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Luciani L, Pedrelli M, Parini P. Modification of lipoprotein metabolism and function driving atherogenesis in diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2024; 394:117545. [PMID: 38688749 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, characterized by raised blood glucose levels and impaired lipid metabolism resulting from insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. In diabetes, the peculiar plasma lipoprotein phenotype, consisting in higher levels of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of HDL cholesterol, elevated number of small, dense LDL, and increased non-HDL cholesterol, results from an increased synthesis and impaired clearance of triglyceride rich lipoproteins. This condition accelerates the development of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), the most common cause of death in T2DM patients. Here, we review the alteration of structure, functions, and distribution of circulating lipoproteins and the pathophysiological mechanisms that induce these modifications in T2DM. The review analyzes the influence of diabetes-associated metabolic imbalances throughout the entire process of the atherosclerotic plaque formation, from lipoprotein synthesis to potential plaque destabilization. Addressing the different pathophysiological mechanisms, we suggest improved approaches for assessing the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and clinical strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk in T2DM and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Luciani
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Rojas A, Lindner C, Schneider I, Gonzalez I, Uribarri J. The RAGE Axis: A Relevant Inflammatory Hub in Human Diseases. Biomolecules 2024; 14:412. [PMID: 38672429 PMCID: PMC11048448 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In 1992, a transcendental report suggested that the receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) functions as a cell surface receptor for a wide and diverse group of compounds, commonly referred to as advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), resulting from the non-enzymatic glycation of lipids and proteins in response to hyperglycemia. The interaction of these compounds with RAGE represents an essential element in triggering the cellular response to proteins or lipids that become glycated. Although initially demonstrated for diabetes complications, a growing body of evidence clearly supports RAGE's role in human diseases. Moreover, the recognizing capacities of this receptor have been extended to a plethora of structurally diverse ligands. As a result, it has been acknowledged as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and functionally categorized as the RAGE axis. The ligation to RAGE leads the initiation of a complex signaling cascade and thus triggering crucial cellular events in the pathophysiology of many human diseases. In the present review, we intend to summarize basic features of the RAGE axis biology as well as its contribution to some relevant human diseases such as metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, autoimmune, and chronic airways diseases, and cancer as a result of exposure to AGEs, as well as many other ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 34600000, Chile; (A.R.); (I.G.)
| | - Cristian Lindner
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
| | - Ivan Schneider
- Centre of Primary Attention, South Metropolitan Health Service, Santiago 3830000, Chile;
| | - Ileana Gonzalez
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Maule, Talca 34600000, Chile; (A.R.); (I.G.)
| | - Jaime Uribarri
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Zhang Q, Hu S, Jin Z, Wang S, Zhang B, Zhao L. Mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in elderly diabetes mellitus and a systematic review of its clinical application. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1339148. [PMID: 38510656 PMCID: PMC10953506 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1339148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Affected by aging, the elderly diabetes patients have many pathological characteristics different from the young people, including more complications, vascular aging, cognitive impairment, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia. This article will explore their pathogenesis and the mechanism of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) intervention, and use the method of systematic review to evaluate the clinical application of TCM in elderly diabetes. Method: Searching for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from January 2000 to November 2023 in the following databases: Web of Science, Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Sinomed, China National Knowledge Internet, Wanfang and VIP. They were evaluated by three subgroups of Traditional Chinese Prescription, Traditional Chinese patent medicines and Traditional Chinese medicine extracts for their common prescriptions, drugs, adverse reactions and the quality of them. Results and Conclusion: TCM has the advantages of multi-target and synergistic treatment in the treatment of elderly diabetes. However, current clinical researches have shortcomings including the inclusion of age criteria and diagnosis of subjects are unclear, imprecise research design, non-standard intervention measures, and its safety needs further exploration. In the future, the diagnosis of elderly people with diabetes needs to be further clarified. Traditional Chinese patent medicines included in the pharmacopoeia can be used to conduct more rigorous RCTs, and then gradually standardize the traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions and traditional Chinese medicine extracts, providing higher level evidence for the treatment of elderly diabetes with traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Zhang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiwan Hu
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zishan Jin
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sicheng Wang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Boxun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Linhua Zhao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bronowicka-Szydełko A, Gostomska-Pampuch K, Kuzan A, Pietkiewicz J, Krzystek-Korpacka M, Gamian A. Effect of advanced glycation end-products in a wide range of medical problems including COVID-19. Adv Med Sci 2024; 69:36-50. [PMID: 38335908 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Glycation is a physiological process that determines the aging of the organism, while in states of metabolic disorders it is significantly intensified. High concentrations of compounds such as reducing sugars or reactive aldehydes derived from lipid oxidation, occurring for example in diabetes, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, obesity or metabolic syndrome, lead to increased glycation of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. The level of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in the body depends on rapidity of their production and the rate of their removal by the urinary system. AGEs, accumulated in the extracellular matrix of the blood vessels and other organs, cause irreversible changes in the biochemical and biomechanical properties of tissues. As a consequence, micro- and macroangiopathies appear in the system, and may contribute to the organ failure, like kidneys and heart. Elevated levels of AGEs also increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease and various cancers. In this paper, we propose a new classification due to modified amino acid residues: arginyl-AGEs, monolysyl-AGEs and lysyl-arginyl-AGEs and dilysyl-AGEs. Furthermore, we describe in detail the effect of AGEs on the pathogenesis of metabolic and old age diseases, such as diabetic complications, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases. We summarize the currently available data on the diagnostic value of AGEs and present the AGEs as a therapeutic goal in a wide range of medical problems, including SARS-CoV-2 infection and so-called long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aleksandra Kuzan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jadwiga Pietkiewicz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Gamian
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Huang F, Mu J, Liu Z, Lin Q, Fang Y, Liang Y. The Nutritional Intervention of Ingredients from Food Medicine Homology Regulating Macrophage Polarization on Atherosclerosis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20441-20452. [PMID: 38108290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The polarization of macrophages plays a crucial regulatory role in a range of physiological and pathological processes involving macrophages. There are numerous concerns with macrophage polarization in atherosclerosis; however, most focus on modulating macrophage polarization to improve the microenvironment, and the mechanism of action remains unknown. In recent years, the advantages of natural and low-toxicity side effects of food medicine homology-derived substances have been widely explored. Few reports have started from ingredients from food medicine homology to regulate the polarization of macrophages so that early intervention can reduce or delay the process of atherosclerosis. This review summarizes the classification of macrophage polarization and related markers in the process of atherosclerosis. It summarizes the regulatory role of ingredients from food medicine homology in macrophage polarization and their possible mechanisms to provide ideas and inspiration for the nutritional intervention in vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing/College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Jianfei Mu
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing/College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Zihan Liu
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing/College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing/College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Yong Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Molecular Nutrition Branch, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing/College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
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Reddy VP. Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2925. [PMID: 38001926 PMCID: PMC10669448 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, resulting from the excessive intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and other free radical species, contributes to the onset and progression of various diseases, including diabetes, obesity, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Oxidative stress is also implicated in cardiovascular disease and cancer. Exacerbated oxidative stress leads to the accelerated formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), a complex mixture of crosslinked proteins and protein modifications. Relatively high levels of AGEs are generated in diabetes, obesity, AD, and other I neurological diseases. AGEs such as Ne-carboxymethyllysine (CML) serve as markers for disease progression. AGEs, through interaction with receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), initiate a cascade of deleterious signaling events to form inflammatory cytokines, and thereby further exacerbate oxidative stress in a vicious cycle. AGE inhibitors, AGE breakers, and RAGE inhibitors are therefore potential therapeutic agents for multiple diseases, including diabetes and AD. The complexity of the AGEs and the lack of well-established mechanisms for AGE formation are largely responsible for the lack of effective therapeutics targeting oxidative stress and AGE-related diseases. This review addresses the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AGE-related chronic diseases, including diabetes and neurological disorders, and recent progress in the development of therapeutics based on antioxidants, AGE breakers and RAGE inhibitors. Furthermore, this review outlines therapeutic strategies based on single-atom nanozymes that attenuate oxidative stress through the sequestering of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Prakash Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
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