1
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Kim SE, Yun S, Doh J, Kim HN. Imaging-Based Efficacy Evaluation of Cancer Immunotherapy in Engineered Tumor Platforms and Tumor Organoids. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400475. [PMID: 38815251 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is used to treat tumors by modulating the immune system. Although the anticancer efficacy of cancer immunotherapy has been evaluated prior to clinical trials, conventional in vivo animal and endpoint models inadequately replicate the intricate process of tumor elimination and reflect human-specific immune systems. Therefore, more sophisticated models that mimic the complex tumor-immune microenvironment must be employed to assess the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Additionally, using real-time imaging technology, a step-by-step evaluation can be applied, allowing for a more precise assessment of treatment efficacy. Here, an overview of the various imaging-based evaluation platforms recently developed for cancer immunotherapeutic applications is presented. Specifically, a fundamental technique is discussed for stably observing immune cell-based tumor cell killing using direct imaging, a microwell that reproduces a confined space for spatial observation, a droplet assay that facilitates cell-cell interactions, and a 3D microphysiological system that reconstructs the vascular environment. Furthermore, it is suggested that future evaluation platforms pursue more human-like immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Eun Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Suji Yun
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Institute of Engineering Research, Bio-MAX institute, Soft Foundry Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hong Nam Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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2
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Xu H, Jia Z, Liu F, Li J, Huang Y, Jiang Y, Pu P, Shang T, Tang P, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Su J, Liu J. Biomarkers and experimental models for cancer immunology investigation. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e437. [PMID: 38045830 PMCID: PMC10693314 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid advancement of tumor immunotherapies poses challenges for the tools used in cancer immunology research, highlighting the need for highly effective biomarkers and reproducible experimental models. Current immunotherapy biomarkers encompass surface protein markers such as PD-L1, genetic features such as microsatellite instability, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and biomarkers in liquid biopsy such as circulating tumor DNAs. Experimental models, ranging from 3D in vitro cultures (spheroids, submerged models, air-liquid interface models, organ-on-a-chips) to advanced 3D bioprinting techniques, have emerged as valuable platforms for cancer immunology investigations and immunotherapy biomarker research. By preserving native immune components or coculturing with exogenous immune cells, these models replicate the tumor microenvironment in vitro. Animal models like syngeneic models, genetically engineered models, and patient-derived xenografts provide opportunities to study in vivo tumor-immune interactions. Humanized animal models further enable the simulation of the human-specific tumor microenvironment. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the advantages, limitations, and prospects of different biomarkers and experimental models, specifically focusing on the role of biomarkers in predicting immunotherapy outcomes and the ability of experimental models to replicate the tumor microenvironment. By integrating cutting-edge biomarkers and experimental models, this review serves as a valuable resource for accessing the forefront of cancer immunology investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center /National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Ziqi Jia
- Department of Breast Surgical OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Fengshuo Liu
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Jiayi Li
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Department of Breast Surgical OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yansong Huang
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Department of Breast Surgical OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yiwen Jiang
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Pengming Pu
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Tongxuan Shang
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Pengrui Tang
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yongxin Zhou
- Eight‐year MD ProgramSchool of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Yufan Yang
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jianzhong Su
- Oujiang LaboratoryZhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain HealthWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular OncologyNational Cancer Center /National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
- Department of Breast Surgical OncologyNational Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
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3
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Zheng HC, Xue H, Yun WJ. An overview of mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:49. [PMID: 37670307 PMCID: PMC10481604 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become a severe burden on global health due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. However, effective treatments for HCC are limited. The lack of suitable preclinical models may contribute to a major failure of drug development for HCC. Here, we overview several well-established mouse models of HCC, including genetically engineered mice, chemically-induced models, implantation models, and humanized mice. Immunotherapy studies of HCC have been a hot topic. Therefore, we will introduce the application of mouse models of HCC in immunotherapy. This is followed by a discussion of some other models of HCC-related liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatitis B and C virus infection, and liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Together these provide researchers with a current overview of the mouse models of HCC and assist in the application of appropriate models for their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China.
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yun
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
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4
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Kim J, Kim S, Choi WJ. Non-Invasive Monitoring of Cutaneous Wound Healing in Non-Diabetic and Diabetic Model of Adult Zebrafish Using OCT Angiography. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050538. [PMID: 37237607 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A diabetic wound presents a severe risk of infections and other complications because of its slow healing. Evaluating the pathophysiology during wound healing is imperative for wound care, necessitating a proper diabetic wound model and assay for monitoring. The adult zebrafish is a rapid and robust model for studying human cutaneous wound healing because of its fecundity and high similarities to human wound repair. OCTA as an assay can provide three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the tissue structure and vasculature in the epidermis, enabling monitoring of the pathophysiologic alterations in the zebrafish skin wound. We present a longitudinal study for assessing the cutaneous wound healing of the diabetic adult zebrafish model using OCTA, which is of importance for the diabetes research using the alternative animal models. We used non-diabetic (n = 9) and type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) adult zebrafish models (n = 9). The full-thickness wound was generated on the fish skin, and the wound healing was monitored with OCTA for 15 days. The OCTA results demonstrated significant differences between diabetic and non-diabetic wound healing, involving delayed tissue remodeling and impaired angiogenesis for the diabetic wound, leading to slow wound recovery. The adult zebrafish model and OCTA technique may benefit long-term metabolic disease studies using zebrafish for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyoung Kim
- Research Institute for Skin Image, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Departments of Cancer Control Research and Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Suhyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
- Zebrafish Translational Medical Research Center, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan 15355, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo June Choi
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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5
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Disease modeling by efficient genome editing using a near PAM-less base editor in vivo. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3435. [PMID: 35701478 PMCID: PMC9198099 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Base Editors are emerging as an innovative technology to introduce point mutations in complex genomes. So far, the requirement of an NGG Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) at a suitable position often limits the base editing possibility to model human pathological mutations in animals. Here we show that, using the CBE4max-SpRY variant recognizing nearly all PAM sequences, we could introduce point mutations for the first time in an animal model with high efficiency, thus drastically increasing the base editing possibilities. With this near PAM-less base editor we could simultaneously mutate several genes and we developed a co-selection method to identify the most edited embryos based on a simple visual screening. Finally, we apply our method to create a zebrafish model for melanoma predisposition based on the simultaneous base editing of multiple genes. Altogether, our results considerably expand the Base Editor application to introduce human disease-causing mutations in zebrafish. Base Editors are emerging as an innovative technology to introduce point mutations in complex genomes. Here the authors describe a near PAM-less base editor and its application in zebrafish to efficiently create disease models harbouring specific point mutations.
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6
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Kramer ET, Godoy PM, Kaufman CK. TRANSCRIPTIONAL PROFILE AND CHROMATIN ACCESSIBILITY IN ZEBRAFISH MELANOCYTES AND MELANOMA TUMORS. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 12:6428538. [PMID: 34791221 PMCID: PMC8727958 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional and epigenetic characterization of melanocytes and melanoma cells isolated from their in vivo context promises to unveil key differences between these developmentally related normal and cancer cell populations. We therefore engineered an enhanced Danio rerio (zebrafish) melanoma model with fluorescently labeled melanocytes to allow for isolation of normal (wild type) and premalignant (BRAFV600E-mutant) populations for comparison to fully transformed BRAFV600E-mutant, p53 loss-of-function melanoma cells. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate these populations, we performed high-quality RNA- and ATAC-seq on sorted zebrafish melanocytes vs. melanoma cells, which we provide as a resource here. Melanocytes had consistent transcriptional and accessibility profiles, as did melanoma cells. Comparing melanocytes and melanoma, we note 4128 differentially expressed genes and 56,936 differentially accessible regions with overall gene expression profiles analogous to human melanocytes and the pigmentation melanoma subtype. Combining the RNA- and ATAC-seq data surprisingly revealed that increased chromatin accessibility did not always correspond with increased gene expression, suggesting that though there is widespread dysregulation in chromatin accessibility in melanoma, there is a potentially more refined gene expression program driving cancerous melanoma. These data serve as a resource to identify candidate regulators of the normal vs. diseased states in a genetically controlled in vivo context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva T Kramer
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Paula M Godoy
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Charles K Kaufman
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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7
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Patton EE, Mueller KL, Adams DJ, Anandasabapathy N, Aplin AE, Bertolotto C, Bosenberg M, Ceol CJ, Burd CE, Chi P, Herlyn M, Holmen SL, Karreth FA, Kaufman CK, Khan S, Kobold S, Leucci E, Levy C, Lombard DB, Lund AW, Marie KL, Marine JC, Marais R, McMahon M, Robles-Espinoza CD, Ronai ZA, Samuels Y, Soengas MS, Villanueva J, Weeraratna AT, White RM, Yeh I, Zhu J, Zon LI, Hurlbert MS, Merlino G. Melanoma models for the next generation of therapies. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:610-631. [PMID: 33545064 PMCID: PMC8378471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of appropriate melanoma models that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutic modalities. Here, we discuss the current state of the art of melanoma models including genetically engineered mouse, patient-derived xenograft, zebrafish, and ex vivo and in vitro models. We also identify five major challenges that can be addressed using such models, including metastasis and tumor dormancy, drug resistance, the melanoma immune response, and the impact of aging and environmental exposures on melanoma progression and drug resistance. Additionally, we discuss the opportunity for building models for rare subtypes of melanomas, which represent an unmet critical need. Finally, we identify key recommendations for melanoma models that may improve accuracy of preclinical testing and predict efficacy in clinical trials, to help usher in the next generation of melanoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit and Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Kristen L Mueller
- Melanoma Research Alliance, 730 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Department of Dermatology, Meyer Cancer Center, Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10026, USA
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France; INSERM, Biology and Pathologies of Melanocytes, Team 1, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2020, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Nice, France
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Departments of Dermatology, Pathology, and Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Craig J Ceol
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Biology, and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Biomedical Research Tower, Room 918, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ping Chi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sheri L Holmen
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Florian A Karreth
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Charles K Kaufman
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Department of Developmental Biology, McDonnell Science Building, 4518 McKinley Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shaheen Khan
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU, Munich, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eleonora Leucci
- Laboratory for RNA Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, LKI, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Trace, Department of Oncology, LKI, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmit Levy
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - David B Lombard
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Gerontology, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kerrie L Marie
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Richard Marais
- CRUK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Martin McMahon
- Department of Dermatology & Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carla Daniela Robles-Espinoza
- Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Santiago de Querétaro 76230, Mexico; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yardena Samuels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maria S Soengas
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessie Villanueva
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Department of Cancer Biology & Genetics and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Departments of Dermatology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Department, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc S Hurlbert
- Melanoma Research Alliance, 730 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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8
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Fazio M, van Rooijen E, Dang M, van de Hoek G, Ablain J, Mito JK, Yang S, Thomas A, Michael J, Fabo T, Modhurima R, Pessina P, Kaufman CK, Zhou Y, White RM, Zon LI. SATB2 induction of a neural crest mesenchyme-like program drives melanoma invasion and drug resistance. eLife 2021; 10:64370. [PMID: 33527896 PMCID: PMC7880683 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genomic and scRNA-seq analyses of melanoma demonstrated a lack of recurrent genetic drivers of metastasis, while identifying common transcriptional states correlating with invasion or drug resistance. To test whether transcriptional adaptation can drive melanoma progression, we made use of a zebrafish mitfa:BRAFV600E;tp53-/- model, in which malignant progression is characterized by minimal genetic evolution. We undertook an overexpression-screen of 80 epigenetic/transcriptional regulators and found neural crest-mesenchyme developmental regulator SATB2 to accelerate aggressive melanoma development. Its overexpression induces invadopodia formation and invasion in zebrafish tumors and human melanoma cell lines. SATB2 binds and activates neural crest-regulators, including pdgfab and snai2. The transcriptional program induced by SATB2 overlaps with known MITFlowAXLhigh and AQP1+NGFR1high drug-resistant states and functionally drives enhanced tumor propagation and resistance to Vemurafenib in vivo. In summary, we show that melanoma transcriptional rewiring by SATB2 to a neural crest mesenchyme-like program can drive invasion and drug resistance in autochthonous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Fazio
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Ellen van Rooijen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Michelle Dang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Glenn van de Hoek
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Julien Ablain
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Mito
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Pathology, Boston, United States
| | - Song Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Andrew Thomas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jonathan Michael
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Tania Fabo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Rodsy Modhurima
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Patrizia Pessina
- Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Charles K Kaufman
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, United States.,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, United States
| | - Yi Zhou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
| | - Richard M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, United States
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United States
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9
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Baron M, Tagore M, Hunter MV, Kim IS, Moncada R, Yan Y, Campbell NR, White RM, Yanai I. The Stress-Like Cancer Cell State Is a Consistent Component of Tumorigenesis. Cell Syst 2020; 11:536-546.e7. [PMID: 32910905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional profiling of tumors has revealed a stress-like state among the cancer cells with the concerted expression of genes such as fos, jun, and heat-shock proteins, though this has been controversial given possible dissociation-effects associated with single-cell RNA sequencing. Here, we validate the existence of this state using a combination of zebrafish melanoma modeling, spatial transcriptomics, and human samples. We found that the stress-like subpopulation of cancer cells is present from the early stages of tumorigenesis. Comparing with previously reported single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from diverse cancer types, including triple-negative breast cancer, oligodendroglioma, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, indicated the conservation of this state during tumorigenesis. We also provide evidence that this state has higher tumor-seeding capabilities and that its induction leads to increased growth under both MEK and BRAF inhibitors. Collectively, our study supports the stress-like cells as a cancer cell state expressing a coherent set of genes and exhibiting drug-resistance properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Baron
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohita Tagore
- Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miranda V Hunter
- Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Isabella S Kim
- Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reuben Moncada
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yun Yan
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Campbell
- Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Itai Yanai
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Frantz WT, Ceol CJ. From Tank to Treatment: Modeling Melanoma in Zebrafish. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051289. [PMID: 32455885 PMCID: PMC7290816 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and one of few cancers with a growing incidence. A thorough understanding of its pathogenesis is fundamental to developing new strategies to combat mortality and morbidity. Zebrafish—due in large part to their tractable genetics, conserved pathways, and optical properties—have emerged as an excellent system to model melanoma. Zebrafish have been used to study melanoma from a single tumor initiating cell, through metastasis, remission, and finally into relapse. In this review, we examine seminal zebrafish studies that have advanced our understanding of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tyler Frantz
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Craig J Ceol
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Sarasamma S, Lai YH, Liang ST, Liu K, Hsiao CD. The Power of Fish Models to Elucidate Skin Cancer Pathogenesis and Impact the Discovery of New Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3929. [PMID: 30544544 PMCID: PMC6321611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models play important roles in investigating the pathobiology of cancer, identifying relevant pathways, and developing novel therapeutic tools. Despite rapid progress in the understanding of disease mechanisms and technological advancement in drug discovery, negative trial outcomes are the most frequent incidences during a Phase III trial. Skin cancer is a potential life-threatening disease in humans and might be medically futile when tumors metastasize. This explains the low success rate of melanoma therapy amongst other malignancies. In the past decades, a number of skin cancer models in fish that showed a parallel development to the disease in humans have provided important insights into the fundamental biology of skin cancer and future treatment methods. With the diversity and breadth of advanced molecular genetic tools available in fish biology, fish skin cancer models will continue to be refined and expanded to keep pace with the rapid development of skin cancer research. This review begins with a brief introduction of molecular characteristics of skin cancers, followed by an overview of teleost models that have been used in the last decades in melanoma research. Next, we will detail the importance of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) animal model and other emerging fish models including platyfish (Xiphophorus sp.), and medaka (Oryzias latipes) in future cutaneous malignancy studies. The last part of this review provides the recent development and genome editing applications of skin cancer models in zebrafish and the progress in small molecule screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeja Sarasamma
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Tzu Liang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250103, China.
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
- Taiwan Center for Biomedical Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
- Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.
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12
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Olson B, Li Y, Lin Y, Liu ET, Patnaik A. Mouse Models for Cancer Immunotherapy Research. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:1358-1365. [PMID: 30309862 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer therapy, largely attributed to the success of immune-checkpoint blockade. However, there are subsets of patients across multiple cancers who have not shown robust responses to these agents. A major impediment to progress in the field is the availability of faithful mouse models that recapitulate the complexity of human malignancy and immune contexture within the tumor microenvironment. These models are urgently needed across all malignancies to interrogate and predict antitumor immune responses and therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials. Herein, we seek to review pros and cons of different cancer mouse models, and how they can be used as platforms to predict efficacy and resistance to cancer immunotherapies.Significance: Although immunotherapy has shown substantial benefit in the treatment of a variety of malignancies, a key hurdle toward the advancement of these therapies is the availability of immunocompetent preclinical mouse models that recapitulate human disease. Here, we review the evolution of preclinical mouse models and their utility as coclinical platforms for mechanistic interrogation of cancer immunotherapies. Cancer Discov; 8(11); 1358-65. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Olson
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yadi Li
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yu Lin
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Edison T Liu
- The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Akash Patnaik
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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13
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Callahan SJ, Tepan S, Zhang YM, Lindsay H, Burger A, Campbell NR, Kim IS, Hollmann TJ, Studer L, Mosimann C, White RM. Cancer modeling by Transgene Electroporation in Adult Zebrafish (TEAZ). Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.034561. [PMID: 30061297 PMCID: PMC6177007 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.034561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic animals are invaluable for modeling cancer genomics, but often require complex crosses of multiple germline alleles to obtain the desired combinations. Zebrafish models have advantages in that transgenes can be rapidly tested by mosaic expression, but typically lack spatial and temporal control of tumor onset, which limits their utility for the study of tumor progression and metastasis. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a method referred to as Transgene Electroporation in Adult Zebrafish (TEAZ). TEAZ can deliver DNA constructs with promoter elements of interest to drive fluorophores, oncogenes or CRISPR-Cas9-based mutagenic cassettes in specific cell types. Using TEAZ, we created a highly aggressive melanoma model via Cas9-mediated inactivation of Rb1 in the context of BRAFV600E in spatially constrained melanocytes. Unlike prior models that take ∼4 months to develop, we found that TEAZ leads to tumor onset in ∼7 weeks, and these tumors develop in fully immunocompetent animals. As the resulting tumors initiated at highly defined locations, we could track their progression via fluorescence, and documented deep invasion into tissues and metastatic deposits. TEAZ can be deployed to other tissues and cell types, such as the heart, with the use of suitable transgenic promoters. The versatility of TEAZ makes it widely accessible for rapid modeling of somatic gene alterations and cancer progression at a scale not achievable in other in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Callahan
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology and Genetics and Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Developmental Biology, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Gerstner Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephanie Tepan
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 2017 Summer Clinical Oncology Research Experience (SCORE) Program, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Hunter College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yan M Zhang
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology and Genetics and Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Helen Lindsay
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Alexa Burger
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Nathaniel R Campbell
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Isabella S Kim
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology and Genetics and Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Travis J Hollmann
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Pathology, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Richard M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology and Genetics and Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA .,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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14
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Perry EB, Makohon-Moore A, Zheng C, Kaufman CK, Cai J, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, White RM. Tumor diversity and evolution revealed through RADseq. Oncotarget 2018; 8:41792-41805. [PMID: 28611298 PMCID: PMC5522028 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an evolutionary disease, and there is increasing interest in applying tools from evolutionary biology to understand cancer progression. Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) was developed for the field of evolutionary genetics to study adaptation and identify evolutionary relationships among populations. Here we apply RADseq to study tumor evolution, which allows for unbiased sampling of any desired frequency of the genome, overcoming the selection bias and cost limitations inherent to exome or whole-genome sequencing. We apply RADseq to both human pancreatic cancer and zebrafish melanoma samples. Using either a low-frequency (SbfI, 0.4% of the genome) or high-frequency (NsiI, 6-9% of the genome) cutter, we successfully identify single nucleotide substitutions and copy number alterations in tumors, which can be augmented by performing RADseq on sublineages within the tumor. We are able to infer phylogenetic relationships between primary tumors and metastases. These same methods can be used to identify somatic mosaicism in seemingly normal, non-cancerous tissues. Evolutionary studies of cancer that focus on rates of tumor evolution and evolutionary relationships among tumor lineages will benefit from the flexibility and efficiency of restriction-site associated DNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Perry
- Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alvin Makohon-Moore
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue
- The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Roh-Johnson M, Shah AN, Stonick JA, Poudel KR, Kargl J, Yang GH, di Martino J, Hernandez RE, Gast CE, Zarour LR, Antoku S, Houghton AM, Bravo-Cordero JJ, Wong MH, Condeelis J, Moens CB. Macrophage-Dependent Cytoplasmic Transfer during Melanoma Invasion In Vivo. Dev Cell 2018; 43:549-562.e6. [PMID: 29207258 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages play critical roles in the initiation of tumor cell motility. To capture the cellular interactions of the tumor microenvironment with high-resolution imaging, we directly visualized tumor cells and their interactions with macrophages in zebrafish. Live imaging in zebrafish revealed that macrophages are dynamic, yet maintain sustained contact with tumor cells. In addition, the recruitment of macrophages to tumor cells promotes tumor cell dissemination. Using a Cre/LoxP strategy, we found that macrophages transfer cytoplasm to tumor cells in zebrafish and mouse models. Remarkably, macrophage cytoplasmic transfer correlated with melanoma cell dissemination. We further found that macrophages transfer cytoplasm to tumor cells upon cell contact in vitro. Thus, we present a model in which macrophage/tumor cell contact allows for the transfer of cytoplasmic molecules from macrophages to tumor cells corresponding to increased tumor cell motility and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Roh-Johnson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Basic Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Arish N Shah
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Basic Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jason A Stonick
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Basic Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kumud R Poudel
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Basic Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julia Kargl
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8036, Austria
| | - Grace H Yang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Julie di Martino
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Charles E Gast
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, The Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Luai R Zarour
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Surgery, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Susumu Antoku
- Columbia University, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - A McGarry Houghton
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jose Javier Bravo-Cordero
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Melissa H Wong
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, The Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - John Condeelis
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Cecilia B Moens
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Basic Sciences Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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16
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Venkatesan AM, Vyas R, Gramann AK, Dresser K, Gujja S, Bhatnagar S, Chhangawala S, Gomes CBF, Xi HS, Lian CG, Houvras Y, Edwards YJK, Deng A, Green M, Ceol CJ. Ligand-activated BMP signaling inhibits cell differentiation and death to promote melanoma. J Clin Invest 2017; 128:294-308. [PMID: 29202482 DOI: 10.1172/jci92513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenomic studies indicate that copy number variation (CNV) alters genes involved in tumor progression; however, identification of specific driver genes affected by CNV has been difficult, as these rearrangements are often contained in large chromosomal intervals among several bystander genes. Here, we addressed this problem and identified a CNV-targeted oncogene by performing comparative oncogenomics of human and zebrafish melanomas. We determined that the gene encoding growth differentiation factor 6 (GDF6), which is the ligand for the BMP family, is recurrently amplified and transcriptionally upregulated in melanoma. GDF6-induced BMP signaling maintained a trunk neural crest gene signature in melanomas. Additionally, GDF6 repressed the melanocyte differentiation gene MITF and the proapoptotic factor SOX9, thereby preventing differentiation, inhibiting cell death, and promoting tumor growth. GDF6 was specifically expressed in melanomas but not melanocytes. Moreover, GDF6 expression levels in melanomas were inversely correlated with patient survival. Our study has identified a fundamental role for GDF6 and BMP signaling in governing an embryonic cell gene signature to promote melanoma progression, thus providing potential opportunities for targeted therapy to treat GDF6-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind M Venkatesan
- Program in Molecular Medicine.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology
| | - Rajesh Vyas
- Program in Molecular Medicine.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology
| | - Alec K Gramann
- Program in Molecular Medicine.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology
| | | | | | - Sanchita Bhatnagar
- Program in Molecular Medicine.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sagar Chhangawala
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Camilla Borges Ferreira Gomes
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Christine G Lian
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yariv Houvras
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Green
- Program in Molecular Medicine.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Craig J Ceol
- Program in Molecular Medicine.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology
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17
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Bootorabi F, Manouchehri H, Changizi R, Barker H, Palazzo E, Saltari A, Parikka M, Pincelli C, Aspatwar A. Zebrafish as a Model Organism for the Development of Drugs for Skin Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071550. [PMID: 28718799 PMCID: PMC5536038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer, which includes melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma, represents the most common type of cutaneous malignancy worldwide, and its incidence is expected to rise in the near future. This condition derives from acquired genetic dysregulation of signaling pathways involved in the proliferation and apoptosis of skin cells. The development of animal models has allowed a better understanding of these pathomechanisms, with the possibility of carrying out toxicological screening and drug development. In particular, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been established as one of the most important model organisms for cancer research. This model is particularly suitable for live cell imaging and high-throughput drug screening in a large-scale fashion. Thanks to the recent advances in genome editing, such as the clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) methodologies, the mechanisms associated with cancer development and progression, as well as drug resistance can be investigated and comprehended. With these unique tools, the zebrafish represents a powerful platform for skin cancer research in the development of target therapies. Here, we will review the advantages of using the zebrafish model for drug discovery and toxicological and phenotypical screening. We will focus in detail on the most recent progress in the field of zebrafish model generation for the study of melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), including cancer cell injection and transgenic animal development. Moreover, we will report the latest compounds and small molecules under investigation in melanoma zebrafish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bootorabi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14114 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamed Manouchehri
- Department of Aquaculture, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, 47134 Babol, Iran.
| | - Reza Changizi
- Department of Aquaculture, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, 47134 Babol, Iran.
| | - Harlan Barker
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Elisabetta Palazzo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Saltari
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Carlo Pincelli
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | - Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
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18
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Bradford YM, Toro S, Ramachandran S, Ruzicka L, Howe DG, Eagle A, Kalita P, Martin R, Taylor Moxon SA, Schaper K, Westerfield M. Zebrafish Models of Human Disease: Gaining Insight into Human Disease at ZFIN. ILAR J 2017; 58:4-16. [PMID: 28838067 PMCID: PMC5886338 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zebrafish Model Organism Database (ZFIN; https://zfin.org) is the central resource for genetic, genomic, and phenotypic data for zebrafish (Danio rerio) research. ZFIN continuously assesses trends in zebrafish research, adding new data types and providing data repositories and tools that members of the research community can use to navigate data. The many research advantages and flexibility of manipulation of zebrafish have made them an increasingly attractive animal to model and study human disease.To facilitate disease-related research, ZFIN developed support to provide human disease information as well as annotation of zebrafish models of human disease. Human disease term pages at ZFIN provide information about disease names, synonyms, and references to other databases as well as a list of publications reporting studies of human diseases in which zebrafish were used. Zebrafish orthologs of human genes that are implicated in human disease etiology are routinely studied to provide an understanding of the molecular basis of disease. Therefore, a list of human genes involved in the disease with their corresponding zebrafish ortholog is displayed on the disease page, with links to additional information regarding the genes and existing mutations. Studying human disease often requires the use of models that recapitulate some or all of the pathologies observed in human diseases. Access to information regarding existing and published models can be critical, because they provide a tractable way to gain insight into the phenotypic outcomes of the disease. ZFIN annotates zebrafish models of human disease and supports retrieval of these published models by listing zebrafish models on the disease term page as well as by providing search interfaces and data download files to access the data. The improvements ZFIN has made to annotate, display, and search data related to human disease, especially zebrafish models for disease and disease-associated gene information, should be helpful to researchers and clinicians considering the use of zebrafish to study human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M. Bradford
- Yvonne M. Bradford, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sabrina Toro, PhD, is a scientific curator for the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sridhar Ramachandran, MS, is a scientific curator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Leyla Ruzicka, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database, at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Douglas G. Howe, PhD, is the Data Curation Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Anne Eagle, MSCS, is the Software Development and Project Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Patrick Kalita, MS, is a software developer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Ryan Martin, MS, is a systems administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sierra A. Taylor Moxon, BA, is the Database Administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Kevin Schaper, BS, is a software engineer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Monte Westerfield, PhD, is a Professor of Biology in the Institute of Neuroscience and directs the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon.
| | - Sabrina Toro
- Yvonne M. Bradford, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sabrina Toro, PhD, is a scientific curator for the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sridhar Ramachandran, MS, is a scientific curator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Leyla Ruzicka, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database, at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Douglas G. Howe, PhD, is the Data Curation Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Anne Eagle, MSCS, is the Software Development and Project Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Patrick Kalita, MS, is a software developer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Ryan Martin, MS, is a systems administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sierra A. Taylor Moxon, BA, is the Database Administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Kevin Schaper, BS, is a software engineer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Monte Westerfield, PhD, is a Professor of Biology in the Institute of Neuroscience and directs the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon.
| | - Sridhar Ramachandran
- Yvonne M. Bradford, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sabrina Toro, PhD, is a scientific curator for the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sridhar Ramachandran, MS, is a scientific curator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Leyla Ruzicka, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database, at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Douglas G. Howe, PhD, is the Data Curation Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Anne Eagle, MSCS, is the Software Development and Project Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Patrick Kalita, MS, is a software developer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Ryan Martin, MS, is a systems administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sierra A. Taylor Moxon, BA, is the Database Administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Kevin Schaper, BS, is a software engineer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Monte Westerfield, PhD, is a Professor of Biology in the Institute of Neuroscience and directs the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon.
| | - Leyla Ruzicka
- Yvonne M. Bradford, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sabrina Toro, PhD, is a scientific curator for the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sridhar Ramachandran, MS, is a scientific curator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Leyla Ruzicka, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database, at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Douglas G. Howe, PhD, is the Data Curation Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Anne Eagle, MSCS, is the Software Development and Project Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Patrick Kalita, MS, is a software developer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Ryan Martin, MS, is a systems administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sierra A. Taylor Moxon, BA, is the Database Administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Kevin Schaper, BS, is a software engineer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Monte Westerfield, PhD, is a Professor of Biology in the Institute of Neuroscience and directs the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon.
| | - Douglas G. Howe
- Yvonne M. Bradford, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sabrina Toro, PhD, is a scientific curator for the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sridhar Ramachandran, MS, is a scientific curator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Leyla Ruzicka, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database, at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Douglas G. Howe, PhD, is the Data Curation Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Anne Eagle, MSCS, is the Software Development and Project Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Patrick Kalita, MS, is a software developer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Ryan Martin, MS, is a systems administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sierra A. Taylor Moxon, BA, is the Database Administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Kevin Schaper, BS, is a software engineer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Monte Westerfield, PhD, is a Professor of Biology in the Institute of Neuroscience and directs the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon.
| | - Anne Eagle
- Yvonne M. Bradford, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sabrina Toro, PhD, is a scientific curator for the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sridhar Ramachandran, MS, is a scientific curator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Leyla Ruzicka, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database, at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Douglas G. Howe, PhD, is the Data Curation Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Anne Eagle, MSCS, is the Software Development and Project Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Patrick Kalita, MS, is a software developer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Ryan Martin, MS, is a systems administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sierra A. Taylor Moxon, BA, is the Database Administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Kevin Schaper, BS, is a software engineer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Monte Westerfield, PhD, is a Professor of Biology in the Institute of Neuroscience and directs the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon.
| | - Patrick Kalita
- Yvonne M. Bradford, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sabrina Toro, PhD, is a scientific curator for the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sridhar Ramachandran, MS, is a scientific curator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Leyla Ruzicka, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database, at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Douglas G. Howe, PhD, is the Data Curation Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Anne Eagle, MSCS, is the Software Development and Project Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Patrick Kalita, MS, is a software developer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Ryan Martin, MS, is a systems administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sierra A. Taylor Moxon, BA, is the Database Administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Kevin Schaper, BS, is a software engineer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Monte Westerfield, PhD, is a Professor of Biology in the Institute of Neuroscience and directs the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon.
| | - Ryan Martin
- Yvonne M. Bradford, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sabrina Toro, PhD, is a scientific curator for the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sridhar Ramachandran, MS, is a scientific curator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Leyla Ruzicka, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database, at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Douglas G. Howe, PhD, is the Data Curation Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Anne Eagle, MSCS, is the Software Development and Project Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Patrick Kalita, MS, is a software developer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Ryan Martin, MS, is a systems administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sierra A. Taylor Moxon, BA, is the Database Administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Kevin Schaper, BS, is a software engineer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Monte Westerfield, PhD, is a Professor of Biology in the Institute of Neuroscience and directs the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon.
| | - Sierra A. Taylor Moxon
- Yvonne M. Bradford, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sabrina Toro, PhD, is a scientific curator for the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sridhar Ramachandran, MS, is a scientific curator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Leyla Ruzicka, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database, at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Douglas G. Howe, PhD, is the Data Curation Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Anne Eagle, MSCS, is the Software Development and Project Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Patrick Kalita, MS, is a software developer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Ryan Martin, MS, is a systems administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sierra A. Taylor Moxon, BA, is the Database Administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Kevin Schaper, BS, is a software engineer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Monte Westerfield, PhD, is a Professor of Biology in the Institute of Neuroscience and directs the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon.
| | - Kevin Schaper
- Yvonne M. Bradford, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sabrina Toro, PhD, is a scientific curator for the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sridhar Ramachandran, MS, is a scientific curator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Leyla Ruzicka, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database, at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Douglas G. Howe, PhD, is the Data Curation Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Anne Eagle, MSCS, is the Software Development and Project Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Patrick Kalita, MS, is a software developer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Ryan Martin, MS, is a systems administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sierra A. Taylor Moxon, BA, is the Database Administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Kevin Schaper, BS, is a software engineer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Monte Westerfield, PhD, is a Professor of Biology in the Institute of Neuroscience and directs the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon.
| | - Monte Westerfield
- Yvonne M. Bradford, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sabrina Toro, PhD, is a scientific curator for the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sridhar Ramachandran, MS, is a scientific curator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Leyla Ruzicka, PhD, is a scientific curator and senior research associate at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database, at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Douglas G. Howe, PhD, is the Data Curation Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Anne Eagle, MSCS, is the Software Development and Project Manager at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Patrick Kalita, MS, is a software developer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Ryan Martin, MS, is a systems administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Sierra A. Taylor Moxon, BA, is the Database Administrator at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Kevin Schaper, BS, is a software engineer at the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon. Monte Westerfield, PhD, is a Professor of Biology in the Institute of Neuroscience and directs the Zebrafish Model Organism Database at the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon.
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19
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van Rooijen E, Fazio M, Zon LI. From fish bowl to bedside: The power of zebrafish to unravel melanoma pathogenesis and discover new therapeutics. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:402-412. [PMID: 28379616 PMCID: PMC6038924 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive and deadliest form of skin cancer. A detailed knowledge of the cellular, molecular, and genetic events underlying melanoma progression is highly relevant to diagnosis, prognosis and risk stratification, and the development of new therapies. In the last decade, zebrafish have emerged as a valuable model system for the study of melanoma. Pathway conservation, coupled with the availability of robust genetic, transgenic, and chemical tools, has made the zebrafish a powerful model for identifying novel disease genes, visualizing cancer initiation, interrogating tumor-microenvironment interactions, and discovering new therapeutics that regulate melanocyte and melanoma development. In this review, we will give an overview of these studies, and highlight recent advancements that will help unravel melanoma pathogenesis and impact human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen van Rooijen
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maurizio Fazio
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- PhD program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonard I. Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Kansler ER, Verma A, Langdon EM, Simon-Vermot T, Yin A, Lee W, Attiyeh M, Elemento O, White RM. Melanoma genome evolution across species. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:136. [PMID: 28173755 PMCID: PMC5297047 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer genomes evolve in both space and time, which contributes to the genetic heterogeneity that underlies tumor progression and drug resistance. In human melanoma, identifying mechanistically important events in tumor evolution is hampered due to the high background mutation rate from ultraviolet (UV) light. Cross-species oncogenomics is a powerful tool for identifying these core events, in which transgenically well-defined animal models of cancer are compared to human cancers to identify key conserved alterations. RESULTS We use a zebrafish model of tumor progression and drug resistance for cross-species genomic analysis in melanoma. Zebrafish transgenic tumors are initiated with just 2 genetic lesions, BRAFV600E and p53-/-, yet take 4-6 months to appear, at which time whole genome sequencing demonstrated >3,000 new mutations. An additional 4-month exposure to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib resulted in a highly drug resistant tumor that showed 3 additional new DNA mutations in the genes BUB1B, PINK1, and COL16A1. These genetic changes in drug resistance are accompanied by a massive reorganization of the transcriptome, with differential RNA expression of over 800 genes, centered on alterations in cAMP and PKA signaling. By comparing both the DNA and mRNA changes to a large panel of human melanomas, we find that there is a highly significant enrichment of these alterations in human patients with vemurafenib resistant disease. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that targeting of alterations that are conserved between zebrafish and humans may offer new avenues for therapeutic intervention. The approaches described here will be broadly applicable to the diverse array of cancer models available in the zebrafish, which can be used to inform human cancer genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Kansler
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology & Genetics, New York, USA
| | - Akanksha Verma
- Weill-Cornell Medical College, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, USA
| | - Erin M Langdon
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology & Genetics, New York, USA
| | - Theresa Simon-Vermot
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology & Genetics, New York, USA
| | - Alexandra Yin
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology & Genetics, New York, USA
| | - William Lee
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Computational Biology, New York, USA
| | - Marc Attiyeh
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The David M. Rubenstein Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, New York, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Weill-Cornell Medical College, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology & Genetics, New York, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.
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21
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Wojciechowska S, van Rooijen E, Ceol C, Patton EE, White RM. Generation and analysis of zebrafish melanoma models. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 134:531-49. [PMID: 27312504 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The rapid emergence of the zebrafish as a cancer model has been aided by advances in genetic, chemical, and imaging technologies. Melanoma in particular highlights both the power and challenges associated with cancer modeling in zebrafish. This chapter focuses on the lessons that have emerged from the melanoma models as paradigmatic of what will apply to nearly all cancer models in the zebrafish system. We specifically focus on methodologies related to germline and mosaic transgenic melanoma generation, and how these can be used to deeply interrogate additional cooperating oncogenes or tumor suppressors. These transgenic tumors can in turn be used to generate zebrafish-specific, stable melanoma cell lines which can be fluorescently labeled, modified by cDNA/CRISPR techniques, and used for detailed in vivo imaging of cancer progression in real time. These zebrafish melanoma models are beginning to elucidate both cell intrinsic and microenvironmental factors in melanoma that have broader implications for human disease. We envision that nearly all of the techniques described here can be applied to other zebrafish cancer models, and likely expanded beyond what we describe here.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wojciechowska
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, and The University of Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - E van Rooijen
- Stem Cell Program and the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - C Ceol
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - E E Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, and The University of Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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22
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Kaufman CK, Mosimann C, Fan ZP, Yang S, Thomas AJ, Ablain J, Tan JL, Fogley RD, van Rooijen E, Hagedorn EJ, Ciarlo C, White RM, Matos DA, Puller AC, Santoriello C, Liao EC, Young RA, Zon LI. A zebrafish melanoma model reveals emergence of neural crest identity during melanoma initiation. Science 2016; 351:aad2197. [PMID: 26823433 PMCID: PMC4868069 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The "cancerized field" concept posits that cancer-prone cells in a given tissue share an oncogenic mutation, but only discreet clones within the field initiate tumors. Most benign nevi carry oncogenic BRAF(V600E) mutations but rarely become melanoma. The zebrafish crestin gene is expressed embryonically in neural crest progenitors (NCPs) and specifically reexpressed in melanoma. Live imaging of transgenic zebrafish crestin reporters shows that within a cancerized field (BRAF(V600E)-mutant; p53-deficient), a single melanocyte reactivates the NCP state, revealing a fate change at melanoma initiation in this model. NCP transcription factors, including sox10, regulate crestin expression. Forced sox10 overexpression in melanocytes accelerated melanoma formation, which is consistent with activation of NCP genes and super-enhancers leading to melanoma. Our work highlights NCP state reemergence as a key event in melanoma initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K Kaufman
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zi Peng Fan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Computational and Systems Biology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Song Yang
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew J Thomas
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julien Ablain
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Justin L Tan
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachel D Fogley
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellen van Rooijen
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elliott J Hagedorn
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christie Ciarlo
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10075, USA
| | - Dominick A Matos
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ann-Christin Puller
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Santoriello
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Eric C Liao
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Richard A Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leonard I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Ceol CJ, Houvras Y. Uncharted Waters: Zebrafish Cancer Models Navigate a Course for Oncogene Discovery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 916:3-19. [PMID: 27165347 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30654-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over a decade has elapsed since the first genetically-engineered zebrafish cancer model was described. During this time remarkable progress has been made. Sophisticated genetic tools have been built to generate oncogene expressing cancers and characterize multiple models of solid and blood tumors. These models have led to unique insights into mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression. New drug targets have been identified, particularly through the functional analysis of cancer genomes. Now in the second decade, zebrafish cancer models are poised for even faster growth as they are used in high-throughput genetic analyses to elucidate key mechanisms underlying critical cancer phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig J Ceol
- Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
| | - Yariv Houvras
- Departments of Surgery and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Abstract
The zebrafish has emerged as an important model for studying cancer biology. Identification of DNA, RNA and chromatin abnormalities can give profound insight into the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and the there are many techniques for analyzing the genomes of these tumors. Here, I present an overview of the available technologies for analyzing tumor genomes in the zebrafish, including array based methods as well as next-generation sequencing technologies. I also discuss the ways in which zebrafish tumor genomes can be compared to human genomes using cross-species oncogenomics, which act to filter genomic noise and ultimately uncover central drivers of malignancy. Finally, I discuss downstream analytic tools, including network analysis, that can help to organize the alterations into coherent biological frameworks that can then be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 415 East 68th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Melanoma skin cancer is a potentially deadly disease in humans and has remained extremely difficult to treat once it has metastasized. In just the last 10 years, a number of models of melanoma have been developed in the zebrafish that are biologically faithful to the human disease and have already yielded important insights into the fundamental biology of melanoma and offered new potential avenues for treatment. With the diversity and breadth of the molecular genetic tools available in the zebrafish, these melanoma models will continue to be refined and expanded upon to keep pace with the rapidly evolving field of melanoma biology.
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Schartl M, Shen Y, Maurus K, Walter R, Tomlinson C, Wilson RK, Postlethwait J, Warren WC. Whole Body Melanoma Transcriptome Response in Medaka. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143057. [PMID: 26714172 PMCID: PMC4699850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of malignant melanoma continues to increase each year with poor prognosis for survival in many relapse cases. To reverse this trend, whole body response measures are needed to discover collaborative paths to primary and secondary malignancy. Several species of fish provide excellent melanoma models because fish and human melanocytes both appear in the epidermis, and fish and human pigment cell tumors share conserved gene expression signatures. For the first time, we have examined the whole body transcriptome response to invasive melanoma as a prelude to using transcriptome profiling to screen for drugs in a medaka (Oryzias latipes) model. We generated RNA-seq data from whole body RNA isolates for controls and melanoma fish. After testing for differential expression, 396 genes had significantly different expression (adjusted p-value <0.02) in the whole body transcriptome between melanoma and control fish; 379 of these genes were matched to human orthologs with 233 having annotated human gene symbols and 14 matched genes that contain putative deleterious variants in human melanoma at varying levels of recurrence. A detailed canonical pathway evaluation for significant enrichment showed the top scoring pathway to be antigen presentation but also included the expected melanocyte development and pigmentation signaling pathway. Results revealed a profound down-regulation of genes involved in the immune response, especially the innate immune system. We hypothesize that the developing melanoma actively suppresses the immune system responses of the body in reacting to the invasive malignancy, and that this mal-adaptive response contributes to disease progression, a result that suggests our whole-body transcriptomic approach merits further use. In these findings, we also observed novel genes not yet identified in human melanoma expression studies and uncovered known and new candidate drug targets for further testing in this malignant melanoma medaka model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schartl
- Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Clinic Würzburg, Josef Schneider Straße 6, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (WCW); (MS)
| | - Yingjia Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States of America
| | - Katja Maurus
- Physiological Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ron Walter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX, 78666, United States of America
| | - Chad Tomlinson
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, 4444 Forest Park Blvd., St Louis, MO, 63108, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Wilson
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, 4444 Forest Park Blvd., St Louis, MO, 63108, United States of America
| | - John Postlethwait
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 1425 E. 13th Avenue, Eugene, OR, 97403, United States of America
| | - Wesley C. Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University, 4444 Forest Park Blvd., St Louis, MO, 63108, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WCW); (MS)
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27
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van der Weyden L, Patton EE, Wood GA, Foote AK, Brenn T, Arends MJ, Adams DJ. Cross-species models of human melanoma. J Pathol 2015; 238:152-65. [PMID: 26354726 PMCID: PMC4832391 DOI: 10.1002/path.4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although transformation of melanocytes to melanoma is rare, the rapid growth, systemic spread, as well as the chemoresistance of melanoma present significant challenges for patient care. Here we review animal models of melanoma, including murine, canine, equine, and zebrafish models, and detail the immense contribution these models have made to our knowledge of human melanoma development, and to melanocyte biology. We also highlight the opportunities for cross-species comparative genomic studies of melanoma to identify the key molecular events that drive this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise van der Weyden
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, The MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alastair K Foote
- Rossdales Equine Hospital, Cotton End Road, Exning, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7NN, UK
| | - Thomas Brenn
- Pathology Department, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Mark J Arends
- Centre for Comparative Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - David J Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
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28
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Heilmann S, Ratnakumar K, Langdon E, Kansler E, Kim I, Campbell NR, Perry E, McMahon A, Kaufman C, van Rooijen E, Lee W, Iacobuzio-Donahue C, Hynes R, Zon L, Xavier J, White R. A Quantitative System for Studying Metastasis Using Transparent Zebrafish. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4272-4282. [PMID: 26282170 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the defining feature of advanced malignancy, yet remains challenging to study in laboratory environments. Here, we describe a high-throughput zebrafish system for comprehensive, in vivo assessment of metastatic biology. First, we generated several stable cell lines from melanomas of transgenic mitfa-BRAF(V600E);p53(-/-) fish. We then transplanted the melanoma cells into the transparent casper strain to enable highly quantitative measurement of the metastatic process at single-cell resolution. Using computational image analysis of the resulting metastases, we generated a metastasis score, μ, that can be applied to quantitative comparison of metastatic capacity between experimental conditions. Furthermore, image analysis also provided estimates of the frequency of metastasis-initiating cells (∼1/120,000 cells). Finally, we determined that the degree of pigmentation is a key feature defining cells with metastatic capability. The small size and rapid generation of progeny combined with superior imaging tools make zebrafish ideal for unbiased high-throughput investigations of cell-intrinsic or microenvironmental modifiers of metastasis. The approaches described here are readily applicable to other tumor types and thus serve to complement studies also employing murine and human cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Heilmann
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Computational Biology
| | - Kajan Ratnakumar
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology & Genetics
| | - Erin Langdon
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology & Genetics
| | - Emily Kansler
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology & Genetics
| | - Isabella Kim
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology & Genetics
| | | | - Elizabeth Perry
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology & Genetics
| | - Amy McMahon
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, David Koch Institute for Integrated Cancer Biology.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Charles Kaufman
- Children's Hospital Boston.,Harvard Medical School.,Dana Farber Cancer Institute.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Ellen van Rooijen
- Children's Hospital Boston.,Harvard Medical School.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - William Lee
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Computational Biology
| | | | - Richard Hynes
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, David Koch Institute for Integrated Cancer Biology.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Leonard Zon
- Children's Hospital Boston.,Harvard Medical School.,Dana Farber Cancer Institute.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Joao Xavier
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Computational Biology
| | - Richard White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Cancer Biology & Genetics.,Weill Cornell Medical College
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29
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Cross-species oncogenomics using zebrafish models of cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 30:73-9. [PMID: 26070506 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish is a relatively recent addition to cancer modeling. These models have now been extensively used in cross-species oncogenomic analyses at both the DNA and RNA levels. The goal of such studies is to identify conserved events that occur in both human and fish tumors which may act as central drivers of tumor phenotypes. Numerous comparisons of somatic DNA changes, using array CGH and exome sequencing, have demonstrated a relatively small set of conserved changes across species. In contrast, striking conservation of RNA expression patterns have been observed between the two species in models such as melanoma, leukemia, and rhabdomyosarcoma. In the future, the zebrafish will increasingly be used to model epigenetic and noncoding aspects of cancer biology.
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30
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Rapanan JL, Pascual AS, Uppalapati CK, Cooper KE, Leyva KJ, Hull EE. Zebrafish keratocyte explants to study collective cell migration and reepithelialization in cutaneous wound healing. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 25742068 DOI: 10.3791/52489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their unique motile properties, fish keratocytes dissociated from explant cultures have long been used to study the mechanisms of single cell migration. However, when explants are established, these cells also move collectively, maintaining many of the features which make individual keratocytes an attractive model to study migration: rapid rates of motility, extensive actin-rich lamellae with a perpendicular actin cable, and relatively constant speed and direction of migration. In early explants, the rapid interconversion of cells migrating individually with those migrating collectively allows the study of the role of cell-cell adhesions in determining the mode of migration, and emphasizes the molecular links between the two modes of migration. Cells in later explants lose their ability to migrate rapidly and collectively as an epithelial to mesenchymal transition occurs and genes associated with wound healing and inflammation are differentially expressed. Thus, keratocyte explants can serve as an in vitro model for the reepithelialization that occurs during cutaneous wound healing and can represent a unique system to study mechanisms of collective cell migration in the context of a defined program of gene expression changes. A variety of mutant and transgenic zebrafish lines are available, which allows explants to be established from fish with different genetic backgrounds. This allows the role of different proteins within these processes to be uniquely addressed. The protocols outlined here describe an easy and effective method for establishing these explant cultures for use in a variety of assays related to collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kathryn J Leyva
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Midwestern University
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31
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Low mutational burden of eight genes involved in the MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, and GNAQ/11 pathways in female genital tract primary melanomas. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:303791. [PMID: 25695059 PMCID: PMC4324736 DOI: 10.1155/2015/303791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal melanomas exhibit discrete genetic features compared to cutaneous melanoma. Limited studies on gynecological melanomas revealed significant heterogeneity and low mutational burden. To gain further insight into their genetics and DNA repair efficiency, we systematically investigated the status of eight genes whose products are critically involved in the MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, and GNAQ/11 pathways, including BRAF, NRAS, HRAS, KRAS, c-KIT, PI3K, GNAQ, and GNA11, in a series of 16 primary gynecological melanomas, covering all anatomical locations, ranging from stages I to III. Analysis either by real-time PCR coupled with fluorescence melting curve analysis or by PCR followed by direct sequencing, along with studies for DNA mismatch repair status using immunohistochemistry, disclosed that 15 out of the 16 cases displayed wild-type genotypes, with a single case of vulvar primary melanoma, harboring the activating mutation BRAF(V600E). Investigations on whether this could reflect partly an efficient mismatch repair (MMR) mechanism were confirmed by normal expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2, suggesting that the lack of mutations could be explained by the operation of alternative pathogenetic mechanisms modulating downstream effectors of the signaling pathways. Our data suggest the presence of additional genetic components and provide the impetus for systematic approaches to reveal these yet unidentified genetic parameters.
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32
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Parichy DM, Spiewak JE. Origins of adult pigmentation: diversity in pigment stem cell lineages and implications for pattern evolution. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 28:31-50. [PMID: 25421288 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Teleosts comprise about half of all vertebrate species and exhibit an extraordinary diversity of adult pigment patterns that function in shoaling, camouflage, and mate choice and have played important roles in speciation. Here, we review studies that have identified several distinct neural crest lineages, with distinct genetic requirements, that give rise to adult pigment cells in fishes. These lineages include post-embryonic, peripheral nerve-associated stem cells that generate black melanophores and iridescent iridophores, cells derived directly from embryonic neural crest cells that generate yellow-orange xanthophores, and bipotent stem cells that generate both melanophores and xanthophores. This complexity in adult chromatophore lineages has implications for our understanding of adult traits, melanoma, and the evolutionary diversification of pigment cell lineages and patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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33
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Dubruc E, Balme B, Dijoud F, Disant F, Thomas L, Wang Q, Pissaloux D, de la Fouchardiere A. Mutated and amplifiedNRASin a subset of cutaneous melanocytic lesions with dermal spitzoid morphology: report of two pediatric cases located on the ear. J Cutan Pathol 2014; 41:866-72. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Dubruc
- Département de Biopathologie; Centre Léon Bérard; Lyon France
| | - Brigitte Balme
- Département de Pathologie; hôpital Lyon Sud; Lyon France
| | | | | | - Luc Thomas
- Service de Dermatologie Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud; Pierre Bénite France
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | - Qing Wang
- Département de Biopathologie; Centre Léon Bérard; Lyon France
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34
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Insights from Genetic Models of Melanoma in Fish. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-014-0043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Yen J, White RM, Stemple DL. Zebrafish models of cancer: progress and future challenges. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 24:38-45. [PMID: 24657535 PMCID: PMC4003353 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The need for scalable strategies to probe the biological consequences of candidate cancer genes has never been more pressing. The zebrafish, with its capacity for high-throughput transgenesis, in vivo imaging and chemical/genetic screening, has ideal features for undertaking this task. Unique biological insights from zebrafish have already led to the identification of novel oncogenic drivers and small molecules being used to treat the human cancer. This review summarizes the recent main findings and describes pertinent areas where the zebrafish can greatly contribute to our understanding of cancer biology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Yen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 11788, United States
| | - Derek L Stemple
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom.
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