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Sadhu S, Dalal R, Dandotiya J, Binayke A, Singh V, Tripathy MR, Das V, Goswami S, Kumar S, Rizvi ZA, Awasthi A. IL-9 aggravates SARS-CoV-2 infection and exacerbates associated airway inflammation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4060. [PMID: 37429848 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is known for causing broncho-alveolar inflammation. Interleukin 9 (IL-9) induces airway inflammation and bronchial hyper responsiveness in respiratory viral illnesses and allergic inflammation, however, IL-9 has not been assigned a pathologic role in COVID-19. Here we show, in a K18-hACE2 transgenic (ACE2.Tg) mouse model, that IL-9 contributes to and exacerbates viral spread and airway inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. ACE2.Tg mice with CD4+ T cell-specific deficiency of the transcription factor Forkhead Box Protein O1 (Foxo1) produce significantly less IL-9 upon SARS-CoV-2 infection than the wild type controls and they are resistant to the severe inflammatory disease that characterises the control mice. Exogenous IL-9 increases airway inflammation in Foxo1-deficient mice, while IL-9 blockade reduces and suppresses airway inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing further evidence for a Foxo1-Il-9 mediated Th cell-specific pathway playing a role in COVID-19. Collectively, our study provides mechanistic insight into an important inflammatory pathway in SARS-CoV-2 infection, and thus represents proof of principle for the development of host-directed therapeutics to mitigate disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Sadhu
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajdeep Dalal
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Jyotsna Dandotiya
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Akshay Binayke
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Virendra Singh
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Tripathy
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Vinayaka Das
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Goswami
- Immunology-Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Shakti Kumar
- Centre for Human Microbiome and Anti-Microbial Resistance, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
- Immunology-Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Centre for Immunobiology and Immunotherapy, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India.
- Immunology-Core Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR-Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, India.
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Landwehr KR, Hillas J, Mead-Hunter R, King A, O'Leary RA, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Larcombe AN. Biodiesel feedstock determines exhaust toxicity in 20% biodiesel: 80% mineral diesel blends. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136873. [PMID: 36252896 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To address climate change concerns, and reduce the carbon footprint caused by fossil fuel use, it is likely that blend ratios of renewable biodiesel with commercial mineral diesel fuel will steadily increase, resulting in biodiesel use becoming more widespread. Exhaust toxicity of unblended biodiesels changes depending on feedstock type, however the effect of feedstock on blended fuels is less well known. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of biodiesel feedstock on exhaust toxicity of 20% blended biodiesel fuels (B20). Primary human airway epithelial cells were exposed to exhaust diluted 1/15 with air from an engine running on conventional ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) or 20% blends of soy, canola, waste cooking oil (WCO), tallow, palm or cottonseed biodiesel in diesel. Physico-chemical exhaust properties were compared between fuels and the post-exposure effect of exhaust on cellular viability and media release was assessed 24 h later. Exhaust properties changed significantly between all fuels with cottonseed B20 being the most different to both ULSD and its respective unblended biodiesel. Exposure to palm B20 resulted in significantly decreased cellular viability (96.3 ± 1.7%; p < 0.01) whereas exposure to soy B20 generated the greatest number of changes in mediator release (including IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α, p < 0.05) when compared to air exposed controls, with palm B20 and tallow B20 closely following. In contrast, canola B20 and WCO B20 were the least toxic with only mediators G-CSF and TNF-α being significantly increased. Therefore, exposure to palm B20, soy B20 and tallow B20 were found to be the most toxic and exposure to canola B20 and WCO B20 the least. The top three most toxic and the bottom three least toxic B20 fuels are consistent with their unblended counterparts, suggesting that feedstock type greatly impacts exhaust toxicity, even when biodiesel only comprises 20% of the fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Jessica Hillas
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew King
- Fluid Dynamics Research Group, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca A O'Leary
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth, 6151, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Cahill KM, Johnson TK, Perveen Z, Schexnayder M, Xiao R, Heffernan LM, Langohr IM, Paulsen DB, Penn AL, Noël A. In utero exposures to mint-flavored JUUL aerosol impair lung development and aggravate house dust mite-induced asthma in adult offspring mice. Toxicology 2022; 477:153272. [PMID: 35878681 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There are few reports concerning electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use during pregnancy and no studies on asthma in prenatally JUUL-exposed offspring. Here, we tested the hypothesis that in utero JUUL exposure causes unfavorable birth outcomes and lasting pulmonary health effects in adult offspring. BALB/c dams were exposed to either air or mint-flavored JUUL aerosol, 1-hr/d, 20 consecutive days during gestation. Offspring were sacrificed on post-natal day (PND) 0 or at 11-week of age, following house dust mite (HDM) challenge. Gene expression was assessed in the uterine/placental tissue of the dams and lung responses were assessed in offspring at PND0 and at 11 weeks of age. JUUL-exposed offspring exhibited decreased body weights and lengths at PND0. These birth outcomes were accompanied by dysregulation of 54 genes associated with hypoxia and oxidative stress in the uterine/placental tissues of JUUL-exposed dams, as well as 24 genes in the lungs of the offspring related to Wnt signaling, plus 9 genes related to epigenetics, and 7 genes related to inflammation. At 11 weeks of age, JUUL + HDM exposed mice exhibited pulmonary inflammation when compared to their respective air + HDM controls. Additionally, the JUUL + HDM exposure dysregulated several genes associated with allergies and asthma. Further, the JUUL + HDM females showed decreased methylation of the promoter region of the Il10ra gene. Taken together, our mouse model shows that inhalation of JUUL aerosols during pregnancy affects the intrauterine environment, impairs lung development, and heightens the effects of allergic airway responses later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerin M Cahill
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Trenton K Johnson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Zakia Perveen
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Matthew Schexnayder
- Lincoln Memorial University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Linda M Heffernan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Daniel B Paulsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Arthur L Penn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Fan Z, Jan S, Hickey JC, Davies DH, Felgner J, Felgner PL, Guan Z. Multifunctional Dendronized Polypeptides for Controlled Adjuvanticity. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:5074-5086. [PMID: 34788023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination has been playing an important role in treating both infectious and cancerous diseases. Nevertheless, many diseases still lack proper vaccines due to the difficulty to generate sufficient amounts of antigen-specific antibodies or T cells. Adjuvants provide an important route to improve and direct immune responses. However, there are few adjuvants approved clinically and many of them lack the clear structure/adjuvanticity relationship. Here, we synthesized and evaluated a series of dendronized polypeptides (denpols) functionalized with varying tryptophan/histidine (W/H) molar ratios of 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and 100/0 as tunable synthetic adjuvants. The denpols showed structure-dependent inflammasome activation in THP1 monocytic cells and structure-related activation and antigen cross-presentation in vitro in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. We used the denpols with bacterial pathogen Coxiella burnetii antigens in vivo, which showed both high and tunable adjuvating activities, as demonstrated by the antigen-specific antibody and T cell responses. The denpols are easy to make and scalable, biodegradable, and have highly adjustable chemical structures. Taken together, denpols show great potential as a new and versatile adjuvant platform that allows us to adjust adjuvanticity based on structure-activity correlation with the aim to fine-tune the immune response, thus advancing vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sharon Jan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - James C Hickey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - D Huw Davies
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Philip L Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zhibin Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Landwehr KR, Hillas J, Mead-Hunter R, Brooks P, King A, O'Leary RA, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Larcombe AN. Fuel feedstock determines biodiesel exhaust toxicity in a human airway epithelial cell exposure model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126637. [PMID: 34329109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodiesel is promoted as a sustainable replacement for commercial diesel. Biodiesel fuel and exhaust properties change depending on the base feedstock oil/fat used during creation. The aims of this study were, for the first time, to compare the exhaust exposure health impacts of a wide range of biodiesels made from different feedstocks and relate these effects with the corresponding exhaust characteristics. METHOD Primary airway epithelial cells were exposed to diluted exhaust from an engine running on conventional diesel and biodiesel made from Soy, Canola, Waste Cooking Oil, Tallow, Palm and Cottonseed. Exhaust properties and cellular viability and mediator release were analysed post exposure. RESULTS The exhaust physico-chemistry of Tallow biodiesel was the most different to diesel as well as the most toxic, with exposure resulting in significantly decreased cellular viability (95.8 ± 6.5%) and increased release of several immune mediators including IL-6 (+223.11 ± 368.83 pg/mL) and IL-8 (+1516.17 ± 2908.79 pg/mL) above Air controls. In contrast Canola biodiesel was the least toxic with exposure only increasing TNF-α (4.91 ± 8.61). CONCLUSION This study, which investigated the toxic effects for the largest range of biodiesels, shows that exposure to different exhausts results in a spectrum of toxic effects in vitro when combusted under identical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Jessica Hillas
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Brooks
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew King
- Fluid Dynamics Research Group, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca A O'Leary
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth 6000, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Hamilton D, Lehman H. Asthma Phenotypes as a Guide for Current and Future Biologic Therapies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 59:160-174. [PMID: 31359247 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asthma has been increasingly recognized as being a heterogeneous disease with multiple distinct mechanisms and pathophysiologies. Evidence continues to build regarding the existence of different cell types, environmental exposures, pathogens, and other factors that produce a similar set of symptoms known collectively as asthma. This has led to a movement from a "one size fits all" symptom-based methodology to a more patient-centered, individualized approach to asthma treatment targeting the underlying disease process. A significant contributor to this shift to more personalized asthma therapy has been the increasing availability of numerous biologic therapies in recent years, providing the opportunity for more targeted treatments. When targeted biologics began to be developed for treatment of asthma, the hope was that distinct biomarkers would become available, allowing the clinician to determine which biologic therapy was best suited for which patients. Presence of certain biomarkers, like eosinophilia or antigen-specific IgE, is important features of specific asthma phenotypes. Currently available biomarkers can help with decision making about biologics, but are generally too broad and non-specific to clearly identify an asthma phenotype or the single biologic best suited to an asthmatic. Identification of further biomarkers is the subject of intense research. Yet, identifying a patient's asthma phenotype can help in predicting disease course, response to treatment, and biologic therapies to consider. In this review, major asthma phenotypes are reviewed, and the evidence for the utility of various biologics, both those currently on the market and those in the development process, in each of these phenotypes is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hamilton
- SUNY Upstate Medical University College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Heather Lehman
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 1001 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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Kim SM, Ryu HW, Kwon OK, Hwang D, Kim MG, Min JH, Zhang Z, Kim SY, Paik JH, Oh SR, Ahn KS, Lee JW. Callicarpa japonica Thunb. ameliorates allergic airway inflammation by suppressing NF-κB activation and upregulating HO-1 expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113523. [PMID: 33129947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Callicarpa japonica Thunb., as an herbal medicine has been used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in China and Korea. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ultra performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-PDA-QTof MS) was used to detect the major phenylethanoid glycosides in the C. japonica extract. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally sensitized by ovalbumin (OVA) (on days 0 and 7) and challenged by OVA aerosol (on days 11-13) to induce airway inflammatory response. The mice were also administered with C. japonica Thunb. (CJT) (20 and 40 mg/kg Per oral) on days 9-13. CJT pretreatment was conducted in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated A549 cells. RESULTS CJT administration significantly reduced the secretion of Th2 cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, immunoglobulin E (IgE) and histamine, and the recruitment of eosinophils in an OVA-exposed mice. In histological analyses, the amelioration of inflammatory cell influx and mucus secretion were observed with CJT. The OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), iNOS expression and NF-κB activation were effectively suppressed by CJT administration. In addition, CJT led to the upregulation of HO-1 expression. In an in vitro study, CJT pretreatment suppressed the LPS-induced TNF-α secretion in RAW264.7 cells and attenuated the PMA-induced IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 secretion in A549 cells. These effects were accompanied by downregulated NF-κB phosphorylation and by upregulated HO-1 expression. CONCLUSION These results suggested that CJT has protective activity against OVA-induced airway inflammation via downregulation of NF-κB activation and upregulation of HO-1, suggesting that CJT has preventive potential for the development of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Man Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ok-Kyoung Kwon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Daseul Hwang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Gu Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Hong Min
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, PR China.
| | - Soo-Yong Kim
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Hyub Paik
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Chungbuk, 28116, Republic of Korea.
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Mandlik DS, Mandlik SK. New perspectives in bronchial asthma: pathological, immunological alterations, biological targets, and pharmacotherapy. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:521-544. [PMID: 32938247 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1824238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is the most common, long-lasting inflammatory airway disease that affects more than 10% of the world population. It is characterized by bronchial narrowing, airway hyperresponsiveness, vasodilatation, airway edema, and stimulation of sensory nerve endings that lead to recurring events of breathlessness, wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing. It is the main reason for global morbidity and occurs as a result of the weakening of the immune system in response to exposure to allergens or environmental exposure. In asthma condition, it results in the activation of numerous inflammatory cells like the mast and dendritic cells along with the accumulation of activated eosinophils and lymphocytes at the inflammation site. The structural cells such as airway epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells release inflammatory mediators that promote the bronchial inflammation. Long-lasting bronchial inflammation can cause pathological alterations, viz. the improved thickness of the bronchial epithelium and friability of airway epithelial cells, epithelium fibrosis, hyperplasia, and hypertrophy of airway smooth muscle, angiogenesis, and mucus gland hyperplasia. The stimulation of bronchial epithelial cell would result in the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that attract inflammatory cells into bronchial airways and plays an important role in asthma. Asthma patients who do not respond to marketed antiasthmatic drugs needed novel biological medications to regulate the asthmatic situation. The present review enumerates various types of asthma, etiological factors, and in vivo animal models for the induction of asthma. The underlying pathological, immunological mechanism of action, the role of inflammatory mediators, the effect of inflammation on the bronchial airways, newer treatment approaches, and novel biological targets of asthma have been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa S Mandlik
- Department of Pharmacology, Bharat Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Erandawane, India
| | - Satish K Mandlik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Vadgaon, Maharashtra, India
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Almas S, Fayad N, Srivastava O, Siddique M, Touret N, Lacy P. Cytokine trafficking of IL-9 and IL-13 through TfnRc + vesicles in activated human eosinophils. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:753-762. [PMID: 32911568 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ma0820-320rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes that are elevated in lung mucosa in approximately half of patients with allergic asthma. These highly granulated cells can synthesize and secrete many cytokines, including IL-9 and IL-13. We hypothesized that IL-9 and IL-13 are found as preformed mediators in crystalloid granules and secreted using distinct trafficking pathways. Human eosinophils were purified from peripheral venous blood, adhered to coverslips, and stimulated with platelet activating factor (PAF). Cells were immunolabeled with antibodies to IL-9 or IL-13 and colocalized with markers for secretory organelles, using CD63 for crystalloid granules and transferrin receptor (TfnRc) for vesicles. Fixed cells were imaged using super-resolution microscopy and quantified by colocalization using Pearson's correlation coefficient. IL-9 immunofluorescence increased in a time-dependent manner to PAF, whereas colocalization of IL-9 and CD63 significantly increased from 0.52 to 0.67 after 5 min PAF. Colocalization of IL-9 with TfnRc significantly increased at 60 min of stimulation with PAF (0.54 at 0 min to 0.60 at 60 min). IL-13 showed lower colocalization with CD63 (0.55) than TfnRc (0.63) in unstimulated cells. Upon PAF stimulation, IL-13 intensity transiently decreased at 5 and 60 min, whereas colocalization of IL-13 with CD63 decreased throughout stimulation to 0.43. While colocalization of IL-13 with TfnRc transiently increased to 0.66 at 5 min PAF, it returned to near baseline levels (0.64) after 15 min PAF. Our results suggest that IL-9 and IL-13 are stored in crystalloid granules as well as endosomal structures, and that IL-9 is primarily trafficked to the cell surface via TfnRc+ endosome-like vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Almas
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nawell Fayad
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ojas Srivastava
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mujtaba Siddique
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicolas Touret
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paige Lacy
- Alberta Respiratory Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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10
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Han D, Medina-Rodriguez EM, Lowell JA, Beurel E. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 promotes T helper type 17 differentiation by promoting interleukin-9 production. Immunology 2020; 160:357-365. [PMID: 32277469 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper type 17 (Th17) cells are recognized as important contributors to the deleterious effects of several neurological and psychiatric diseases. Clarifying mechanisms that control the production of Th17 cells may therefore provide new strategies for developing novel interventions in a broad spectrum of disorders. Th17 cell differentiation is promoted by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), but the mechanisms for this are only beginning to be understood. Using T-cell-selective depletion of GSK3β and multiple selective pharmacological GSK3 inhibitors, we found that GSK3 inhibition decreased C-C motif chemokine (ccl)20, C-C motif chemokine receptor (ccr)6, interleukin (IL)-9, Runt-related transcription factor (Runx)1, interferon regulatory factor (Irf)4 and c-maf mRNA expression after 2 days of Th17 cell differentiation in vitro. These effects were found to be independent of the master regulator transcription factor retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γT (RORγT), as GSK3 inhibition still reduced Th17 cell differentiation in RORγT-depleted cells. Because IL-9 was approximately ninefold down-regulated in GSK3β-/- CD4 cells, we tested if reintroduction of IL-9 during Th17 cell differentiation abolished the inhibition by GSK3 deficiency of Th17 cell differentiation. We found that IL-9 over-expression was sufficient to reverse the inhibition of Th17 cell differentiation by GSK3 inhibition or depletion. We found that IL-9 enhances Th17 cell differentiation in part through signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation, and IL-9 also enhances STAT3 binding to the IL-17a promoter. Altogether, these findings suggest that IL-9 might be an important mediator of GSK3β-dependent enhancement of Th17 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Han
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Eva M Medina-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Lowell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Eléonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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11
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Gurgone D, McShane L, McSharry C, Guzik TJ, Maffia P. Cytokines at the Interplay Between Asthma and Atherosclerosis? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:166. [PMID: 32194407 PMCID: PMC7064545 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an important comorbidity in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, evidence in highly prevalent respiratory disease such as asthma are still limited. Epidemiological and clinical data are not univocal in supporting the hypothesis that asthma and CVD are linked and the mechanisms of this relationship remain poorly defined. In this review, we explore the relationship between asthma and cardiovascular disease, with a specific focus on cytokine contribution to vascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis. This is important in the context of recent evidence linking broad inflammatory signaling to cardiovascular events. However inflammatory regulation in asthma is different to the one typically observed in atherosclerosis. We focus on the contribution of cytokine networks encompassing IL-4, IL-6, IL-9, IL-17A, IL-33 but also IFN-γ and TNF-α to vascular dysfunction in atherosclerosis. In doing so we highlight areas of unmet need and possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Gurgone
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucy McShane
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Charles McSharry
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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12
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Yazdani R, Shapoori S, Rezaeepoor M, Sanaei R, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M, Azizi G, Rae W, Aghamohammadi A, Rezaei N. Features and roles of T helper 9 cells and interleukin 9 in immunological diseases. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2019; 47:90-104. [PMID: 29703631 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
T helper 9 (TH9) cells are considered as newly classified helper T cells that have an important role in the regulation of immune responses. Since these cells preferentially produce IL-9, these cells are termed TH9 cells. Recently, the role of TH9 and its signature cytokine (IL-9) has been investigated in a wide range of diseases, including autoimmunity, allergy, infections, cancer and immunodeficiency. Herein, we review the most recent data concerning TH9 cells and IL-9 as well as their roles in disease. These insights suggest that TH9 cells are a future target for therapeutic intervention.
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13
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Robinson D, Humbert M, Buhl R, Cruz AA, Inoue H, Korom S, Hanania NA, Nair P. Revisiting Type 2-high and Type 2-low airway inflammation in asthma: current knowledge and therapeutic implications. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:161-175. [PMID: 28036144 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex respiratory disorder characterized by marked heterogeneity in individual patient disease triggers and response to therapy. Several asthma phenotypes have now been identified, each defined by a unique interaction between genetic and environmental factors, including inflammatory, clinical and trigger-related phenotypes. Endotypes further describe the functional or pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the patient's disease. type 2-driven asthma is an emerging nomenclature for a common subtype of asthma and is characterized by the release of signature cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 from cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. A number of well-recognized biomarkers have been linked to mechanisms involved in type 2 airway inflammation, including fractional exhaled nitric oxide, serum IgE, periostin, and blood and sputum eosinophils. These type 2 cytokines are targets for pharmaceutical intervention, and a number of therapeutic options are under clinical investigation for the management of patients with uncontrolled severe asthma. Anticipating and understanding the heterogeneity of asthma and subsequent improved characterization of different phenotypes and endotypes must guide the selection of treatment to meet individual patients' needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Robinson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Severe Asthma Service, UCLH NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - M Humbert
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U999, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - R Buhl
- Pulmonary Department, Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - A A Cruz
- ProAR-Center of Excellence in Asthma, Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil
| | - H Inoue
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - S Korom
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N A Hanania
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P Nair
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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14
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Heck S, Nguyen J, Le DD, Bals R, Dinh QT. Pharmacological Therapy of Bronchial Asthma: The Role of Biologicals. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2016; 168:241-52. [PMID: 26895179 DOI: 10.1159/000443930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a heterogeneous, complex, chronic inflammatory and obstructive pulmonary disease driven by various pathways to present with different phenotypes. A small proportion of asthmatics (5-10%) suffer from severe asthma with symptoms that cannot be controlled by guideline therapy with high doses of inhaled steroids plus a second controller, such as long-acting β2 agonists (LABA) or leukotriene receptor antagonists, or even systemic steroids. The discovery and characterization of the pathways that drive different asthma phenotypes have opened up new therapeutic avenues for asthma treatment. The approval of the humanized anti-IgE antibody omalizumab for the treatment of severe allergic asthma has paved the way for other cytokine-targeting therapies, particularly those targeting interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17, and IL-23 and the epithelium-derived cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Knowledge of the molecular basis of asthma phenotypes has helped, and continues to help, the development of novel biologicals that target a diverse array of phenotype-specific molecular targets in patients suffering from severe asthma. This review summarizes potential therapeutic approaches that are likely to show clinical efficacy in the near future, focusing on biologicals as promising novel therapies for severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heck
- Department of Experimental Pneumology and Allergology, Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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15
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Wu Y, Zhang JF, Xu T, Xu L, Qiao J, Liu F, Shan H, Jiang X. Identification of therapeutic targets for childhood severe asthmatics with DNA microarray. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2016; 44:76-82. [PMID: 25979195 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to discover potential gene targets for treating childhood asthmatics. METHODS With the microarray data downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we explored the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in children with severe asthma and mild asthma (SA vs. MA) or healthy controls (SA vs. HC). Then we performed hierarchical clustering, function and pathway enrichment analysis for the common DEGs. RESULTS A total of 81 genes were identified to be differentially expressed in SA vs. MA and SA vs. HC group. Hierarchical clustering of the 81 DEGs could crudely separate the SA, MA and healthy individuals. The overrepresented GO terms of the common DEGs were related with lipid biosynthetic process (21.74%), pigment biosynthetic process (13.04%) and nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process (13.04%). Only one pathway was significantly enriched, which was the antigen processing and presentation pathway involved with CD4 and RFX gene. CONCLUSIONS The antigen processing and presentation pathway and lipid biosynthetic process may play roles in the pathogenesis of severe asthma. CD4 and RFX provide a therapeutic possibility for childhood asthma.
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16
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Attia MY, Saber HM. Role played by T-helper 2 in resetting the cytokine balance in allergic patients. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.4103/1110-7782.145311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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17
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Parker JC, Thavagnanam S, Skibinski G, Lyons J, Bell J, Heaney LG, Shields MD. Chronic IL9 and IL-13 exposure leads to an altered differentiation of ciliated cells in a well-differentiated paediatric bronchial epithelial cell model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61023. [PMID: 23671562 PMCID: PMC3650011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by airways remodelling. In mouse models IL-9 and IL-13 have been implicated in airways remodelling including mucus hypersecretion and goblet cell hyperplasia. Their role, especially that of IL-9, has been much less studied in authentic human ex vivo models of the bronchial epithelium from normal and asthmatic children. We assessed the effects of IL-9, IL-13 and an IL-9/IL-13 combination, during differentiation of bronchial epithelial cells from normal (n = 6) and asthmatic (n = 8) children. Cultures were analysed for morphological markers and factors associated with altered differentiation (MUC5AC, SPDEF and MMP-7). IL-9, IL-9/IL-13 combination and IL-13 stimulated bronchial epithelial cells from normal children had fewer ciliated cells [14.8% (SD 8.9), p = 0.048, 12.4 (SD 6.1), p = 0.016 and 7.3% (SD 6.6), p = 0.031] respectively compared with unstimulated [(21.4% (SD 9.6)]. IL-9 stimulation had no effect on goblet cell number in either group whereas IL-9/IL-13 combination and IL-13 significantly increased goblet cell number [24.8% (SD 8.8), p = 0.02), 32.9% (SD 8.6), p = 0.007] compared with unstimulated normal bronchial cells [(18.6% (SD 6.2)]. All stimulations increased MUC5AC mRNA in bronchial epithelial cells from normal children and increased MUC5AC mucin secretion. MMP-7 localisation was dysregulated in normal bronchial epithelium stimulated with Th2 cytokines which resembled the unstimulated bronchial epithelium of asthmatic children. All stimulations resulted in a significant reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance values over time suggesting a role in altered tight junction formation. We conclude that IL-9 does not increase goblet cell numbers in bronchial epithelial cell cultures from normal or asthmatic children. IL-9 and IL-13 alone and in combination, reduce ciliated cell numbers and transepithelial electrical resistance during differentiation of normal epithelium, which clinically could inhibit mucociliary clearance and drive an altered repair mechanism. This suggests an alternative role for IL-9 in airways remodelling and reaffirms IL-9 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C. Parker
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Grzegorz Skibinski
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Jeremy Lyons
- The Royal Hospitals, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Jennifer Bell
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Liam G. Heaney
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael D. Shields
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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18
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Histophatologic changes of lung in asthmatic male rats treated with hydro-alcoholic extract of Plantago major and theophylline. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2013; 3:143-51. [PMID: 25050268 PMCID: PMC4075699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plantago major (P. major) is one of the medicinal crops in the world which has therapeutic properties for treatment of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. Theophylline is commonly used for the treatment of respiratory diseases. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of P. major on lung in asthmatic male rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS 32 male adult rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: The control group (C) received normal saline; Asthma (A) group received a normal diet; Asthma group treated with Theophylline (200 mg/kg b.w.) (T); Asthma group which received p.major (100 mg/kg b.w.) (P). Asthma was induced by citric acid, 0.1 mg in form of spraying. The injection of P.major extract and theophylline was administered intraperitoneally for four weeks. At the end of the treatment, all of the rats were sacrificed and lungs were taken out, fixed, and stained with H&E, toluidine blue, and PAS, then histological studies were followed with light microscope. RESULTS RESULTS showed that, in asthmatic group, the mean number of mast cells was significantly increased (p<0.05). Thickness of alveolar epithelium and accumulation of glycoprotein in airways was increased. Moreover, in some of alveolar sac hemorrhaging was observed. Administration of p.major extract in asthmatic rats restored these changes towards normal group. CONCLUSION The present study revealed that P. major compared with theophylline, has a protective effect on lung in asthmatic rats.
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19
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Ramakrishna L, de Vries VC, Curotto de Lafaille MA. Cross-roads in the lung: immune cells and tissue interactions as determinants of allergic asthma. Immunol Res 2012; 53:213-28. [PMID: 22447350 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic disease of the lung characterized by underlying Th2- and IgE-mediated inflammation, structural alterations of the bronchial wall, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Initial allergic sensitization and later development of chronic disease are determined by close interactions between lung structural cells and the resident and migratory immune cells in the lung. Epithelial cells play a crucial role in allergic sensitization by directly influencing dendritic cells induction of tolerant or effector T cells and production of type 2 cytokines by innate immune cells. During chronic disease, the bronchial epithelium, stroma, and smooth muscle become structurally and functionally altered, contributing to the perpetuation of tissue remodeling. Thus, targeting tissue-driven pathology in addition to inflammation may increase the effectiveness of asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Ramakrishna
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #4-06 Immunos, Singapore
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20
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Horka H, Staudt V, Klein M, Taube C, Reuter S, Dehzad N, Andersen JF, Kopecky J, Schild H, Kotsyfakis M, Hoffmann M, Gerlitzki B, Stassen M, Bopp T, Schmitt E. The tick salivary protein sialostatin L inhibits the Th9-derived production of the asthma-promoting cytokine IL-9 and is effective in the prevention of experimental asthma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 188:2669-76. [PMID: 22327077 PMCID: PMC3523721 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ticks developed a multitude of different immune evasion strategies to obtain a blood meal. Sialostatin L is an immunosuppressive cysteine protease inhibitor present in the saliva of the hard tick Ixodes scapularis. In this study, we demonstrate that sialostatin L strongly inhibits the production of IL-9 by Th9 cells. Because we could show recently that Th9-derived IL-9 is essentially involved in the induction of asthma symptoms, sialostatin L was used for the treatment of experimental asthma. Application of sialostatin L in a model of experimental asthma almost completely abrogated airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia. Our data suggest that sialostatin L can prevent experimental asthma, most likely by inhibiting the IL-9 production of Th9 cells. Thus, alternative to IL-9 neutralization sialostatin L provides the basis for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to treat asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Horka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Valérie Staudt
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Taube
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sebastian Reuter
- III-Medical Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nina Dehzad
- III-Medical Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - John F. Andersen
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michalis Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic and Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bastian Gerlitzki
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Stassen
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- Institute for Immunology University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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21
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Stephens GL, Swerdlow B, Benjamin E, Coyle AJ, Humbles A, Kolbeck R, Fung M. IL-9 is a Th17-derived cytokine that limits pathogenic activity in organ-specific autoimmune disease. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:952-62. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
The production of interleukin-9 (IL-9) by CD4 T cells has gathered renewed interest as the result of the observation that its expression is broader than originally thought. This includes the production of IL-9 by a recently characterized subset of CD4 helper T (Th) cells that are termed Th9 as well as production by additional T-cell subsets including Th17 cells. There is an incomplete understanding as to which IL-9-producing T-cell subsets develop under physiological conditions. We describe the conditions used to generate IL-9 in Th17 cells in vitro. We also summarize conditions where both IL-9 and IL-17 are found in vivo and propose that Th17 cells producing IL-9 may co-exist and interact with Th9 cells during conditions of autoimmunity, allergy and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Nowak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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23
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Blanco JCG, Boukhvalova MS, Shirey KA, Prince GA, Vogel SN. New insights for development of a safe and protective RSV vaccine. HUMAN VACCINES 2010; 6:482-92. [PMID: 20671419 PMCID: PMC2965816 DOI: 10.4161/hv.6.6.11562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and children <1 year old, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is currently no RSV vaccine. In the 1960s, a formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine trial led to exacerbated disease upon natural infection of vaccinees, including two deaths. The causes involved in the disastrous results of these vaccine trials are still unclear but they remain the engine for searching new avenues to develop a safe vaccine that can provide long-term protection against this important pathogen. This article reviews some of the early history of RSV vaccine development,as well as more recent information on the interaction between RSV and the host innate and adaptive immune responses. A safe and efficacious vaccine for RSV will require "re-education" of the host immune response against RSV to prevent vaccine-enhanced or severe RSV disease.
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Deo SS, Mistry KJ, Kakade AM, Niphadkar PV. Role played by Th2 type cytokines in IgE mediated allergy and asthma. Lung India 2010; 27:66-71. [PMID: 20616938 PMCID: PMC2893428 DOI: 10.4103/0970-2113.63609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent evidence suggest that allergen type 2 helper T cells (Th2) play a triggering role in the activation/recruitment of IgE antibody producing B cells, mast cells and eosinophils. Reduced microbial exposure in early life is responsible for a shift of Th1/Th2 balance in the immune system towards the pre-allergic Th2 response. The Th1 predominantly produce IFNgamma and delayed type hypersensitivity while Th2 secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13 and regulate B cell and eosinophil mediated responses. To assess regulatory changes in the immune system, in patients with allergy and asthma, we studied the cytokine profile in serum in comparison with normal healthy controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 170 patients with various allergies and asthmatic conditions were studied, for cytokines in the serum by ELISA using kits from Immunotech, and analyzed to identify the triggering factors or main contributors towards allergy and asthma. RESULTS Our study showed increase in the levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6 in all groups which were non- significant. But the levels of IL-10, IL-13 and TNF alpha were highly significant. Besides, we found correlation of GM-CSF with IL-10. Significant correlation with different cytokines was observed. Most of these patients showed increase in IgE levels. CONCLUSIONS This study gives a better understanding of how cytokines are the mediators of balance of Th1 and Th2 immune responses and IgE synthesis is controlled by cytokines. Further studies will eventually lead to improved treatment strategies in the clinical management of IgE mediated allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha S. Deo
- Medical Research Society, Raja Ram Mohan Roy Road, Prathna Samaj, Girgaum, Mumbai - 400 004, India
| | - Kejal J. Mistry
- Medical Research Society, Raja Ram Mohan Roy Road, Prathna Samaj, Girgaum, Mumbai - 400 004, India
| | - Amol M. Kakade
- Medical Research Society, Raja Ram Mohan Roy Road, Prathna Samaj, Girgaum, Mumbai - 400 004, India
| | - Pramod V. Niphadkar
- Sir H. N. Hospital and Research Centre, Raja Ram Mohan Roy Road, Prathna Samaj, Girgaum, Mumbai - 400 004, India
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Pacciani V, Gregori S, Chini L, Corrente S, Chianca M, Moschese V, Rossi P, Roncarolo MG, Angelini F. Induction of anergic allergen-specific suppressor T cells using tolerogenic dendritic cells derived from children with allergies to house dust mites. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:727-36. [PMID: 20153036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) regulate the immune response to allergens in the lung; they induce either effector or regulatory T cells, which promote or suppress, respectively, the development of allergy. IL-10 is a potent immunosuppressive cytokine that induces type 1 regulatory (Tr1) T cells. OBJECTIVE To generate allergen-specific Tr1 cells in vitro from children with allergy. METHODS Monocyte-derived DCs from children with allergy to house dust mites (HDM) were generated by incubating the cells with IL-10 and pulsing them with Der p 2, a major HDM allergen, or by pulsing them with Der p 2 and incubating them with IL-10 during their last 2 days of differentiation. RESULTS Der p 2-specific T-cell proliferation and T(H)2 cytokine production were significantly reduced when T cells from patients with allergy to HDM were activated with autologous Der p 2-pulsed DCs that had been differentiated or incubated with IL-10. T-cell lines generated with Der p 2-pulsed DCs that were differentiated with IL-10 were hyporesponsive to reactivation with Der p 2 and able to suppress Der p 2-specific T(H)2 effector cells. CONCLUSION Dendritic cells differentiated in the presence of IL-10 and pulsed with allergen gave rise to a population of tolerogenic DCs that induced allergen-specific Tr1 cells. This finding represents an important step forward to the prospective clinical application of tolerogenic DCs to modulate allergen-specific T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pacciani
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Immuno-Infectivology Unit, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Lau ATY, Chiu JF. Biomarkers of lung-related diseases: current knowledge by proteomic approaches. J Cell Physiol 2009; 221:535-43. [PMID: 19681054 PMCID: PMC7166618 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The lung epithelial surface is one of the vital barriers or sensors in the body responding to the external atmosphere and thereby always subjecting to direct toxicological exposure, stress, stimulus, or infection. Due to its relatively higher sensitivity in response to toxicants, the use of lung epithelial cell culture and lung tissue from animal models or patients has facilitated our learning to lung physiopathology and toxicopharmacology. The recent advancement of proteomics has made it possible to investigate the cellular response at a global level. In this review, the potential applications of proteomic approach in studying lung-related diseases and biomarker discovery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy T Y Lau
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Yadav UCS, Naura AS, Aguilera-Aguirre L, Ramana KV, Boldogh I, Sur S, Boulares HA, Srivastava SK. Aldose reductase inhibition suppresses the expression of Th2 cytokines and airway inflammation in ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4723-32. [PMID: 19752229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Airway inflammation induced by reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors is the hallmark of asthma, a prevalent chronic respiratory disease. In various cellular and animal models, we have recently demonstrated that, in response to multiple stimuli, aldose reductase (AR) regulates the inflammatory signals mediated by NF-kappaB. Because NF-kappaB-mediated inflammation is a major characteristic of asthma pathogenesis, we have investigated the effect of AR inhibition on NF-kappaB and various inflammatory markers in cellular and animal models of asthma using primary human small airway epithelial cells and OVA-sensitized/challenged C57BL/6 mice, respectively. We observed that pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of AR by small interfering RNA prevented TNF-alpha- as well as LPS-induced apoptosis; reactive oxygen species generation; synthesis of inflammatory markers IL-6, IL-8, and PGE(2); and activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 in small airway epithelial cells. In OVA-challenged mice, we observed that administration of an AR inhibitor markedly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness, IgE levels, eisonophils infiltration, and release of Th2 type cytokines in the airway. Our results indicate that AR inhibitors may offer a novel therapeutic approach to treat inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh C S Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Nowak EC, Weaver CT, Turner H, Begum-Haque S, Becher B, Schreiner B, Coyle AJ, Kasper LH, Noelle RJ. IL-9 as a mediator of Th17-driven inflammatory disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:1653-60. [PMID: 19596803 PMCID: PMC2722185 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report that like other T cells cultured in the presence of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta, Th17 cells also produce interleukin (IL) 9. Th17 cells generated in vitro with IL-6 and TGF-beta as well as purified ex vivo Th17 cells both produced IL-9. To determine if IL-9 has functional consequences in Th17-mediated inflammatory disease, we evaluated the role of IL-9 in the development and progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. The data show that IL-9 neutralization and IL-9 receptor deficiency attenuates disease, and this correlates with decreases in Th17 cells and IL-6-producing macrophages in the central nervous system, as well as mast cell numbers in the regional lymph nodes. Collectively, these data implicate IL-9 as a Th17-derived cytokine that can contribute to inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Nowak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Abstract
Gounaris and colleagues describe a previously unrecognized cross-talk between mast cells and Treg in colon adenomatous polyposis (Gounaris et al., Cancer Res 2009;69:5490-7). Adoptively transferred Treg suppress the focal mastocytosis that fosters tumor initiation and progression. In contrast, endogenous Treg, which abundantly infiltrate polyps, show proinflammatory activity under unknown microenvironmental cues that promote mast cell differentiation and expansion. Compartmentalized Treg plasticity seems to be a key factor in establishing the optimal milieu for cancer development in the intestines. Treg partnership with mast cells recapitulates the complexity of innate-adaptive networks characterizing gut inflammation and represents a novel target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario P Colombo
- Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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Barnes PJ. The cytokine network in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Invest 2009; 118:3546-56. [PMID: 18982161 DOI: 10.1172/jci36130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 669] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are very common inflammatory diseases of the airways. They both cause airway narrowing and are increasing in incidence throughout the world, imposing enormous burdens on health care. Cytokines play a key role in orchestrating the chronic inflammation and structural changes of the respiratory tract in both asthma and COPD and have become important targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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31
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Holdsworth SR, Summers SA. Role of Mast Cells in Progressive Renal Diseases: Figure 1. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:2254-61. [DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Nath P, Leung SY, Williams AS, Noble A, Xie S, McKenzie ANJ, Chung KF. Complete inhibition of allergic airway inflammation and remodelling in quadruple IL-4/5/9/13-/- mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:1427-35. [PMID: 17883722 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-helper type 2 (Th2)-derived cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 play an important role in the synthesis of IgE and in the promotion of allergic eosinophilic inflammation and airway wall remodelling. OBJECTIVE We determined the importance of IL-13 alone, and of the four Th2 cytokines together, by studying mice in which either IL-13 alone or the Th2 cytokine cluster was genetically disrupted. METHODS The knock-out mice and their BALB/c wild-type (wt) counterparts were sensitized and repeatedly exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) aerosol. RESULTS Bronchial responsiveness measured as the concentration of acetylcholine aerosol needed to increase baseline lung resistance by 100% (PC100) was decreased in IL-13-/-, but increased in IL-4/5/9/13-/- mice. Chronic allergen exposure resulted in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in wt mice but not in both genetically modified mice. After allergen exposure, eosinophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in airways mucosa, and goblet cell numbers were not increased in IL-4/5/9/13-/- mice, and were only attenuated in IL-13-/- mice. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) hyperplasia after allergen exposure was prevented in both IL-13-/- and IL-4/5/9/13-/- mice to an equal extent. Similarly, the rise in total or OVA-specific serum IgE levels was totally inhibited. CONCLUSION IL-13 is mainly responsible for AHR, ASM hyperplasia and increases in IgE, while IL-4, -5 and -9 may contribute to goblet cell hyperplasia and eosinophilic inflammation induced by chronic allergen exposure in a murine model. Both redundancy or complementariness of Th2 cytokines can occur in vivo, according to specific aspects of the allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneeta Nath
- Experimental Studies, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Sun J, Wong B, Cundall M, Goncharova S, Conway M, Dalrymple A, Coyle AJ, Waserman S, Jordana M. Immunoreactivity profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:901-8. [PMID: 17517104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal rhinitis is manifested by a series of nasal symptoms in response to exposure to seasonal allergens including ragweed pollen. Understanding its immunological mechanisms may help to better manage the disease. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine comprehensively ragweed-induced cytokine and chemokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal individuals and patients with seasonal rhinitis sensitized to ragweed pollen, and to assess its regulation by exogenous IL-10. METHODS Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of a purified ragweed pollen extract with or without exogenous IL-10. Cytokines and chemokines were measured in the supernatant. Gene expression was evaluated using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS Ragweed stimulation significantly increased the production of the Th2-associated cytokines IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, the chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 and the regulatory cytokine IL-10 in allergic patients, whereas transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) production was increased only in normal individuals. No difference was detected between groups in the production of the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma or the Th1-affiliated chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL11. Exogenous IL-10 significantly suppressed spontaneous and induced production of both Th1- and Th2-associated cytokines and chemokines. CONCLUSION Our work demonstrated that locally manifested allergic rhinitis is underlined by a systemic Th2 immune response specific to allergens. The molecular pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis may be linked to a compromised allergen-specific immune regulation, e.g., reduced spontaneous and allergen-induced TGF-beta production in patients compared with healthy controls. Our data also show that IL-10 inhibits both the effector and directional mechanisms of allergen-specific immune response, further supporting its potential therapeutic benefit in preventing and treating allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sun
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Fuller CM, Kovacs G, Anderson SJ, Benos DJ. The CLCAs: Proteins with Ion Channel, Cell Adhesion and Tumor Suppressor Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/0-387-23250-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lu LF, Lind EF, Gondek DC, Bennett KA, Gleeson MW, Pino-Lagos K, Scott ZA, Coyle AJ, Reed JL, Van Snick J, Strom TB, Zheng XX, Noelle RJ. Mast cells are essential intermediaries in regulatory T-cell tolerance. Nature 2006; 442:997-1002. [PMID: 16921386 DOI: 10.1038/nature05010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to the proinflammatory role of mast cells in allergic disorders, the results obtained in this study establish that mast cells are essential in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (T(Reg))-cell-dependent peripheral tolerance. Here we confirm that tolerant allografts, which are sustained owing to the immunosuppressive effects of T(Reg) cells, acquire a unique genetic signature dominated by the expression of mast-cell-gene products. We also show that mast cells are crucial for allograft tolerance, through the inability to induce tolerance in mast-cell-deficient mice. High levels of interleukin (IL)-9--a mast cell growth and activation factor--are produced by activated T(Reg) cells, and IL-9 production seems important in mast cell recruitment to, and activation in, tolerant tissue. Our data indicate that IL-9 represents the functional link through which activated T(Reg) cells recruit and activate mast cells to mediate regional immune suppression, because neutralization of IL-9 greatly accelerates allograft rejection in tolerant mice. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis clearly demonstrates the existence of this novel T(Reg)-IL-9-mast cell relationship within tolerant allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fan Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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Yamagata T, Ichinose M. Agents against cytokine synthesis or receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 533:289-301. [PMID: 16457805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Various cytokines play a critical role in pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory lung diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The increasing evidence of the involvement of these cytokines in the development of airway inflammation raises the possibility that these cytokines may become the novel promising therapeutic targets. Studies concerning the inhibition of interleukin (IL)-4 have been discontinued despite promising early results in asthma. Although blocking antibody against IL-5 markedly reduces the infiltration of eosinophils in peripheral blood and airway, it does not seem to be effective in symptomatic asthma, while blocking IL-13 might be more effective. On the contrary, anti-inflammatory cytokines themselves such as IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, IL-23 and interferon-gamma may have a therapeutic potential. Inhibition of TNF-alpha may also be useful in severe asthma or COPD. Many chemokines are also involved in the inflammatory response of asthma and COPD through the recruitment of inflammatory cells. Several small molecule inhibitors of chemokine receptors are now in development for the treatment of asthma and COPD. Antibodies that block IL-8 reduce neutrophilic inflammation. Chemokine CC3 receptor antagonists, which block eosinophil chemotaxis, are now in clinical development for asthma therapy. As many cytokines are involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory lung diseases, inhibitory agents of the synthesis of multiple cytokines may be more useful tools. Several such agents are now in clinical development.
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MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/antagonists & inhibitors
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/metabolism
- Animals
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Asthma/drug therapy
- Asthma/metabolism
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Etanercept
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Interleukins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy
- Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/enzymology
- Receptors, Cytokine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/therapeutic use
- Respiratory System/drug effects
- Respiratory System/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yamagata
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Kimiidera 811-1 Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
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Candiano G, Bruschi M, Pedemonte N, Caci E, Liberatori S, Bini L, Pellegrini C, Viganò M, O'Connor BJ, Lee TH, Galietta LJV, Zegarra-Moran O. Gelsolin secretion in interleukin-4-treated bronchial epithelia and in asthmatic airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:1090-6. [PMID: 16100010 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200409-1185oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The airway surface liquid, the thin layer of liquid covering the airways, is essential for mucociliary clearance and as a barrier against microbial and other noxious agents. Proteins secreted into the airway surface liquid by epithelial and nonepithelial cells may be important in innate immunity and to improve the fluidity of mucous secretions. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify proteins specifically secreted into the airway surface liquid by human bronchial epithelial cells, in resting conditions and after treatment with interleukin 4 (IL-4), a cytokine released in asthma. METHODS AND MAIN RESULTS By using a proteomics approach, we found that one of the most abundant proteins was gelsolin, which breaks down actin filaments. Gelsolin mRNA and protein secretion were increased threefold in the airway surface liquid of epithelia treated with IL-4. These results were confirmed at the functional level by measuring actin depolymerization using a fluorescence assay. Gelsolin protein was also upregulated in the airways of subjects with asthma. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that gelsolin is released by epithelial cells into the airways and that its secretion is increased by IL-4 in vitro. In addition, we found that the concentration of both IL-4 and gelsolin were raised in the bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with asthma. These results suggest that gelsolin might improve the fluidity of airway surface liquid in asthma by breaking down filamentous actin that may be released in large amounts by dying cells during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Candiano
- Laboratory of Uremic Physiopathology, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa-16148, Italy
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Ramirez-Icaza G, Mohammed KA, Nasreen N, Van Horn RD, Hardwick JA, Sanders KL, Tian J, Ramirez-Icaza C, Johnson MT, Antony VB. Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 downregulate paxillin expression in bronchial airway epithelial cells. J Clin Immunol 2005; 24:426-34. [PMID: 15163899 DOI: 10.1023/b:joci.0000029111.27168.c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by infiltration and shedding of the bronchial epithelium. The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 are involved in the cellular recruitment and infiltration seen in asthma. The effects of IL-4 and IL-13 on cell-matrix interactions and epithelial shedding are unknown. We hypothesize that bronchial airway epithelial cells (BAEC) express paxillin, a structural focal adhesion protein, and downregulation of paxillin by Th2 cytokines lead to BAEC hyperpermeability. We showed by confocal microscopy the presence of paxillin in BAEC. We demonstrated by Western blot analysis that IL-4 and IL-13 stimulation results in downregulation of paxillin production. IL-4 and IL-13 stimulation decreased epithelial cell-matrix attachment as measured by electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing system (ECIS). Our results suggest that Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 downregulate paxillin production by BAEC, thereby disrupting the cell-matrix interactions. This may help explain the epithelial shedding and epithelial membrane hyperpermeability that occurs in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Ramirez-Icaza
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Sitkauskiene B, Rådinger M, Bossios A, Johansson AK, Sakalauskas R, Lötvall J. Airway allergen exposure stimulates bone marrow eosinophilia partly via IL-9. Respir Res 2005; 6:33. [PMID: 15823208 PMCID: PMC1090617 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-6-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-9 is a Th2-derived cytokine with pleiotropic biological effects, which recently has been proposed as a candidate gene for asthma and allergy. We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of a neutralizing anti-IL-9 antibody in a mouse model of airway eosinophilic inflammation and compared any such effect with anti-IL-5 treatment. Methods OVA-sensitized Balb/c mice were intraperitoneally pretreated with a single dose (100 μg) of an anti-mouse IL-9 monoclonal antibody (clone D9302C12) or its vehicle. A third group was given 50 μg of a monoclonal anti-mouse IL-5 antibody (TRFK-5) or its vehicle. Animals were subsequently exposed to OVA on five days via airways. Newly produced eosinophils were labelled using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). BrdU+ eosinophils and CD34+ cell numbers were examined by immunocytochemistry. After culture and stimulation with OVA or PMA+IC, intracellular staining of IL-9 in bone marrow cells from OVA-exposed animals was measured by Flow Cytometry. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to determine significant differences between groups. Results Anti-IL-9 significantly reduced bone marrow eosinophilia, primarily by decrease of newly produced (BrdU+) and mature eosinophils. Anti-IL-9 treatment also reduced blood neutrophil counts, but did not affect BAL neutrophils. Anti-IL-5 was able to reduce eosinophil numbers in all tissue compartments, as well as BrdU+ eosinophils and CD34+ progenitor cells, and in all instances to a greater extent than anti-IL-9. Also, FACS analysis showed that IL-9 is over-expressed in bone marrow CD4+ cells after allergen exposure. Conclusions Our data shows that a single dose of a neutralizing IL-9 antibody is not sufficient to reduce allergen-induced influx of newly produced cells from bone marrow to airways. However, in response to allergen, bone marrow cells over-express IL-9. This data suggest that IL-9 may participate in the regulation of granulocytopoiesis in allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigita Sitkauskiene
- The Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu 2, 50009 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Lab of Pulmonology, Institute for Biomedical Research, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu 4, 50009 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Madeleine Rådinger
- The Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Apostolos Bossios
- The Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Johansson
- The Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Raimundas Sakalauskas
- Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu 2, 50009 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jan Lötvall
- The Lung Pharmacology Group, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract
Asthma is a major and increasing global health problem and, despite major advances in therapy, many patients' symptoms are not adequately controlled. Treatment with combination inhalers, which contain a corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2) adrenoceptor agonist, is the most effective current therapy. There is therefore a search for new therapies, particularly safe and effective oral treatments and those that are more efficacious in severe asthma. New therapies in development include mediator antagonists and inhibitors of cytokines, although these therapies might be too specific to be very effective. New anti-inflammatory therapies include corticosteroids and inhibitors of phosphodiesterase-4, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB. The prospects for a curative treatment are on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK.
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Abstract
Multiple cytokines play a critical role in orchestrating and perpetuating inflammation in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and several specific cytokine and chemokine inhibitors now in development as future therapy for these diseases. Anti-IL-5 antibody markedly reduces peripheral blood and airway eosinophils, but does not appear to be effective in symptomatic asthma. Inhibition of IL-4 despite promising early results in asthma has been discontinued and blocking IL-13 might be more effective. Inhibitory cytokines, such as IL-10, interferons and IL-12 are less promising, as systemic delivery produces side effects. Inhibition of TNF-alpha may be useful in severe asthma and for treating severe COPD with systemic features. Many chemokines are involved in the inflammatory response of asthma and COPD and several small molecule inhibitors of chemokine receptors (CCR) are in development. CCR3 antagonists (which block eosinophil chemotaxis) and CXCR2 antagonists (which block neutrophil and monocyte chemotaxis) are in clinical development for asthma and COPD, respectively. Because so many cytokines are involved in asthma, drugs that inhibit the synthesis of multiple cytokines may prove to be more useful; several such classes of drug are now in clinical development and any risk of side effects with these non-specific inhibitors may be reduced by the inhaled route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK.
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Reader JR, Hyde DM, Schelegle ES, Aldrich MC, Stoddard AM, McLane MP, Levitt RC, Tepper JS. Interleukin-9 induces mucous cell metaplasia independent of inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 28:664-72. [PMID: 12760964 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0207oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9) has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, including the overproduction of mucus, in humans and in animal models. We evaluated the inflammatory changes associated with the upregulation of mucus production by examining the time course of inflammation after daily intratracheal IL-9 administration to naive C57Bl6 mice for 9 d. IL-9 induced an asthmatic phenotype, which in general took several days to develop, as assessed by the measurement of airway hyperresponsiveness, pulmonary inflammation, and serum immunoglobulin E. However, within 24 h of a single dose of IL-9, muc5ac mRNA upregulation occurred, and increased numbers of periodic acid Schiff/Alcian blue-positive mucous cells appeared. This response occurred before the development of an inflammatory cell influx and was the result of epithelial metaplasia. It seemed that IL-9 evoked mucous cell metaplasia independent of IL-13 because mRNA tissue evaluation indicated that muc5ac upregulation preceded any increase in IL-13 mRNA expression or detectable levels of IL-13 in the brochoalveolar lavage fluid. Therefore, the upregulation of IL-13 by IL-9 may be responsible for the amplification of mucus production but is not required for its initiation. IL-9 seems to directly stimulate mucous cell metaplasia without the requirement of inflammatory cell influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rachel Reader
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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von der Thüsen JH, Kuiper J, van Berkel TJC, Biessen EAL. Interleukins in atherosclerosis: molecular pathways and therapeutic potential. Pharmacol Rev 2003; 55:133-66. [PMID: 12615956 DOI: 10.1124/pr.55.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukins are considered to be key players in the chronic vascular inflammatory response that is typical of atherosclerosis. Thus, the expression of proinflammatory interleukins and their receptors has been demonstrated in atheromatous tissue, and the serum levels of several of these cytokines have been found to be positively correlated with (coronary) arterial disease and its sequelae. In vitro studies have confirmed the involvement of various interleukins in pro-atherogenic processes, such as the up-regulation of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, the activation of macrophages, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Furthermore, studies in mice deficient or transgenic for specific interleukins have demonstrated that, whereas some interleukins are indeed intrinsically pro-atherogenic, others may have anti-atherogenic qualities. As the roles of individual interleukins in atherosclerosis are being uncovered, novel anti-atherogenic therapies, aimed at the modulation of interleukin function, are being explored. Several approaches have produced promising results in this respect, including the transfer of anti-inflammatory interleukins and the administration of decoys and antibodies directed against proinflammatory interleukins. The chronic nature of the disease and the generally pleiotropic effects of interleukins, however, will demand high specificity of action and/or effective targeting to prevent the emergence of adverse side effects with such treatments. This may prove to be the real challenge for the development of interleukin-based anti-atherosclerotic therapies, once the mediators and their targets have been delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H von der Thüsen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Vermeer PD, Harson R, Einwalter LA, Moninger T, Zabner J. Interleukin-9 induces goblet cell hyperplasia during repair of human airway epithelia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 28:286-95. [PMID: 12594054 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.4887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, smooth muscle hyperreactivity, and airway remodeling with excessive mucus production. The effect cytokines like interleukin (IL)-9 have on airway epithelia has been addressed using murine models of asthma, as well as transgenic and knockout mice. Though highly informative, differences exist between mouse and human airway epithelia, including cellular composition (e.g., Clara cells) and stem cell/plasticity capabilities. Therefore, to address cytokine effects on human airway epithelia, we have used a primary model system to ask whether IL-9 can alter cell fates of human airway epithelia. Here, we show that IL-9 has little effect on fully differentiated ciliated human airway epithelia. However, in the setting of airway injury repair, IL-9 results in goblet cell hyperplasia. A similar response was observed when the epithelium was exposed to IL-9 before it became fully differentiated. Moreover, exposure to IL-9 resulted in increased lysozyme and mucus production by the epithelia. Thus, a combination of IL-9 and mechanical injury can explain, in part, goblet cell hyperplasia that is evident in the lungs of individuals with asthma. These data suggest that interventions that limit airway epithelial damage, block IL-9, or modulate the repair process should result in decreased airway remodeling and prevent the chronic manifestations of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola D Vermeer
- Department of General Surgery, Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Li L, Das AM, Torphy TJ, Griswold DE. What's in the pipeline? Prospects for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as therapies for lung diseases. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2003; 15:409-16. [PMID: 12406662 DOI: 10.1006/pupt.2002.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The striking clinical results from recent studies with Remicade (infliximab, a monoclonal anti-TNFalpha antibody) in rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and psoriasis demonstrate the disease-altering potential of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in chronic inflammation. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma represent two major chronic pulmonary inflammatory diseases with substantial unmet medical needs. Most of the cells and mediators implicated in the pathophysiology of COPD and asthma are excellent targets for mAb intervention. Indeed, clinical trials with mAbs directed against IL-5, IgE, and CD4 yielded results that are critical in dissecting the pathophysiology of asthma, and reinforce the potential for mAbs as therapeutic agents in treating pulmonary diseases. Furthermore, fundamental advances in the discovery, manufacture and safety of mAbs underscore the enormous therapeutic value of these agents for chronic pulmonary diseases. Indeed, a large number of mAbs are in pre-clinical and clinical development for treating these conditions. In this review, we discuss the scientific rationale for generating mAb therapies directed specifically toward COPD and asthma. We believe that as a therapeutic class, mAbs offer the opportunity to alter symptoms, progression and outcome of chronic pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Centocor, Inc, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355-1307, USA
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Abstract
Protein interaction maps are valuable tools in the understanding of the actions of genes and proteins in a real-life context. However, many proteins and genes interact functionally - without physical contact - via transcriptional coregulation of the genes, which is partially manifested in functional promoter structures called promoter modules. Here, the example of interleukin 9 (IL-9) induction by IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is used to demonstrate how comparative promoter analysis can identify a shared promoter module and thus indicate the crucial partners. This strategy can be used for genes from a small initial set of coregulated genes, such as can be derived from expression array data. The combination of expression and promoter analysis with proteomics should be considered as an important link in functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Werner
- Genomatix Software GmbH, Landsberger Strasse 6, D-80339, Munich, Germany.
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Riffo-Vasquez Y, Spina D. Role of cytokines and chemokines in bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2002; 94:185-211. [PMID: 12113798 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(02)00217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been an intense interest in the potential role of cytokines and chemokines as important mediators in various atopic diseases, including asthma and the mechanisms by which these mediators regulate airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. This research effort has recently culminated in the publication of clinical studies that have assessed the role of interleukin (IL)-4 [Borish et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160, 1816-1823 (1999)], IL-5 [Leckie et al., Lancet 356, 2144-2148 (2000)], and IL-12 [Bryan et al., Lancet 356, 2149-2153 (2000)] in allergic asthma, and the results have been disappointing. This is not surprising given the pleiotropic role cytokines play in the allergic response confirmed by numerous animal studies providing evidence of functional redundancy. The alternative view is that our current concepts in asthma pathogenesis need significant revision. This review will summarise the evidence for the role of cytokines and chemokines in various aspects of asthma pathophysiology; namely, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil recruitment to the airways, mucus secretion, and airway remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Riffo-Vasquez
- The Sacker Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, 5th Floor Hodgkin Building, GKT School of Biomedical Science, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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