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Panagaki T, Janickova L, Petrovic D, Zuhra K, Ditrói T, Jurányi EP, Bremer O, Ascenção K, Philipp TM, Nagy P, Filipovic MR, Szabo C. Neurobehavioral dysfunction in a mouse model of Down syndrome: upregulation of cystathionine β-synthase, H 2S overproduction, altered protein persulfidation, synaptic dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy. GeroScience 2024; 46:4275-4314. [PMID: 38558215 PMCID: PMC11336008 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic condition where the person is born with an extra chromosome 21. DS is associated with accelerated aging; people with DS are prone to age-related neurological conditions including an early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Using the Dp(17)3Yey/ + mice, which overexpresses a portion of mouse chromosome 17, which encodes for the transsulfuration enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), we investigated the functional role of the CBS/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway in the pathogenesis of neurobehavioral dysfunction in DS. The data demonstrate that CBS is higher in the brain of the DS mice than in the brain of wild-type mice, with primary localization in astrocytes. DS mice exhibited impaired recognition memory and spatial learning, loss of synaptosomal function, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy. Treatment of mice with aminooxyacetate, a prototypical CBS inhibitor, improved neurobehavioral function, reduced the degree of reactive gliosis in the DS brain, increased the ability of the synaptosomes to generate ATP, and reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress. H2S levels in the brain of DS mice were higher than in wild-type mice, but, unexpectedly, protein persulfidation was decreased. Many of the above alterations were more pronounced in the female DS mice. There was a significant dysregulation of metabolism in the brain of DS mice, which affected amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, endocannabinoid, and nucleotide metabolites; some of these alterations were reversed by treatment of the mice with the CBS inhibitor. Thus, the CBS/H2S pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of neurological dysfunction in DS in the current animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Panagaki
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Janickova
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dunja Petrovic
- Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-E.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karim Zuhra
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tamás Ditrói
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter P Jurányi
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Semmelweis University, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olivier Bremer
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Ascenção
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thilo M Philipp
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Péter Nagy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, HUN-REN-UVMB Laboratory of Redox Biology Research Group, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Chemistry Institute, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Milos R Filipovic
- Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-E.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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2
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Donovan MG, Rachubinski AL, Smith KP, Araya P, Waugh KA, Enriquez-Estrada B, Britton EC, Lyford HR, Granrath RE, Schade KA, Kinning KT, Paul Eduthan N, Sullivan KD, Galbraith MD, Espinosa JM. Multimodal analysis of dysregulated heme metabolism, hypoxic signaling, and stress erythropoiesis in Down syndrome. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114599. [PMID: 39120971 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), the genetic condition caused by trisomy 21 (T21), is characterized by delayed neurodevelopment, accelerated aging, and increased risk of many co-occurring conditions. Hypoxemia and dysregulated hematopoiesis have been documented in DS, but the underlying mechanisms and clinical consequences remain ill defined. We report an integrative multi-omic analysis of ∼400 research participants showing that people with DS display transcriptomic signatures indicative of elevated heme metabolism and increased hypoxic signaling across the lifespan, along with chronic overproduction of erythropoietin, elevated biomarkers of tissue-specific hypoxia, and hallmarks of stress erythropoiesis. Elevated heme metabolism, transcriptional signatures of hypoxia, and stress erythropoiesis are conserved in a mouse model of DS and associated with overexpression of select triplicated genes. These alterations are independent of the hyperactive interferon signaling characteristic of DS. These results reveal lifelong dysregulation of key oxygen-related processes that could contribute to the developmental and clinical hallmarks of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah G Donovan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Angela L Rachubinski
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Keith P Smith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paula Araya
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katherine A Waugh
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Belinda Enriquez-Estrada
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eleanor C Britton
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hannah R Lyford
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ross E Granrath
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kyndal A Schade
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kohl T Kinning
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neetha Paul Eduthan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kelly D Sullivan
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Matthew D Galbraith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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3
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Caracausi M, Ramacieri G, Catapano F, Cicilloni M, Lajin B, Pelleri MC, Piovesan A, Vitale L, Locatelli C, Pirazzoli GL, Strippoli P, Antonaros F, Vione B. The functional roles of S-adenosyl-methionine and S-adenosyl-homocysteine and their involvement in trisomy 21. Biofactors 2024; 50:709-724. [PMID: 38353465 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
The one-carbon metabolism pathway is involved in critical human cellular functions such as cell proliferation, mitochondrial respiration, and epigenetic regulation. In the homocysteine-methionine cycle S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) and S-adenosyl-homocysteine (SAH) are synthetized, and their levels are finely regulated to ensure proper functioning of key enzymes which control cellular growth and differentiation. Here we review the main biological mechanisms involving SAM and SAH and the known related human diseases. It was recently demonstrated that SAM and SAH levels are altered in plasma of subjects with trisomy 21 (T21) but how this metabolic dysregulation influences the clinical manifestation of T21 phenotype has not been previously described. This review aims at providing an overview of the biological mechanisms which are altered in response to changes in the levels of SAM and SAH observed in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caracausi
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ramacieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Speciality School of Child Neuropsychiatry-Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Catapano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Cicilloni
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bassam Lajin
- Institute of Chemistry, ChromICP, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Chiara Pelleri
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Allison Piovesan
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenza Vitale
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Locatelli
- Neonatology Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Pierluigi Strippoli
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Antonaros
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vione
- Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Cozzolino K, Sanford L, Hunter S, Molison K, Erickson B, Jones T, Courvan MCS, Ajit D, Galbraith MD, Espinosa JM, Bentley DL, Allen MA, Dowell RD, Taatjes DJ. Mediator kinase inhibition suppresses hyperactive interferon signaling in Down syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.05.547813. [PMID: 37461585 PMCID: PMC10349994 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.05.547813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Hyperactive interferon (IFN) signaling is a hallmark of Down syndrome (DS), a condition caused by trisomy 21 (T21); strategies that normalize IFN signaling could benefit this population. Mediator-associated kinases CDK8 and CDK19 drive inflammatory responses through incompletely understood mechanisms. Using sibling-matched cell lines with/without T21, we investigated Mediator kinase function in the context of hyperactive IFN in DS over a 45min - 24h timeframe. Activation of IFN-response genes was suppressed in cells treated with the CDK8/CDK19 inhibitor cortistatin A (CA), and this occurred through rapid suppression of IFN-responsive transcription factor activity. Moreover, we discovered that CDK8/CDK19 affect splicing, a novel means by which Mediator kinases control gene expression. To further probe Mediator kinase function, we completed cytokine screens and untargeted metabolomics experiments. Cytokines are master regulators of inflammatory responses; by screening 105 different cytokine proteins, we show that Mediator kinases help drive IFN-dependent cytokine responses at least in part through transcriptional regulation of cytokine genes and receptors. Metabolomics revealed that Mediator kinase inhibition altered core metabolic pathways, including broad up-regulation of anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, whose levels were elevated during hyperactive IFN signaling. A subset of these lipid mediators (e.g. oleamide, desmosterol) serve as ligands for nuclear receptors PPAR and LXR, and activation of these receptors occurred specifically during hyperactive IFN signaling in CA-treated cells, revealing a mechanistic link between Mediator kinase activity and nuclear receptor function. Collectively, our results identify new mechanisms by which CDK8/CDK19 regulate gene expression, and establish that Mediator kinase inhibition antagonizes IFN signaling through transcriptional, metabolic, and cytokine responses, with implications for DS and other chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Cozzolino
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Lynn Sanford
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Samuel Hunter
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Kayla Molison
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Benjamin Erickson
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- UC-Denver RNA Bioscience Initiative
| | - Taylor Jones
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Meaghan C S Courvan
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Crnic Institute Boulder Branch
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Deepa Ajit
- Metabolon, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew D Galbraith
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Dept. of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David L Bentley
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- UC-Denver RNA Bioscience Initiative
| | - Mary A Allen
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Robin D Dowell
- Dept. of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Dylan J Taatjes
- Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
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Miyasaki AMM, Radigonda JM, Klein RM, Moreira EG. Blood tests and use of nutritional supplements in a cohort of Brazilian children with trisomy 21. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2023; 99:610-616. [PMID: 37353208 PMCID: PMC10594004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the use of nutritional supplements and blood status (hemogram, lipidogram, hepatic function, inflammatory markers, minerals, and homocysteine) in a sample of Brazilian T21 children with private health support before their first consultation with a T21 expert. METHOD This descriptive cross-sectional study enrolled 102 participants. Brazilian families with a T21 member under 18 years old were contacted and those that consented answered a survey regarding socio-demographics and the use of nutritional supplements and shared the blood tests that their T21 members have collected for the first consultation with a T21 expert. RESULTS Frequencies and percentages were used to describe the variables. The most used supplements included vitamins (A, C and D), minerals (zinc and iron), omega-3, and antioxidants (curcumin). Hypothyroidism was observed in 56.9% of the participants. Hemogram alterations (increased hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and red cell distribution width, leukopenia, and lymphocytopenia), dyslipidemia, altered hepatic and inflammatory blood markers were frequently found. CONCLUSIONS Nutritional supplements (mainly vitamins, minerals, omega-3 and antioxidants) are frequently used by Brazilian T21 children independently of professional counseling and/or supervision and should be a question to be raised during the clinical anamnesis since some of them may impact medical conduct. Moreover, many blood tests are altered in this population and clinicians should be aware of them in order to warrant an appropriate screening and the implementation of risk management measures as soon as possible and improve the general health of these persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M M Miyasaki
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Departamento de Pediatria, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Julia M Radigonda
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Curso de Medicina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Klein
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Estefânia G Moreira
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Prutton KM, Marentette JO, Maclean KN, Roede JR. Characterization of mitochondrial and metabolic alterations induced by trisomy 21 during neural differentiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 196:11-21. [PMID: 36638900 PMCID: PMC9898228 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellular redox state directs differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) by energy metabolism control and ROS generation. As oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been extensively reported in Down syndrome (DS), we evaluated mitochondrial phenotypes and energy metabolism during neural differentiation of DS iPSCs to neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Our results indicate early maturation of mitochondrial networks and elevated NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression in DS iPSCs. DS cells also fail to transition from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation during differentiation. Specifically, DS NPCs show an increased energetic demand that is limited in their mitochondrial and glycolytic response to mitochondrial distress. Additionally, DS iPSC and NPC non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption was significantly impacted by NOX inhibition. Together, these data build upon previous evidence of accelerated neural differentiation in DS that correlates with cellular redox state. We demonstrate the potential for mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial ROS sources to impact differentiation timing in the context of DS, which could contribute to developmental deficits in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra M Prutton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John O Marentette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth N Maclean
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Vione B, Ramacieri G, Zavaroni G, Piano A, La Rocca G, Caracausi M, Vitale L, Piovesan A, Gori C, Pirazzoli GL, Strippoli P, Cocchi G, Corvaglia L, Locatelli C, Pelleri MC, Antonaros F. One-carbon pathway metabolites are altered in the plasma of subjects with Down syndrome: Relation to chromosomal dosage. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1006891. [PMID: 36530924 PMCID: PMC9751312 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1006891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal disorder and it is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21 (Hsa21). Subjects with DS show a large heterogeneity of phenotypes and the most constant clinical features present are typical facies and intellectual disability (ID). Several studies demonstrated that trisomy 21 causes an alteration in the metabolic profile, involving among all the one-carbon cycle. Methods We performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to identify the concentration of 5 different intermediates of the one-carbon cycle in plasma samples obtained from a total of 164 subjects with DS compared to 54 euploid subjects. We investigated: tetrahydrofolate (THF; DS n = 108, control n = 41), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methyl-THF; DS n = 140, control n = 34), 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-formyl-THF; DS n = 80, control n = 21), S-adenosyl-homocysteine (SAH; DS n = 94, control n = 20) and S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM; DS n = 24, control n = 15). Results Results highlight specific alterations of THF with a median concentration ratio DS/control of 2:3, a decrease of a necessary molecule perfectly consistent with a chromosomal dosage effect. Moreover, SAM and SAH show a ratio DS/control of 1.82:1 and 3.6:1, respectively. Discussion The relevance of these results for the biology of intelligence and its impairment in trisomy 21 is discussed, leading to the final proposal of 5-methyl-THF as the best candidate for a clinical trial aimed at restoring the dysregulation of one-carbon cycle in trisomy 21, possibly improving cognitive skills of subjects with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Vione
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ramacieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giacomo Zavaroni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Piano
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia La Rocca
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Caracausi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenza Vitale
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Allison Piovesan
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Gori
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Pierluigi Strippoli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Cocchi
- Neonatology Unit, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Corvaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Neonatology Unit, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Locatelli
- Neonatology Unit, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Pelleri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Antonaros
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Melo GLR, Neto IVDS, da Fonseca EF, Stone W, Nascimento DDC. Resistance training and Down Syndrome: A narrative review on considerations for exercise prescription and safety. Front Physiol 2022; 13:948439. [PMID: 36237528 PMCID: PMC9553130 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.948439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current manuscript reviews the literature on the health effects of resistance training (RT) for individuals with Down syndrome (DS), focusing on this training modality’s methodology, application, and safety. The literature has mentioned that early aging in this population is associated with loss of muscle strength, lower lean and bone mass, and increased obesity. It is necessary to propose non-pharmacological measures for prevention and health promotion. Thus, this review suggests a current research-based RT guide for individuals with DS. This review is divided into three sections: Section 2 briefly reviews DS and the effects on structural and functional decline and how exercise and physical activity can influence health aspects in this population; Section 3 summarizes the evidence for RT prescription; Section 4 briefly reviews the health and potential benefits of RT in individuals with DS. The findings from this review suggest that most individuals with DS should engage in moderate-intensity RT at least 2 days a week and perform RT on the major muscle groups and include balance training. The RT program should be modified and adapted according to individuals’ characteristics and limitations. RT promotes positive, health-related benefits such as increasing strength, improving body composition, improving functional capacity and balance, reducing inflammatory status and oxidative stress, and improving the immune system. The RT protocols summarized in this current review provide guidance, critical conclusions, and novel research settings, which could be useful to coaches, clinicians, and researchers to effectively design RT program for individuals with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geiziane Leite Rodrigues Melo
- Department of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Geiziane Leite Rodrigues Melo,
| | - Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Whitley Stone
- Department of School of Kinesiology Recreation and Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, FL, United States
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Panagaki T, Pecze L, Randi EB, Nieminen AI, Szabo C. Role of the cystathionine β-synthase / H 2S pathway in the development of cellular metabolic dysfunction and pseudohypoxia in down syndrome. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102416. [PMID: 35921774 PMCID: PMC9356176 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overexpression of the transsulfuration enzyme cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), and overproduction of its product, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are recognized as potential pathogenetic factors in Down syndrome (DS). The purpose of the study was to determine how the mitochondrial function and core metabolic pathways are affected by DS and how pharmacological inhibition of CBS affects these parameters. METHODS 8 human control and 8 human DS fibroblast cell lines have been subjected to bioenergetic and fluxomic and proteomic analysis with and without treatment with a pharmacological inhibitor of CBS. RESULTS DS cells exhibited a significantly higher CBS expression than control cells, and produced more H2S. They also exhibited suppressed mitochondrial electron transport and oxygen consumption and suppressed Complex IV activity, impaired cell proliferation and increased ROS generation. Inhibition of H2S biosynthesis with aminooxyacetic acid reduced cellular H2S, improved cellular bioenergetics, attenuated ROS and improved proliferation. 13C glucose fluxomic analysis revealed that DS cells exhibit a suppression of the Krebs cycle activity with a compensatory increase in glycolysis. CBS inhibition restored the flux from glycolysis to the Krebs cycle and reactivated oxidative phosphorylation. Proteomic analysis revealed no CBS-dependent alterations in the expression level of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and the pentose phosphate pathway. DS was associated with the dysregulation of several components of the autophagy network; CBS inhibition normalized several of these parameters. CONCLUSIONS Increased H2S generation in DS promotes pseudohypoxia and contributes to cellular metabolic dysfunction by causing a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Panagaki
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laszlo Pecze
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elisa B Randi
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anni I Nieminen
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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10
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Petrosino M, Zuhra K, Kopec J, Hutchin A, Szabo C, Majtan T. H 2S biogenesis by cystathionine beta-synthase: mechanism of inhibition by aminooxyacetic acid and unexpected role of serine. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:438. [PMID: 35864237 PMCID: PMC9304066 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) is a pivotal enzyme of the transsulfuration pathway responsible for diverting homocysteine to the biosynthesis of cysteine and production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Aberrant upregulation of CBS and overproduction of H2S contribute to pathophysiology of several diseases including cancer and Down syndrome. Therefore, pharmacological CBS inhibition has emerged as a prospective therapeutic approach. Here, we characterized binding and inhibitory mechanism of aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), the most commonly used CBS inhibitor. We found that AOAA binds CBS tighter than its respective substrates and forms a dead-end PLP-bound intermediate featuring an oxime bond. Surprisingly, serine, but not cysteine, replaced AOAA from CBS and formed an aminoacrylate reaction intermediate, which allowed for the continuation of the catalytic cycle. Indeed, serine rescued and essentially normalized the enzymatic activity of AOAA-inhibited CBS. Cellular studies confirmed that AOAA decreased H2S production and bioenergetics, while additional serine rescued CBS activity, H2S production and mitochondrial function. The crystal structure of AOAA-bound human CBS showed a lack of hydrogen bonding with residues G305 and Y308, found in the serine-bound model. Thus, AOAA-inhibited CBS could be reactivated by serine. This difference may be important in a cellular environment in multiple pathophysiological conditions and may modulate the CBS-inhibitory activity of AOAA. In addition, our results demonstrate additional complexities of using AOAA as a CBS-specific inhibitor of H2S biogenesis and point to the urgent need to develop a potent, selective and specific pharmacological CBS inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Petrosino
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 18, PER17, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Karim Zuhra
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 18, PER17, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jola Kopec
- Structural Biology Unit, Evotec Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Abingdon, OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Andrew Hutchin
- Structural Biology Unit, Evotec Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Abingdon, OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 18, PER17, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Majtan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musee 18, PER17, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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11
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Martini AC, Gross TJ, Head E, Mapstone M. Beyond amyloid: Immune, cerebrovascular, and metabolic contributions to Alzheimer disease in people with Down syndrome. Neuron 2022; 110:2063-2079. [PMID: 35472307 PMCID: PMC9262826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
People with Down syndrome (DS) have increased risk of Alzheimer disease (AD), presumably conferred through genetic predispositions arising from trisomy 21. These predispositions necessarily include triplication of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), but also other Ch21 genes that confer risk directly or through interactions with genes on other chromosomes. We discuss evidence that multiple genes on chromosome 21 are associated with metabolic dysfunction in DS. The resulting dysregulated pathways involve the immune system, leading to chronic inflammation; the cerebrovascular system, leading to disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB); and cellular energy metabolism, promoting increased oxidative stress. In combination, these disruptions may produce a precarious biological milieu that, in the presence of accumulating amyloid, drives the pathophysiological cascade of AD in people with DS. Critically, mechanistic drivers of this dysfunction may be targetable in future clinical trials of pharmaceutical and/or lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra C Martini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Thomas J Gross
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mark Mapstone
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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12
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Biochemical Discrimination of the Down Syndrome-Related Metabolic and Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Alterations from the Physiologic Age-Related Changes through the Targeted Metabolomic Analysis of Serum. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061208. [PMID: 35740106 PMCID: PMC9219806 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by an accelerated aging process, frequently associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Previous studies evidenced that DS patients have various metabolic anomalies, easily measurable in their serum samples, although values that were found in DS patients were compared with those of age-matched non-DS patients, thus hampering to discriminate the physiologic age-related changes of serum metabolites from those that are truly caused by the pathologic processes associated with DS. In the present study we performed a targeted metabolomic evaluation of serum samples from DS patients without dementia of two age classes (Younger DS Patients, YDSP, aging 20–40 years; Aged DS Patients, ADSP, aging 41–60 years), comparing the results with those that were obtained in two age classes of non-DS patients (Younger non-DS Patients, YnonDSP, aging 30–60 years; Aged-nonDS Patients, AnonDSP, aging 75–90 years). Of the 36 compounds assayed, 30 had significantly different concentrations in Pooled non-DS Patients (PnonDSP), compared to Pooled DS Patients (PDSP). Age categorization revealed that 11/30 compounds were significantly different in AnonDSP, compared to YnonDSP, indicating physiologic, age-related changes of their circulating concentrations. A comparison between YDSP and ADSP showed that 19/30 metabolites had significantly different values from those found in the corresponding classes of non-DS patients, strongly suggesting pathologic, DS-associated alterations of their serum levels. Twelve compounds selectively and specifically discriminated PnonDSP from PDSP, whilst only three discriminated YDSP from ADSP. The results allowed to determine, for the first time and to the best of our knowledge, the true, age-independent alterations of metabolism that are measurable in serum and attributable only to DS. These findings may be of high relevance for better strategies (pharmacological, nutritional) aiming to specifically target the dysmetabolism and decreased antioxidant defenses that are associated with DS.
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13
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Panagaki T, Lozano-Montes L, Janickova L, Zuhra K, Szabo MP, Majtan T, Rainer G, Maréchal D, Herault Y, Szabo C. Overproduction of hydrogen sulfide, generated by cystathionine β-synthase, disrupts brain wave patterns and contributes to neurobehavioral dysfunction in a rat model of down syndrome. Redox Biol 2022; 51:102233. [PMID: 35042677 PMCID: PMC9039679 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a novel rat model of Down syndrome (DS), the functional role of the cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway was investigated on the pathogenesis of brain wave pattern alterations and neurobehavioral dysfunction. Increased expression of CBS and subsequent overproduction of H2S was observed in the brain of DS rats, with CBS primarily localizing to astrocytes and the vasculature. DS rats exhibited neurobehavioral defects, accompanied by a loss of gamma brain wave activity and a suppression of the expression of multiple pre- and postsynaptic proteins. Aminooxyacetate, a prototypical pharmacological inhibitor of CBS, increased the ability of the DS brain tissue to generate ATP in vitro and reversed the electrophysiological and neurobehavioral alterations in vivo. Thus, the CBS/H2S pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of neurological dysfunction in DS, most likely through dysregulation of cellular bioenergetics and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Panagaki
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laura Lozano-Montes
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland; Visual Cognition Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Janickova
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Karim Zuhra
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marcell P Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Majtan
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Rainer
- Visual Cognition Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Damien Maréchal
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
| | - Yann Herault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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14
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Olson KR. A Case for Hydrogen Sulfide Metabolism as an Oxygen Sensing Mechanism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111650. [PMID: 34829521 PMCID: PMC8615108 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect oxygen availability is a ubiquitous attribute of aerobic organisms. However, the mechanism(s) that transduce oxygen concentration or availability into appropriate physiological responses is less clear and often controversial. This review will make the case for oxygen-dependent metabolism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and polysulfides, collectively referred to as reactive sulfur species (RSS) as a physiologically relevant O2 sensing mechanism. This hypothesis is based on observations that H2S and RSS metabolism is inversely correlated with O2 tension, exogenous H2S elicits physiological responses identical to those produced by hypoxia, factors that affect H2S production or catabolism also affect tissue responses to hypoxia, and that RSS efficiently regulate downstream effectors of the hypoxic response in a manner consistent with a decrease in O2. H2S-mediated O2 sensing is then compared to the more generally accepted reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated O2 sensing mechanism and a number of reasons are offered to resolve some of the confusion between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Olson
- Department of Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine-South Bend, South Bend, IN 46617, USA
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15
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Anderson CC, Marentette JO, Prutton KM, Rauniyar AK, Reisz JA, D'Alessandro A, Maclean KN, Saba LM, Roede JR. Trisomy 21 results in modest impacts on mitochondrial function and central carbon metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:201-212. [PMID: 34129926 PMCID: PMC8355208 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. Mechanistically, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are reported to be etiological factors for many of the DS-related comorbidities and have previously been reported in a number of in vitro and in vivo models of DS. The purpose of this study was to test for the presence of mitochondrial dysfunction in fibroblast cells obtained via skin biopsy from individuals with DS, and to assess the impact of trisomy 21 on central carbon metabolism. Using extracellular flux assays in matched dermal fibroblasts from euploid and DS individuals, we found that basal mitochondrial dysfunction is quite mild. Stressing the cells with a cocktail of mitochondrial stressors revealed a significant mitochondrial deficit in DS cells compared to euploid controls. Evaluation of extracellular acidification rate did not reveal a baseline abnormality in glycolysis; however, metabolomic assessments utilizing isotopically labeled glucose and glutamine revealed altered central carbon metabolism in DS cells. Specifically, we observed greater glucose dependency, uptake and flux into the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway in DS fibroblasts. Furthermore, using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) we found that mitochondrial function in DS iPSCs was similar to the previously published studies employing fetal cells. Together, these data indicate that aberrant central carbon metabolism is a candidate mechanism for stress-related mitochondrial dysfunction in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin C Anderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - John O Marentette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - Kendra M Prutton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Abhishek K Rauniyar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - Julie A Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, USA
| | | | - Kenneth N Maclean
- Department of Pediatrics, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laura M Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
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16
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Chen X, Hu L, Su J, Liu X, Luo X, Pei Y, Gao Y, Wei F. Amniotic fluid and urine metabolomic alterations associated with pregnant women with Down syndrome fetuses. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:7882-7889. [PMID: 34130603 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1937990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Down syndrome (DS) is a chromosomal disorder caused by a third copy of all or part of chromosome 21. Clinical observations and preclinical studies both suggest that DS may be associated with significant metabolic and bioenergetic alterations. But the metabolic alterations in pregnant women carrying DS fetuses still remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the characteristic metabolomics and lipidomics changes during fetal development of DS. METHODS The AF and random urine specimens were selected from 20 pregnant women carrying DS fetuses and 20 pregnant women carrying healthy fetuses. The diagnosis of DS was screened according to chromosome karyotype analysis, and untargeted metabolomic and lipidomic analyses were performed. RESULTS Through the analyses of AF, 308 differential metabolites were selected between DS and controls. The metabolites with significant changes mainly involved lipid molecules, organic acids, nucleotides and carbon. Further analysis of lipidomics showed 64 differential metabolites, mainly involving glycerides, sphingolipids and glycerolipids. As for urine metabolomic and lipidomic analyses, there existed consistent metabolites with AF, but the number was much less. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the controls, carbon metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glyceride metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism were significantly changed in DS cases. In addition, characterized biomarkers in AF and urine were screened for DS diagnosis, and these metabolites were mainly involved in energy metabolism and liver dysfunction. This finding may help improve the efficiency of prenatal screening for DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Chen
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang Maternity and Child Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Hu
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang Maternity and Child Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinjiang Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang Maternity and Child Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaojin Luo
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang Maternity and Child Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pei
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang Maternity and Child Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yushan Gao
- The Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Longgang Maternity and Child Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fengxiang Wei
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang Maternity and Child Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Cell Biology, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China.,Department of Pathogenic Microbiology, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China.,School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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17
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Hypoxemia in infants with trisomy 21 in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol 2021; 41:1448-1453. [PMID: 34035452 PMCID: PMC8576738 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-021-01105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Newborns with trisomy 21 (T21) often require NICU hospitalization. Oxygen desaturations are frequently observed in these infants, even in the absence of congenital heart defects (CHD). We hypothesized that NICU patients with T21 have more hypoxemia than those without T21. DESIGN All infants with T21 without significant CHD discharged home from the NICU between 2009 and 2018 were included (n = 23). Controls were matched 20:1 for gestational age and length of stay. We compared daily severe hypoxemia events (SpO2 < 80% for ≥10 s) for the whole NICU stay and the pre-discharge week. RESULTS Infants with T21 showed significantly more daily hypoxemia events during their entire NICU stay (median 10 versus 7, p = 0.0064), and more so in their final week (13 versus 7, p = 0.0008). CONCLUSION NICU patients with T21 without CHD experience more severe hypoxemia events than controls, particularly in the week before discharge. Whether this hypoxemia predicts or contributes to adverse outcomes is unknown.
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18
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Antonaros F, Zenatelli R, Guerri G, Bertelli M, Locatelli C, Vione B, Catapano F, Gori A, Vitale L, Pelleri MC, Ramacieri G, Cocchi G, Strippoli P, Caracausi M, Piovesan A. The transcriptome profile of human trisomy 21 blood cells. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:25. [PMID: 33933170 PMCID: PMC8088681 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trisomy 21 (T21) is a genetic alteration characterised by the presence of an extra full or partial human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) leading to Down syndrome (DS), the most common form of intellectual disability (ID). It is broadly agreed that the presence of extra genetic material in T21 gives origin to an altered expression of genes located on Hsa21 leading to DS phenotype. The aim of this study was to analyse T21 and normal control blood cell gene expression profiles obtained by total RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). RESULTS The results were elaborated by the TRAM (Transcriptome Mapper) software which generated a differential transcriptome map between human T21 and normal control blood cells providing the gene expression ratios for 17,867 loci. The obtained gene expression profiles were validated through real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay and compared with previously published data. A post-analysis through transcriptome mapping allowed the identification of the segmental (regional) variation of the expression level across the whole genome (segment-based analysis of expression). Interestingly, the most over-expressed genes encode for interferon-induced proteins, two of them (MX1 and MX2 genes) mapping on Hsa21 (21q22.3). The altered expression of genes involved in mitochondrial translation and energy production also emerged, followed by the altered expression of genes encoding for the folate cycle enzyme, GART, and the folate transporter, SLC19A1. CONCLUSIONS The alteration of these pathways might be linked and involved in the manifestation of ID in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Antonaros
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Rossella Zenatelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy.,Current Address: Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine (DMMT), University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 24123, Brescia, BS, Italy
| | - Giulia Guerri
- MAGI'S Lab, Via delle Maioliche 57/D, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Matteo Bertelli
- MAGI'S Lab, Via delle Maioliche 57/D, 38068, Rovereto, TN, Italy
| | - Chiara Locatelli
- Neonatology Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Beatrice Vione
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Francesca Catapano
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy.,Current Address: Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Strada delle Scotte, 4, 53100, Siena, SI, Italy
| | - Alice Gori
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Lorenza Vitale
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Pelleri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ramacieri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Guido Cocchi
- Neonatology Unit, St. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Strippoli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Maria Caracausi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy.
| | - Allison Piovesan
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy
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19
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Bayona-Bafaluy MP, Garrido-Pérez N, Meade P, Iglesias E, Jiménez-Salvador I, Montoya J, Martínez-Cué C, Ruiz-Pesini E. Down syndrome is an oxidative phosphorylation disorder. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101871. [PMID: 33540295 PMCID: PMC7859316 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is the most common genomic disorder of intellectual disability and is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Several genes in this chromosome repress mitochondrial biogenesis. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether early overexpression of these genes may cause a prenatal impairment of oxidative phosphorylation negatively affecting neurogenesis. Reduction in the mitochondrial energy production and a lower mitochondrial function have been reported in diverse tissues or cell types, and also at any age, including early fetuses, suggesting that a defect in oxidative phosphorylation is an early and general event in Down syndrome individuals. Moreover, many of the medical conditions associated with Down syndrome are also frequently found in patients with oxidative phosphorylation disease. Several drugs that enhance mitochondrial biogenesis are nowadays available and some of them have been already tested in mouse models of Down syndrome restoring neurogenesis and cognitive defects. Because neurogenesis relies on a correct mitochondrial function and critical periods of brain development occur mainly in the prenatal and early neonatal stages, therapeutic approaches intended to improve oxidative phosphorylation should be provided in these periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Bayona-Bafaluy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Rd de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Mariano Esquillor (Edificio I+D), 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Nuria Garrido-Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Rd de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Mariano Esquillor (Edificio I+D), 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Patricia Meade
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Rd de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Mariano Esquillor (Edificio I+D), 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Eldris Iglesias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Irene Jiménez-Salvador
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Julio Montoya
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Rd de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria. Av. Herrera Oría, 39011, Santander, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet, 177. 50013, Zaragoza, Spain and C/ Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) de Aragón, Av. San Juan Bosco, 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Rd de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Pecze L, Szabo C. Meta-analysis of gene expression patterns in Down syndrome highlights significant alterations in mitochondrial and bioenergetic pathways. Mitochondrion 2021; 57:163-172. [PMID: 33412332 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have an extra copy of chromosome 21. Clinical observations and preclinical studies both suggest that DS is associated with altered bioenergetic pathways. Several studies have reported that differentially expressed genes in DS are located not only on chromosome 21 but also on all other chromosomes. Numerous sets of microarray and RNA-seq data are publicly accessible through the Gene Expression Omnibus. We have conducted a meta-analysis on differentially expressed genes between DS and control subjects. Data deposited before July 1, 2020, were identified by using the search terms "Down syndrome" or "trisomy 21" and "human". Gene expression data were analyzed and normalized for each study. The mixed effect model was used to identify the differentially expressed genes. We conclude that in DS more than 60% of the genes located on chromosome 21 are significantly upregulated and none of them are downregulated. In addition, a significant dysregulation of genes occurs on all other chromosomes as well. Several of the upregulated genes in DS encode for important components of various bioenergetic pathways, for instance PFKL and ACLY. Genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are mostly downregulated in DS. The gene expression alterations are consistent with the development of significant metabolic disturbances ("pseudohypoxia") in DS cells, which may explain some of the well-known functional defects (ranging from neuronal dysfunction to reduced exercise tolerance) associated with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Pecze
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland.
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