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Mannino F, Urzì Brancati V, Lauro R, Pirrotta I, Rottura M, Irrera N, Cavallini GM, Pallio G, Gitto E, Manti S. Levosimendan and Dobutamin Attenuate LPS-Induced Inflammation in Microglia by Inhibiting the NF-κB Pathway and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via Nrf2/HO-1 Signalling. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1009. [PMID: 38790971 PMCID: PMC11117907 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12051009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypovolemic shock is a circulatory failure, due to a loss in the effective circulating blood volume, that causes tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia. This condition stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in different organs and also in the central nervous system (CNS). Levosimendan, a cardioprotective inodilator, and dobutamine, a β1-adrenergic agonist, are commonly used for the treatment of hypovolemic shock, thanks to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. For this reason, we aimed at investigating levosimendan and dobutamine's neuroprotective effects in an "in vitro" model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. Human microglial cells (HMC3) were challenged with LPS (0.1 µg/mL) to induce an inflammatory phenotype and then treated with levosimendan (10 µM) or dobutamine (50 µM) for 24 h. Levosimendan and dobutamine significantly reduced the ROS levels and markedly increased Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression in LPS-challenged cells. Levosimendan and dobutamine also decreased p-NF-κB expression and turned off the NLRP3 inflammasome together with its downstream signals, caspase-1 and IL-1β. Moreover, a reduction in TNF-α and IL-6 expression and an increase in IL-10 levels in LPS-stimulated HMC3 cells was observed following treatment. In conclusion, levosimendan and dobutamine attenuated LPS-induced neuroinflammation through NF-κB pathway inhibition and NLRP3 inflammasome activation via Nrf2/HO-1 signalling, suggesting that these drugs could represent a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of neuroinflammation consequent to hypovolemic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mannino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.M.); (V.U.B.); (R.L.); (I.P.); (M.R.); (N.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Valentina Urzì Brancati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.M.); (V.U.B.); (R.L.); (I.P.); (M.R.); (N.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Rita Lauro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.M.); (V.U.B.); (R.L.); (I.P.); (M.R.); (N.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Igor Pirrotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.M.); (V.U.B.); (R.L.); (I.P.); (M.R.); (N.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Michelangelo Rottura
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.M.); (V.U.B.); (R.L.); (I.P.); (M.R.); (N.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.M.); (V.U.B.); (R.L.); (I.P.); (M.R.); (N.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Gian Maria Cavallini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, with Interest in Transplants, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Pallio
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Eloisa Gitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (F.M.); (V.U.B.); (R.L.); (I.P.); (M.R.); (N.I.); (E.G.)
| | - Sara Manti
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Childhood Gaetano Barresi, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
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Ge Z, Gao Y, Lu X, Yu S, Qin M, Gong C, Walline JH, Zhu H, Li Y. The association between levosimendan and mortality in patients with sepsis or septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Emerg Med 2024; 31:90-97. [PMID: 38015719 PMCID: PMC10901220 DOI: 10.1097/mej.0000000000001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levosimendan is increasingly being used in patients with sepsis or septic shock because of its potential to improve organ function and reduce mortality. We aimed to determine if levosimendan can reduce mortality in patients with sepsis or septic shock via meta-analysis. EVIDENCE SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION We comprehensively searched the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases from inception through 1 October 2022. Literature evaluating the efficacy of levosimendan in patients with sepsis or septic shock was included. DATA EXTRACTION AND OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Two reviewers extracted data and assessed study quality. A meta-analysis was performed to calculate an odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and P -values for 28-day mortality (primary outcome). Secondary outcomes included changes in indexes reflecting cardiac function before and after treatment, changes in serum lactate levels in the first 24 h of treatment, and the mean SOFA score during the study period. Safety outcomes included rates of tachyarrhythmias and total adverse reactions encountered with levosimendan. RESULTS Eleven randomized controlled trials were identified, encompassing a total of 1044 patients. After using levosimendan, there was no statistical difference between groups for 28-day mortality (34.9% and 36.2%; OR: 0.93; 95% CI [0.72-1.2]; P = 0.57; I 2 = 0%; trial sequential analysis-adjusted CI [0.6-1.42]) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, and more adverse reactions seemed to occur in the levosimendan group, although the septic shock patient's heart function and serum lactate level improved. CONCLUSION There was no association between the use of levosimendan and 28-day mortality and SOFA scores in patients with septic shock, though there was statistically significant improvement in cardiac function and serum lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengzheng Ge
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Yanxia Gao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Shiyuan Yu
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Mubing Qin
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Chao Gong
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Joseph Harold Walline
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Penn State Health, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center and Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Huadong Zhu
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Yi Li
- Emergency Department, State Key Laboratory for Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
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Ribeiro E, Vale N. Understanding the Clinical Use of Levosimendan and Perspectives on its Future in Oncology. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1296. [PMID: 37759695 PMCID: PMC10526140 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing, also known as repositioning or reprofiling, has emerged as a promising strategy to accelerate drug discovery and development. This approach involves identifying new medical indications for existing approved drugs, harnessing the extensive knowledge of their bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy. Levosimendan, a calcium sensitizer initially approved for heart failure, has been repurposed for oncology due to its multifaceted pharmacodynamics, including phosphodiesterase 3 inhibition, nitric oxide production and reduction of reactive oxygen species. Studies have demonstrated that levosimendan inhibits cancer cell migration and sensitizes hypoxic cells to radiation. Moreover, it exerts organ-protective effects by activating mitochondrial potassium channels. Combining levosimendan with traditional anticancer agents such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has shown a synergistic effect in bladder cancer cells, highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic approach. This drug repurposing strategy offers a cost-effective and time-efficient solution for developing new treatments, ultimately contributing to the advancement of cancer therapeutics and improved outcomes for patients. Further investigations and clinical trials are warranted to validate the effectiveness of levosimendan in oncology and explore its potential benefits in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda Ribeiro
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Replacement Therapy: A Review and Update for the Perioperative Physician. Anesthesiol Clin 2023; 41:211-230. [PMID: 36872000 DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-operative acute kidney injury is a devastating complication with significant morbidity and mortality associated with it. The perioperative anesthesiologist is in a unique position to potentially mitigate the risk of postoperative AKI, however, understanding the pathophysiology, risk factors and preventative strategies is paramount. There are also certain clinical scenarios, where renal replacement therapy may be indicated intraoperatively including severe electrolyte abnormalities, metabolic acidosis and massive volume overload. A multidisciplinary approach including the nephrologist, critical care physician, surgeon and anesthesiologist is necessary to determine the optimal management of these critically ill patients.
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Sun T, Zhang N, Cui N, Wang SH, Ding XX, Li N, Chen N, Yu ZB. Efficacy of Levosimendan in the Treatment of Patients With Severe Septic Cardiomyopathy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2023; 37:344-349. [PMID: 36473763 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2022.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to compare the effects of levosimendan and dobutamine on hemodynamics and clinical efficacy in patients with severe septic cardiomyopathy (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] ≤35%). DESIGN A prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled study. SETTING In Baoding, China. PARTICIPANTS Thirty patients with severe septic cardiomyopathy treated in the authors' hospital's Department of Critical Medicine from September 2018 to September 2021 were enrolled in this study. INTERVENTIONS These patients were divided randomly into the levosimendan group and dobutamine group. The LVEF, cardiac index (CI), stroke volume index (SVI), systemic vascular resistance index, heart rate, norepinephrine dose, and lactate at the time of enrollment and the 24th hour were compared, along with myocardial injury markers on the third day, C-reactive protein, mechanical ventilation time, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, cost, and 28-day mortality. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS At the 24th hour after treatment, CI, LVEF, SVI, and fluid volume were found to be higher in the levosimendan group than in the dobutamine group, whereas the dose of norepinephrine was lower in the former rather than the latter group. On the third day of treatment, cardiac troponin I in the levosimendan group was lower than that in the dobutamine group. Although the differences in 28-day mortality, ICU stay, and ICU treatment cost between the groups were not statistically significant, the ventilator application time of the levosimendan group was significantly shorter than that of the dobutamine group. CONCLUSIONS Compared with dobutamine, levosimendan was more effective at improving cardiac function, reducing myocardial injury, and reducing mechanical ventilation time in patients with severe septic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Na Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Sheng-Hai Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiao-Xu Ding
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhan-Biao Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China.
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Chen M, Li J, Wang J, Le Y, Liu C. SMYD1 alleviates septic myocardial injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:2383-2391. [PMID: 34601561 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC) is a major complication of sepsis. SET and MYND domain containing 1 (SMYD1) has central importance in heart development, and its role in SIC has not been identified. Herein, we found that the expression of SMYD1 was downregulated in myocardial tissues of SIC patients (from GEO database: GSE79962) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced SIC rats, and LPS-induced H9c2 cardiomyocytes. We used LPS-stimulated H9c2 cells that mimic sepsis in vitro to explore the function of SMYD1 in SIC. MTT assay, LDH and CK-MB release assay, flow cytometry, and ELISA assay showed that SMYD1 overexpression enhanced cell viability, alleviated cell injury, impeded apoptosis, and reduced the level of proinflammatory factors and NF-κB activation under the condition of LPS stimulation. Moreover, SMYD1 exerted protective effect on H9c2 cells stimulated with LPS through relieving endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In conclusion, overexpression of SMYD1 alleviates cardiac injury through relieving ER stress during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixue Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuan Le
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Usmani J, Khan T, Ahmad R, Sharma M. Potential role of herbal medicines as a novel approach in sepsis treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112337. [PMID: 34688080 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing number of deaths related to sepsis has become a major concern for past few years. Sepsis is a complex pathological reactions that is explained by series of host response to microbial insult. The resulted systemic reactions are manifested by early appearance of proinflammatory cytokines leading to hyperinflammatory phase which is followed by septic shock and death of the patient. The present study has revealed that antibiotics are not self-sufficient to control the complex mechanism of sepsis. Moreover prolonged and unnecessary administration of antibiotics may lead to antibiotic resistance to pathogens. In addition to this, immunosuppressive medications are selective and have targeted approach to certain study population. Drugs from herbal origin have shown to possess a mammoth of immunomodulatory potential by suppressing proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines exhibiting no or minimal unwanted secondary responses. Concomitantly, herbal plants tend to modulate oxidative stress level and haematological imbalance during inflammatory diseased conditions. Natural compounds have gained much attention for the treatment of several clinical complications. Considering the promising responses of medicinal plants with less/no side effects and easy procurement, comprehensive research on herbal plants to treat sepsis should be contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juveria Usmani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Tahira Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Razi Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110019, India.
| | - Manju Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Al-Adhami A, Avtaar Singh SS, De SD, Singh R, Panjrath G, Shah A, Dalzell JR, Schroder J, Al-Attar N. Primary Graft Dysfunction after Heart Transplantation - Unravelling the Enigma. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 47:100941. [PMID: 34404551 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) remains the main cause of early mortality following heart transplantation despite several advances in donor preservation techniques and therapeutic strategies for PGD. With that aim of establishing the aetiopathogenesis of PGD and the preferred management strategies, the new consensus definition has paved the way for multiple contemporaneous studies to be undertaken and accurately compared. This review aims to provide a broad-based understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management of PGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Adhami
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow UK
| | - Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow UK; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (ICAMS), University of Glasgow.
| | - Sudeep Das De
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ramesh Singh
- Mechanical Circulatory Support, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - Gurusher Panjrath
- Heart Failure and Mechanical Circulatory Support Program, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Amit Shah
- Advanced Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Dalzell
- Scottish National Advanced Heart Failure Service, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jacob Schroder
- Heart Transplantation Program, Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Nawwar Al-Attar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow UK; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (ICAMS), University of Glasgow
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Tian L, Wang S, Zhao L, Lu X, Zhu C, Gong H, Yang W. Renoprotective effects of levosimendan on acute kidney injury following cardiac arrest via anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and ERK activation. FEBS Open Bio 2021. [PMID: 34115930 PMCID: PMC8329773 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP‐sensitive potassium channels (KATPs) have protective effects in ischemia–reperfusion‐induced injuries and can be activated by levosimendan. This study investigated the effects of levosimendan on renal injury, inflammation, apoptosis, and survival in a rat model of acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac arrest (CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Rats underwent a 5‐min asphyxia‐based CA and resuscitation. The rats were treated with levosimendan after successful resuscitation. Renal functions, histological changes, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis were examined. NRK‐52E cells treated by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) were used to establish an in vitro CA‐CPR model. Rats in the CA‐induced AKI group had a low survival rate and increased levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as increased tubular injury. These results were significantly reversed after treatment with levosimendan. Levosimendan downregulated the expression of the apoptosis‐related proteins Bax, cleaved caspase‐3, and cleaved caspase‐9, as well as upregulated Bcl‐2 and p‐ERK expression in vivo and in vitro. Thus, our data suggest that levosimendan reduces mortality and AKI following CA and CPR via suppression of inflammation and apoptosis, and activation of ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Xiaoye Lu
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Changqing Zhu
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Hao Gong
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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Wang Q, Zhu Q, Ye Q, Wang J, Dong Q, Chen Y, Wang M, Fu Y, Wu R, Wu T. STAT3 Suppresses Cardiomyocytes Apoptosis in CVB3-Induced Myocarditis Via Survivin. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:613883. [PMID: 33658937 PMCID: PMC7919905 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.613883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Viral myocarditis (VMC) is a common inflammatory cardiovascular disease with unclear mechanisms, which mainly affects children and adolescents. Apoptosis is the key to CVB3-induced myocarditis, and blocking this process may be beneficial to the therapy of VMC. Hence, this study aimed to explore the protective function of STAT3 on cardiomyocyte apoptosis of VMC and its underlying mechanisms. Methods and Results: In this research, we confirmed that STAT3 was significantly activated in both animal and cell models of VMC. To further clarify what role did STAT3 play in VMC, AG490, an inhibitor of STAT3, was used to suppress p-STAT3. Our results demonstrated that decreased expression of p-STAT3 caused by AG490 significantly aggravated severity of VMC with elevated myocardial inflammation, deteriorative ventricular systolic function and increased mortality. It suggested that STAT3 plays a protective role in VMC. To further identify the anti-apoptosis impact that activated STAT3 made, we constructed lentivirus to regulate the expression of STAT3 in NMCs. We found that up-regulated activated STAT3 attenuated cardiomyocyte apoptosis, but down-regulated one aggravated that, which verified activated STAT3 played an anti-apoptosis role in VMC. Following that, we explored what elements are involved in the anti-apoptotic mechanism of activated STAT3 by using survivin inhibitor YM155. The result showed the anti-apoptotic effect of activated STAT3 does not work in the case of survivin inhibition. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated STAT3 by targeting survivin alleviated cardiomyocyte apoptosis in CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyu Wang
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiongjun Zhu
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiaofang Ye
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Dong
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Youran Chen
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Minna Wang
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rongzhou Wu
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Children's Heart Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Potential of the Cardiovascular Drug Levosimendan in the Management of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: An Overview of a Working Hypothesis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 74:389-399. [PMID: 31730560 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Levosimendan is a calcium sensitizer that promotes myocyte contractility through its calcium-dependent interaction with cardiac troponin C. Administered intravenously, it has been used for nearly 2 decades to treat acute and advanced heart failure and to support the heart function in various therapy settings characterized by low cardiac output. Effects of levosimendan on noncardiac muscle suggest a possible new application in the treatment of people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive weakness, and eventual paralysis. Previous attempts to improve the muscle response in ALS patients and thereby maintain respiratory function and delay progression of disability have produced some mixed results. Continuing this line of investigation, levosimendan has been shown to enhance in vitro the contractility of the diaphragm muscle fibers of non-ALS patients and to improve in vivo diaphragm neuromuscular efficiency in healthy subjects. Possible positive effects on respiratory function in people with ALS were seen in an exploratory phase 2 study, and a phase 3 clinical trial is now underway to evaluate the potential benefit of an oral form of levosimendan on both respiratory and overall functions in patients with ALS. Here, we will review the various known pharmacologic effects of levosimendan, considering their relevance to people living with ALS.
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Abstract
Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) remains the leading cause of early mortality post-heart transplantation. Despite improvements in mechanical circulatory support and critical care measures, the rate of PGD remains significant. A recent consensus statement by the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) has formulated a definition for PGD. Five years on, we look at current concepts and future directions of PGD in the current era of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeet Singh Avtaar Singh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland.
- Scottish National Advanced Heart Failure Service, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland.
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
| | - Jonathan R Dalzell
- Scottish National Advanced Heart Failure Service, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Colin Berry
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Nawwar Al-Attar
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
- Scottish National Advanced Heart Failure Service, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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13
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Levosimendan in septic shock in patients with biochemical evidence of cardiac dysfunction: a subgroup analysis of the LeoPARDS randomised trial. Intensive Care Med 2019; 45:1392-1400. [DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Rodríguez-González R, Pollesello P, Baluja A, Álvarez J. Effects of Levosimendan on Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Pathways in a Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Human Endothelial Cell Model. Biol Res Nurs 2019; 21:466-472. [PMID: 31272201 DOI: 10.1177/1099800419861694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Levosimendan is a myocardial Ca2+ sensitizer and opener of ATP-dependent potassium channels with inotropic, vasodilating, and cardioprotective properties. It was originally developed for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure, but its complex mechanism of action means that it could also play a role in organ protection in response to infection. Using an in vitro approach, we explored whether levosimendan administration influenced cell responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were stimulated with 1 µg/ml LPS from Escherichia coli (E. coli). Cells were treated with levosimendan at 0, 0.1, 1, or 10 µM 3 hr later. Samples were taken 24 hr after treatment to measure cell necrosis, apoptosis, pro-inflammatory mediators (interleukin 6 [IL-6] and toll-like receptor 4 [TLR4]), and oxidative stress (total reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species [ROS/RNS]). Levosimendan at 1 and 10 µM protected against LPS-induced endothelial cell death and reduced TLR4 expression (p < .05). All doses reduced levels of IL-6 and ROS/RNS (p < .05). Findings suggest that levosimendan may exert protective effects against endothelial cell death in this model via attenuation of inflammation and oxidative stress pathways. Future studies might explore the potential beneficial role of levosimendan in modulating molecular mechanisms triggered by infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Rodríguez-González
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Radiology, Public Health, Nursing and Medicine, School of Nursing, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,2 Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Galician Health System, Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Aurora Baluja
- 2 Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Galician Health System, Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,4 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julián Álvarez
- 2 Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Galician Health System, Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,4 Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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15
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Gozeler MS, Ekinci Akdemir FN, Yildirim S, Sahin A, Eser G, Askin S. Levosimendan ameliorates cisplatin-induced ototoxicity: Rat model. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 122:70-75. [PMID: 30978472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cisplatin is employed for chemotherapeutic purposes in several types of adult and pediatric cancer. However, side-effects including nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, gastrointestinal effects and neuropathy restrict the use of the drug due to their adverse impacts on quality of life. This study aimed to determine whether levosimendan exhibits a protective effect against cisplatin-related ototoxicity in a rat model by means of functional, biochemical and histochemical analysis. METHODS The study was employed with 24 female Sprague Dawley rats. After distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) tests applied to all rats, rats were randomly assigned into four groups of six animals each. A single intraperitoneal 15 mg/kg dose of cisplatin was administered to Cisplatin group. Levosimendan group received intraperitoneal levosimendan at a dose of 100 mg/kg for five consecutive days. Cisplatin + Levosimendan group received intraperitoneal levosimendan at a dose of 100 mg/kg for five consecutive days and a single intraperitoneal dose of 15 mg/kg cisplatin at 3rd day of the study. Control group received 8 mL/kg/day intraperitoneal saline solution for five consecutive days. The DPOAE test was repeated on the 6th day of the study. All rats were then sacrificed, the cochleas were removed and set aside for biochemical and histopathological analyses. RESULTS A significant increase in levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and significantly lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were observed at rats of cisplatin group. Administration of levosimendan showed significantly lower cochlear MDA levels, while SOD and GPx activities both increased significantly. The DPOAE test performed at 6th day of the study showed a significant impairment in the signal-noise ratio (SNR) levels of rats in Cisplatin group. The SNR levels of rats treated with levosimendan were significantly higher than those of cisplatin group and were similar to those of the control group. Cisplatin impaired the cochlear structure and a severe Caspase 3 and 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) immunopositivity was observed at cochlea of the rats of cisplatin group. Administration of levosimendan protected the structure of cochlea and there was a mild Caspase 3 and 8OHdG immunopositivity. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that levosimendan protects hearing against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and obviates cellular degeneration. It also significantly reduces oxidative stress and apoptosis, probable mechanisms involved in ototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Sitki Gozeler
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Fazile Nur Ekinci Akdemir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, High School of Health, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yildirim
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Pathology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Sahin
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gizem Eser
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Pathology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Seda Askin
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Erzurum, Turkey
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16
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Kislitsina ON, Rich JD, Wilcox JE, Pham DT, Churyla A, Vorovich EB, Ghafourian K, Yancy CW. Shock - Classification and Pathophysiological Principles of Therapeutics. Curr Cardiol Rev 2019; 15:102-113. [PMID: 30543176 PMCID: PMC6520577 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x15666181212125024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of patients with shock is extremely challenging because of the myriad of possible clinical presentations in cardiogenic shock, septic shock and hypovolemic shock and the limitations of contemporary therapeutic options. The treatment of shock includes the administration of endogenous catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine) as well as various vasopressor agents that have shown efficacy in the treatment of the various types of shock. In addition to the endogenous catecholamines, dobutamine, isoproterenol, phenylephrine, and milrinone have served as the mainstays of shock therapy for several decades. Recently, experimental studies have suggested that newer agents such as vasopressin, selepressin, calcium-sensitizing agents like levosimendan, cardiac-specific myosin activators like omecamtiv mecarbil (OM), istaroxime, and natriuretic peptides like nesiritide can enhance shock therapy, especially when shock presents a more complex clinical picture than normal. However, their ability to improve clinical outcomes remains to be proven. It is the purpose of this review to describe the mechanism of action, dosage requirements, advantages and disadvantages, and specific indications and contraindications for the use of each of these catecholamines and vasopressors, as well as to elucidate the most important clinical trials that serve as the basis of contemporary shock therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Kislitsina
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, IL, United States.,Department of Cardiology Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, IL, United States
| | - Jonathan D Rich
- Department of Cardiology Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, IL, United States
| | - Jane E Wilcox
- Department of Cardiology Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, IL, United States
| | - Duc T Pham
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, IL, United States
| | - Andrei Churyla
- Department of Cardiac Surgery Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, IL, United States
| | - Esther B Vorovich
- Department of Cardiology Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, IL, United States
| | - Kambiz Ghafourian
- Department of Cardiology Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, IL, United States
| | - Clyde W Yancy
- Department of Cardiology Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, IL, United States
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17
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Distelmaier K, Roth C, Schrutka L, Binder C, Steinlechner B, Heinz G, Lang IM, Maurer G, Koinig H, Niessner A, Hülsmann M, Speidl W, Goliasch G. Beneficial effects of levosimendan on survival in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiovascular surgery. Br J Anaesth 2018; 117:52-8. [PMID: 27317704 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of levosimendan treatment on clinical outcome in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support after cardiovascular surgery is unknown. We hypothesized that the beneficial effects of levosimendan might improve survival when adequate end-organ perfusion is ensured by concomitant ECMO therapy. We therefore studied the impact of levosimendan treatment on survival and failure of ECMO weaning in patients after cardiovascular surgery. METHODS We enrolled a total of 240 patients undergoing veno-arterial ECMO therapy after cardiovascular surgery at a university-affiliated tertiary care centre into our observational single-centre registry. RESULTS During a median follow-up period of 37 months (interquartile range 19-67 months), 65% of patients died. Seventy-five per cent of patients received levosimendan treatment within the first 24 h after initiation of ECMO therapy. Cox regression analysis showed an association between levosimendan treatment and successful ECMO weaning [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.41; 95% confience interval (CI) 0.22-0.80; P=0.008], 30 day mortality (adjusted HR 0.52; 95% CI 0.30-0.89; P=0.016), and long-term mortality (adjusted HR 0.64; 95% CI 0.42-0.98; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest an association between levosimendan treatment and improved short- and long-term survival in patients undergoing ECMO support after cardiovascular surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Roth
- Department of Internal Medicine II
| | | | - C Binder
- Department of Internal Medicine II
| | - B Steinlechner
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - G Heinz
- Department of Internal Medicine II
| | - I M Lang
- Department of Internal Medicine II
| | - G Maurer
- Department of Internal Medicine II
| | - H Koinig
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Krems, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | | | | | - W Speidl
- Department of Internal Medicine II
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18
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Xu X, Liu Q, He S, Zhao J, Wang N, Han X, Guo Y. Qiang-Xin 1 Formula Prevents Sepsis-Induced Apoptosis in Murine Cardiomyocytes by Suppressing Endoplasmic Reticulum- and Mitochondria-Associated Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:818. [PMID: 30104976 PMCID: PMC6077999 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is reported to be an unusual systemic reaction to infection, accompanied by multiple-organ failure. Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC), defined as damages and dysfunction of the heart, is essential in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Traditional Chinese formula, which has long been used to improve the situation of patients through multitarget regulation, is now gradually being used as complementary therapy. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Qiang-Xin 1 (QX1) formula, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine designed for cardiac dysfunction, on cecal ligation puncture (CLP)-induced heart damage and its underlying mechanisms in mice. Survival test first showed that an oral administration of QX1 formula significantly increased the 7-days survival of septic mice from 22 to 40%. By estimating the secretion of serum cytokines, QX1 treatment dramatically inhibited the excessive production of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Immunohistochemical staining illustrated that the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, caspase-12, and high-mobility group box 1 was downregulated in cardiomyocytes of the QX1-treated group compared with that of the CLP surgery group. Western blotting confirmed that the activation of essential caspase family members, such as caspase-3, caspase-9, and caspase-12, was prohibited by treatment with QX1. Moreover, the abnormal expression of key regulators of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria-associated apoptosis in cardiomyocytes of septic mice, including CHOP, GRP78, Cyt-c, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bax, was effectively reversed by treatment with QX1 formula. This study provided a new insight into the role of QX1 formula in heart damage and potential complementary therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine on sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Xu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qingquan Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shasha He
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuyang Han
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Guo
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research with Traditional Chinese Medicine on Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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19
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Wang B, He X, Gong Y, Cheng B. Levosimendan in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: An Update Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7563083. [PMID: 29854789 PMCID: PMC5964575 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7563083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that levosimendan does not provide mortality benefit in patients with low cardiac output syndrome undergoing cardiac surgery. These results conflict with previous findings. The aim of the current study is to assess whether levosimendan reduces postoperative mortality in patients with impaired left ventricular function (mean EF ≤ 40%) undergoing cardiac surgery. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library Database through November 20, 2017. Inclusion criteria were random allocation to treatment with at least one group receiving levosimendan and another group receiving placebo or other treatments and cardiac surgery patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or less. The primary endpoint was postoperative mortality. Secondary outcomes were cardiac index, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, postoperative atrial fibrillation, and postoperative renal replacement therapy. We performed trial sequential analysis (TSA) to evaluate the reliability of the primary endpoint. RESULTS Data from 2,152 patients in 15 randomized clinical trials were analyzed. Pooled results demonstrated a reduction in postoperative mortality in the levosimendan group [RR = 0.53, 95% CI (0.38-0.73), I2 = 0]. However, the result of TSA showed that the conclusion may be a false positive. Secondary outcomes demonstrated that PCWP, postoperative renal replacement therapy, and length of ICU stay were significantly reduced. Cardiac index was greater in the levosimendan group. No difference was found in the rate of postoperative atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS Levosimendan reduces the rate of death and other adverse outcomes in patients with low ejection fraction who were undergoing cardiac surgery, but results remain inconclusive. More large-volume randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benji Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xiaojie He
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yuqiang Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Bihuan Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
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20
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Effects of Levosimendan on Cellular Metabolic Alterations in Patients With Septic Shock: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Shock 2018; 48:307-312. [PMID: 28234790 PMCID: PMC5516668 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Mitochondrial dysfunction and consequent cellular energetic failure play a key role in the development of sepsis-related organs failure. Evidence suggests that the pleiotropic effects of levosimendan may positively affect cellular metabolism during septic shock. Objectives: To investigate changes in the concentration of glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol in the extracellular fluid of the skeletal muscle following levosimendan administration in patients with septic shock. Methods: The study was designed as a prospective, double-blind, controlled, clinical pilot trial and performed in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit. After achieving normovolemia and a mean arterial pressure of at least 65 mm Hg, 20 septic shock patients were randomized to receive either levosimendan 0.2 μg/kg/min (n = 10), or dobutamine 5 μg/kg/min as active comparator (n = 10). Interstitial tissue concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, glucose, and glycerol were obtained by using muscle microdialysis. All measurements, including data from right heart catheterization, were obtained at baseline and every 6 h for the following 72 h after randomization. The trial is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT02963454. Results: Compared with dobutamine, levosimendan increased interstitial tissue pyruvate concentration (153.3 ± 73 and 187. 2 ± 13.5 vs. 210.7 ± 76.2 and 161 ± 64.6; P < 0.05), and lactate clearance (55 vs. 10). Lactate/pyruvate ratio was lower in the levosimendan group at the end of study period (37. 7 ± 18.9 and 29.3 ± 12.7 vs. 10.9 ± 4.5 and 31.4 ± 13. 2; P < 0.05). Conclusion: Although we investigated a small number of patients, our preliminary results suggest that levosimendan may improve cellular metabolic alterations in patients with septic shock.
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21
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Acute Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Intensive Care Unit. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8217105. [PMID: 29201914 PMCID: PMC5671685 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8217105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of the left ventricle in ICU patients with circulatory shock has long been considered. However, acute right ventricle (RV) dysfunction causes and aggravates many common critical diseases (acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, acute myocardial infarction, and postoperative cardiac surgery). Several supportive therapies, including mechanical ventilation and fluid management, can make RV dysfunction worse, potentially exacerbating shock. We briefly review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and recommendations to guide management of acute RV dysfunction in ICU patients. Our aim is to clarify the complex effects of mechanical ventilation, fluid therapy, vasoactive drug infusions, and other therapies to resuscitate the critical patient optimally.
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22
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Liu YC, Yu MM, Shou ST, Chai YF. Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and Treatments. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1021. [PMID: 28970829 PMCID: PMC5609588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a lethal syndrome with a high incidence and a weighty economy burden. The pathophysiology of sepsis includes inflammation, immune dysfunction, and dysfunction of coagulation, while sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC), defined as a global but reversible dysfunction of both sides of the heart induced by sepsis, plays a significant role in all of the aspects above in the pathogenesis of sepsis. The complex pathogenesis of SIC involves a combination of dysregulation of inflammatory mediators, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, disorder of calcium regulation, autonomic nervous system dysregulation, and endothelial dysfunction. The treatments for SIC include the signal pathway intervention, Chinese traditional medicine, and other specific therapy. Here, we reviewed the latest literatures on the mechanisms and treatments of SIC and hope to provide further insights to researchers and create a new road for the therapy of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Cun Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Mu-Ming Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Song-Tao Shou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan-Fen Chai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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23
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Wang B, Chen R, Guo X, Zhang W, Hu J, Gong Y, Cheng B. Effects of levosimendan on mortality in patients with septic shock: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:100524-100532. [PMID: 29245998 PMCID: PMC5725040 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Object Several studies have investigated a survival benefit for levosimendan treatment in patients with septic shock. However, data are conflicting. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of levosimendan treatment on mortality in patients with septic shock. Materials and Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library Databases up to March 27, 2017, without language restrictions. We searched for terms related to septic shock, levosimendan, randomized clinical trial. Randomized controlled trials reported the effect of levosimendan on mortality were included. Moreover, we constructed the trial sequential analysis (TSA) to determine the reliability of the outcomes. Furthermore, secondary outcomes were cardiac index(CI), mean arterial pressure (MAP), blood lactate, norepinephrine dose and length of ICU stay. Results Ten studies with a total of 816 patients were included in this meta-analysis. There was no significant difference in the mortality between the levosimendan group and the standard inotropic therapy group [RR = 0.96, 95% CI (0.81–1.12), I2 = 0]. However, methods adapted from formal interim monitoring boundaries applied to TSA indicated that the cumulative evidence was unreliable and inconclusive. Blood lactate was significantly reduced in the levosimendan group while there was no difference in MAP, CI, norepinephrine dose and length of ICU stay. Conclusions Findings from this meta-analysis demonstrated that levosimendan treatment may not reduce mortality in patients with septic shock. The result remains inclusive and further randomized controlled trials were needed to confirm these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benji Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rujie Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianyang Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenwu Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianjian Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqiang Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bihuan Cheng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
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Joannidis M, Druml W, Forni LG, Groeneveld ABJ, Honore PM, Hoste E, Ostermann M, Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Schetz M. Prevention of acute kidney injury and protection of renal function in the intensive care unit: update 2017 : Expert opinion of the Working Group on Prevention, AKI section, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 2017; 43:730-749. [PMID: 28577069 PMCID: PMC5487598 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-017-4832-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) in the intensive care unit is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. OBJECTIVES To determine and update previous recommendations for the prevention of AKI, specifically the role of fluids, diuretics, inotropes, vasopressors/vasodilators, hormonal and nutritional interventions, sedatives, statins, remote ischaemic preconditioning and care bundles. METHOD A systematic search of the literature was performed for studies published between 1966 and March 2017 using these potential protective strategies in adult patients at risk of AKI. The following clinical conditions were considered: major surgery, critical illness, sepsis, shock, exposure to potentially nephrotoxic drugs and radiocontrast. Clinical endpoints included incidence or grade of AKI, the need for renal replacement therapy and mortality. Studies were graded according to the international GRADE system. RESULTS We formulated 12 recommendations, 13 suggestions and seven best practice statements. The few strong recommendations with high-level evidence are mostly against the intervention in question (starches, low-dose dopamine, statins in cardiac surgery). Strong recommendations with lower-level evidence include controlled fluid resuscitation with crystalloids, avoiding fluid overload, titration of norepinephrine to a target MAP of 65-70 mmHg (unless chronic hypertension) and not using diuretics or levosimendan for kidney protection solely. CONCLUSION The results of recent randomised controlled trials have allowed the formulation of new recommendations and/or increase the strength of previous recommendations. On the other hand, in many domains the available evidence remains insufficient, resulting from the limited quality of the clinical trials and the poor reporting of kidney outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joannidis
- Division of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - W Druml
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - L G Forni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey and Surrey Perioperative Anaesthesia and Critical Care Collaborative Research Group (SPACeR), Intensive Care Unit, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Egerton Road, Guildford, GU2 7XX, United Kingdom
| | | | - P M Honore
- Department of Intensive Care, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Hoste
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Ostermann
- Department of Critical Care and Nephrology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - H M Oudemans-van Straaten
- Department of Adult Intensive Care, VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Schetz
- Clinical Department and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium
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Wang X, Li S. Effect of small-dose levosimendan on mortality rates and organ functions in Chinese elderly patients with sepsis. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:917-921. [PMID: 28603411 PMCID: PMC5457123 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s136355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM As a primary cause of death not only in Western countries but also in the People's Republic of China, sepsis is diagnosed as abnormal organ functions as a result of a disordered response to a severe infection. This study was designed to assess the effect of small-dose levosimendan without a loading dose on mortality rates and organ functions in Chinese elderly patients with sepsis. METHODS Following a prospective, randomized, and double-blinded design, 240 Chinese elderly patients with sepsis shock were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). All patients were randomly and evenly assigned into a levosimendan group (number of patients =120) and a control group (number of patients =120). The control group underwent standard care, and the levosimendan group was administered levosimendan in addition to standard care. RESULTS All participants, comprising 134 males (55.8%) and 106 females (44.2%), were 70 (67-73) years old. Baseline characteristics, preexisting illnesses, initial infections, organ failures, and additional agents and therapies showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05 for all). There were no significant differences in mortality rates at 28 days, at ICU discharge, and at hospital discharge between the two groups (P>0.05 for all). The number of days of ICU and hospital stay in the levosimendan group was significantly less than for those in the control group (P<0.05 for all). Mean daily total sequential organ failure assessment score and all organ scores except the cardiovascular scores showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05 for all). Cardiovascular scores in the levosimendan group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05 for all). CONCLUSION Small-dose levosimendan could not reduce the mortality rates or enhance the respiratory, liver, renal, and coagulation functions, but could shorten the days of ICU and hospital stay, and improve the cardiovascular function, which suggests that small-dose levosimendan is valuable for Chinese elderly patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shikui Li
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Clinicians have greatly improved care for septic shock. Urgent resuscitation using intravenous fluids and vasopressors as well as rapid administration of broad spectrum antibiotics are probably the most basic and universally accepted interventions. Various trials have compared different types of vasopressors, associations of vasopressors and inotropes, and pressure targets. End goal-directed therapy algorithms are designed to optimize oxygen delivery by use of fluids, vasopressors, inotropes, and blood products. Patients who have a poor response to resuscitation and patients with known severe ventricular dysfunction might merit advanced hemodynamic monitoring. This review examines important vasopressor and septic shock trials.
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27
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Gordon AC, Perkins GD, Singer M, McAuley DF, Orme RML, Santhakumaran S, Mason AJ, Cross M, Al-Beidh F, Best-Lane J, Brealey D, Nutt CL, McNamee JJ, Reschreiter H, Breen A, Liu KD, Ashby D. Levosimendan for the Prevention of Acute Organ Dysfunction in Sepsis. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:1638-1648. [PMID: 27705084 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1609409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levosimendan is a calcium-sensitizing drug with inotropic and other properties that may improve outcomes in patients with sepsis. METHODS We conducted a double-blind, randomized clinical trial to investigate whether levosimendan reduces the severity of organ dysfunction in adults with sepsis. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a blinded infusion of levosimendan (at a dose of 0.05 to 0.2 μg per kilogram of body weight per minute) for 24 hours or placebo in addition to standard care. The primary outcome was the mean daily Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score in the intensive care unit up to day 28 (scores for each of five systems range from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating more severe dysfunction; maximum score, 20). Secondary outcomes included 28-day mortality, time to weaning from mechanical ventilation, and adverse events. RESULTS The trial recruited 516 patients; 259 were assigned to receive levosimendan and 257 to receive placebo. There was no significant difference in the mean (±SD) SOFA score between the levosimendan group and the placebo group (6.68±3.96 vs. 6.06±3.89; mean difference, 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.07 to 1.29; P=0.053). Mortality at 28 days was 34.5% in the levosimendan group and 30.9% in the placebo group (absolute difference, 3.6 percentage points; 95% CI, -4.5 to 11.7; P=0.43). Among patients requiring ventilation at baseline, those in the levosimendan group were less likely than those in the placebo group to be successfully weaned from mechanical ventilation over the period of 28 days (hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.97; P=0.03). More patients in the levosimendan group than in the placebo group had supraventricular tachyarrhythmia (3.1% vs. 0.4%; absolute difference, 2.7 percentage points; 95% CI, 0.1 to 5.3; P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS The addition of levosimendan to standard treatment in adults with sepsis was not associated with less severe organ dysfunction or lower mortality. Levosimendan was associated with a lower likelihood of successful weaning from mechanical ventilation and a higher risk of supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. (Funded by the NIHR Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme and others; LeoPARDS Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN12776039 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Gordon
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - Gavin D Perkins
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - Mervyn Singer
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - Daniel F McAuley
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - Robert M L Orme
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - Shalini Santhakumaran
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - Alexina J Mason
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - Mary Cross
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - Farah Al-Beidh
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - Janis Best-Lane
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - David Brealey
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - Christopher L Nutt
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - James J McNamee
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - Henrik Reschreiter
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - Andrew Breen
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - Kathleen D Liu
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
| | - Deborah Ashby
- From the Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, the Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (A.C.G., F.A.-B., J.B.-L.), Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, the Division of Medicine, University College London (M.S.), Imperial Clinical Trials Unit Imperial College London (S.S., M.C., F.A.-B., J.B.-L., D.A.), the Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (A.J.M.), and the Division of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals (D.B.), London, Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Coventry (G.D.P.), the Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast (D.F.M., J.J.M.), and the Regional Intensive Care Unit, the Royal Hospitals (D.F.M., J.J.M.), Belfast, the Department of Critical Care, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cheltenham (R.M.L.O.), Intensive Care Unit, Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim (C.L.N.), Intensive Care Unit, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole (H.R.), and Intensive Care Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (A.B.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (K.D.L.)
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Zhang Z, Chen K. Vasoactive agents for the treatment of sepsis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:333. [PMID: 27713891 PMCID: PMC5050188 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.08.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The article describes some commonly used vasoactive agents in patients with septic shock. Depending on their distinct pharmacological properties, their effects on vascular bed and cardiac function are different. For example, dopamine has equivalent effect on heart and vasculature, which can result in increases in cardiac output, mean arterial pressure and heart rate. Dobutamine is considered as inodilator because it has potent effect on cardiac systole and vasculature. Patients with sepsis and septic shock sometimes have coexisting cardiac dysfunction that justifies the use of dobutamine. Levosimendan is a relatively new agent exerting its inodilator effect by increasing sensitivity of myocardium to calcium. Some preliminary studies showed a promising result of levosimendan on reducing mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongheng Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital, Jinhua Hospital of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321000, China
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Levosimendan beyond inotropy and acute heart failure: Evidence of pleiotropic effects on the heart and other organs: An expert panel position paper. Int J Cardiol 2016; 222:303-312. [PMID: 27498374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Levosimendan is a positive inotrope with vasodilating properties (inodilator) indicated for decompensated heart failure (HF) patients with low cardiac output. Accumulated evidence supports several pleiotropic effects of levosimendan beyond inotropy, the heart and decompensated HF. Those effects are not readily explained by cardiac function enhancement and seem to be related to additional properties of the drug such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic ones. Mechanistic and proof-of-concept studies are still required to clarify the underlying mechanisms involved, while properly designed clinical trials are warranted to translate preclinical or early-phase clinical data into more robust clinical evidence. The present position paper, derived by a panel of 35 experts in the field of cardiology, cardiac anesthesiology, intensive care medicine, cardiac physiology, and cardiovascular pharmacology from 22 European countries, compiles the existing evidence on the pleiotropic effects of levosimendan, identifies potential novel areas of clinical application and defines the corresponding gaps in evidence and the required research efforts to address those gaps.
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Meng JB, Hu MH, Lai ZZ, Ji CL, Xu XJ, Zhang G, Tian S. Levosimendan Versus Dobutamine in Myocardial Injury Patients with Septic Shock: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1486-96. [PMID: 27138236 PMCID: PMC4861009 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to investigate the effect of levosimendan on biomarkers of myocardial injury and systemic hemodynamics in patients with septic shock. MATERIAL AND METHODS After achieving normovolemia and a mean arterial pressure of at least 65 mmHg, 38 septic shock patients with low cardiac output (left ventricular ejective fraction), LEVF £45%) were randomly divided into two groups: levosimendan dobutamine. Patients in the levosimendan and dobutamine groups were maintained with intravenous infusion of levosimendan (0.2 μg/kg/minute) and dobutamine (5 μg/kg/minute) for 24 hours respectively. During treatment we monitored hemodynamics and LVEF, and measured levels of heart-type fatty acid binding protein (HFABP), troponin I (TNI), and brain natriuretic peptide(BNP). In addition, the length of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, hospital stay, and 28-day mortality were compared between the two groups. RESULTS The levosimendan group and the dobutamine group were well matched with respect to age (years, 55.4 ± 1 7.5 versus 50.2 ± 13.6) and gender (males, 68.4% versus 57.9%). Levosimendan-treated patients had higher stroke volume index (SVI), cardiac index (CI), LVEF, and left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI), and lower extravascular lung water index (EVLWI) compared to dobutamine-treated patients (p<0.05). HFABP, TNI, and BNP in the levosimendan group were less than in the dobutamine group (p<0.05). There was no difference in the mechanical ventilation time, length of stay in ICU and hospital, and 28-day mortality between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Compared with dobutamine, levosimendan reduces biomarkers of myocardial injury and improves systemic hemodynamics in patients with septic shock. However, it does not reduce the days on mechanical ventilation, length of stay in ICU and hospital, or 28-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianb-biao Meng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Ma-hong Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhi-zhen Lai
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Chun-lian Ji
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiu-juan Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Geng Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Shuyuan Tian
- Department of Ultrasonography, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Alvarez Escudero J, Calvo Vecino JM, Veiras S, García R, González A. Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG). Recommendations on strategy for reducing risk of heart failure patients requiring noncardiac surgery: reducing risk of heart failure patients in noncardiac surgery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 62:359-419. [PMID: 26164471 DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Alvarez Escudero
- Professor and Head of the Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
| | - J M Calvo Vecino
- Professor and Head of the Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain; Associated Professor and Head of the Department of Anesthesiology, Infanta Leonor University Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - S Veiras
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
| | - R García
- Department of Anesthesiology, Puerta del Mar University Hospital. Cadiz, Spain
| | - A González
- Department of Anesthesiology, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital. Madrid, Spain
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Zangrillo A, Putzu A, Monaco F, Oriani A, Frau G, De Luca M, Di Tomasso N, Bignami E, Lomivorotov V, Likhvantsev V, Landoni G. Levosimendan reduces mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Crit Care 2015; 30:908-13. [PMID: 26093802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is controversy about the use of inotropes in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. The objective of this study was to evaluate if levosimendan, as compared with standard inotropic therapy (eg, dobutamine), reduces mortality in septic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS BioMedCentral, PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register were searched for pertinent studies, up to 1st May 2015. Randomized trials on the use of levosimendan in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock were included if reporting mortality data. The primary outcome was mortality, whereas secondary outcomes were blood lactate, cardiac index, total fluid infused, norepinephrine dosage, and mean arterial pressure. RESULTS Seven studies for a total of 246 patients were included in the analysis. Levosimendan was associated with significantly reduced mortality compared with standard inotropic therapy (59/125 [47%] in the levosimendan group and 74/121 [61%] in the control group; risk difference = -0.14, risk ratio = 0.79 [0.63-0.98], P for effect = .03, I(2) = 0%, numbers needed to treat = 7). Blood lactate was significantly reduced in the levosimendan group, whereas cardiac index and total fluid infused were significantly higher in the levosimendan group. No difference in mean arterial pressure and norepinephrine usage was noted. CONCLUSIONS In patients with severe sepsis and septic shock, levosimendan is associated with a significant reduction in mortality compared with standard inotropic therapy. A large ongoing multicenter randomized trial will have to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zangrillo
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Putzu
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Monaco
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Oriani
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Frau
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Monica De Luca
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Nora Di Tomasso
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Bignami
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Vladimir Lomivorotov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Valery Likhvantsev
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Department, Moscow Regional Clinical & Research Institute, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
Acute heart failure (AHF) emerges as a major and growing epidemiological concern with high morbidity and mortality rates. Current therapies in patients with acute heart failure rely on different strategies. Patients with hypotension, hypoperfusion, or shock require inotropic support, whereas diuretics and vasodilators are recommended in patients with systemic or pulmonary congestion. Traditionally inotropic agents, referred to as Ca2+ mobilizers load the cardiomyocyte with Ca2+ and thereby increase oxygen consumption and risk for arrhythmias. These limitations of traditional inotropes may be avoided by sarcomere targeted agents. Direct activation of the cardiac sarcomere may be achieved by either sensitizing the cardiac myofilaments to Ca2+ or activating directly the cardiac myosin. In this review, we focus on sarcomere targeted inotropic agents, emphasizing their mechanisms of action and overview the most relevant clinical considerations.
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Levosimendan displays anti-inflammatory effects and decreases MPO bioavailability in patients with severe heart failure. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9704. [PMID: 25867530 PMCID: PMC4394753 DOI: 10.1038/srep09704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of decompensated heart failure often includes administration of levosimendan. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is released during polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) degranulation, and mediates dysregulation of vascular tone in heart failure. We evaluated the effects of levosimendan-treatment on MPO in patients with acute decompensation of chronic heart failure over a one week course. Plasma MPO levels were significantly decreased after levosimendan treatment (from 252.1 ± 31.1 pmol/l at baseline to 215.02 ± 27.96 pmol/l at 6 h, p < 0.05). Ex vivo incubation of whole blood with levosimendan decreased MPO release after PMN-stimulation (8.2 ± 1.4-fold increase at baseline vs. 6.0 ± 1.1-fold increase with levosimendan). MPO levels also significantly correlated with diastolic blood pressure over the time course. In a multivariate linear model, the main contributor to systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure was level of PMN elastase. MPO contributed only in heparin-treated patients, suggesting a more significant role for endothelial-bound MPO than for circulating MPO or elastase with respect to blood pressure regulation. We here provide the first evidence that levosimendan treatment inhibits MPO release by PMNs in decompensated heart failure patients. This mechanism may regulate endothelial function and vascular tone in heart failure patients.
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Krychtiuk KA, Watzke L, Kaun C, Buchberger E, Hofer-Warbinek R, Demyanets S, Pisoni J, Kastl SP, Rauscher S, Gröger M, Aliabadi A, Zuckermann A, Maurer G, de Martin R, Huber K, Wojta J, Speidl WS. Levosimendan exerts anti-inflammatory effects on cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells in vitro. Thromb Haemost 2014; 113:350-62. [PMID: 25273157 DOI: 10.1160/th14-06-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Levosimendan is a positive inotropic drug for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (HF). Clinical trials showed that levosimendan was particularly effective in HF due to myocardial infarction. Myocardial necrosis induces a strong inflammatory response, involving chemoattractants guiding polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) into the infarcted myocardial tissue. Our aim was to examine whether levosimendan exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on human adult cardiac myocytes (HACM) and human heart microvascular endothelial cells (HHMEC). Cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells were stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL)-1β (200 U/ml) and treated with levosimendan (0.1-10 µM) for 2-48 hours. IL-1β strongly induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in HACM and E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in HHMEC and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Treatment with levosimendan strongly attenuated IL-1β-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in HACM as well as E-selectin and ICAM-1 in ECs. Levosimendan treatment further reduced adhesion of PMN to activated endothelial cells under both static and flow conditions by approximately 50 %. Incubation with 5-hydroxydecanoic acid, a selective blocker of mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels, partly abolished the above seen anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, levosimendan strongly diminished IL-1β-induced reactive oxygen species and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity through inhibition of S536 phosphorylation. In conclusion, levosimendan exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on cardiac myocytes and endothelial cells in vitro. These findings could explain, at least in part, the beneficial effects of levosimendan after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Johann Wojta
- Johann Wojta, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Austria, Tel.: +43 1 4040073500, Fax: +43 1 4040073586, E-mail:
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Antonucci E, Fiaccadori E, Donadello K, Taccone FS, Franchi F, Scolletta S. Myocardial depression in sepsis: From pathogenesis to clinical manifestations and treatment. J Crit Care 2014; 29:500-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Effects of levosimendan on hemodynamics, local cerebral blood flow, neuronal injury, and neuroinflammation after asphyctic cardiac arrest in rats. Crit Care Med 2014; 42:e410-9. [PMID: 24633188 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite advances in cardiac arrest treatment, high mortality and morbidity rates after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation are still a major clinical relevant problem. The post cardiac arrest syndrome subsumes myocardial dysfunction, impaired microcirculation, systemic inflammatory response, and neurological impairment. The calcium-sensitizer levosimendan was able to improve myocardial function and initial resuscitation success after experimental cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We hypothesized that levosimendan exerts beneficial effects on cerebral blood flow, neuronal injury, neurological outcome, and inflammation 24 hours after experimental cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation. DESIGN Laboratory animal study. SETTING University animal research laboratory. SUBJECTS Sixty-one male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Animals underwent asphyxial cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation, randomized to groups with levosimendan treatment (bolus 12 µg/kg and infusion for 3 hr [0.3 µg/min/kg]) or vehicle (saline 0.9% bolus and infusion for 3 hr [equivalent fluid volume]). Cardiac index, local cerebral blood flow, and hemodynamic variables were measured for 180 minutes after cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Behavioral and neurological evaluations were conducted 24 hours after cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Furthermore, neuronal injury, expressed as Fluoro-Jade B-positive cells in the hippocampal formation, cortical and hippocampal inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and blood plasma interleukin-6 values were assessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Treatment with levosimendan reduced neuronal injury and improved neurological outcome after 24 hours of reperfusion and resulted in elevated cardiac index and local cerebral blood flow compared with vehicle after cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Mean arterial blood pressure was reduced during the early reperfusion period in the levosimendan group. Cortical and hippocampal inflammatory cytokine gene expression and blood plasma interleukin-6 levels were not influenced. CONCLUSIONS Levosimendan increased cerebral blood flow after experimental cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This effect coincided with reduced neuronal injury and improved neurologic outcome. Findings seem to be independent of inflammatory effects because no effects by levosimendan on cerebral or systemic inflammation could be detected. In summary, levosimendan is a promising agent to improve neurological outcome after cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
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Torraco A, Carrozzo R, Piemonte F, Pastore A, Tozzi G, Verrigni D, Assenza M, Orecchioni A, D'Egidio A, Marraffa E, Landoni G, Bertini E, Morelli A. Effects of levosimendan on mitochondrial function in patients with septic shock: A randomized trial. Biochimie 2014; 102:166-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Orme RML, Perkins GD, McAuley DF, Liu KD, Mason AJ, Morelli A, Singer M, Ashby D, Gordon AC. An efficacy and mechanism evaluation study of Levosimendan for the Prevention of Acute oRgan Dysfunction in Sepsis (LeoPARDS): protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:199. [PMID: 24894386 PMCID: PMC4061524 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ dysfunction consequent to infection ('severe sepsis') is the leading cause of admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). In both animal models and early clinical studies the calcium channel sensitizer levosimendan has been demonstrated to have potentially beneficial effects on organ function. The aims of the Levosimendan for the Prevention of Acute oRgan Dysfunction in Sepsis (LeoPARDS) trial are to identify whether a 24-hour infusion of levosimendan will improve organ dysfunction in adults who have septic shock and to establish the safety profile of levosimendan in this group of patients. METHODS/DESIGN This is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled trial. Adults fulfilling the criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome due to infection, and requiring vasopressor therapy, will be eligible for inclusion in the trial. Within 24 hours of meeting these inclusion criteria, patients will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio stratified by the ICU to receive either levosimendan (0.05 to 0.2 μg.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹ or placebo for 24 hours in addition to standard care. The primary outcome measure is the mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score while in the ICU. Secondary outcomes include: central venous oxygen saturations and cardiac output; incidence and severity of renal failure using the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria; duration of renal replacement therapy; serum bilirubin; time to liberation from mechanical ventilation; 28-day, hospital, 3 and 6 month survival; ICU and hospital length-of-stay; and days free from catecholamine therapy. Blood and urine samples will be collected on the day of inclusion, at 24 hours, and on days 4 and 6 post-inclusion for investigation of the mechanisms by which levosimendan might improve organ function. Eighty patients will have additional blood samples taken to measure levels of levosimendan and its active metabolites OR-1896 and OR-1855. A total of 516 patients will be recruited from approximately 25 ICUs in the United Kingdom. DISCUSSION This trial will test the efficacy of levosimendan to reduce acute organ dysfunction in adult patients who have septic shock and evaluate its biological mechanisms of action. TRIAL REGISTRATION Current controlled trials ISRCTN12776039 (19 September 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M L’E Orme
- Department of Critical Care, Cheltenham General Hospital, Sandford Road, Cheltenham GL53 7AN, UK
| | - Gavin D Perkins
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Daniel F McAuley
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queens University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Kathleen D Liu
- Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, University of California, 521 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0532, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexina J Mason
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Andrea Morelli
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Deborah Ashby
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Anthony C Gordon
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK
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Nieminen M, Altenberger J, Ben-Gal T, Böhmer A, Comin-Colet J, Dickstein K, Édes I, Fedele F, Fonseca C, García-González M, Giannakoulas G, Iakobishvili Z, Jääskeläinen P, Karavidas A, Kettner J, Kivikko M, Lund L, Matskeplishvili S, Metra M, Morandi F, Oliva F, Parkhomenko A, Parissis J, Pollesello P, Pölzl G, Schwinger R, Segovia J, Seidel M, Vrtovec B, Wikström G. Repetitive use of levosimendan for treatment of chronic advanced heart failure: Clinical evidence, practical considerations, and perspectives: An expert panel consensus. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174:360-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Inotropic Support in the Treatment of Septic Myocardial Dysfunction: Pathophysiological Implications Supporting the Use of Levosimendan. ANNUAL UPDATE IN INTENSIVE CARE AND EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2014 2014. [PMCID: PMC7176156 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03746-2_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial dysfunction is a frequent organ manifestation during septic shock and the subsequent impairment in cardiac output may result in organ hypoperfusion, requiring prompt and adequate treatment to restore cardiovascular function and reverse shock [1]. Current sepsis guidelines recommend resuscitation with intravascular fluid administration in association with inotropes and vasopressors to maintain organ perfusion [2]. Dobutamine is recommended as first-line inotropic agent and should be administered when low cardiac output or signs of hypoperfusion persist after adequate fluid resuscitation and perfusion pressure have been achieved [2]. However, the efficacy of dobutamine in patients with heart failure has not been fully demonstrated and concerns on its use are still present [3]. Although dobutamine improves perfusion and increases oxygen delivery (DO2), its impact on survival in septic shock patients is limited, with guideline recommendations based mainly on the landmark study by Rivers et al. [4]. Recently, Wilkman et al. [5] reported that the use of inotropes, particularly dobutamine, in septic shock was associated with increased 90-day mortality. In explaining the lack of outcome benefit [3, 5], several aspects need to be taken into account. First, the need of inotropic support may simply represent an expression of disease severity rather than the cause of a poor outcome. Second, whereas the treatment of impaired cardiac output should be tailored based on the etiological mechanism of the cardiovascular dysfunction, the current guidelines recommend the use of inotropes without differentiating the underlying causes of impaired left ventricular (LV) stroke volume [2, 6]. In addition, the majority of cardiovascular monitoring instruments provide data almost exclusively on cardiac output and pressures. This approach may potentially increase the number of patients who may be harmed by inotrope administration (Fig. 1). Finally, the beneficial short-term effect of enhanced contractility by cAMP-increasing drugs (e. g., dobutamine, milrinone) is, at least partly, abolished by the increased energy consumption, the worsening of ventricular relaxation and the direct cardiomyocyte toxicity [1, 7–10].
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Yilmaz MB, Grossini E, Silva Cardoso JC, Édes I, Fedele F, Pollesello P, Kivikko M, Harjola VP, Hasslacher J, Mebazaa A, Morelli A, le Noble J, Oldner A, Oulego Erroz I, Parissis JT, Parkhomenko A, Poelzl G, Rehberg S, Ricksten SE, Rodríguez Fernández LM, Salmenperä M, Singer M, Treskatsch S, Vrtovec B, Wikström G. Renal effects of levosimendan: a consensus report. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2013; 27:581-90. [PMID: 23929366 PMCID: PMC3830192 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-013-6485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Renal dysfunction is common in clinical settings in which cardiac function is compromised such as heart failure, cardiac surgery or sepsis, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Levosimendan is a calcium sensitizer and potassium channel opener used in the treatment of acute heart failure. This review describes the effects of the inodilator levosimendan on renal function. A panel of 25 scientists and clinicians from 15 European countries (Austria, Finland, France, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and Ukraine) convened and reached a consensus on the current interpretation of the renal effects of levosimendan described both in non-clinical research and in clinical study reports. Most reports on the effect of levosimendan indicate an improvement of renal function in heart failure, sepsis and cardiac surgery settings. However, caution should be applied as study designs differed from randomized, controlled studies to uncontrolled ones. Importantly, in the largest HF study (REVIVE I and II) no significant changes in the renal function were detected. As it regards the mechanism of action, the opening of mitochondrial KATP channels by levosimendan is involved through a preconditioning effect. There is a strong rationale for randomized controlled trials seeking beneficial renal effects of levosimendan. As an example, a study is shortly to commence to assess the role of levosimendan for the prevention of acute organ dysfunction in sepsis (LeoPARDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet B. Yilmaz
- Department of Cardiology, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Elena Grossini
- Laboratorio di Fisiologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Piemonte, Italy
| | - José C. Silva Cardoso
- Faculdade de Medicina, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - István Édes
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Francesco Fedele
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrological, and Geriatric Sciences, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Matti Kivikko
- Cardiology and Critical Care, Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Harjola
- Departments of Cardiology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Hasslacher
- Internistische Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandre Mebazaa
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, INSERM UMR 942, Lariboisière Hospital, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Morelli
- Department of Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nephrological, and Geriatric Sciences, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jos le Noble
- Department of Intensive Care, VieCuri Medical Center, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Anders Oldner
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Section of Anaesthesiology & Intensive CareMedicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ignacio Oulego Erroz
- Department of Pediatrics, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
| | | | | | - Gerhard Poelzl
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Rehberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Sven-Erik Ricksten
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Markku Salmenperä
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sascha Treskatsch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bojan Vrtovec
- Advanced Heart Failure and Transplantation Center, Department of Cardiology, Ljubljana University Medical Center, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abrogation of lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 attenuates acute myocardial ischemia-induced renal dysfunction by modulating systemic and local inflammation. Kidney Int 2013; 82:436-44. [PMID: 22673889 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It is assumed that acute myocardial infarction affects renal function. To study the mechanism, we used mice following permanent ligation of their left coronary artery that results in extensive myocardial infarction. Soon after ligation, there was a marked rise in circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and malondialdehyde (thiobarbituric acid-positive evidence of lipid peroxidation). Renal function had significantly declined by the third day in association with mild fibrosis, and swelling of glomeruli and tubules. There was a significant increase in the expression of the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1), interelukin-1β, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in the kidney. Renal function showed some recovery by Day 21; however, there was progressive fibrosis of the kidneys. LOX-1 knockout mice had significantly diminished increases in systemic and renal pro-inflammatory cytokines, malondialdehyde, structural alterations, and decline in renal function than the wild-type mice following ligation of the left coronary artery. Cardiac function and survival rates were also significantly better in the LOX-1 knockout mice than in the wild-type mice. Hence, severe myocardial ischemia results in renal dysfunction and histological abnormalities suggestive of acute renal injury. Thus, LOX-1 is a key modulator among multiple mechanisms underlying renal dysfunction following extensive myocardial infarction.
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Hall R. Identification of Inflammatory Mediators and Their Modulation by Strategies for the Management of the Systemic Inflammatory Response During Cardiac Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2013; 27:983-1033. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Polat B, Albayrak A, Halici Z, Karakus E, Bayir Y, Demirci E, Cadirci E, Odaci E, Yayla M, Atamanalp SS. The Effect of Levosimendan in Rat Mesenteric Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J INVEST SURG 2013; 26:325-33. [PMID: 23957729 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2013.806615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Renò F, Carniato F, Rizzi M, Olivero F, Pittarella P, Marchese L. Flow cytometry evidence of human granulocytes interaction with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes: effect of nanoparticle charge. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:185101. [PMID: 23574975 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/18/185101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) entering the human body are immediately confronted with the innate part of human immune system. In particular, monocyte and neutrophil granulocytes readily clear particles by phagocytosis, even if in the case of NPs the uptake mechanism may be classified as macropinocytosis. Among engineered nanoparticles, in the last years, siliceous materials have emerged as promising materials for several applications ranging from catalysis to biomedical. The polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) are nanodimensional, easily synthesizable molecular compounds and POSS-based systems are promising carriers for biological molecules. In this work, the ability of human granulocytes to uptake positively and negatively charged POSS was measured using a simple flow cytometry analysis based on cell size modifications. The data obtained showed that after a 30 min exposure only positive NPs were uptaken by human granulocyte using both macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated mechanisms as demonstrated by uptake inhibition mediated by amiloride and chlorpromazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Renò
- Innovative Research Laboratory for Wound Healing, Health Sciences Department, University of Eastern Piedmont A. Avogadro, via Solaroli, 17 I-28100 Novara, Italy.
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Aydin C, Ay Y, Basel H, Kavak S, İnan B, Bektaş H, Gümrükçüoğlu HA, Ekim H, Demir H. Analysis of the Influences of Short-Term Levosimendan Exposure on Oxidant/Antioxidant Status and Trace-Element Levels in the Physiological Status of the Thoracic Aorta of Rats. J Membr Biol 2012; 245:827-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-012-9489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Başel H, Kavak S, Demir H, Meral I, Ekim H, Bektaş H. Effect of levosimendan injection on oxidative stress of rat myocardium. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:435-40. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233712436643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of levosimendan injection on lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant glutathione (GSH) levels, and activities of antioxidant enzymes in myocardium of rats. Twenty male Wistar-albino rats were divided randomly into 2 study groups, each consisting of 10 rats. The animals in the first group were not treated with drug and served as control. It was found that the MDA and GSH levels decreased in levosimendan injected group. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and carbonic anhydrase enzyme activities were lower in levosimendan injected group than controls. It was concluded that lower tissue free radical level caused by levosimendan injection led to a lower antioxidant enzymes synthesis in the body and a decrease in the antioxidant enzyme activity and free radical scavenger level in myocardium of rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Başel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Bezmi Alem Foundation University Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Servet Kavak
- Department of Biophysics, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Halit Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Ismail Meral
- Department of Physiology, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ekim
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Hava Bektaş
- Department of Biophysics, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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Yilmaz MB, Mebazaa A. In vivo and in vitro evidence for pleiotropic effects of levosimendan in the intensive care setting. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2011; 15:182. [PMID: 21892973 PMCID: PMC3387604 DOI: 10.1186/cc10308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Levosimendan, in addition to its inotropic properties, could have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties, and can potentially decrease the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species on the tissues. In their study, Hasslacher and colleagues provided not only in vitro but also in vivo evidence that levosimendan could preserve organ function in acute heart failure and septic-shock-induced myocardial depression via cooling down the oxidative burst of circulating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Birhan Yilmaz
- Department of Cardiology, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
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