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Matson Z, Cooley G, Parameswaran N, Simon A, Bankamp B, Coughlin MM. shinyMBA: a novel R shiny application for quality control of the multiplex bead assay for serosurveillance studies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7442. [PMID: 38548772 PMCID: PMC10978933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57652-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The multiplex bead assay (MBA) based on Luminex xMAP technology can be used as a tool to measure seroprevalence as part of population immunity evaluations to multiple antigens in large-scale serosurveys. However, multiplexing several antigens presents challenges for quality control (QC) assessments of the data because multiple parameters must be evaluated for each antigen. MBA QC parameters include monitoring bead counts and median fluorescence intensity (MFI) for each antigen in plate wells, and performance of assay controls included on each plate. Analyzing these large datasets to identify plates failing QC standards presents challenges for many laboratories. We developed a novel R Shiny application, shinyMBA, to expedite the MBA QC processes and reduce the risk of user error. The app allows users to rapidly merge multi-plate assay outputs to evaluate bead count, MFI, and performance of assay controls using statistical process control charts for all antigen targets simultaneously. The utility of the shinyMBA application and its various outputs are demonstrated using data from 32 synthetic xPONENT files with 3 multiplex antigens and two population serosurveillance studies that evaluated 1200 and 3871 samples, respectively, for 20 multiplexed antigens. The shinyMBA open-source code is available for download and modification at https://github.com/CDCgov/shinyMBA . Incorporation of shinyMBA into Luminex serosurveillance workflows can vastly improve the speed and accuracy of QC processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Matson
- Viral Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Gretchen Cooley
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nishanth Parameswaran
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ashley Simon
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bettina Bankamp
- Viral Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa M Coughlin
- Laboratory Branch, Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Solan ME, Schackmuth B, Bruce ED, Pradhan S, Sayes CM, Lavado R. Effects of short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on toxicologically relevant gene expression profiles in a liver-on-a-chip model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122610. [PMID: 37742859 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are highly stable and widely used environmental contaminants that pose potential health risks to humans. Aggregating reliable mechanistic information for safety assessments necessitates physiologically relevant high-throughput screening approaches. Here, we demonstrated the utility of a liver-on-a-chip model to investigate the effects of five short-chain PFAS at low (1 nM) and high (1 μM) concentrations on toxicologically-relevant gene expression profiles using the QuantiGene® Plex Assay. We found that the short-chain PFAS tested in this study modulated the expression of ABCG2, a gene encoding for the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), with marked and significant upregulation (up to 4-fold) observed for all but one of the short-chain PFAS tested. PFBS and HFPO-DA repressed SLCO1B3 expression, a gene that encodes for an essential liver-specific organic anion transporter. High concentrations of PFBS, PFHxA, and PFHxS upregulated the expression of genes encCYP1A1,CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 with the same treatments resulting in the repression of the expression of the gene encoding CYP1A2. This dysregulation could have consequences for the clearance of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics. However, we acknowledge that increased expression of genes encoding for transporters and biotransformation enzymes may or may not indicate changes to their protein expression or activity. Overall, our study provides important insights into the effects of short-chain PFAS on liver function and their potential implications for human health. The use of the liver-on-a-chip model in combination with the QuantiGene® Plex Assay may be a valuable tool for future high-throughput screening and gene expression profiling in toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Solan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Bennett Schackmuth
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Erica D Bruce
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Sahar Pradhan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Christie M Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
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3
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Hu X, Zhao L, Ou M, Chen Y, Wei H, Xia Y, Xu H, Li M, Wang J. Evaluation of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and simultaneous amplification and testing for quantitative detection of serum hepatitis B virus RNA. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18557. [PMID: 37560627 PMCID: PMC10407120 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the common infectious diseases in the world. HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is the initial template of HBV replication, which can exist in human hepatocytes for a long time and is difficult to be completely removed. It has been shown that HBV RNA can directly respond to the levels and transcriptional activity of cccDNA in hepatocytes and can be used as a surrogate marker of cccDNA transcriptional activity. At present, the detection techniques used for quantitative HBV RNA mainly include reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and simultaneous amplification and testing (SAT). METHODS In this study, we verified the performance of the SAT method for detecting HBV RNA and the clinical effectiveness of SAT and RT-qPCR, and compared the correlation and consistency of the two detection methods for HBV RNA detection. RESULTS The results showed that the limit of detection for HBV RNA by SAT method was 50 copies/mL, with a linear range of 1 × 102-1 × 108 copies/mL. There was no difference in HBV RNA levels detected by the two methods. The correlation and consistency of the results were good, with the coefficient of determination of 0.7787 in HBeAg positive group and 0.8235 in HBeAg negative group. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, this study confirmed that the SAT method and RT-qPCR for detecting HBV RNA have good agreement, which are both reliable methods to detect HBV RNA and can replace each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Liwei Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Mingrong Ou
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Hongxia Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yanyan Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Hongpan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, China
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Kathman SG, Koo SJ, Lindsey GL, Her HL, Blue SM, Li H, Jaensch S, Remsberg JR, Ahn K, Yeo GW, Ghosh B, Cravatt BF. Remodeling oncogenic transcriptomes by small molecules targeting NONO. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:825-836. [PMID: 36864190 PMCID: PMC10337234 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of the human proteome is involved in mRNA homeostasis, but most RNA-binding proteins lack chemical probes. Here we identify electrophilic small molecules that rapidly and stereoselectively decrease the expression of transcripts encoding the androgen receptor and its splice variants in prostate cancer cells. We show by chemical proteomics that the compounds engage C145 of the RNA-binding protein NONO. Broader profiling revealed that covalent NONO ligands suppress an array of cancer-relevant genes and impair cancer cell proliferation. Surprisingly, these effects were not observed in cells genetically disrupted for NONO, which were instead resistant to NONO ligands. Reintroduction of wild-type NONO, but not a C145S mutant, restored ligand sensitivity in NONO-disrupted cells. The ligands promoted NONO accumulation in nuclear foci and stabilized NONO-RNA interactions, supporting a trapping mechanism that may prevent compensatory action of paralog proteins PSPC1 and SFPQ. These findings show that NONO can be co-opted by covalent small molecules to suppress protumorigenic transcriptional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Kathman
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Seong Joo Koo
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Discovery Technologies and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Garrett L Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hsuan-Lin Her
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven M Blue
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Haoxin Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steffen Jaensch
- High Dimensional and Computational Biology, Discovery Technologies and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jarrett R Remsberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kay Ahn
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Discovery Technologies and Molecular Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA.
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Brahma Ghosh
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA.
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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5
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Le Gléau L, Rouault C, Osinski C, Prifti E, Soula HA, Debédat J, Busieau P, Amouyal C, Clément K, Andreelli F, Ribeiro A, Serradas P. Intestinal alteration of α-gustducin and sweet taste signaling pathway in metabolic diseases is partly rescued after weight loss and diabetes remission. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E417-E432. [PMID: 34338041 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00071.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates and sweeteners are detected by the sweet taste receptor in enteroendocrine cells (EECs). This receptor is coupled to the gustducin G-protein, which α-subunit is encoded by GNAT3 gene. In intestine, the activation of sweet taste receptor triggers a signaling pathway leading to GLP-1 secretion, an incretin hormone. In metabolic diseases, GLP-1 concentration and incretin effect are reduced while partly restored after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). We wondered if the decreased GLP-1 secretion in metabolic diseases is caused by an intestinal defect in sweet taste transduction pathway. In our RNA-sequencing of EECs, GNAT3 expression is decreased in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes compared with normoglycemic obese patients. This prompted us to explore sweet taste signaling pathway in mice with metabolic deteriorations. During obesity onset in mice, Gnat3 expression was downregulated in EECs. After metabolic improvement with enterogastro anastomosis surgery in mice (a surrogate of the RYGB in humans), the expression of Gnat3 increased in the new alimentary tract and glucose-induced GLP-1 secretion was improved. To evaluate if high-fat diet-induced dysbiotic intestinal microbiota could explain the changes in the expression of sweet taste α-subunit G-protein, we performed a fecal microbiota transfer in mice. However, we could not conclude if dysbiotic microbiota impacted or not intestinal Gnat3 expression. Our data highlight that metabolic disorders were associated with altered gene expression of sweet taste signaling in intestine. This could contribute to impaired GLP-1 secretion that is partly rescued after metabolic improvement.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our data highlighted 1) the sweet taste transduction pathway in EECs plays pivotal role for glucose homeostasis at least at gene expression level; 2) metabolic disorders lead to altered gene expression of sweet taste signaling pathway in intestine contributing to impaired GLP-1 secretion; and 3) after surgical intestinal modifications, increased expression of GNAT3, encoding α-gustducin contributed to metabolic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Le Gléau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Christine Rouault
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Céline Osinski
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Edi Prifti
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- IRD, Sorbonne University, UMMISCO, Bondy, France
| | - Hédi Antoine Soula
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Jean Debédat
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Pauline Busieau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Chloé Amouyal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique/Hôpitaux de Paris, APHP, Nutrition Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, APHP, Diabetology-Metabolisms Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Karine Clément
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique/Hôpitaux de Paris, APHP, Nutrition Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Fabrizio Andreelli
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
- Assistance Publique/Hôpitaux de Paris, APHP, Nutrition Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, APHP, Diabetology-Metabolisms Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Ribeiro
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
| | - Patricia Serradas
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics), Paris, France
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Harrill JA, Viant MR, Yauk CL, Sachana M, Gant TW, Auerbach SS, Beger RD, Bouhifd M, O'Brien J, Burgoon L, Caiment F, Carpi D, Chen T, Chorley BN, Colbourne J, Corvi R, Debrauwer L, O'Donovan C, Ebbels TMD, Ekman DR, Faulhammer F, Gribaldo L, Hilton GM, Jones SP, Kende A, Lawson TN, Leite SB, Leonards PEG, Luijten M, Martin A, Moussa L, Rudaz S, Schmitz O, Sobanski T, Strauss V, Vaccari M, Vijay V, Weber RJM, Williams AJ, Williams A, Thomas RS, Whelan M. Progress towards an OECD reporting framework for transcriptomics and metabolomics in regulatory toxicology. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 125:105020. [PMID: 34333066 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Omics methodologies are widely used in toxicological research to understand modes and mechanisms of toxicity. Increasingly, these methodologies are being applied to questions of regulatory interest such as molecular point-of-departure derivation and chemical grouping/read-across. Despite its value, widespread regulatory acceptance of omics data has not yet occurred. Barriers to the routine application of omics data in regulatory decision making have been: 1) lack of transparency for data processing methods used to convert raw data into an interpretable list of observations; and 2) lack of standardization in reporting to ensure that omics data, associated metadata and the methodologies used to generate results are available for review by stakeholders, including regulators. Thus, in 2017, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Extended Advisory Group on Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics (EAGMST) launched a project to develop guidance for the reporting of omics data aimed at fostering further regulatory use. Here, we report on the ongoing development of the first formal reporting framework describing the processing and analysis of both transcriptomic and metabolomic data for regulatory toxicology. We introduce the modular structure, content, harmonization and strategy for trialling this reporting framework prior to its publication by the OECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Harrill
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States.
| | - Mark R Viant
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Michabo Health Science, University of Birmingham Enterprise, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Magdalini Sachana
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Health and Safety Division, Paris, France
| | - Timothy W Gant
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England (PHE), Harwell Science Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Scott S Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Richard D Beger
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | | | - Jason O'Brien
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Lyle Burgoon
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Florian Caiment
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229, ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Donatella Carpi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - Tao Chen
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Brian N Chorley
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - John Colbourne
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Michabo Health Science, University of Birmingham Enterprise, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaella Corvi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - Laurent Debrauwer
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, Paul Sabatier University (UPS), Toulouse, France; MetaToul-AXIOM Platform, MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire O'Donovan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M D Ebbels
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Drew R Ekman
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, 30605, United States
| | | | - Laura Gribaldo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - Gina M Hilton
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Friolzheimer Str. 3, 70499, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephanie P Jones
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Aniko Kende
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas N Lawson
- Michabo Health Science, University of Birmingham Enterprise, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia B Leite
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027, Ispra, Italy
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Laura Moussa
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Oliver Schmitz
- BASF Metabolome Solutions, Metabolome Data Science, Tegeler Weg 33, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Volker Strauss
- BASF SE, Toxicology and Ecology, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Health and Prevention, Regional Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy of Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vikrant Vijay
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Ralf J M Weber
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Michabo Health Science, University of Birmingham Enterprise, Birmingham Research Park, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Antony J Williams
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Russell S Thomas
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, United States
| | - Maurice Whelan
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027, Ispra, Italy
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