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Wen C, Dechsupa N, Yu Z, Zhang X, Liang S, Lei X, Xu T, Gao X, Hu Q, Innuan P, Kantapan J, Lü M. Pentagalloyl Glucose: A Review of Anticancer Properties, Molecular Targets, Mechanisms of Action, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety Profile. Molecules 2023; 28:4856. [PMID: 37375411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is a natural hydrolyzable gallotannin abundant in various plants and herbs. It has a broad range of biological activities, specifically anticancer activities, and numerous molecular targets. Despite multiple studies available on the pharmacological action of PGG, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of PGG are unclear. Here, we have critically reviewed the natural sources of PGG, its anticancer properties, and underlying mechanisms of action. We found that multiple natural sources of PGG are available, and the existing production technology is sufficient to produce large quantities of the required product. Three plants (or their parts) with maximum PGG content were Rhus chinensis Mill, Bouea macrophylla seed, and Mangifera indica kernel. PGG acts on multiple molecular targets and signaling pathways associated with the hallmarks of cancer to inhibit growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis of several cancers. Moreover, PGG can enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiotherapy by modulating various cancer-associated pathways. Therefore, PGG can be used for treating different human cancers; nevertheless, the data on the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of PGG are limited, and further studies are essential to define the clinical use of PGG in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Wen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Human Microecology and Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Nathupakorn Dechsupa
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Zehui Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Human Microecology and Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Sicheng Liang
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Human Microecology and Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xianying Lei
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiaolan Gao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Phattarawadee Innuan
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Kantapan
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit, Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Muhan Lü
- Luzhou Key Laboratory of Human Microecology and Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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Kim EY, Lee SU, Kim YH. 1,2,3,4,6-Penta- O-galloyl-β-D-glucose Inhibits CD44v3, a cancer stem cell marker, by regulating its transcription factor, in human pancreatic cancer cell line. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2022; 26:328-337. [PMID: 36605595 PMCID: PMC9809349 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2022.2152864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), a pancreatic cancer stem cell (CSC) marker, is a potential treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, we evaluated the effect of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG), a gallotannin contained in various medicinal plants, on CD44 standard (CD44s) and CD44 variant 3 (CD44v3) in Mia-PaCa-2, human pancreatic cancer cells and explored the underlying mechanisms. PGG showed cytotoxic effects and inhibited the proliferation of Mia-PaCa-2 cells. It also inhibited clonogenic activity, adhesion to fibronectin, and cell migration, which are characteristics of CSCs. PGG inhibited the expression of CD44s and CD44v3 by inducing the phosphorylation of p53 and suppressing NF-κB and Foxo3. Inhibition of Foxo3 induces CD44v3 ubiquitination. Indeed, PGG increased proteasome activity and promoted CD44v3 ubiquitination. PGG downregulated the CSC regulatory factors Nanog, Oct-4, and Sox-2, which act downstream of CD44v3 signaling. These data indicate that PGG may have therapeutic effects in pancreatic cancer mediated by inhibition of CSC markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daegu University, Gyeongsan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Uk Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daegu University, Gyeongsan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daegu University, Gyeongsan-si, Republic of Korea, Yoon Hee Kim Department of Food and Nutrition, Daegu University, 201, Daegudae-ro, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do38453, Republic of Korea
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Yang MH, Li WY, Wu CF, Lee YC, Chen AYN, Tyan YC, Chen YMA. Reversal of High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Metformin Combined with PGG, an Inducer of Glycine N-Methyltransferase. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710072. [PMID: 36077467 PMCID: PMC9456083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of liver-related morbidities and mortality, and no effective drug treatment currently exists. We aimed to develop a novel treatment strategy to induce the expression of glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), which is an important enzyme regulating S-adenosylmethionine metabolism whose expression is downregulated in patients with NAFLD. Because 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is a GNMT inducer, and metformin was shown to upregulate liver mitochondrial GNMT protein expression, the effect of PGG and metformin was evaluated. Biochemical analysis, histopathological examination, immunohistochemical staining, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blotting (WB), proteomic analysis and Seahorse XF Cell Mito Stress Test were performed. The high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mice were treated with PGG and metformin. Combination of PGG and metformin nearly completely reversed weight gain, elevation of serum aminotransferases, and hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis. In addition, the downregulated GNMT expression in liver tissues of HFD-induced NAFLD mice was restored. The GNMT expression was further confirmed by RT-qPCR and WB analysis using both in vitro and in vivo systems. In addition, PGG treatment was shown to increase oxygen consumption rate (OCR) maximum capacity in a dose-dependent manner, and was capable of rescuing the suppression of mitochondrial OCR induced by metformin. Proteomic analysis identified increased expression of glutathione S-transferase mu 4 (GSTM4), heat shock protein 72 (HSP72), pyruvate carboxylase (PYC) and 40S ribosomal protein S28 (RS28) in the metformin plus PGG treatment group. Our findings show that GNMT expression plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and combination of an inducer of GNMT and metformin can be of therapeutic potential for patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
- Center of General Education, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan
| | - Wei-You Li
- Laboratory of Important Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmacological Science, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 600, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Lee
- Laboratory of Important Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmacological Science, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Allan Yi-Nan Chen
- School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.T.); (Y.-M.A.C.)
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Laboratory of Important Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmacological Science, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.T.); (Y.-M.A.C.)
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Fan CW, Tang J, Jiang JC, Zhou MM, Li MS, Wang HS. Pentagalloylglucose suppresses the growth and migration of human nasopharyngeal cancer cells via the GSK3β/β-catenin pathway in vitro and in vivo. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 102:154192. [PMID: 35636179 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a type of malignant squamous cell tumour originating from the nasopharynx epithelium. Pentagalloylglucose (PGG) is a natural polyphenolic compound that exerts anticancer effects in many types of tumours. However, the role and underlying mechanism of PGG in NPC cells have not been fully defined. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the anticancer activity of PGG as well as the potential mechanism in NPC cells. METHODS The effects of PGG on the proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution of CNE1 and CNE2 cells were assessed by MTT and flow cytometry assays. Cell migration was evaluated using wound healing and transwell assays. The expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B) was observed by immunofluorescence staining. Western blotting was used to explore the levels of related proteins and signalling pathway components. Furthermore, the effects of PGG on NPC cell growth were analysed in a xenograft mouse model in vivo using cisplatin as a positive control. RESULTS PGG dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of CNE1 and CNE2 cells. PGG regulated the cell cycle by altering p53, cyclin D1, CDK2, and cyclin E1 protein levels. PGG induced apoptosis and autophagy in NPC cells and elevated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and the protein levels of LC3B. Moreover, PGG decreased NPC cell migration by increasing E-cadherin and decreasing N-cadherin, vimentin and CD44 protein levels. Mechanistically, PGG treatment downregulated p-mTOR and β-catenin expression but upregulated p-p38 MAPK and p-GSK3β expression. In addition, PGG significantly inhibited NPC cell tumour growth and lung metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSION PGG may suppress cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and autophagy, and decrease the metastatic capacity of NPC cells through the p38 MAPK/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. The present study provides evidence for PGG as a potential therapy for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Wen Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China; Research Center for Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Department of Pathology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Jing-Chen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Mei-Mei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Mei-Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China.
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China.
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Pentagalloyl Glucose and Cisplatin Combination Treatment Exhibits a Synergistic Anticancer Effect in 2D and 3D Models of Head and Neck Carcinoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070830. [PMID: 35890129 PMCID: PMC9317773 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cisplatin is a first-line chemotherapy drug for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), its therapeutic efficacy is limited owing to serious side effects and acquired drug resistance. This study determined whether combining pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) and cisplatin enhanced their anti-tumor activities on HNSCC cell lines. We investigated the anticancer effect of PGG combined with cisplatin in 2D and 3D multicellular spheroid cell culture. The results revealed that PGG combined with cisplatin inhibited cell viability and produced synergistic effects. PGG potentiates the anticancer effect of cisplatin by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting cell migration. The western blot and molecular docking analysis revealed that the synergistic effect of the combination treatment may be related to the PGG-mediated reduced expression of phosphorylated STAT3 and phosphorylated Akt. Furthermore, we found that the combined treatment of PGG and cisplatin’s effect on 3D multicellular spheroid size was more potent than the monotherapies. Our findings indicated that the combination therapy of PGG and cisplatin synergistically inhibited HNSCC cancer cell viability and induced apoptosis in 2D and 3D models. The present results suggested that PGG may be a promising adjunct drug used with cisplatin for a practical therapeutic approach to head and neck cancer.
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Apoptotic and DNA Damage Effect of 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose in Cisplatin-Resistant Non-Small Lung Cancer Cells via Phosphorylation of H2AX, CHK2 and p53. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081343. [PMID: 35456022 PMCID: PMC9026497 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, the apoptotic mechanism of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (PGG) was examined in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells. PGG significantly reduced viability; increased sub-G1 accumulation and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells; induced the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspases (8,9,3,7), B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X (Bax) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN); and attenuated the expression of p-AKT, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and survivin in A549/cisplatin-resistant (CR) and H460/CR cells. Notably, PGG activated p53, p-checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) and p-H2A histone family member X (p-H2AX), with increased levels of DNA damage (DSBs) evaluated by highly expressed pH2AX and DNA fragmentation registered on comet assay, while p53 knockdown reduced the ability of PGG to reduce viability and cleave caspase 3 and PARP in A549/CR and H460/CR cells. Additionally, PGG treatment suppressed the growth of H460/CR cells in Balb/c athymic nude mice with increased caspase 3 expression compared with the cisplatin group. Overall, PGG induces apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells via the upregulation of DNA damage proteins such as γ-H2AX, pCHK2 and p53.
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Mayorova OA, Jolly BCN, Verkhovskii RA, Plastun VO, Sindeeva OA, Douglas TEL. pH-Sensitive Dairy-Derived Hydrogels with a Prolonged Drug Release Profile for Cancer Treatment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:749. [PMID: 33562870 PMCID: PMC7915325 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel versatile biocompatible hydrogel of whey protein isolate (WPI) and two types of tannic acid (TAs) was prepared by crosslinking of WPI with TAs in a one-step method at high temperature for 30 min. WPI is one common protein-based preparation which is used for hydrogel formation. The obtained WPI-TA hydrogels were in disc form and retained their integrity after sterilization by autoclaving. Two TA preparations of differing molecular weight and chemical structure were compared, namely a polygalloyl glucose-rich extract-ALSOK 02-and a polygalloyl quinic acid-rich extract-ALSOK 04. Hydrogel formation was observed for WPI solutions containing both preparations. The swelling characteristics of hydrogels were investigated at room temperature at different pH values, namely 5, 7, and 9. The swelling ability of hydrogels was independent of the chemical structure of the added TAs. A trend of decrease of mass increase (MI) in hydrogels was observed with an increase in the TA/WPI ratio compared to the control WPI hydrogel without TA. This dependence (a MI decrease-TA/WPI ratio) was observed for hydrogels with different types of TA both in neutral and acidic conditions (pH 5.7). Under alkaline conditions (pH 9), negative values of swelling were observed for all hydrogels with a high content of TAs and were accompanied by a significant release of TAs from the hydrogel network. Our studies have shown that the release of TA from hydrogels containing ALSOK04 is higher than from hydrogels containing ALSOK 02. Moreover, the addition of TAs, which display a strong anti-cancer effect, increases the cytotoxicity of WPI-TAs hydrogels against the Hep-2 human laryngeal squamous carcinoma (Hep-2 cells) cell line. Thus, WPI-TA hydrogels with prolonged drug release properties and cytotoxicity effect can be used as anti-cancer scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana A. Mayorova
- Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya st., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (R.A.V.); (V.O.P.); (O.A.S.)
| | - Ben C. N. Jolly
- Engineering Department, Lancaster University, Gillow Av., Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK;
| | - Roman A. Verkhovskii
- Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya st., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (R.A.V.); (V.O.P.); (O.A.S.)
| | - Valentina O. Plastun
- Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya st., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (R.A.V.); (V.O.P.); (O.A.S.)
| | - Olga A. Sindeeva
- Institute of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya st., 410012 Saratov, Russia; (R.A.V.); (V.O.P.); (O.A.S.)
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Building 3, 143026 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timothy E. L. Douglas
- Engineering Department, Lancaster University, Gillow Av., Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK;
- Materials Science Institute (MSI), Lancaster University, Gillow Av., Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
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Yang J, Wang F, Chen X, Qiu S, Cui L, Hu L. β-Pentagalloyl-Glucose Sabotages Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Ameliorates Cachexia in Tumor-Bearing Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:675-689. [PMID: 30966770 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer cells overexpress the insulin receptor (IR) and the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R). Activating these receptors, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 increase the growth and glycolysis of pancreatic cancer cells. The high glycolysis in pancreatic cancer cells increases whole-body energy expenditure and is therefore involved in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia. The antagonism of IR and IGF1R may sabotage pancreatic cancer cells and attenuate cancer cachexia. Previous studies have shown that the intracellular regulating system of IR/IGF1R may be functionally interrelated to another intracellular system whose master regulator is hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). In this study, we investigated how the IR/IGF1R and HIF-1 systems are interrelated in pancreatic cancer cells. We also investigated whether a phytochemical, penta-O-galloyl- β -D-glucose ( β -PGG), antagonizes IR/IGF1R, sabotages pancreatic cancer cells and alleviates cancer cachexia. We found in MiaPaCa2 pancreatic cancer cells that IR/IGF1R activation increased both the α -subunit of HIF-1 and caveolin-1. This result suggests that IR/IGF1R, HIF-1 α , and caveolin-1 may constitute a feed-forward loop to mediate the effect of IR/IGF1R activation. β -PGG inhibited IR/IGF1R activity and decreased glycolytic enzymes in MiaPaCa2 and Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells. When MiaPaCa2 cells were transplanted in athymic mice, their growth was inhibited by β -PGG or by a HIF-1 α inhibitor, rhein. β -PGG and rhein also decreased glycolytic enzymes in the tumor grafts and reduced liver gluconeogenesis, skeletal-muscle proteolysis and fat lipolysis in the tumor carriers. Cancer-induced body-weight loss, however, was prevented by β -PGG but not rhein. In conclusion, β -PGG combats pancreatic cancer cells and cures cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- * The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China.,† The Institute of Integrative Medicine for Acute Abdominal Diseases, Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- † The Institute of Integrative Medicine for Acute Abdominal Diseases, Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P. R. China
| | - Xijuan Chen
- * The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China.,† The Institute of Integrative Medicine for Acute Abdominal Diseases, Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Qiu
- * The Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P. R. China.,† The Institute of Integrative Medicine for Acute Abdominal Diseases, Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Cui
- † The Institute of Integrative Medicine for Acute Abdominal Diseases, Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Hu
- † The Institute of Integrative Medicine for Acute Abdominal Diseases, Nankai Hospital, Tianjin 300100, P. R. China
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Xiang Q, Tang J, Luo Q, Xue J, Tao Y, Jiang H, Tian J, Fan C. In vitro study of anti-ER positive breast cancer effect and mechanism of 1,2,3,4-6-pentyl-O-galloyl-beta-d-glucose (PGG). Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:813-820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Kant R, Yen CH, Hung JH, Lu CK, Tung CY, Chang PC, Chen YH, Tyan YC, Chen YMA. Induction of GNMT by 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside through proteasome-independent MYC downregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1968. [PMID: 30760754 PMCID: PMC6374375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycine-N-methyl transferase (GNMT) a tumor suppressor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) plays a crucial role in liver homeostasis. Its expression is downregulated in almost all the tumor tissues of HCC while the mechanism of this downregulation is not yet fully understood. Recently, we identified 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (PGG) as a GNMT promoter enhancer compound in HCC. In this study, we aimed to delineate the mechanism by which PGG enhances GNMT expression and to investigate its effect on GNMT suppression in HCC. Microarray and pathway enrichment analysis revealed that MYC was a major target of PGG. PGG suppressed MYC mRNA and protein expression in Huh7 and Hep G2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Furthermore, MYC expression was also reduced in xenograft tumors in PGG treated mice. Moreover, shRNA-mediated knocked-down or pharmacological inhibition of MYC resulted in a significant induction of GNMT promoter activity and endogenous GNMT mRNA expression in Huh7 cells. In contrast, overexpression of MYC significantly inhibited GNMT promoter activity and endogenous GNMT protein expression. In addition, antibodies against MYC effectively precipitated the human GNMT promoter in a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Lastly, GNMT expression was negatively correlated with MYC expression in human HCC samples. Interestingly, PGG not only inhibited MYC gene expression but also promoted MYC protein degradation through proteasome-independent pathways. This work reveals a novel anticancer mechanism of PGG via downregulation of MYC expression and establishes a therapeutic rationale for treatment of MYC overexpressing cancers using PGG. Our data also provide a novel mechanistic understanding of GNMT regulation through MYC in the pathogenesis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Kant
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Yen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Natural products and Drug Development (CHY), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hsien Hung
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, College of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yi Tung
- VYM Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Chang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hao Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Patnaik SS, Simionescu DT, Goergen CJ, Hoyt K, Sirsi S, Finol EA. Pentagalloyl Glucose and Its Functional Role in Vascular Health: Biomechanics and Drug-Delivery Characteristics. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 47:39-59. [PMID: 30298373 PMCID: PMC6318003 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is an elastin-stabilizing polyphenolic compound that has significant biomedical benefits, such as being a free radical sink, an anti-inflammatory agent, anti-diabetic agent, enzymatic resistant properties, etc. This review article focuses on the important benefits of PGG on vascular health, including its role in tissue mechanics, the different modes of pharmacological administration (e.g., oral, intravenous and endovascular route, intraperitoneal route, subcutaneous route, and nanoparticle based delivery and microbubble-based delivery), and its potential therapeutic role in vascular diseases such as abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). In particular, the use of PGG for AAA suppression and prevention has been demonstrated to be effective only in the calcium chloride rat AAA model. Therefore, in this critical review we address the challenges that lie ahead for the clinical translation of PGG as an AAA growth suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav S Patnaik
- Vascular Biomechanics and Biofluids Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249-0670, USA
| | - Dan T Simionescu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kenneth Hoyt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shashank Sirsi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ender A Finol
- Vascular Biomechanics and Biofluids Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249-0670, USA.
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12
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Lee WL, Yew PN, Lim YY. Tannic acid-rich porcupine bezoars induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human colon cancer cells. Pharmacogn Mag 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_620_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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13
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Mun JG, Kee JY, Han YH, Lee S, Park SH, Jeon HD, Hong SH. Galla Rhois water extract inhibits lung metastasis by inducing AMPK‑mediated apoptosis and suppressing metastatic properties of colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:202-212. [PMID: 30365120 PMCID: PMC6278418 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Galla Rhois is a commonly used medicine in East Asia for the treatment of several diseases. However, the effects of Galla Rhois on the metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been studied. We investigated the anti-metastatic properties of Galla Rhois water extract (GRWE) on metastatic CRC cells. The effect of GRWE on the viability of colon 26 (CT26) cells was evaluated using WST-8 assay. Annexin V assay and western blot analysis were performed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in apoptosis. GRWE suppressed viability of CT26 cells by inducing apoptosis through the cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP, downregulation of caspase-8, caspase-9, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and upregulation of Bax. Metastatic phenotypes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion of CRC cells were investigated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, wound healing assay, and matrigel invasion assay, respectively. Non-cytotoxic concentrations of GRWE inhibited EMT in CRC cells by regulating the expression of EMT markers. GRWE attenuated cell migration and invasion through the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activity. Moreover, GRWE suppressed colorectal lung metastasis in vivo, suggestive of its potential application for the treatment of colorectal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Geon Mun
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang‑Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ye Kee
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang‑Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo-Han Han
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang‑Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sullim Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bio‑Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hwan Park
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang‑Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Dong Jeon
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang‑Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Heon Hong
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang‑Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Republic of Korea
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14
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Lee SJ, Lee JS, Lee E, Lim TG, Byun S. The ginsenoside metabolite compound K inhibits hormone-independent breast cancer through downregulation of cyclin D1. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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15
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Kawk SH, Kang YR, Kim YH. 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose suppresses colon cancer through induction of tumor suppressor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2117-2123. [PMID: 29778287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most common malignancy in both sexes of Korea. Here, we investigated anti-colorectal cancer effects of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (PGG), a gallotannin from Galla rhois, and its possible mechanisms. PGG induced cytotoxicity and decreased proliferation of colon cancer cells without affecting normal colon fibroblasts. PGG inhibited clonogenic ability and induced apoptosis in cancer cells. One of the underlying mechanisms of the anti-cancer effect exerted by PGG, was owing to the induction p53 expression, a well-known tumor suppressor, and increased in P21, the representative target gene of p53. PGG affected cell-cycle- or apoptosis-related proteins such as cyclin E, CDK2, and Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3. Also, PGG induced caspase-3/7 activity. These data suggest that PGG exerts anti-colorectal cancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hee Kawk
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ye Rim Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Anti-aging, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Galloylation of polyphenols alters their biological activity. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:223-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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In vitro evaluation of penta-O-galloyl-β- d -glucose (PGG) on miRNA expression and apoptosis in BCR - ABL + ALL. GENE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Rached I, Barros L, Fernandes IP, Santos-Buelga C, Rodrigues AE, Ferchichi A, Barreiro MF, Ferreira ICFR. Ceratonia siliqua L. hydroethanolic extract obtained by ultrasonication: antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds profile and effects in yogurts functionalized with their free and microencapsulated forms. Food Funct 2016; 7:1319-28. [PMID: 26887343 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00100a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive extracts were obtained from powdered carob pulp through an ultrasound extraction process and then evaluated in terms of antioxidant activity. Ten minutes of ultrasonication at 375 Hz were the optimal conditions leading to an extract with the highest antioxidant effects. After its chemical characterization, which revealed the preponderance of gallotannins, the extract (free and microencapsulated) was incorporated in yogurts. The microspheres were prepared using an extract/sodium alginate ratio of 100/400 (mg mg(-1)) selected after testing different ratios. The yogurts with the free extract exhibited higher antioxidant activity than the samples added with the encapsulated extracts, showing the preserving role of alginate as a coating material. None of the forms significantly altered the yogurt's nutritional value. This study confirmed the efficiency of microencapsulation to stabilize functional ingredients in food matrices maintaining almost the structural integrity of polyphenols extracted from carob pulp and furthermore improving the antioxidant potency of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irada Rached
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal. and Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 1134, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal. and Rural Laboratory, National Institute of Agronomic of Tunisia, 43, Charles Nicolle, 1082, Tunis, Mahrajene, Tunisia
| | - Lillian Barros
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal. and Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 1134, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Isabel P Fernandes
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 1134, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Celestino Santos-Buelga
- GIP-USAL, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alírio E Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ali Ferchichi
- Rural Laboratory, National Institute of Agronomic of Tunisia, 43, Charles Nicolle, 1082, Tunis, Mahrajene, Tunisia
| | - Maria Filomena Barreiro
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 1134, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal.
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19
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Sohn EJ, Won G, Lee J, Yoon SW, Lee I, Kim HJ, Kim SH. Blockage of epithelial to mesenchymal transition and upregulation of let 7b are critically involved in ursolic acid induced apoptosis in malignant mesothelioma cell. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1279-1288. [PMID: 28090191 PMCID: PMC5236005 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPN), which is caused by asbestos exposure, is one of aggressive lung tumors. In the present study, we elucidated the anti-tumor mechanism of ursolic acid in malignant mesotheliomas. Ursolic acid significantly exerted cytotoxicity in a time and dose dependent manner in H28, H2452 and MSTO-211H mesothelioma cells and inhibited cell proliferation by colony formation assay in a dose-dependent fashion. Also, ursolic acid treatment accumulated the sub-G1 population, attenuated the expression of procapase 9, cyclin D1, pAKT, p-glycogen synthase kinase 3-alpha/beta (pGSK3α/β), β-catenin and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB) and also cleaved caspase 3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in mesothelioma cells. Furthermore, ursolic acid treatment blocked epithelial and mesenchymal transition (EMT) molecules by activating E-cadherin as an epithelial marker and attenuating Vimentin, and Twist as mesenchymal molecules. Interestingly, miRNA array revealed that 23 miRNAs (>2 folds) including let-7b and miRNA3613-5p, miRNA134 and miRNA196b were significantly upregulated while 33 miRNAs were downregulated in ursolic acid treated H2452 cells. Furthermore, overexpression of let 7b using let-7b mimics enhanced the antitumor effect of ursolic acid to attenuate the expression of procaspases 3, pro-PARP, pAKT, β-catenin and Twist and increase sub-G1 accumulation in H2452 mesothelioma cells. Overall, our findings suggest that ursolic acid induces apoptosis via inhibition of EMT and activation of let7b in mesothelioma cells as a potent chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of malignant mesotheliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
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20
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Al-Halabi R, Abou Merhi R, Chakilam S, El-Baba C, Hamade E, Di Fazio P, Ocker M, Schneider-Stock R, Gali-Muhtasib H. Gallotannin is a DNA damaging compound that induces senescence independently of p53 and p21 in human colon cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54:1037-50. [PMID: 24798519 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The plant secondary metabolite gallotannin (GT) is the simplest hydrolyzable tannin shown to have anti-carcinogenic properties in several cell lines and to inhibit tumor development in different animal models. Here, we determined if GT induces senescence and DNA damage and investigated the involvement of p53 and p21 in this response. Using HCT116 human colon cancer cells wildtype for p53(+/+) /p21(+/+) and null for p53(+/+) /p21(-/-) or p53(-/-) /p21(+/+) , we found that GT induces senescence independently of p21 and p53. GT was found to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by altering the redox balance in the cell, mainly by reducing the levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Using the key antioxidants N-acetyl cysteine, dithiothreitol, SOD, and catalase, we showed that ROS were partially involved in the senescence response. Furthermore, GT-induced cell cycle arrest in S-phase in all HCT116 cell lines. At later time points, we noticed that p53 and p21 null cells escaped complete arrest and re-entered cell cycle provoking higher rates of multinucleation. The senescence induction by GT was irreversible and was accompanied by significant DNA damage as evidenced by p-H2AX staining. Our findings indicate that GT is an interesting anti colon cancer agent which warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racha Al-Halabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, EDST, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Raghida Abou Merhi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, EDST, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Saritha Chakilam
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institut of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Chirine El-Baba
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institut of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Hamade
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, EDST, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Ocker
- Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institut of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Chen N, Yin S, Song X, Fan L, Hu H. Vitamin B₂ Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Vitamin-C-Induced Cell Death via Modulation of Akt and Bad Phosphorylation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6739-6748. [PMID: 26165392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin C is an essential dietary nutrient that has a variety of biological functions. Recent studies have provided promising evidence for its additional health benefits, including anticancer activity. Vitamin B2, another essential dietary nutrient, often coexists with vitamin C in some fruits, vegetables, or dietary supplements. The objective of the present study is to determine whether the combination of vitamin C and B2 can achieve a synergistic anticancer activity. MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and A549 cells were employed to evaluate the combinatory effects of vitamin C and B2. We found that the combination of vitamin C and B2 resulted in a synergistic cell death induction in all cell lines tested. Further mechanistic investigations revealed that vitamin B2 sensitized cancer cells to vitamin C through inhibition of Akt and Bad phosphorylation. Our findings identified vitamin B2 as a promising sensitizer for improving the efficacy of vitamin-C-based cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Chen
- ‡Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Shutao Yin
- ‡Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Song
- ‡Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Fan
- §College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yunamingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Hu
- ‡Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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Anticancer Properties of Phyllanthus emblica (Indian Gooseberry). OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:950890. [PMID: 26180601 PMCID: PMC4477227 DOI: 10.1155/2015/950890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a wealth of information emanating from both in vitro and in vivo studies indicating fruit extract of the Phyllanthus emblica tree, commonly referred to as Indian Gooseberries, has potent anticancer properties. The bioactivity in this extract is thought to be principally mediated by polyphenols, especially tannins and flavonoids. It remains unclear how polyphenols from Phyllanthus emblica can incorporate both cancer-preventative and antitumor properties. The antioxidant function of Phyllanthus emblica can account for some of the anticancer activity, but clearly other mechanisms are equally important. Herein, we provide a brief overview of the evidence supporting anticancer activity of Indian Gooseberry extracts, suggest possible mechanisms for these actions, and provide future directions that might be taken to translate these findings clinically.
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Mirzayans R, Andrais B, Scott A, Wang YW, Weiss RH, Murray D. Spontaneous γH2AX Foci in Human Solid Tumor-Derived Cell Lines in Relation to p21WAF1 and WIP1 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11609-28. [PMID: 26006237 PMCID: PMC4463719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of H2AX on Ser139 (γH2AX) after exposure to ionizing radiation produces nuclear foci that are detectable by immunofluorescence microscopy. These so-called γH2AX foci have been adopted as quantitative markers for DNA double-strand breaks. High numbers of spontaneous γH2AX foci have also been reported for some human solid tumor-derived cell lines, but the molecular mechanism(s) for this response remains elusive. Here we show that cancer cells (e.g., HCT116; MCF7) that constitutively express detectable levels of p21WAF1 (p21) exhibit low numbers of γH2AX foci (<3/nucleus), whereas p21 knockout cells (HCT116p21−/−) and constitutively low p21-expressing cells (e.g., MDA-MB-231) exhibit high numbers of foci (e.g., >50/nucleus), and that these foci are not associated with apoptosis. The majority (>95%) of cells within HCT116p21−/− and MDA-MB-231 cultures contain high levels of phosphorylated p53, which is localized in the nucleus. We further show an inverse relationship between γH2AX foci and nuclear accumulation of WIP1, an oncogenic phosphatase. Our studies suggest that: (i) p21 deficiency might provide a selective pressure for the emergence of apoptosis-resistant progeny exhibiting genomic instability, manifested as spontaneous γH2AX foci coupled with phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of p53; and (ii) p21 might contribute to positive regulation of WIP1, resulting in dephosphorylation of γH2AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razmik Mirzayans
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Bonnie Andrais
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - April Scott
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Ying W Wang
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Mather VA Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95655, USA.
| | - David Murray
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
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Ferreira AK, Tavares MT, Pasqualoto KFM, de Azevedo RA, Teixeira SF, Ferreira-Junior WA, Bertin AM, de-Sá-Junior PL, Barbuto JAM, Figueiredo CR, Cury Y, Damião MCFCB, Parise-Filho R. RPF151, a novel capsaicin-like analogue: in vitro studies and in vivo preclinical antitumor evaluation in a breast cancer model. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7251-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloylglucose within Galla Chinensis Inhibits Human LDH-A and Attenuates Cell Proliferation in MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:276946. [PMID: 25918543 PMCID: PMC4396556 DOI: 10.1155/2015/276946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of aggressive malignancy is the overexpression of lactic acid dehydrogenase- (LDH-) A, concomitant to pericellular accumulation of lactate. In a recent high-throughput screening, we identified Rhus chinensis (Mill.) gallnut (RCG) (also known as Galla Chinensis) extract as a potent (IC50 < 1 µg/mL) inhibitor of human LDH-A (hLDH-A). In this study, through bioactivity guided fractionation of the crude extract, the data demonstrate that penta-1,2,3,4,6-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG) was a primary constituent responsible for hLDH-A inhibition, present at ~9.95 ± 0.34% dry weight. Theoretical molecular docking studies of hLDH-A indicate that PGG acts through competitive binding at the NADH cofactor site, effects confirmed by functional enzyme studies where the IC50 = 27.32 nM was reversed with increasing concentration of NADH. Moreover, we confirm protein expression of hLDH-A in MDA-231 human breast carcinoma cells and show that PGG was toxic (LC50 = 94.18 µM), parallel to attenuated lactic acid production (IC50 = 97.81 µM). In a 72-hour cell proliferation assay, PGG was found to be a potent cytostatic agent with ability to halt cell division (IC50 = 1.2 µM) relative to paclitaxel (IC50 < 100 nM). In summary, these findings demonstrate that PGG is a potent hLDH-A inhibitor with significant capacity to halt proliferation of human breast cancer cells.
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26
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The synthesis and antitumor activity of twelve galloyl glucosides. Molecules 2015; 20:2034-60. [PMID: 25633333 PMCID: PMC6272398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Twelve galloyl glucosides 1-12, showing diverse substitution patterns with two or three galloyl groups, were synthesized using commercially available, low-cost D-glucose and gallic acid as starting materials. Among them, three compounds, methyl 3,6-di-O-galloyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (9), ethyl 2,3-di-O-galloyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (11) and ethyl 2,3-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (12), are new compounds and other six, 1,6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (1), 1,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (2), 1,2-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (3), 1,3-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (4), 1,2,3-tri-O-galloyl-α-D-glucopyranose (6) and methyl 3,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (10), were synthesized for the first time in the present study. In in vitro MTT assay, 1-12 inhibited human cancer K562, HL-60 and HeLa cells with inhibition rates ranging from 64.2% to 92.9% at 100 μg/mL, and their IC50 values were determined to be varied in 17.2-124.7 μM on the tested three human cancer cell lines. In addition, compounds 1-12 inhibited murine sarcoma S180 cells with inhibition rates ranging from 38.7% to 52.8% at 100 μg/mL in the in vitro MTT assay, and in vivo antitumor activity of 1 and 2 was also detected in murine sarcoma S180 tumor-bearing Kunming mice using taxol as positive control.
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Biological and biomedical functions of Penta-O-galloyl-D-glucose and its derivatives. J Nat Med 2014; 68:465-72. [PMID: 24532420 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-014-0823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Penta-O-galloyl-D-glucose (PGG) is a simple hydrolysable tannin in plants. PGG exists in two anomeric forms, α-PGG and β-PGG. While β-PGG can be found in a wide variety of plants, α-PGG is rather rare in nature. Numerous studies with β-PGG revealed a wide variety of biological activities, such as anti-microbial and anti-cancer functions. Until recently, studies with α-PGG were limited by the lack of its availability. Since the development of an efficient chemical synthesis of the compound, several investigations have revealed its anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and anti-platelet-coagulation functions. Based on structure-activity-relationship (SAR) studies with α-PGG, a variety of α-PGG-related novel compounds were synthesized and some of them have been shown to possess promising therapeutic activities. In this review, the authors will survey and evaluate the biological functions of PGG with a focus on α-PGG and its derivatives.
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Alzoubi K, Honisch S, Abed M, Lang F. Triggering of suicidal erythrocyte death by penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 6:54-65. [PMID: 24368324 PMCID: PMC3920249 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyphenolic 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-d-glucose from several medicinal herbs triggers apoptosis and has, thus, been proposed for treatment of malignancy. The substance is at least partially effective through caspase activation. In analogy to apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may enter suicidal death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and by phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Eryptosis is triggered by increase of cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i). The sensitivity to [Ca2+]i is enhanced by ceramide. The present study explored whether penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose stimulates eryptosis. Cell volume was estimated from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine exposure from annexin V binding, hemolysis from hemoglobin-release, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence and ceramide abundance from fluorescent antibodies. A 48-h exposure of human erythrocytes to penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose significantly decreased forward scatter (50 µM) and significantly increased annexin V binding (10 µM). Up to 50 µM penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose did not significantly modify [Ca2+]i. However, the effect of penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (25 µM) induced annexin V binding was slightly, but significantly, blunted by removal of extracellular Ca2+, pointing to sensitization of erythrocytes to the scrambling effect of Ca2+. Penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (25 µM) further increased ceramide formation. In conclusion, penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose stimulates suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, an effect partially due to stimulation of ceramide formation with subsequent sensitization of erythrocytes to Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstraße 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Wei M, Liu B, Gu Q, Su L, Yu Y, Zhu Z. Stat6 cooperates with Sp1 in controlling breast cancer cell proliferation by modulating the expression of p21(Cip1/WAF1) and p27 (Kip1). Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012. [PMID: 23184467 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-012-0115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6), a member of the family of DNA-binding proteins, has been identified as a critical cell differentiation modulator in breast cancer cells. As of yet, the mechanisms underlying this function have remained largely unknown. To further elucidate the role of Stat6 in breast cancer development, we investigated the consequences of exogenous Stat6 expression. METHODS Proliferation assays and flow cytometry assays were conducted to evaluate the putative role of Stat6 on cell proliferation. To this end, we produced synchronized cells after a double thymidine block, as confirmed by FACS analysis. mRNA levels of Stat6 were measured by RNase protection analysis. To confirm the interaction among proteins, we employed GST pull-down assays and immunoprecipitation assays. Luciferase assays and ChIP assays were used to assess the transcriptional activity. RESULTS Compared to control breast cancer cells, we found that exogenous Stat6 expression plays a critical role in controlling cell proliferation. Also in different breast tumor cell lines, endogenous Stat6 expression was found to be positively related to a lower proliferation rate. Interestingly, in human breast cancer cells Stat6 functions in G1/S cell cycle progression, and the growth-inhibitory effect of Stat6 was shown to be mediated by induction of the G1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(Cip1/WAF1) (p21) and p27(Kip1) (p27). Simultaneously, G1-related cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase activities and pRB phosphorylation were markedly reduced, and cell cycle progression was blocked in the G1 phase. Stat6 knockdown resulted in enhanced cell proliferation and a decrease in p21 and p27 mRNA levels in the steroid-responsive and non-responsive T-47D and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively. In addition, the stimulatory effect of Stat6 on p21 and p27 gene transcription was found to be associated with interaction of Stat6 with the transcription factor Sp1 at the proximal Sp1-binding sites in their respective promoters. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results identify Stat6 as an important cell differentiation regulatory protein functioning, at least in part, by interacting with Sp1 to activate the p21 and p27 gene promoters in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wei
- Breast Department, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Chen H, Li H, Cao F, Zhen L, Bai J, Yuan S, Mei Y. 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose protects PC12 Cells from MPP+-mediated cell death by inducing heme oxygenase-1 in an ERK- and Akt-dependent manner. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:737-745. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-1027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Krook MA, Hagerman AE. Stability of Polyphenols Epigallocatechin Gallate and Pentagalloyl Glucose in a Simulated Digestive System. Food Res Int 2012; 49:112-116. [PMID: 23028206 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols found in foods and beverages are under intense scrutiny for their potential beneficial effects on human health. We examined the stability of two bioactive polyphenols, epigallocatechin-O-gallate (EGCg) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (PGG), in a model digestive system at low oxygen tension with and without added digestive components and foods. Both compounds were stable at pH values of 5-6 and below, indicating gastric stability. Both compounds decomposed at pH 7.0. PGG was stabilized in a model system containing pepsin, pancreatin, bile and lipase, and/or baby food, but was not stabilized by dry cereal. EGCg was not stabilized by the addition of any biomolecule. The effects of polyphenols on human health should be evaluated in the context of their stability in the digestive tract with and without added digestive components and/or food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Krook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E. High St., Oxford OH 45056 U.S.A
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Kwon TR, Jeong SJ, Lee HJ, Lee HJ, Sohn EJ, Jung JH, Kim JH, Jung DB, Lu J, Kim SH. Reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of JNK and down-regulation of DAXX are critically involved in penta-O-galloyl-beta-d-glucose-induced apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 424:530-7. [PMID: 22771329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.06.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-d-glucose (PGG) was well known to have antitumor activities in breast, prostate, kidney, liver cancers and HL-60 leukemia via regulation of caspase 3, p53, S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) and insulin receptor signaling, the underlying mechanism of PGG-induced apoptosis linked with reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and DAXX was never elucidated in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) K562 cells until now. Herein PGG significantly decreased the viability of CML cell lines such as K562 and KBM-5 without hurting normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). PGG increased the number of TUNEL-positive cells and the sub-G1 cell population as well as activated caspase cascades including caspase-8, -9 and -3 in K562 cells. Interestingly, a significant activation of JNK by PGG was observed by MULTIPLEX assay and Western blotting. Conversely, JNK inhibitor D-JNKi suppressed the cleavages of caspase 3 and PARP induced by PGG in K562 cells. Also, PGG dramatically enhanced generation of ROS and reduced the expression of death-domain-associated protein (DAXX). Of note, ROS inhibitor acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) reversed JNK-dependent apoptosis and DAXX inhibition induced by PGG. Overall, these findings suggest that ROS-dependent JNK activation and DAXX downregulation are critically involved in PGG-induced apoptosis in K562 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Rin Kwon
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Kiss A, Bécsi B, Kolozsvári B, Komáromi I, Kövér KE, Erdődi F. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose inhibit protein phosphatase-1. FEBS J 2012; 280:612-26. [PMID: 22260360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) are responsible for the dephosphorylation of the majority of phosphoserine/threonine residues in cells. In this study, we show that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG), polyphenolic constituents of green tea and tannins, inhibit the activity of the PP1 recombinant δ-isoform of the PP1 catalytic subunit and the native PP1 catalytic subunit (PP1c) with IC(50) values of 0.47-1.35 μm and 0.26-0.4 μm, respectively. EGCG and PGG inhibit PP2Ac less potently, with IC(50) values of 15 and 6.6 μm, respectively. The structure-inhibitory potency relationships of catechin derivatives suggests that the galloyl group may play a major role in phosphatase inhibition. The interaction of EGCG and PGG with PP1c was characterized by NMR and surface plasmon resonance-based binding techniques. Competitive binding assays and molecular modeling suggest that EGCG docks at the hydrophobic groove close to the catalytic center of PP1c, partially overlapping with the binding surface of microcystin-LR or okadaic acid. This hydrophobic interaction is further stabilized by hydrogen bonding via hydroxyl/oxo groups of EGCG to PP1c residues. Comparative docking shows that EGCG binds to PP2Ac in a similar manner, but in a distinct pose. Long-term treatment (24 h) with these compounds and other catechins suppresses the viability of HeLa cells with a relative effectiveness reminiscent of their in vitro PP1c-inhibitory potencies. The above data imply that the phosphatase-inhibitory features of these polyphenols may be implicated in the wide spectrum of their physiological influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kiss
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Ryu HG, Jeong SJ, Kwon HY, Lee HJ, Lee EO, Lee MH, Choi SH, Ahn KS, Kim SH. Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via reactive oxygen species reduction in renal epithelial cells and enhances antitumor activity in Caki-2 renal cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 26:206-14. [PMID: 22172427 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin shows limited therapeutic efficacy due to serious side effects such as nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. In the present study, we demonstrate that 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (PGG) has protective effects against cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in normal human primary renal epithelial cells (HRCs) while showing synergistic effect against cisplatin-induced cell death in human Caki-2 renal cancer cells. PGG significantly blocked cisplatin-mediated cytotoxicity and reduced cisplatin-induced sub-G1 accumulation in HRCs. Consistently, PGG reduced the number of apoptotic cell populations by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and Live/Dead assays in cisplatin-treated HRCs. Furthermore, PGG suppressed PARP cleavage and caspase-3 activation, cytochrome c release, up-regulation of bax and p53 in cisplatin-treated HRCs. Moreover, PGG attenuated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production mediated by cisplatin treatment, suggesting that PGG prevented cisplatin-induced apoptosis by inhibiting ROS generation in HRCs. Notably, PGG significantly enhanced cytotoxicity and PARP cleavage in cisplatin-treated Caki-2 renal cancer cells. Combination Index (CI) revealed synergism between PGG and cisplatin in Caki-2 cells. Taken together, our findings suggest the dual effects of PGG as a protective supplement against cisplatin-induced toxicity in normal renal cells and a combination chemotherapeutic drug with cisplatin in renal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Geon Ryu
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
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Ari F, Napieralski R, Ulukaya E, Dere E, Colling C, Honert K, Krüger A, Kiechle M, Schmitt M. Modulation of protein expression levels and DNA methylation status of breast cancer metastasis genes by anthracycline-based chemotherapy and the demethylating agent decitabine. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:651-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferda Ari
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science and Art; Uludag University; Bursa; Turkey
| | - Rudolf Napieralski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Munich; Germany
| | - Engin Ulukaya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Medical School of Uludag University; Bursa; Turkey
| | - Egemen Dere
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science and Art; Uludag University; Bursa; Turkey
| | - Christoph Colling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Munich; Germany
| | - Katja Honert
- Institute for Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Munich; Germany
| | - Achim Krüger
- Institute for Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Munich; Germany
| | - Marion Kiechle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Munich; Germany
| | - Manfred Schmitt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Technische Universitaet Muenchen; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Munich; Germany
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De Santi M, Galluzzi L, Lucarini S, Paoletti MF, Fraternale A, Duranti A, De Marco C, Fanelli M, Zaffaroni N, Brandi G, Magnani M. The indole-3-carbinol cyclic tetrameric derivative CTet inhibits cell proliferation via overexpression of p21/CDKN1A in both estrogen receptor-positive and triple-negative breast cancer cell lines. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R33. [PMID: 21435243 PMCID: PMC3219196 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), an autolysis product of glucosinolates present in cruciferous vegetables, and its dimeric derivative (3,3'-DIM) have been indicated as promising agents in preventing the development and progression of breast cancer. We have recently shown that I3C cyclic tetrameric derivative CTet formulated in γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) efficiently inhibited cellular proliferation in breast cancer cell lines. This study aims to analyze the mechanisms involved in the in vitro inhibition of cell proliferation and to evaluate the in vivo antitumor activity of CTet in a xenograft study. METHODS Estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 and triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were exposed to CTet to evaluate cell cycle perturbation (propidium iodide staining and cytofluorimetric acquisition), induction of autophagic morphological features (co-localization of LC3b autophagosome marker and LAMP2a lysosome marker by immunofluorescence) and changes in protein expression (immunoblot and microarray-based gene expression analyses). To test the in vivo efficacy of CTet, female athymic nude mice inoculated with MCF-7 cells were i.p. treated with 5 mg/kg/day of CTet for five days/week for two weeks and the tumor mass was externally monitored. RESULTS CTet induced accumulation in G2/M phase without evidence of apoptotic response induction in both cell lines tested. In triple-negative MDA-MB-231 the autophagic lysosomal activity was significantly up-regulated after exposure to 4 μM of CTet for 8 hours, while the highest CTet concentration was necessary to observe autophagic features in MCF-7 cells. The inhibition of Akt activity and p53-independent p21/CDKN1A and GADD45A overexpression were identified as the main molecular events responsible for CTet activity in MCF-7 and p53-mutant MDA-MB-231 cells. In vivo, CTet administration was able to significantly inhibit the growth of MCF-7 xenotransplanted into nude mice, without adverse effect on body weight or on haematological parameters. CONCLUSIONS Our data support CTet formulated with γ-CD as a promising and injectable anticancer agent for both hormone-responsive and triple-negative breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro De Santi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Luca Galluzzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Simone Lucarini
- Department of Health and Drug Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Maria Filomena Paoletti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fraternale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Department of Health and Drug Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Cinzia De Marco
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mirco Fanelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Brandi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Via Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy
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Yin S, Dong Y, Li J, Lü J, Hu H. Penta-1,2,3,4,6-O
-galloyl-beta-D
-glucose induces senescence-like terminal S-phase arrest in human hepatoma and breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2011; 50:592-600. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.20743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Lee HJ, Seo NJ, Jeong SJ, Park Y, Jung DB, Koh W, Lee HJ, Lee EO, Ahn KS, Ahn KS, Lü J, Kim SH. Oral administration of penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose suppresses triple-negative breast cancer xenograft growth and metastasis in strong association with JAK1-STAT3 inhibition. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:804-11. [PMID: 21289371 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent clinical need for chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive drugs for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBCa). Extending on our recent work, we hypothesize that the herbal compound 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG) can inhibit the growth and metastasis of TNBCa xenograft and target Janus-activated kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3-signaling axis. Daily oral gavage of 10 mg PGG/kg body wt decreased MDA-MB-231 xenograft weight by 49.3% (P < 0.01) at 40 days postinoculation, whereas weekly intraperitoneal injections of Taxol at the same dosage resulted in a 21.4% reduction (P > 0.1). PGG treatment also decreased the incidence of lung metastasis. Immunohistochemical staining detected decreased Ki-67 (proliferation) index and increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (apoptosis) index in PGG-treated and Taxol-treated xenografts. However, the CD34 (angiogenesis) index was decreased only in PGG-treated xenografts along with decreased phospho-STAT3. In cell culture of MDA-MB-231 cells, PGG decreased pSTAT3 and its downstream target proteins, decreased its upstream kinase pJAK1 and induced the expression of SHP1, a JAK1 upstream tyrosine phosphatase, within as early as 1 h of exposure. The phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate reversed the PGG-induced downregulation of pSTAT3 and caspase activation. Orally administered PGG can inhibit TNBCa growth and metastasis, probably through anti-angiogenesis, antiproliferation and apoptosis induction. Mechanistically, PGG-induced inhibition of JAK1-STAT3 axis may contribute to the observed in vivo efficacy and the effects on the cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jeong Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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