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Pichon F, Shen Y, Busato F, P Jochems S, Jacquelin B, Grand RL, Deleuze JF, Müller-Trutwin M, Tost J. Analysis and annotation of DNA methylation in two nonhuman primate species using the Infinium Human Methylation 450K and EPIC BeadChips. Epigenomics 2021; 13:169-186. [PMID: 33471557 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Nonhuman primates are essential for research on many human diseases. The Infinium Human Methylation450/EPIC BeadChips are popular tools for the study of the methylation state across the human genome at affordable cost. Methods: We performed a precise evaluation and re-annotation of the BeadChip probes for the analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in rhesus macaques and African green monkeys through in silico analyses combined with functional validation by pyrosequencing. Results: Up to 165,847 of the 450K and 261,545 probes of the EPIC BeadChip can be reliably used. The annotation files are provided in a format compatible with a variety of standard bioinformatic pipelines. Conclusion: Our study will facilitate high-throughput DNA methylation analyses in Macaca mulatta and Chlorocebus sabaeus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Pichon
- Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Yimin Shen
- Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France.,Laboratory for Bioinformatics, Fondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Florence Busato
- Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Simon P Jochems
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation & Persistence Unit, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jean-Francois Deleuze
- Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France.,Laboratory for Bioinformatics, Fondation Jean Dausset - Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, 75010 Paris, France
| | | | - Jörg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
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Sircar G, Saha B, Bhattacharya SG, Saha S. Allergic asthma biomarkers using systems approaches. Front Genet 2014; 4:308. [PMID: 24409194 PMCID: PMC3884215 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by lung inflammation caused by complex interaction between the immune system and environmental factors such as allergens and inorganic pollutants. Recent research in this field is focused on discovering new biomarkers associated with asthma pathogenesis. This review illustrates updated research associating biomarkers of allergic asthma and their potential use in systems biology of the disease. We focus on biomolecules with altered expression, which may serve as inflammatory, diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers of asthma discovered in human or experimental asthma model using genomic, proteomic and epigenomic approaches for gene and protein expression profiling. These include high-throughput technologies such as state of the art microarray and proteomics Mass Spectrometry (MS) platforms. Emerging concepts of molecular interactions and pathways may provide new insights in searching potential clinical biomarkers. We summarized certain pathways with significant linkage to asthma pathophysiology by analyzing the compiled biomarkers. Systems approaches with this data can identify the regulating networks, which will eventually identify the key biomarkers to be used for diagnostics and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurab Sircar
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute Kolkata, India
| | | | | | - Sudipto Saha
- Bioinformatics Center, Bose Institute Kolkata, India
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3
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Abstract
Asthma has a high prevalence worldwide, and contributes significantly to the socioeconomic burden. According to a classical paradigm, asthma symptoms are attributable to an allergic, Th2-driven airway inflammation that causes airway hyperresponsiveness and results in reversible airway obstruction. Diagnosis and therapy are based mainly on these pathophysiologic concepts. However, these have increasingly been challenged by findings of recent studies, and the frequently observed failure in controlling asthma symptoms. Important recent findings are the protective "farm effect" in children, the possible prenatal mechanisms of this protection, the recognition of many different asthma phenotypes in children and adults, and the partly disappointing clinical effects of new targeted therapeutic approaches. Systems biology approaches may lead to a more comprehensive view of asthma pathophysiology and a higher success rate of new therapies. Systems biology integrates clinical and experimental data by means of bioinformatics and mathematical modeling. In general, the "-omics" approach, and the "mathematical modeling" approach can be described. Recently, several consortia have been attempting to bring together clinical and molecular data from large asthma cohorts, using novel experimental setups, biostatistics, bioinformatics, and mathematical modeling. This "systems medicine" approach to asthma will help address the different asthma phenotypes with adequate therapy and possibly preventive strategies.
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4
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Gavala ML, Kelly EAB, Esnault S, Kukreja S, Evans MD, Bertics PJ, Chupp GL, Jarjour NN. Segmental allergen challenge enhances chitinase activity and levels of CCL18 in mild atopic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:187-97. [PMID: 23331560 PMCID: PMC3623278 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic airway inflammation contributes to the airway remodelling that has been linked to increased obstruction and morbidity in asthma. However, the mechanisms by which allergens contribute to airway remodelling in humans are not fully established. CCL18, chitotriosidase (CHIT1) and YKL-40 are readily detectable in the lungs and contribute to remodelling in other fibrotic diseases, but their involvement in allergic asthma is unclear. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that CCL18, YKL-40 and CHIT1 bioactivity are enhanced in allergic asthma subjects after segmental allergen challenge and are related to increased pro-fibrotic and Th2-associated mediators in the lungs. METHODS Levels of CCL18 and YKL-40 protein and chitotriosidase (CHIT1) bioactivity in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, as well as CCL18, YKL-40 and CHIT1 mRNA levels in BAL cells were evaluated in patients with asthma at baseline and 48 h after segmental allergen challenge. We also examined the correlation between CCL18 and YKL-40 levels and CHIT1 activity with the levels of other pro-fibrotic factors and chemokines previously shown to be up-regulated after allergen challenge. RESULTS Chitotriosidase activity and YKL-40 and CCL18 levels were elevated after segmental allergen challenge and these levels correlated with those of other pro-fibrotic factors, T cell chemokines, and inflammatory cells after allergen challenge. CCL18 and YKL-40 mRNA levels also increased in BAL cells after allergen challenge. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our results suggest that CCL18 and YKL-40 levels and CHIT1 activity are enhanced in allergic airway inflammation and thus may contribute to airway remodelling in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Gavala
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. B. Kelly
- Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Stephane Esnault
- Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Sandeep Kukreja
- Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Michael D Evans
- Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Paul J Bertics
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Geoffrey L Chupp
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nizar N Jarjour
- Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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5
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Al-Mahrouki AA, Karshafian R, Giles A, Czarnota GJ. Bioeffects of ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles on endothelial cells: gene expression changes associated with radiation enhancement in vitro. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2012; 38:1958-1969. [PMID: 22980406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound can be used to target endothelial cells in cancer therapy where the destruction of vasculature leads to tumor cell death. Here, we demonstrate ultrasound bioeffects in which the levels of genes in endothelial cells can be significantly altered by ultrasound-stimulated microbubble exposure. These were compared with established effects of radiation on endothelial cells at a gene level. Human-endothelial cells were exposed to ultrasound and microbubbles, radiation or combinations of ultrasound, microbubbles and radiation. Gene expression analyses revealed an up-regulation of genes known to be involved in apoptosis and ceramide-induced apoptotic pathways, including SMPD2, UGT8, COX6B1, Caspase 9 and MAP2K1 with ultrasound-stimulated microbubble exposure but not SMPD1. This was supported by immunohistochemistry and morphologic changes examined with cell microscopy, which showed changes in SMPD1 gene product in cells with microbubble exposure. This supports the hypothesis that ultrasound-stimulated microbubbles can induce significant bioeffect-related changes in gene expression and can affect ceramide signaling pathways in endothelial cells, leading to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A Al-Mahrouki
- Radiation Oncology and Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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How can microarrays unlock asthma? J Allergy (Cairo) 2012; 2012:241314. [PMID: 22500180 PMCID: PMC3303677 DOI: 10.1155/2012/241314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex disease regulated by the interplay of a large number of underlying mechanisms which contribute to the overall pathology. Despite various breakthroughs identifying genes related to asthma, our understanding of the importance of the genetic background remains limited. Although current therapies for asthma are relatively effective, subpopulations of asthmatics do not respond to these regimens. By unlocking the role of these underlying mechanisms, a source of novel and more effective treatments may be identified. In the new age of high-throughput technologies, gene-expression microarrays provide a quick and effective method of identifying novel genes and pathways, which would be impossible to discover using an individual gene screening approach. In this review we follow the history of expression microarray technologies and describe their contributions to advancing our current knowledge and understanding of asthma pathology.
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7
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Annamalai T, Selvaraj RK. Interleukin 4 increases CCR9 expression and homing of lymphocytes to gut-associated lymphoid tissue in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:257-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease in which exposure to allergens causes intermittent attacks of breathlessness, airway hyper-reactivity, wheezing, and coughing. Allergic asthma has been called a "syndrome" resulting from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Worldwide, >300 million individuals are affected by this disease, and in the United States alone, it is estimated that >35 million people, mostly children, suffer from asthma. Although animal models, linkage analyses, and genome-wide association studies have identified numerous candidate genes, a solid definition of allergic asthma has not yet emerged; however, such studies have contributed to our understanding of the multiple pathways to this syndrome. In contrast with animal models, in which T-helper 2 (T(H)2) cell response is the dominant feature, in human asthma, an initial exposure to allergen results in T(H)2 cell-dependent stimulation of the immune response that mediates the production of IgE and cytokines. Re-exposure to allergen then activates mast cells, which release mediators such as histamines and leukotrienes that recruit other cells, including T(H)2 cells, which mediate the inflammatory response in the lungs. In this minireview, we discuss the current understanding of how associated genetic and environmental factors increase the complexity of allergic asthma and the challenges allergic asthma poses for the development of novel approaches to effective treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil B Mukherjee
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830, USA.
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9
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Abbas AR, Jackman JK, Bullens SL, Davis SM, Choy DF, Fedorowicz G, Tan M, Truong BT, Gloria Meng Y, Diehl L, Miller LA, Schelegle ES, Hyde DM, Clark HF, Modrusan Z, Arron JR, Wu LC. Lung gene expression in a rhesus allergic asthma model correlates with physiologic parameters of disease and exhibits common and distinct pathways with human asthma and a mouse asthma model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1667-80. [PMID: 21819959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Experimental nonhuman primate models of asthma exhibit multiple features that are characteristic of an eosinophilic/T helper 2 (Th2)-high asthma subtype, characterized by the increased expression of Th2 cytokines and responsive genes, in humans. Here, we determine the molecular pathways that are present in a house dust mite-induced rhesus asthma model by analyzing the genomewide lung gene expression profile of the rhesus model and comparing it with that of human Th2-high asthma. We find that a prespecified human Th2 inflammation gene set from human Th2-high asthma is also present in rhesus asthma and that the expression of the genes comprising this gene set is positively correlated in human and rhesus asthma. In addition, as in human Th2-high asthma, the Th2 gene set correlates with physiologic markers of allergic inflammation and disease in rhesus asthma. Comparison of lung gene expression profiles from human Th2-high asthma, the rhesus asthma model, and a common mouse asthma model indicates that genes associated with Th2 inflammation are shared by all three species. However, some pathophysiologic aspects of human asthma (ie, subepithelial fibrosis, angiogenesis, neural biology, and immune host defense biology) are better represented in the gene expression profile of the rhesus model than in the mouse model. Further study of the rhesus asthma model may yield novel insights into the pathogenesis of human Th2-high asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Abbas
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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10
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Wu W, Kaminski N. Chronic lung diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 1:298-308. [PMID: 20835999 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases often have high morbidity and mortality rate and have posed a serious threat to human health. The incidence of many chronic lung diseases such as asthma has been on the rise in the past decade, which causes serious economic burden. Despite many efforts which employed traditional experimental approaches to elucidate the mechanisms of the diseases have been made, little is known about the pathogenesis of complex lung diseases. Systems biology approaches which aim to integrate and analyze information gathered from multiple sources offer a great opportunity to examine complex human diseases from a new angle. Many attempts have been made using high-throughput technologies such as microarrays to study chronic lung diseases; although compared with the full-fledged systems biology approach, research strategies employed in most of these investigations still have much room to improve, promising findings have already emerged from these efforts, which demonstrates the potential of implementing systems biology in pulmonary biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Baum P, Schmid R, Ittrich C, Rust W, Fundel-Clemens K, Siewert S, Baur M, Mara L, Gruenbaum L, Heckel A, Eils R, Kontermann RE, Roth GJ, Gantner F, Schnapp A, Park JE, Weith A, Quast K, Mennerich D. Phenocopy--a strategy to qualify chemical compounds during hit-to-lead and/or lead optimization. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14272. [PMID: 21170314 PMCID: PMC3000806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A phenocopy is defined as an environmentally induced phenotype of one individual which is identical to the genotype-determined phenotype of another individual. The phenocopy phenomenon has been translated to the drug discovery process as phenotypes produced by the treatment of biological systems with new chemical entities (NCE) may resemble environmentally induced phenotypic modifications. Various new chemical entities exerting inhibition of the kinase activity of Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor I (TGF-βR1) were qualified by high-throughput RNA expression profiling. This chemical genomics approach resulted in a precise time-dependent insight to the TGF-β biology and allowed furthermore a comprehensive analysis of each NCE's off-target effects. The evaluation of off-target effects by the phenocopy approach allows a more accurate and integrated view on optimized compounds, supplementing classical biological evaluation parameters such as potency and selectivity. It has therefore the potential to become a novel method for ranking compounds during various drug discovery phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Baum
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Ramona Schmid
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Carina Ittrich
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Werner Rust
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Siewert
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Martin Baur
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Lisa Mara
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lore Gruenbaum
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Armin Heckel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology/BIOQUANT, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland E. Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gerald J. Roth
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Florian Gantner
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Andreas Schnapp
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - John E. Park
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Andreas Weith
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Karsten Quast
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Detlev Mennerich
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Plager DA, Kahl JC, Asmann YW, Nilson AE, Pallanch JF, Friedman O, Kita H. Gene transcription changes in asthmatic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and comparison to those in atopic dermatitis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11450. [PMID: 20625511 PMCID: PMC2897889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asthmatic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (aCRSwNP) is a common disruptive eosinophilic disease without effective medical treatment. Therefore, we sought to identify gene expression changes, particularly those occurring early, in aCRSwNP. To highlight expression changes associated with eosinophilic epithelial inflammation, we further compared the changes in aCRSwNP with those in a second eosinophilic epithelial disease, atopic dermatitis (AD), which is also closely related to asthma. Methods/Principal Findings Genome-wide mRNA levels measured by exon array in both nasosinus inflamed mucosa and adjacent polyp from 11 aCRSwNP patients were compared to those in nasosinus tissue from 17 normal or rhinitis subjects without polyps. Differential expression of selected genes was confirmed by qRT-PCR or immunoassay, and transcription changes common to AD were identified. Comparison of aCRSwNP inflamed mucosa and polyp to normal/rhinitis tissue identified 447 differentially transcribed genes at ≥2 fold-change and adjusted p-value<0.05. These included increased transcription of chemokines localized to chromosome 17q11.2 (CCL13, CCL2, CCL8, and CCL11) that favor eosinophil and monocyte chemotaxis and chemokines (CCL18, CCL22, and CXCL13) that alternatively-activated monocyte-derived cells have been shown to produce. Additional transcription changes likely associated with Th2-like eosinophilic inflammation were prominent and included increased IL1RL1 (IL33 receptor) and EMR1&3 and decreased CRISP2&3. A down-regulated PDGFB-centric network involving several smooth muscle-associated genes was also implicated. Genes at 17q11.2, genes associated with alternative activation or smooth muscle, and the IL1RL1 gene were also differentially transcribed in AD. Conclusions/Significance Our data implicate several genes or gene sets in aCRSwNP and eosinophilic epithelial inflammation, some that likely act in the earlier stages of inflammation. The identified gene expression changes provide additional diagnostic and therapeutic targets for aCRSwNP and other eosinophilic epithelial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Plager
- Allergic Diseases Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America.
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Ohnuki T, Nakamura A, Okuyama S, Nakamura S. Gene expression profiling in progressively MPTP-lesioned macaques reveals molecular pathways associated with sporadic Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2010; 1346:26-42. [PMID: 20513370 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. To gain an insight into the mechanisms underlying the progression of PD, gene expression analysis was performed using two different brain regions, the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) and the striatum (STR), of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned monkey model of PD. 230 genes were differentially expressed in the MPTP-treated SN compared to control, whereas 452 genes showed altered expression in the MPTP-treated STR, implying that MPTP elicits more damages in the striatal gene expression than in the SN. Comparative data analysis of the transcription profiles on the PD patients and MPTP monkey models, and pathway analysis indicated several signaling pathways as possible routes to MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. Interestingly, the networks which associated with cytoskeletal stability, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and Wnt signaling gained prominence in our study. Further transcriptional regulatory network analysis suggested the association of the neuronal repressor REST (RE1-silencing transcription factor; NRSF) and androgen receptor with the dysregulation of the striatal genes. Our study suggests the possibility that the dysfunction of multi-network signaling may induce abnormalities in a diverse range of biological processes, such as synaptic function, cytoskeletal stability, survival and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ohnuki
- Molecular Function and Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, 331-9530, Japan.
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Lee CG, Elias JA. Role of breast regression protein-39/YKL-40 in asthma and allergic responses. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2009; 2:20-7. [PMID: 20224674 PMCID: PMC2831605 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2010.2.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BRP-39 and its human homolog YKL-40 have been regarded as a prototype of chitinase-like proteins (CLP) in mammals. Exaggerated levels of YKL-40 protein and/or mRNA have been noted in a number of diseases characterized by inflammation, tissue remodeling, and aberrant cell growth. Asthma is an inflammatory disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and airway remodeling. Recently, the novel regulatory role of BRP-39/YKL-40 in the pathogenesis of asthma has been demonstrated both in human studies and allergic animal models. The levels of YKL-40 are increased in the circulation and lungs from asthmatics where they correlate with disease severity, and CHI3L1 polymorphisms correlate with serum YKL-40 levels, asthma and abnormal lung function. Animal studies using BRP-39 null mutant mice demonstrated that BRP-39 was required for optimal allergen sensitization and Th2 inflammation. These studies suggest the potential use of BRP-39 as a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target for asthma and other allergic diseases. Here, we present an overview of chitin/chitinase biology and summarize recent findings on the role of BRP-39 in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Geun Lee
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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15
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Kato A, Chustz RT, Ogasawara T, Kulka M, Saito H, Schleimer RP, Matsumoto K. Dexamethasone and FK506 inhibit expression of distinct subsets of chemokines in human mast cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7233-43. [PMID: 19454720 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells produce a large amount of several chemokines after cross-linking of FcepsilonRI and participate in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The objective of this study was to comprehensively investigate FcepsilonRI-mediated chemokine induction in human mast cells and the effect of a corticosteroid (dexamethasone) and a calcineurin inhibitor (FK506). Human peripheral blood-derived mast cells were stimulated with anti-IgE Ab in the presence of dexamethasone or FK506. Gene expression profiles were evaluated using GeneChip and confirmed by real-time PCR, and chemokine concentrations were measured by cytometric bead arrays and ELISA. Expression of eight chemokines was significantly induced in mast cells by anti-IgE stimulation. Induction of CCL2, CCL7, CXCL3, and CXCL8 by anti-IgE was significantly inhibited by dexamethasone but was enhanced by FK506. In contrast, induction of CCL1, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL18 was significantly inhibited by FK506 but, with the exception of CCL1, was enhanced by dexamethasone. Combination of dexamethasone and FK506 suppressed production of all chemokines by anti-IgE stimulation. Studies using protease inhibitors indicate that mast cell proteases may degrade several of the chemokines. These results suggest that corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors inhibit expression of distinct subsets of chemokines, and a combination of these drugs almost completely suppresses the induction of all chemokine genes in human mast cells in response to FcepsilonRI-dependent stimulation. This implies that a combination of a corticosteroid and a calcineurin inhibitor may be more effective than each single agent for the treatment of allergic diseases in which mast cell-derived chemokines play a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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16
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Kinetics of asthma- and allergy-associated immune response gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinated infants after in vitro re-stimulation with vaccine antigen. Vaccine 2008; 26:1725-30. [PMID: 18336961 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The global expression of immune response genes in infants after vaccination and their role in asthma and allergy is not clearly understood. Pharmacogenomics is ideally suited to study the involved cellular responses, since the expression of thousands of genes can be assessed simultaneously. Here, array technology was used to assess the expression kinetics of immune response genes with association to asthma and allergy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of five healthy infants after vaccination with Infanrix-Polio+Hib. At 12h after in vitro re-stimulation of the PBMC with pertussis toxin (PT) antigen, 14 immune response pathways, 33 allergy-related and 66 asthma-related genes were found activated.
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17
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Jain VV, Perkins DL, Finn PW. Costimulation and allergic responses: immune and bioinformatic analyses. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 117:385-92. [PMID: 18280573 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex polygenic disease, the prevalence of which has been on the rise for last few decades. Defining the underpinnings of allergic immune responses and the factors predisposing to asthma are fundamental investigative challenges. T cell costimulatory pathways play critical roles in the pathogenesis of asthma. In this review, we analyze the current state of the art of T cell costimulation in allergic airway inflammation. Also, we discuss both immune and bioinformatic approaches as potential strategies for analyzing multiple costimulatory pathways relevant to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul V Jain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, United States.
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18
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Lewis CC, Yang JYH, Huang X, Banerjee SK, Blackburn MR, Baluk P, McDonald DM, Blackwell TS, Nagabhushanam V, Peters W, Voehringer D, Erle DJ. Disease-specific gene expression profiling in multiple models of lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 177:376-87. [PMID: 18029791 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200702-333oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Microarray technology is widely employed for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying complex diseases. However, analyses of individual diseases or models of diseases frequently yield extensive lists of differentially expressed genes with uncertain relationships to disease pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES To compare gene expression changes in a heterogeneous set of lung disease models in order to identify common gene expression changes seen in diverse forms of lung pathology, as well as relatively small subsets of genes likely to be involved in specific pathophysiological processes. METHODS We profiled lung gene expression in 12 mouse models of infection, allergy, and lung injury. A linear model was used to estimate transcript expression changes for each model, and hierarchical clustering was used to compare expression patterns between models. Selected expression changes were verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A total of 24 transcripts, including many involved in inflammation and immune activation, were differentially expressed in a substantial majority (9 or more) of the models. Expression patterns distinguished three groups of models: (1) bacterial infection (n = 5), with changes in 89 transcripts, including many related to nuclear factor-kappaB signaling, cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors; (2) bleomycin-induced diseases (n = 2), with changes in 53 transcripts, including many related to matrix remodeling and Wnt signaling; and (3) T helper cell type 2 (allergic) inflammation (n = 5), with changes in 26 transcripts, including many encoding epithelial secreted molecules, ion channels, and transporters. CONCLUSIONS This multimodel dataset highlights novel genes likely involved in various pathophysiological processes and will be a valuable resource for the investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying lung disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Lewis
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center/Division of Immunobiology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7038, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airways disease, with a rising prevalence, particularly in childhood, and is considered an important public health problem. Its familial transmission is recognised, while the description and identification of the genes implicated in this disease are a challenge. In this revision paper the authors give a comprehensive explanation of the associated genes as well as the laboratorial methods that allow their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alexandra Videira
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria no. 130, 1169-056 Lisbon
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20
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Pochetuhen K, Luzina IG, Lockatell V, Choi J, Todd NW, Atamas SP. Complex regulation of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by CCL18. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:428-37. [PMID: 17569779 PMCID: PMC1934523 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevated pulmonary levels of CCL18 have been associated with influx of T lymphocytes, collagen accumulation, and a decline in lung function in pulmonary fibrosis patients. We previously reported that overexpression of CCL18 in mouse lungs triggers selective infiltration of T lymphocytes and moderate lymphocyte-dependent collagen accumulation. We hypothesized that in combination with bleomycin injury, overexpression of CCL18 will worsen the severity of lung inflammation and fibrosis. Mice were infected with a replication-deficient adenovirus encoding CCL18 and then instilled with bleomycin; control mice were challenged with either CCL18 overexpression or bleomycin. Additive effects of CCL18 overexpression and bleomycin injury were observed on pulmonary inflammation, particularly on T-cell infiltration, and increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9. Despite the additive effect on inflammation, CCL18 overexpression unexpectedly attenuated the bleomycin-induced collagen accumulation. Pulmonary levels of active transforming growth factor-beta1 mirrored the changes in collagen levels. Depletion of T cells with antilymphocyte serum or pharmacological inhibition of MMPs with GM6001 abrogated accumulation of collagen and increases in the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and active transforming growth factor-beta1. Thus, CCL18-stimulated T-lymphocytic infiltration is by itself mildly profibrotic to a healthy lung, whereas it partially protects against lung fibrosis in an inflammatory profibrotic pulmonary milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerill Pochetuhen
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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21
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Bree A, Schlerman FJ, Wadanoli M, Tchistiakova L, Marquette K, Tan XY, Jacobson BA, Widom A, Cook TA, Wood N, Vunnum S, Krykbaev R, Xu X, Donaldson DD, Goldman SJ, Sypek J, Kasaian MT. IL-13 blockade reduces lung inflammation after Ascaris suum challenge in cynomolgus monkeys. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1251-7. [PMID: 17379289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway inflammation is a hallmark feature of asthma and a driver of airway hyperresponsiveness. IL-13 is a key inducer of airway inflammation in rodent models of respiratory disease, but a role for IL-13 has not been demonstrated in primates. OBJECTIVE We sought to test the efficacy of a neutralizing antibody to human IL-13 in a cynomolgus monkey model of lung inflammation. METHODS Using cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) that are sensitized to Ascaris suum through natural exposure, we developed a reproducible model of acute airway inflammation after segmental A suum antigen challenge. This model was used to test the in vivo efficacy of mAb13.2, a mouse mAb directed against human IL-13, and IMA-638, the humanized counterpart of mAb13.2. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and BAL fluid were collected before and after antigen challenge and assayed for cellular content by means of differential count. RESULTS Total BAL cell count, eosinophil number, and neutrophil number were all reduced in animals treated with mAb13.2 or IMA-638 compared with values in control animals that were untreated, given saline, or treated with human IgG of irrelevant specificity. In addition, levels of eotaxin and RANTES in BAL fluid were reduced in anti-IL-13-treated animals compared with levels seen in control animals. CONCLUSION These findings support a role for IL-13 in maintaining lung inflammation in response to allergen challenge in nonhuman primates. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS IL-13 neutralization with a specific antibody could be a useful therapeutic strategy for asthma.
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22
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Prasse A, Germann M, Pechkovsky DV, Markert A, Verres T, Stahl M, Melchers I, Luttmann W, Müller-Quernheim J, Zissel G. IL-10–producing monocytes differentiate to alternatively activated macrophages and are increased in atopic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:464-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2006] [Revised: 09/10/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Wallace JC, Korth MJ, Paeper B, Proll SC, Thomas MJ, Magness CL, Iadonato SP, Nelson C, Katze MG. High-density rhesus macaque oligonucleotide microarray design using early-stage rhesus genome sequence information and human genome annotations. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:28. [PMID: 17244361 PMCID: PMC1790710 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Until recently, few genomic reagents specific for non-human primate research have been available. To address this need, we have constructed a macaque-specific high-density oligonucleotide microarray by using highly fragmented low-pass sequence contigs from the rhesus genome project together with the detailed sequence and exon structure of the human genome. Using this method, we designed oligonucleotide probes to over 17,000 distinct rhesus/human gene orthologs and increased by four-fold the number of available genes relative to our first-generation expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived array. Results We constructed a database containing 248,000 exon sequences from 23,000 human RefSeq genes and compared each human exon with its best matching sequence in the January 2005 version of the rhesus genome project list of 486,000 DNA contigs. Best matching rhesus exon sequences for each of the 23,000 human genes were then concatenated in the proper order and orientation to produce a rhesus "virtual transcriptome." Microarray probes were designed, one per gene, to the region closest to the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of each rhesus virtual transcript. Each probe was compared to a composite rhesus/human transcript database to test for cross-hybridization potential yielding a final probe set representing 18,296 rhesus/human gene orthologs, including transcript variants, and over 17,000 distinct genes. We hybridized mRNA from rhesus brain and spleen to both the EST- and genome-derived microarrays. Besides four-fold greater gene coverage, the genome-derived array also showed greater mean signal intensities for genes present on both arrays. Genome-derived probes showed 99.4% identity when compared to 4,767 rhesus GenBank sequence tag site (STS) sequences indicating that early stage low-pass versions of complex genomes are of sufficient quality to yield valuable functional genomic information when combined with finished genome information from a closely related species. Conclusion The number of different genes represented on microarrays for unfinished genomes can be greatly increased by matching known gene transcript annotations from a closely related species with sequence data from the unfinished genome. Signal intensity on both EST- and genome-derived arrays was highly correlated with probe distance from the 3' UTR, information often missing from ESTs yet present in early-stage genome projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Wallace
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA 98195-8070, USA
| | - Marcus J Korth
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA 98195-8070, USA
| | - Bryan Paeper
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA 98195-8070, USA
| | - Sean C Proll
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA 98195-8070, USA
| | - Matthew J Thomas
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA 98195-8070, USA
| | - Charles L Magness
- Illumigen Biosciences, Inc., 201 Elliott Ave. West, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
| | - Shawn P Iadonato
- Illumigen Biosciences, Inc., 201 Elliott Ave. West, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
| | - Charles Nelson
- Agilent Technologies, Inc., 395 Page Mill Rd. Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
| | - Michael G Katze
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA 98195-8070, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA 98195-8070, USA
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24
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Gladkevich A, Nelemans SA, Kauffman HF, Korf J. Microarray profiling of lymphocytes in internal diseases with an altered immune response: potential and methodology. Mediators Inflamm 2006; 2005:317-30. [PMID: 16489251 PMCID: PMC1323332 DOI: 10.1155/mi.2005.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently it has become possible to investigate
expression of all human genes with microarray technique. The
authors provide arguments to consider peripheral white blood cells
and in particular lymphocytes as a model for the investigation of
pathophysiology of asthma, RA, and SLE diseases in which
inflammation is a major component. Lymphocytes are an alternative
to tissue biopsies that are most often difficult to collect
systematically. Lymphocytes express more than 75% of the human
genome, and, being an important part of the immune system, they
play a central role in the pathogenesis of asthma, RA, and SLE.
Here we review alterations of gene expression in lymphocytes and
methodological aspects of the microarray technique in these
diseases. Lymphocytic genes may become activated because of a
general nonspecific versus disease-specific mechanism.
The authors suppose that in these diseases microarray profiles of
gene expression in lymphocytes can be disease specific, rather
than inflammation specific. Some potentials and pitfalls of the
array technologies are discussed. Optimal clinical designs aimed
to identify disease-specific genes are proposed. Lymphocytes can
be explored for research, diagnostic, and possible treatment
purposes in these diseases, but their precise
value should be clarified in future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy Gladkevich
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Wimmer A, Khaldoyanidi SK, Judex M, Serobyan N, Discipio RG, Schraufstatter IU. CCL18/PARC stimulates hematopoiesis in long-term bone marrow cultures indirectly through its effect on monocytes. Blood 2006; 108:3722-9. [PMID: 16888095 PMCID: PMC1895459 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-014399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play a role in regulating hematopoietic stem cell function, including migration, proliferation, and retention. We investigated the involvement of CCL18 in the regulation of bone marrow hematopoiesis. Treatment of human long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMCs) with CCL18 resulted in significant stimulation of hematopoiesis, as measured by the total number of hematopoietic cells and their committed progenitors produced in culture. Monocytes/macrophages, whose survival was almost doubled in the presence of CCL18 compared with controls, were the primary cells mediating this effect. Conditioned media from CCL18-treated mature monocytes fostered colony-promoting activity that increased the number of colonies formed by hematopoietic progenitor cells. Gene expression profiling of CCL18-stimulated monocytes demonstrated more than 200 differentially expressed genes, including those regulating apoptosis (caspase-8) and proliferation (IL-6, IL-15, stem cell factor [SCF]). Up-regulation of these cytokines was confirmed on the protein expression level. The contribution of SCF and IL-6 in CCL18-mediated stimulatory activity for hematopoiesis was confirmed by SCF- and IL-6-blocking antibodies that significantly inhibited the colony-promoting activity of CCL18-stimulated conditioned medium. In addition to the effect on monocytes, CCL18 facilitated the formation of the adherent layer in LTBMCs and increased the proliferation of stromal fibroblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Wimmer
- Division of Cancer Biology, Ste 100, La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, 4570 Executive Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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26
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Izuhara K, Saito H. Microarray-based identification of novel biomarkers in asthma. Allergol Int 2006; 55:361-7. [PMID: 17130677 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.55.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a complicated and diverse disorder affected by genetic and environmental factors. It is widely accepted that it is a Th2-type inflammation originating in lung and caused by inhalation of ubiquitous allergens. The complicated and diverse pathogenesis of this disease yet to be clarified. Functional genomics is the analysis of whole gene expression profiling under given condition, and microarray technology is now the most powerful tool for functional genomics. Several attempts to clarify the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma have been carried out using microarray technology, providing us some novel biomarkers for diagnosis, therapeutic targets or understanding pathogenic mechanisms of bronchial asthma. In this article, we review the outcomes of these analyses by the microarray approach as applied to this disease by focusing on the identification of novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Izuhara
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Center for Comprehensive Community Medicine, Saga Medical School, Japan
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27
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Norgren RB. Expression arrays for macaque monkeys. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Abstract
1. Microarrays, a recent development, provide a revolutionary platform to analyse thousands of genes at once. They have enormous potential in the study of biological processes in health and disease and, perhaps, microarrays have become crucial tools in diagnostic applications and drug discovery. 2. Microarray based studies have provided the essential impetus for biomedical experiments, such as identification of disease-causing genes in malignancies and regulatory genes in the cell cycle mechanism. Microarrays can identify genes for new and unique potential drug targets, predict drug responsiveness for individual patients and, finally, initiate gene therapy and prevention strategies. 3. The present article reviews the principles and technological concerns, as well as the steps involved in obtaining and analysing of data. Furthermore, applications of microarray based experiments in drug target identifications and validation strategies are discussed. 4. To exemplify how this tool can be useful, in the present review we provide an overview of some of the past and potential future aspects of microarray technology and present a broad overview of this rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manikandan Jayapal
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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29
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Luzina IG, Highsmith K, Pochetuhen K, Nacu N, Rao JN, Atamas SP. PKCalpha mediates CCL18-stimulated collagen production in pulmonary fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 35:298-305. [PMID: 16601239 PMCID: PMC2643282 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0033oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A CC chemokine, CCL18, has been previously reported to stimulate collagen production in pulmonary fibroblasts. This study focused on the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the profibrotic signaling activated by CCL18 in pulmonary fibroblasts. Of the three PKC isoforms that are predominantly expressed in fibroblasts (PKCalpha, PKCdelta, and PKCepsilon), two isoforms (PKCdelta and PKCepsilon) have been implicated in profibrotic intracellular signaling. The role of PKCalpha-mediated signaling in the regulation of collagen production remains unclear. In this study, PKCalpha was found mostly in the cytoplasm, whereas PKCdelta and PKCepsilon were found mostly in the nucleus of cultured primary pulmonary fibroblasts. In response to stimulation with CCL18, PKCalpha but not PKCdelta or PKCepsilon underwent rapid (within 5-10 min) transient phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Inhibition with dominant-negative mutants of PKCalpha and ERK2, but not PKCdelta or PKCepsilon, abrogated CCL18-stimulated ERK2 phosphorylation and collagen production. The effect of CCL18 on collagen production and the activity of collagen promoter reporter constructs were also abrogated by a selective pharmacologic inhibitor of PKCalpha Gö6976. Stimulation of fibroblasts with CCL18 caused an increase in intracellular calcium concentration. Consistent with the known calcium dependence of PKCalpha signaling, blocking of the calcium signaling with the intracellular calcium-chelating agent BAPTA led to abrogation of PKCalpha nuclear translocation, ERK2 phosphorylation, and collagen production. These observations suggest that in primary pulmonary fibroblasts, PKCalpha but not PKCdelta or PKCepsilon mediate the profibrotic effect of CCL18. PKCalpha may therefore become a viable target for future antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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30
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Freishtat RJ, Teach SJ. Understanding genomics: implications for the emergency medicine physician and the treatment of asthma. Pediatr Emerg Care 2006; 22:71-5; quiz 76-8. [PMID: 16418618 PMCID: PMC2080853 DOI: 10.1097/01.pec.0000195759.20071.d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
TARGET AUDIENCE Physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants who evaluate and care for children with minor illnesses. Specialists including pediatricians, emergency physicians, pediatric emergency physicians, family practitioners, and pediatric nurse practitioners will find this information particularly useful. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completion of this article, the reader will be able to: 1. Explain the role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes in the development of asthma and asthma exacerbations. 2. Describe what is currently known about how environmental influences interact with genotype to produce an asthmatic phenotype. 3. Describe the 3 possible effects of a single-nucleotide polymorphism or haplotype on pharmacology in the context of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Freishtat
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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31
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Luzina IG, Papadimitriou JC, Anderson R, Pochetuhen K, Atamas SP. Induction of prolonged infiltration of T lymphocytes and transient T lymphocyte–dependent collagen deposition in mouse lungs following adenoviral gene transfer of CCL18. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2643-55. [PMID: 16868995 DOI: 10.1002/art.21950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Levels of CCL18 are elevated in patients with scleroderma lung disease and other fibrotic pulmonary diseases associated with T lymphocyte involvement. We sought to determine whether CCL18 alone can induce pulmonary T lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis in mouse lungs. METHODS An adenovirus vector was constructed and used for CCL18 delivery to mouse lungs in vivo. Immunohistochemical, flow cytometric, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses were used to assess the resulting changes. RESULTS Overexpression of CCL18 led to massive perivascular and peribronchial infiltration of T lymphocytes. Although the expression of CCL18 peaked on day 7, the infiltration persisted up to day 64 after infection. The infiltrates were negative for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and TUNEL, suggesting the role of cell trafficking, rather than proliferation and apoptosis, in the infiltration dynamics. Patchy destruction of the alveolar architecture and collagen accumulation in association with the infiltrates were also noticed. These changes were infiltration-dependent, rather than CCL18-dependent, since treatment with antilymphocyte serum completely abrogated the CCL18-induced changes. The infiltrates consisted almost exclusively of T lymphocytes that were minimally activated, with a minimal increase in the expression of CD69 and no changes in the expression of CD25, Fas, FasL, or CD40L. There was no increase in total pulmonary levels of profibrotic cytokines transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) or interleukin-13, although active TGFbeta1 was present locally in association with the infiltrates and areas of distorted alveolar architecture. Prestimulation of primary T lymphocytes with CCL18 in vitro caused an up-regulation of TGFbeta1 and collagen production in T lymphocyte/fibroblast cocultures. CONCLUSION CCL18 promotes selective, long-term pulmonary infiltration of T lymphocytes and infiltration-dependent accumulation of collagen through a TGFbeta1-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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32
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Kodera M, Hasegawa M, Komura K, Yanaba K, Takehara K, Sato S. Serum pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL18 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: a sensitive indicator of active pulmonary fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:2889-96. [PMID: 16142750 DOI: 10.1002/art.21257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the clinical significance of serum levels of pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC) in the diagnosis and monitoring of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and to compare PARC levels with KL-6 antigen or surfactant protein D (SP-D) levels. METHODS Serum PARC levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 123 SSc patients. In a retrospective longitudinal study, correlation of serum PARC levels with the activity of PF was assessed in 21 SSc patients with active PF. RESULTS PARC levels at the first visit were higher in patients with SSc than in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or healthy controls. Increased serum PARC levels were associated with involvement of PF, decreased diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, and decreased vital capacity in SSc patients. In the longitudinal study, serum PARC levels were significantly decreased in SSc patients with inactive PF compared with those with active PF. CONCLUSION Elevated serum PARC levels correlated with PF and more sensitively reflected the PF activity than did serum KL-6 or SP-D levels in SSc. Serum PARC levels may be a useful new serum marker for active PF in SSc.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens/blood
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Biomarkers/blood
- Chemokines, CC/blood
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Glycoproteins/blood
- Humans
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mucin-1
- Mucins/blood
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/blood
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/diagnosis
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology
- Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D/blood
- Scleroderma, Diffuse/blood
- Scleroderma, Diffuse/complications
- Scleroderma, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Scleroderma, Limited/blood
- Scleroderma, Limited/complications
- Scleroderma, Limited/diagnosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Kodera
- Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
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33
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Rolph MS, Sisavanh M, Liu SM, Mackay CR. Clues to asthma pathogenesis from microarray expression studies. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 109:284-94. [PMID: 16203040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), tissue remodeling, and airflow obstruction. The pathogenesis of asthma is only partly understood, and there is an urgent need for improved therapeutic strategies for this disease. Microarray technology has considerable promise as a tool for discovery of novel asthma therapeutic targets, although the field is still in its infancy. A number of studies have described expression profiles derived from human asthmatic lung tissue, mouse airway tissue, or from key cell types associated with asthma, but to date relatively few studies have exploited these findings to discover new pathways involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. Among the genes to have been identified by array studies and validated by further studies are monokine induced by interferon (IFN)-gamma, fatty acid binding proteins (FABP), and complement factor 5 (C5). Here we provide examples of microarray approaches to the discovery of new molecules associated with asthma. We anticipate that these types of analyses will provide considerable insight into asthma pathogenesis and will provide a wealth of new molecules for downstream analyses such as gene deficient mouse studies, or monoclonal antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Rolph
- Arthritis and Inflammation Research Program, Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia.
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Abstract
Asthma is a complex human disease that does not have an accurate counterpart in any common model organism. Most of our understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying asthma comes from studies in man and mouse. However, there are fundamental differences between the spontaneous disease in man and the experimentally induced counterparts in mice. We advocate more extensive use of nonhuman primate asthma models to reconcile these differences between man and mouse.
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Luzina IG, Tsymbalyuk N, Choi J, Hasday JD, Atamas SP. CCL18-stimulated upregulation of collagen production in lung fibroblasts requires Sp1 signaling and basal Smad3 activity. J Cell Physiol 2005; 206:221-8. [PMID: 16021625 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A CC chemokine CCL18 stimulates collagen production in pulmonary fibroblasts through an unknown signaling mechanism. In this study, involvement of Sp1 and Smad3 in CCL18 signaling in primary human pulmonary fibroblast cultures was investigated. Phosphorylation of Sp1, DNA-binding by Sp1, and the activity of an Sp1-dependent reporter were all increased in response to CCL18 stimulation. CCL18 did not stimulate a detectable increase in Smad3 phosphorylation or Smad3/4 DNA-binding activity, although some basal phosphorylation and DNA binding by Smad3/4 were noted. Transient overexpression of dominant negative mutants of Sp1 and Smad3 abrogated CCL18-dependent upregulation as well as basal production of collagen. These observations suggested that CCL18 activates collagen production in pulmonary fibroblasts through an Sp1-dependent pathway that also requires basal Smad3 activity. Possible involvement of autocrine TGF-beta in CCL18 signaling was considered. CCL18 stimulated increases in collagen mRNA and protein production without detectable changes in TGF-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3 mRNA or protein levels. Neutralizing anti-TGF-beta antibodies, latency-associated peptide, ALK5-specific inhibitor SD431542, and an inhibitor of the protease-dependent TGF-beta activation aprotinin, each failed to block CCL18-stimulated collagen production. These observations suggest that both CCL18 signaling in pulmonary fibroblasts and basal Smad3 activity are independent of autocrine TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Pivarcsi A, Homey B. Chemokine networks in atopic dermatitis: traffic signals of disease. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2005; 5:284-90. [PMID: 15967069 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-005-0068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic or chronically relapsing inflammatory skin disease with a prevalence ranging from 10% to 20% in children and 1% to 3% in adults of developed countries. Skin-infiltrating leukocytes play a pivotal role in the initiation and amplification of atopic skin inflammation. Recent studies demonstrated that infiltration of inflammatory cells into tissues is regulated by chemokines. A subset of chemokines including CCL27, CCL17, CCL22, CCL18, CCL11, and CCL13 are highly expressed in atopic dermatitis. The corresponding chemokine receptors are found on the main leukocyte subsets involved in allergic skin inflammation, such as T cells, eosinophils, and dendritic cells. In this article, we provide an overview of the role of chemokines in the complex immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, highlighting potential areas for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andor Pivarcsi
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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37
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Ball HA, Van Scott MR, Robinson CB. Sense and antisense: therapeutic potential of oligonucleotides and interference RNA in asthma and allergic disorders. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2005; 27:207-17. [PMID: 15630157 DOI: 10.1385/criai:27:3:207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of asthma pathogenesis and delineation of the human genome project are yielding novel candidate targets for therapeutic intervention. In parallel with target identification, the past decade has produced novel approaches to normalizing expression genes that are upregulated in disease processes. Single-stranded antisense oligonucleotides and double-stranded short-interfering RNA molecules, which specifically mark target transcripts for degradation, are being investigated for their ability to modulate disease processes. In both cases, the targets are RNA transcripts, and not protein; therefore, all types of molecular gene products can be inhibited, including historically undrugable species such as transcription factors and phosphatases. Various RNA interference strategies have been successfully tested in vitro and in animal models of disease, and data is beginning to accumulate from human clinical trials.EPI-2010, a 21-mer phosphorothioate against the adenosine A1 receptor promoter region,has completed preclinical pharmacology testing and its initial clinical trials. The rationale for EPI-2010 is that overactivity of the adenosine signaling pathway in asthmatic lungs contributes to airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Phase I/IIa clinical trials have shown EPI-2010 to be safe and well-tolerated, with modest indications of efficacy in patients with mild asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard A Ball
- Epigenesis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cranbury, NJ, USA.
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Abstract
There have been four types of drug treatment of asthma that have been used over the past 100 years. Belladonna alkaloids, derived from the thorn-apple plant were used in 1905, and chemically synthesized entities in this class are still in use today. Western medicine began to use adrenergic stimulants approximately 100 years ago, but they were likely used in Asian medicine long before that. Systemic treatment with corticosteroids was introduced into the treatment of asthma in the mid-20th century; inhaled corticosteroids have been in use for over 35 years. The last 40 years have also seen the development of the first targeted asthma treatments: cromones, antileukotrienes, and anti-IgE. As we learn more of the biology of asthma, we anticipate that more effective targeted asthma treatments will be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K Chu
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Schutyser E, Richmond A, Van Damme J. Involvement of CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) in normal and pathological processes. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:14-26. [PMID: 15784687 PMCID: PMC2665283 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1204712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) was originally discovered as pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC), dendritic cell (DC)-chemokine 1 (DC-CK1), alternative macrophage activation-associated CC chemokine-1 (AMAC-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein-4 (MIP-4). CCL18 primarily targets lymphocytes and immature DC, although its agonistic receptor remains unknown so far. CCL18 is mainly expressed by a broad range of monocytes/macrophages and DC. A more profound understanding of the various activation programs and functional phenotypes of these producer cells might give a better insight in the proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory role of this CC chemokine. It is interesting that CCL18 is constitutively present at high levels in human plasma and likely contributes to the physiological homing of lymphocytes and DC and to the generation of primary immune responses. Furthermore, enhanced CCL18 production has been demonstrated in several diseases, including various malignancies and inflammatory joint, lung, and skin diseases. The lack of a rodent counterpart for human CCL18 sets all hope on primate animal models to further elucidate the importance of CCL18 in vivo. This review will address these different aspects in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evemie Schutyser
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Departments of Veterans Affairs and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Ann Richmond
- Departments of Veterans Affairs and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. E-mail:
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Guajardo JR, Schleifer KW, Daines MO, Ruddy RM, Aronow BJ, Wills-Karp M, Hershey GKK. Altered gene expression profiles in nasal respiratory epithelium reflect stable versus acute childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:243-51. [PMID: 15696077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood and has a strong genetic component. OBJECTIVE To identify gene expression signatures that reflect asthma-related processes and to determine whether these genes were similar or distinct between stable asthma and acute exacerbations in childhood, we profiled gene expression patterns in nasal respiratory epithelial cells. METHODS Children who had stable asthma (asthma-S; n = 10) and children experiencing an asthma exacerbation (asthma-E; n = 10) were recruited along with nonatopic children without asthma (n = 10). RNA was prepared from nasal respiratory epithelial cells isolated from each child, initially analyzed as pooled samples from the 3 groups, and further validated by using microarrays and RT-PCR with individual patient samples. RESULTS Distinct gene clusters were identifiable in individual and pooled asthma-S and asthma-E samples. Asthma-E samples demonstrated the strongest and most reproducible signatures, with 314 genes of 34,886 measured as present on the chip demonstrating induction or repression of greater than 2-fold with P < .05 in each of 4 individual samples. Asthma-S-regulated genes encompassed genes that overlapped with those of asthma-E but were fewer (166) and less consistent with respect to their behavior across the asthma-E patient samples. CONCLUSION Exacerbated asthma status is readily distinguished based on the occurrence of strong gene expression signatures in nasal epithelial samples. Stable asthma status also exhibits differential signatures. The results suggest that there are independent gene expression signatures reflective of cells and genes poised or committed to activation by an asthma attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus R Guajardo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Lopez C, Soto M, Restrepo S, Piégu B, Cooke R, Delseny M, Tohme J, Verdier V. Gene expression profile in response to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis infection in cassava using a cDNA microarray. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 57:393-410. [PMID: 15830129 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-004-7819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A cassava cDNA microarray based on a large cassava EST database was constructed and used to study the incompatible interaction between cassava and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) strain CIO151. For microarray construction, 5700 clones from the cassava unigene set were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and printed on glass slides. Microarray hybridization was performed using cDNA from cassava plants (resistant variety MBra685) collected at 12, 24, 48 h and 7 and 15 days post-infection as treatment and cDNA from mock-inoculated plants as control. A total of 199 genes were found to be differentially expressed (126 up-regulated and 73 down-regulated). A greater proportion of differentially-expressed genes was observed at 7 days after inoculation. Expression profiling and cluster analyses indicate that, in response to inoculation with Xam, cassava induces dozens of genes, including principally those involved in oxidative burst, protein degradation and pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. In contrast, genes encoding proteins that are involved in photosynthesis and metabolism were down regulated. In addition, various other genes encoding proteins with unknown function or showing no similarity to other proteins were also induced. Quantitative real time PCR experiments confirmed the reliability of our microarray data. In addition we showed that some genes are induced more rapidly in the resistant than in the susceptible cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Lopez
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR5096, CNRS-Université de Perpignan - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Perpignan, France
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Application of microarray technology in pulmonary diseases. Respir Res 2004; 5:26. [PMID: 15585067 PMCID: PMC543572 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-5-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarrays are a powerful tool that have multiple applications both in clinical and cell biology arenas of common lung diseases. To exemplify how this tool can be useful, in this review, we will provide an overview of the application of microarray technology in research relevant to common lung diseases and present some of the future perspectives.
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43
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Huff JL, Hansen LM, Solnick JV. Gastric transcription profile of Helicobacter pylori infection in the rhesus macaque. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5216-26. [PMID: 15322016 PMCID: PMC517414 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.9.5216-5226.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori is usually asymptomatic but sometimes progresses to peptic ulcer disease or gastric adenocarcinoma. The development of disease involves both host and bacterial factors. In order to better understand host factors in pathogenesis, we studied the gastric transcription profile of H. pylori infection in the rhesus macaque by using DNA microarrays. Significant changes were found in the expression of genes important for innate immunity, chemokines and cytokines, cell growth and differentiation, apoptosis, structural proteins, and signal transduction and transcription factors. This broad transcription profile demonstrated expected up-regulation of cell structural elements and the host inflammatory and immune response, as well as the novel finding of down-regulation of heat shock proteins. These results provide a unique view of acute H. pylori infection in a relevant animal model system and will direct future studies regarding the host response to H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Huff
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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44
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Laprise C, Sladek R, Ponton A, Bernier MC, Hudson TJ, Laviolette M. Functional classes of bronchial mucosa genes that are differentially expressed in asthma. BMC Genomics 2004; 5:21. [PMID: 15038835 PMCID: PMC400730 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-5-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma pathogenesis and susceptibility involves a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Their interaction modulates the airway inflammation and remodelling processes that are present even in mild asthma and governs the appearance and severity of symptoms of airway hyperresponsiveness. While asthma is felt to develop as the result of interaction among many different genes and signalling pathways, only a few genes have been linked to an increased risk of developing this condition. RESULTS We report the results of expression microarray studies using tissue obtained from bronchial biopsies of healthy controls and of subjects with allergic asthma, both before and following inhaled corticotherapy. We identified 79 genes that show significant differences in expression (following Bonferroni cutoff using p < 6.6 x 10(-6) to correct for multiple testing) in asthmatics compared to controls at significance levels. These included 21 genes previously implicated in asthma, such as NOS2A and GPX3, as well as new potential candidates, such as ALOX15, CTSC and CX3CR1. The expression levels of one third of these transcripts were partially or completely corrected following inhaled corticosteroid therapy. CONCLUSION The study shows that bronchial biopsies obtained from healthy and asthmatic subjects display distinct expression profiles. These differences provide a global view of physiopathologic processes active in the asthmatic lung and may provide invaluable help to clarify the natural history of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Laprise
- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Department of Fundamental Sciences, Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - Robert Sladek
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - André Ponton
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Bernier
- Unité de recherche en pneumologie, Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas J Hudson
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Unité de recherche en pneumologie, Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et pneumologie de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
Human BRG1, a subunit of the Swi/Snf chromatin remodeling apparatus, has been implicated in regulation of cellular proliferation and is a candidate tumor suppressor. Reintroduction of BRG1 into a breast tumor cell line, ALAB, carrying a defined mutation in the BRG1 gene, induced growth arrest. Gene expression data revealed that the arrest may in part be accounted for by down-regulation of select E2F target genes such as cyclin E, but more dramatically, by up-regulation of mRNAs for the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p15. Protein levels of both p15 and p21 were induced, and p21 protein was recruited to a complex with cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK2, to inhibit its activity. BRG1 can associate with the p21 promoter in a p53-independent manner, suggesting that the induction of p21 by BRG1 may be direct. Further, using microarray and real-time PCR analysis we identified several novel BRG1-regulated genes. Our work provides further evidence for a role for BRG1 in the regulation of several genes involved in key steps in tumorigenesis and has revealed a potential mechanism for BRG1-induced growth arrest.
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Van Scott MR, Hooker JL, Ehrmann D, Shibata Y, Kukoly C, Salleng K, Westergaard G, Sandrasagra A, Nyce J. Dust mite-induced asthma in cynomolgus monkeys. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 96:1433-44. [PMID: 14672959 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01128.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models exhibiting high homology with humans at the genetic and pathophysiological levels will facilitate identification and validation of gene targets underlying asthma. In the present study, a nonhuman primate model of allergic asthma was developed by sensitizing cynomolgus monkeys to dust mite antigen. Sensitization elevated allergen-specific serum IgE and IgG levels, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from sensitized animals released IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10, but not IFN-gamma. Aerosolized allergen decreased dynamic compliance and induced airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness to aerosolized histamine. Albuterol and dexamethasone inhibited the airway constriction and allergen-induced inflammation, respectively. Airway wall remodeling that included goblet cell hyperplasia, basement membrane thickening, and smooth muscle hypertrophy was particularly evident in neonatally sensitized animals. In contrast to animals sensitized as adults, neonatally sensitized animals exhibited increased sensitivity to adenosine and larger allergen-induced changes in airway resistance and dynamic compliance. These results demonstrate that sensitization of cynomolgus monkeys with dust mite induces asthmalike symptoms, some of which may be dependent on age at the time of sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Van Scott
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The triad of pathologic changes that defines systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) includes immune system activation with autoimmunity; an obliterative, proliferative small vessel vasculopathy; and fibrosis. Available data suggest that several cytokines, including chemokines, contribute to the development of scleroderma complications. This review focuses on chemokines and their contribution to tissue fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension in scleroderma. RECENT FINDINGS Proteins and mRNAs for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine; macrophage inflammatory protein-1, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted; interleukin-8; and transforming growth factor-beta have been found in increased amounts in blood or involved tissue from scleroderma patients. These factors are likely to contribute directly to tissue damage in scleroderma through several pathways, including stimulation of extracellular matrix production, induction of TGF-beta production and activation, and chemoattraction of T cells and nonspecific inflammatory cells into tissues. SUMMARY Multiple chemokines are part of the pathologic network that causes tissue damage in scleroderma, and, as such, may provide therapeutic targets in scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei P Atamas
- Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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48
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Abstract
In the near future, genomics may have a profound impact on the way we think about the common and complex disease asthma. Microarray experiments have identified novel candidate genes in animal models of asthma. In the near future, genomics may have a profound impact on the way we think about this common and complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Erle
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Rascle A, Johnston JA, Amati B. Deacetylase activity is required for recruitment of the basal transcription machinery and transactivation by STAT5. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:4162-73. [PMID: 12773560 PMCID: PMC156147 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.12.4162-4173.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription STAT5 plays a major role in the cellular response to cytokines, but the mechanism by which it activates transcription remains poorly understood. We show here that deacetylase inhibitors (trichostatin A, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, and sodium butyrate) prevent induction of endogenous STAT5 target genes, implying that a deacetylase activity is required for that process. Microarray analyses revealed that this requirement is common to all STAT5 target genes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that, following STAT5 DNA binding, deacetylase inhibitors block transcription initiation by preventing recruitment of the basal transcription machinery. This inhibition is not due to effects on histone H3 and H4 acetylation or chromatin remodeling within the promoter region. This novel mechanism of transactivation by STAT5 provides a rationale for the use of deacetylase inhibitors for therapeutic intervention in STAT5-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rascle
- Department of Discovery Research, DNAX Research Inc, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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Marvanová M, Ménager J, Bezard E, Bontrop RE, Pradier L, Wong G. Microarray analysis of nonhuman primates: validation of experimental models in neurological disorders. FASEB J 2003; 17:929-31. [PMID: 12626435 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0681fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have provided robust experimental animal models for many human-related diseases due to their similar physiologies. Nonetheless, profound differences remain in the acquisition, progression, and outcome of important diseases such as AIDS and Alzheimer's, for which the underlying basis remains obscure. We explored the utility of human high-density oligonucleotide arrays to survey the transcription profile of NHP genomes. Total RNA from prefrontal cortices of human (Homo sapiens), common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), cynomolgous macaque (Macaca fascicularis), and common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) was labeled and hybridized to Affymetrix U95A GeneChip probe arrays. Corresponding data obtained previously from common chimpanzee and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) were added for comparison. Qualitative (present or not detected) and quantitative (expression level) analysis indicated that many genes known to be involved in human neurological disorders were present and regulated in NHPs. A gene involved in dopamine metabolism (catechol-O-methyltransferase) was absent in macaque and marmoset. Glutamate receptor 2 was up-regulated, and transcription-associated genes were down-regulated in NHPs compared with humans. We demonstrate that transcript profiling of NHPs could provide comparative genomic data to validate and better focus experimental animal models of human neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Marvanová
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Kuopio, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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