbers were seen in 0.9% (n = 4); only one patient had FGFR3 amplification (0.2%). Most patients with FGFR1 amplification had luminal B-like tumors (69.7%, n = 23); only 32.6% (n = 153) of patients without FGFR1 amplification had luminal B-like BC. Other patient and tumor characteristics appeared similar between these two groups. Observed outcome differences between BC patients with and without FGFR1 amplification did not achieve statistical significance; however, there was a trend toward poorer distant metastasis-free survival in BC patients with FGFR1 amplification (HR = 2.08; 95% CI 0.98 to 4.39, P = 0.05). Conclusion FGFR1 amplification occurs most frequently in patients with luminal B-like BC. The study showed a nonsignificant correlation with the prognosis, probably due to the small sample size. Further research is therefore needed to address the role of FGFR1 amplifications in early BC patients. FGFR2 and FGFR3 amplifications are rare in patients with primary BC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10549-020-05865-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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40
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Pozniak M, Sokolowska-Wedzina A, Jastrzebski K, Szymczyk J, Porebska N, Krzyscik MA, Zakrzewska M, Miaczynska M, Otlewski J, Opalinski L. FGFR1 clustering with engineered tetravalent antibody improves the efficiency and modifies the mechanism of receptor internalization. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1998-2021. [PMID: 32511887 PMCID: PMC7463352 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) transmits signals through the plasma membrane regulating essential cellular processes like division, motility, metabolism, and death. Overexpression of FGFR1 is observed in numerous tumors and thus constitutes an attractive molecular target for selective cancer treatment. Targeted anti‐cancer therapies aim for the precise delivery of drugs into cancer cells, sparing the healthy ones and thus limiting unwanted side effects. One of the key steps in targeted drug delivery is receptor‐mediated endocytosis. Here, we show that the efficiency and the mechanism of FGFR1 internalization are governed by the spatial distribution of the receptor in the plasma membrane. Using engineered antibodies of different valency, we demonstrate that dimerization of FGFR1 with bivalent antibody triggers clathrin‐mediated endocytosis (CME) of the receptor. Clustering of FGFR1 into larger oligomers with tetravalent antibody stimulates fast and highly efficient uptake of the receptor that occurs via two distinct mechanisms: CME and dynamin‐dependent clathrin‐independent endocytic routes. Furthermore, we show that all endocytic pathways engaged in FGFR1 internalization do not require receptor activation. Our data provide novel insights into the mechanisms of intracellular trafficking of FGFR1 and constitute guidelines for development of highly internalizing antibody‐based drug carriers for targeted therapy of FGFR1‐overproducing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pozniak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Kamil Jastrzebski
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poland
| | - Jakub Szymczyk
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Porebska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Adam Krzyscik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Poland.,Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zakrzewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Miaczynska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Opalinski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Poland
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Bourrier C, Pierga JY, Xuereb L, Salaun H, Proudhon C, Speicher MR, Belic J, Heitzer E, Lockhart BP, Guigal-Stephan N. Shallow Whole-Genome Sequencing from Plasma Identifies FGFR1 Amplified Breast Cancers and Predicts Overall Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061481. [PMID: 32517171 PMCID: PMC7353062 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Focal amplification of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) defines a subgroup of breast cancers with poor prognosis and high risk of recurrence. We sought to demonstrate the potential of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) analysis to evaluate FGFR1 copy numbers from a cohort of 100 metastatic breast cancer (mBC) patients. Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples were screened for FGFR1 amplification by FISH, and positive cases were confirmed with a microarray platform (OncoscanTM). Subsequently, cfDNA was evaluated by two approaches, i.e., mFAST-SeqS and shallow whole-genome sequencing (sWGS), to estimate the circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) allele fraction (AF) and to evaluate the FGFR1 status. Results: Tissue-based analyses identified FGFR1 amplifications in 20/100 tumors. All cases with a ctDNA AF above 3% (n = 12) showed concordance for FGFR1 status between tissue and cfDNA. In one case, we were able to detect a high-level FGFR1 amplification, although the ctDNA AF was below 1%. Furthermore, high levels of ctDNA indicated an association with unfavorable prognosis based on overall survival. Conclusions: Screening for FGFR1 amplification in ctDNA might represent a viable strategy to identify patients eligible for treatment by FGFR inhibition, and mBC ctDNA levels might be used for the evaluation of prognosis in clinical drug trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Bourrier
- Division of Biotechnology, Servier Research Institute, 125, Chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy Sur-seine, France; (C.B.); (B.P.L.)
| | - Jean-Yves Pierga
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; (J.-Y.P.); (H.S.)
- Circulating Tumor Biomarkers Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM CIC 1428, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France;
- Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laura Xuereb
- Division of Methodology and Valorisation of Data, Servier Research and Development Institute, 50 rue carnot, 92150 Suresnes, France;
| | - Hélène Salaun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; (J.-Y.P.); (H.S.)
- Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Proudhon
- Circulating Tumor Biomarkers Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM CIC 1428, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Michael R. Speicher
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.R.S.); (J.B.); (E.H.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jelena Belic
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.R.S.); (J.B.); (E.H.)
| | - Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.R.S.); (J.B.); (E.H.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Liquid Biopsies for Early Detection of Cancer, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Brian Paul Lockhart
- Division of Biotechnology, Servier Research Institute, 125, Chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy Sur-seine, France; (C.B.); (B.P.L.)
| | - Nolwen Guigal-Stephan
- Division of Biotechnology, Servier Research Institute, 125, Chemin de ronde, 78290 Croissy Sur-seine, France; (C.B.); (B.P.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-155-722-532
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Xie N, Tian C, Wu H, Yang X, Liu L, Li J, Xiao H, Gao J, Lu J, Hu X, Cao M, Shui Z, Tang Y, Wang X, Yang J, Hu ZY, Ouyang Q. FGFR aberrations increase the risk of brain metastases and predict poor prognosis in metastatic breast cancer patients. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920915305. [PMID: 32499836 PMCID: PMC7243401 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920915305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The survival status of patients with breast cancer and brain metastasis (BCBM) receiving current treatments is poor. Method: We designed a real-world study to investigate using patients’ clinical and genetic aberrations to forecast the prognoses of BCBM patients. We recruited 146 BCBM patients and analyzed their clinical features to evaluate the overall survival (OS). For genetic testing, 30 BCBM and 165 non-brain-metastatic (BM) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients from Hunan Cancer Hospital, and 86 BCBM and 1416 non-BM MBC patients from the Geneplus database who received circulating tumor DNA testing, were compared and analyzed. Results: Ki67 >14% and >3 metastatic brain tumors were significant risk factors associated with poor OS, while chemotherapy and brain radiotherapy were beneficial factors for better OS. Compared with non-BM MBC patients, BCBM patients had more fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) aberrations. The combination of FGFR, TP53 and FLT1 aberrations plus immunohistochemistry HER2-positive were associated with an increased risk of brain metastasis (AUC = 77.13%). FGFR aberration alone was not only a predictive factor (AUC = 67.90%), but also a significant risk factor for poor progression-free survival (Logrank p = 0.029). FGFR1 aberration was more frequent than other FGFR family genes in BCBM patients, and FGFR1 aberration was significantly higher in BCBM patients than non-BM MBC patients. Most FGFR1-amplified MBC patients progressed within 3 months of the late-line (>2 lines) treatment. Conclusion: A group of genetic events, including FGFR, TP53 and FLT1 genetic aberrations, and HER2-positivity, forecasted the occurrence of BM in breast cancers. FGFR genetic aberration alone predicted poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xie
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Can Tian
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huawu Xiao
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianxiang Gao
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuming Hu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Cao
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengrong Shui
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- ICF, 3 Corporate Square NE., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zhe-Yu Hu
- Department of Breast Cancer Medical Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, No. 283, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, P.R. China
| | - Quchang Ouyang
- Department of Breast Cancer Medical Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, No. 283, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, P.R. China
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Sobhani N, Fan C, O. Flores-Villanueva P, Generali D, Li Y. The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors in Breast Cancer: from Oncogenesis to Better Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2011. [PMID: 32188012 PMCID: PMC7139621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent form of malignancy and second only to lung cancer as cause of deaths in women. Notwithstanding many progresses made in the field, metastatic BC has a very poor prognosis. As therapies are becoming more personalized to meet the needs of patients, a better knowledge of the molecular biology leading to the disease unfolds the possibility to project more precise compounds or antibodies targeting definite alteration at the molecular level and functioning on such cancer-causing molecules expressed in cancer cells of patients, or present as antigens on the surface of cancer cell membranes. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) is one of such druggable targets, activated by its own ligands -namely the Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs). This pathway provides a vast range of interesting molecular targets pursued at different levels of clinical investigation. Herein we provide an update on the knowledge of genetic alterations of the receptors in breast cancer, their role in tumorigenesis and the most recent drugs against this particular receptor for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Sobhani
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.F.); (P.O.F.-V.)
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada Di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Chunmei Fan
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.F.); (P.O.F.-V.)
| | - Pedro O. Flores-Villanueva
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.F.); (P.O.F.-V.)
| | - Daniele Generali
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada Di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Yong Li
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (C.F.); (P.O.F.-V.)
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Abdel-Mohsen HT, Abd El-Meguid EA, El Kerdawy AM, Mahmoud AEE, Ali MM. Design, synthesis, and molecular docking of novel 2-arylbenzothiazole multiangiokinase inhibitors targeting breast cancer. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e1900340. [PMID: 32045054 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201900340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 2-arylbenzothiazoles 9, 10, and 12 were designed and synthesized as VEGFR-2/FGFR-1/PDGFR-β multiangiokinase inhibitors targeting breast cancer. Structural elongation of the known 2-phenylbenzothiazole scaffold (type I protein kinase inhibitor [PKI]), was carried out to afford series of type II PKIs 9, 10, and 12. Compounds 9d, 9f, 9i, and 9k exhibited potent multikinase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.19, 0.18, 0.17, and 0.13 μM, respectively, against VEGFR-2; IC50 values of 0.28, 0.37, 0.19, and 0.27 μM, respectively, against FGFR-1; and IC50 values of 0.07, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.14 μM, respectively, against PDGFR-β. Moreover, the synthesized benzothiazoles demonstrated promising cytotoxic activity against the MCF-7 cell line. The most potent benzothiazoles 9d and 9i exhibited IC50 values of 7.83 and 6.58 μM, respectively, on the MCF-7 cell line in comparison to sorafenib (III), which showed IC50 = 4.33 μM. Additionally, 9d and 9i showed VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity in MCF-7 cells of 81% and 83% when compared with sorafenib (III), which showed 88% inhibition. Molecular docking of the designed compounds in the VEGFR-2 and FGFR-1 active sites showed the accommodation of the 2-phenylbenzothiazole moiety, as reported, in the hinge region of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-binding site, while the amide moiety is involved in hydrogen bond interactions with the key amino acids in the gate area; this in turn directs the aryl group to the hydrophobic allosteric back pocket of the RTKs in a type II-like binding mode. The synthesized benzothiazoles showed satisfactory ADME properties for further optimization in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba T Abdel-Mohsen
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A Abd El-Meguid
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El Kerdawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Giza University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer E E Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh M Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Chew NJ, Nguyen EV, Su SP, Novy K, Chan HC, Nguyen LK, Luu J, Simpson KJ, Lee RS, Daly RJ. FGFR3 signaling and function in triple negative breast cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:13. [PMID: 31987043 PMCID: PMC6986078 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 16% of breast cancers and represents an aggressive subtype that lacks targeted therapeutic options. In this study, mass spectrometry (MS)-based tyrosine phosphorylation profiling identified aberrant FGFR3 activation in a subset of TNBC cell lines. This kinase was therefore evaluated as a potential therapeutic target. Methods MS-based tyrosine phosphorylation profiling was undertaken across a panel of 24 TNBC cell lines. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot were used to further characterize FGFR3 phosphorylation. Indirect immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy were used to determine FGFR3 localization. The selective FGFR1–3 inhibitor, PD173074 and siRNA knockdowns were used to characterize the functional role of FGFR3 in vitro. The TCGA and Metabric breast cancer datasets were interrogated to identify FGFR3 alterations and how they relate to breast cancer subtype and overall patient survival. Results High FGFR3 expression and phosphorylation were detected in SUM185PE cells, which harbor a FGFR3-TACC3 gene fusion. Low FGFR3 phosphorylation was detected in CAL51, MFM-223 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In SUM185PE cells, the FGFR3-TACC3 fusion protein contributed the majority of phosphorylated FGFR3, and largely localized to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane, with staining at the mitotic spindle in a small subset of cells. Knockdown of the FGFR3-TACC3 fusion and wildtype FGFR3 in SUM185PE cells decreased FRS2, AKT and ERK phosphorylation, and induced cell death. Knockdown of wildtype FGFR3 resulted in only a trend for decreased proliferation. PD173074 significantly decreased FRS2, AKT and ERK activation, and reduced SUM185PE cell proliferation. Cyclin A and pRb were also decreased in the presence of PD173074, while cleaved PARP was increased, indicating cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and apoptosis. Knockdown of FGFR3 in CAL51, MFM-223 and MDA-MB-231 cells had no significant effect on cell proliferation. Interrogation of public datasets revealed that increased FGFR3 expression in breast cancer was significantly associated with reduced overall survival, and that potentially oncogenic FGFR3 alterations (eg mutation and amplification) occur in the TNBC/basal, luminal A and luminal B subtypes, but are rare. Conclusions These results indicate that targeting FGFR3 may represent a therapeutic option for TNBC, but only for patients with oncogenic FGFR3 alterations, such as the FGFR3-TACC3 fusion. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Chew
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Elizabeth V Nguyen
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Shih-Ping Su
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Karel Novy
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Howard C Chan
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Lan K Nguyen
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jennii Luu
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Kaylene J Simpson
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Rachel S Lee
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Roger J Daly
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Neocleous V, Fanis P, Toumba M, Tanteles GA, Schiza M, Cinarli F, Nicolaides NC, Oulas A, Spyrou GM, Mantzoros CS, Vlachakis D, Skordis N, Phylactou LA. GnRH Deficient Patients With Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism: Novel Genetic Findings in ANOS1, RNF216, WDR11, FGFR1, CHD7, and POLR3A Genes in a Case Series and Review of the Literature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:626. [PMID: 32982993 PMCID: PMC7485345 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare genetic disease caused by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) deficiency. So far a limited number of variants in several genes have been associated with the pathogenesis of the disease. In this original research and review manuscript the retrospective analysis of known variants in ANOS1 (KAL1), RNF216, WDR11, FGFR1, CHD7, and POLR3A genes is described, along with novel variants identified in patients with CHH by the present study. Methods: Seven GnRH deficient unrelated Cypriot patients underwent whole exome sequencing (WES) by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). The identified novel variants were initially examined by in silico computational algorithms and structural analysis of their predicted pathogenicity at the protein level was confirmed. Results: In four non-related GnRH males, a novel X-linked pathogenic variant in ANOS1 gene, two novel autosomal dominant (AD) probably pathogenic variants in WDR11 and FGFR1 genes and one rare AD probably pathogenic variant in CHD7 gene were identified. A rare autosomal recessive (AR) variant in the SRA1 gene was identified in homozygosity in a female patient, whilst two other male patients were also, respectively, found to carry novel or previously reported rare pathogenic variants in more than one genes; FGFR1/POLR3A and SRA1/RNF216. Conclusion: This report embraces the description of novel and previously reported rare pathogenic variants in a series of genes known to be implicated in the biological development of CHH. Notably, patients with CHH can harbor pathogenic rare variants in more than one gene which raises the hypothesis of locus-locus interactions providing evidence for digenic inheritance. The identification of such aberrations by NGS can be very informative for the management and future planning of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassos Neocleous
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Pavlos Fanis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Meropi Toumba
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Pediatric Endocrine Clinic, IASIS Hospital, Paphos, Cyprus
| | - George A. Tanteles
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Clinical Genetics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Melpo Schiza
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Feride Cinarli
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nicolas C. Nicolaides
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Aghia Sophia” Childrens Hospital, Athens, Greece
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasis Oulas
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Bioinformatics ERA Chair, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George M. Spyrou
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Bioinformatics ERA Chair, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christos S. Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Lab of Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicos Skordis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Paedi Center for Specialized Pediatrics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- St George's, University of London Medical School at the University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- *Correspondence: Nicos Skordis
| | - Leonidas A. Phylactou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Leonidas A. Phylactou
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Bae JM, Wen X, Kim TS, Kwak Y, Cho NY, Lee HS, Kang GH. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FGFR1) Amplification Detected by Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (ddPCR) Is a Prognostic Factor in Colorectal Cancers. Cancer Res Treat 2020; 52:74-84. [PMID: 31096734 PMCID: PMC6962468 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2019.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to reveal the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic implications associated with fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) amplification in colorectal cancers (CRCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured the copy number of FGFR1 by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), and analyzed the FGFR1 expression by immunohistochemistry, in 764 surgically resected CRCs (SNUH2007 dataset, 384 CRCs; SNUH Folfox dataset, 380 CRCs). RESULTS CRCs with ≥ 3.3 copies of the FGFR1 gene were classified as FGFR1 amplified. FGFR1 amplification was found in 10 of the 384 CRCs (2.6%) in the SNUH2007 dataset, and in 28 of the 380 CRCs (7.4%) in the SNUH Folfox dataset. In the SNUH2007 dataset, there was no association between the FGFR1 copy number status and sex, gross appearance, stage, or differentiation. High FGFR1 expression was associated with female sex and KRAS mutation. At the molecular level, FGFR1 amplification was mutually exclusive with BRAF mutation, microsatellite instability, and MLH1 methylation, in both SNUH2007 and SNUH Folfox datasets. Survival analysis revealed that FGFR1 amplification was associated with significantly worse clinical outcome compared with no FGFR1 amplification, in both SNUH2007 and SNUH Folfox datasets. Within the SNUH2007 dataset, CRC patients with high FGFR1 expression had an inferior progression-free survival compared with those with low FGFR1 expression. The FGFR inhibitor, PD173074, repressed the proliferation of a CRC cell line overexpressing FGFR1, but not of cells with FGFR1 amplification. CONCLUSION FGFR1 amplification measured by ddPCR can be a prognostic indicator of poor clinical outcome in patients with CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Mo Bae
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Xianyu Wen
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Shin Kim
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonjin Kwak
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Nam-Yun Cho
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Bayani J, Kornaga EN, Crozier C, Jang GH, Bathurst L, Kalatskaya I, Trinh QM, Yao CQ, Livingstone J, Boutros PC, Spears M, McPherson JD, Stein LD, Rea D, Bartlett JM. Identification of Distinct Prognostic Groups: Implications for Patient Selection to Targeted Therapies Among Anti-Endocrine Therapy–Resistant Early Breast Cancers. JCO Precis Oncol 2019; 3:1-13. [DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hormone receptor–positive breast cancer remains an ongoing therapeutic challenge, despite optimal anti-endocrine therapies. In this study, we assessed the prognostic ability of genomic signatures to identify patients at risk for recurrence after endocrine therapy. Analysis was performed on the basis of an a priori hypothesis related to molecular pathways, which might predict response to existing targeted therapies. PATIENTS AND METHODS A subset of patients from the Tamoxifen Versus Exemestane Adjuvant Multinational trial ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT00279448 and NCT00032136, and NCT00036270) pathology cohort were analyzed to determine the prognostic ability of mutational and copy number aberration biomarkers that represent the cyclin D/cyclin-dependent kinase (CCND/CDK), fibroblast growth factor receptor/fibroblast growth factor (FGFR/FGF), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/ATK) pathways to inform the potential choice of additional therapies to standard endocrine treatment. Copy number analysis and targeted sequencing was performed. Pathways were identified as aberrant if there were copy number aberrations and/or mutations in any of the predetermined pathway genes: CCND1/CCND2/CCND3/CDK4/CDK6, FGFR1/FGFR2/FGFR2/FGFR4, and AKT1/AKT2/PIK3CA/PTEN. RESULTS The 390 of 420 samples that passed quality control were analyzed for distant metastasis–free survival between groups. Patients with no changes in the CCND/CDK pathway experienced a better distant metastasis–free survival (hazard ratio, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.45 to 2.61; P < .001) than those who possessed aberrations. In the FGFR/FGF and PI3K/AKT pathways, a similar outcome was observed (hazard ratio, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.07 to 1.92; P = .017] and 1.34 [95% CI, 1.00 to 1.81; P = .053], respectively). CONCLUSION We show that aberrations of genes in these pathways are independently linked to a higher risk of relapse after endocrine treatment. Improvement of the clinical management of early breast cancers could be made by identifying those for whom current endocrine therapies are sufficient, thus reducing unnecessary treatment, and secondly, by identifying those who are at high risk for recurrence and linking molecular features that drive these cancers to treatment with targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Bayani
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth N. Kornaga
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cheryl Crozier
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gun Ho Jang
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Bathurst
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irina Kalatskaya
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA
| | - Quang M. Trinh
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cindy Q. Yao
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Paul C. Boutros
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie Spears
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lincoln D. Stein
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Rea
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John M.S. Bartlett
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Figueroa V, Rodríguez MS, Lanari C, Lamb CA. Nuclear action of FGF members in endocrine-related tissues and cancer: Interplay with steroid receptor pathways. Steroids 2019; 152:108492. [PMID: 31513818 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the fibroblast growth factors/fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF/FGFR) pathway has been implicated in a wide range of human disorders and several members have been localized in the nuclear compartment. Hormone-activated steroid receptors or ligand independent activated receptors form nuclear complexes that activate gene transcription. This review aims to highlight the interplay between the steroid receptor and the FGF/FGFR pathways and focuses on the current knowledge on nuclear action of FGF members in endocrine-related tissues and cancer. The nuclear trafficking and targets of FGF/FGFR members and the available evidence on the interplay with steroid hormones and receptors is described. Finally, the data on aberrant FGF/FGFR signaling is summarized and the nuclear action of FGF members on endocrine resistant breast cancer is highlighted. Identifying the mechanisms underlying FGF-induced endocrine resistance will be important to understand how to efficiently target endocrine-related diseases and even enhance or restore endocrine sensitivity in hormone receptor positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Figueroa
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - María Sol Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Claudia Lanari
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Caroline Ana Lamb
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina.
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Hui R, Pearson A, Cortes J, Campbell C, Poirot C, Azim HA, Fumagalli D, Lambertini M, Daly F, Arahmani A, Perez-Garcia J, Aftimos P, Bedard PL, Xuereb L, Scheepers ED, Vicente M, Goulioti T, Loibl S, Loi S, Pierrat MJ, Turner NC, Andre F, Curigliano G. Lucitanib for the Treatment of HR+/HER2− Metastatic Breast Cancer: Results from the Multicohort Phase II FINESSE Study. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:354-363. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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