1
|
Wu X, Ling W, Pan Y, Yang Z, Ma J, Yang Y, Xiang W, Zhou L, Sun M, Chen J, Chen H, Zheng S, Zeng J, Li Y. Functional analysis of a lily SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE ortholog in flowering transition and floral development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108287. [PMID: 38150842 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Lilium is a commercially important genus of bulbous flowers, investigating the flowering molecular mechanisms is important for flowering regulation of lily. MADS-box SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) orthologs are involved in the flowering transition and floral organ differentiation in many plants. In this study, we identified an SVP ortholog from L. × formolongi (LfSVP), which was closely related to Arabidopsis SVP according to phylogenetic analysis. Tissue-specific expression patterns indicated that LfSVP expression levels peaked in the leaves and showed low expression levels in flowering tepals. Stage-dependent expression patterns of LfSVP showed high transcription level in the flowering induction stage under different photoperiods and exhibited transcription peak in the floral budding development stage under long days. Overexpressed LfSVP led to delayed flowering and floral organ defects in Arabidopsis independent of photoperiod. Tobacco rattle virus -induced gene silencing of LfSVP caused a strongly earlier flowering time and floral organ defects of L. × formolongi. Moreover, LfSVP can interact with L. × formolongi APETALA1 (AP1) in both yeast and tobacco cells, and the two may interact to regulate floral organ differentiation. In conclusion, LfSVP is a flowering repressor and may be involved in the regulation of floral organ differentiation. This study will be helpful for the molecular breeding of short-life-period and rich floral patterns lily varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wu
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wu Ling
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China; Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Yusha Pan
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhengmin Yang
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Hunan Cotton Science Institute, Changde, 415000, China
| | - Yujie Yang
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Institute of Agriculture Environment and Agroecology, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Mengshan Sun
- Institute of Agriculture Environment and Agroecology, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Jiren Chen
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Sixiang Zheng
- Institute of Agriculture Environment and Agroecology, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Jianguo Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, National and Local Union Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resource and Initiative, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yufan Li
- Hunan Mid-subtropical Quality Plant Breeding and Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Partap M, Verma V, Thakur M, Bhargava B. Designing of future ornamental crops: a biotechnological driven perspective. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad192. [PMID: 38023473 PMCID: PMC10681008 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
With a basis in human appreciation of beauty and aesthetic values, the new era of ornamental crops is based on implementing innovative technologies and transforming symbols into tangible assets. Recent advances in plant biotechnology have attracted considerable scientific and industrial interest, particularly in terms of modifying desired plant traits and developing future ornamental crops. By utilizing omics approaches, genomic data, genetic engineering, and gene editing tools, scientists have successively explored the underlying molecular mechanism and potential gene(s) behind trait regulation such as floral induction, plant architecture, stress resistance, plasticity, adaptation, and phytoremediation in ornamental crop species. These signs of progress lay a theoretical and practical foundation for designing and enhancing the efficiency of ornamental plants for a wide range of applications. In this review, we briefly summarized the existing literature and advances in biotechnological approaches for the improvement of vital traits in ornamental plants. The future ornamental plants, such as light-emitting plants, biotic/abiotic stress detectors, and pollution abatement, and the introduction of new ornamental varieties via domestication of wild species are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahinder Partap
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Post Box No. 6, 176 061 (HP) Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vipasha Verma
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Post Box No. 6, 176 061 (HP) Palampur, India
| | - Meenakshi Thakur
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Post Box No. 6, 176 061 (HP) Palampur, India
| | - Bhavya Bhargava
- Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Post Box No. 6, 176 061 (HP) Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liang C, Liu L, Zhang Z, Ze S, Pei L, Feng L, Ji M, Yang B, Zhao N. Transcriptome analysis of critical genes related to flowering in Mikania micrantha at different altitudes provides insights for a potential control. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:14. [PMID: 36627560 PMCID: PMC9832669 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mikania micrantha is a vine with strong invasion ability, and its strong sexual reproduction ability is not only the main factor of harm, but also a serious obstacle to control. M. micrantha spreads mainly through seed production. Therefore, inhibiting the flowering and seed production of M. micrantha is an effective strategy to prevent from continuing to spread. RESULT The flowering number of M. micrantha is different at different altitudes. A total of 67.01 Gb of clean data were obtained from nine cDNA libraries, and more than 83.47% of the clean reads were mapped to the reference genome. In total, 5878 and 7686 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in E2 vs. E9 and E13 vs. E9, respectively. Based on the background annotation and gene expression, some candidate genes related to the flowering pathway were initially screened, and their expression levels in the three different altitudes in flower bud differentiation showed the same trend. That is, at an altitude of 1300 m, the flower integration gene and flower meristem gene were downregulated (such as SOC1 and AP1), and the flowering inhibition gene was upregulated (such as FRI and SVP). Additionally, the results showed that there were many DEGs involved in the hormone signal transduction pathway in the flower bud differentiation of M. micrantha at different altitudes. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide abundant sequence resources for clarifying the underlying mechanisms of flower bud differentiation and mining the key factors inhibiting the flowering and seed production of M. micrantha to provide technical support for the discovery of an efficient control method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- grid.412720.20000 0004 1761 2943College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224 China
| | - Ling Liu
- grid.464490.b0000 0004 1798 048XYunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Zhixiao Zhang
- grid.464490.b0000 0004 1798 048XYunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Sangzi Ze
- Yunnan Forestry and Grassland Pest Control and Quarantine Bureau, Kunming, 650051 China
| | - Ling Pei
- grid.412720.20000 0004 1761 2943College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224 China
| | - Lichen Feng
- grid.412720.20000 0004 1761 2943College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224 China
| | - Mei Ji
- grid.464490.b0000 0004 1798 048XYunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Bin Yang
- grid.412720.20000 0004 1761 2943Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224 China
| | - Ning Zhao
- grid.412720.20000 0004 1761 2943College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224 China ,grid.412720.20000 0004 1761 2943Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan X, Wang LJ, Zhao YQ, Jia GX. Expression Patterns of Key Genes in the Photoperiod and Vernalization Flowering Pathways in Lilium longiflorum with Different Bulb Sizes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158341. [PMID: 35955483 PMCID: PMC9368551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lilium longiflorum is a wild Lilium, and its flowering transition requires a long period of cold exposure to meet the demand of vernalization. The responses of different sized bulbs to cold exposure and photoperiod are different, and the floral transition pathways of small and large bulbs are different. In this study, small and large bulbs were placed in cold storage for different weeks and then cultured at a constant ambient temperature of 25 °C under long day (LD) and short day (SD) conditions. Then, the flowering characteristics and expression patterns of key genes related to the vernalization and photoperiod pathways in different groups were calculated and analyzed. The results showed that the floral transition of Lilium longiflorum was influenced by both vernalization and photoperiod, that vernalization and LD conditions can significantly improve the flowering rate of Lilium longiflorum, and that the time from planting to visible flowering buds’ appearance was decreased. The flowering time and rate of large bulbs were greatly influenced by cold exposure, and the vernalization pathway acted more actively at the floral transition stage. The floral transition of small bulbs was affected more by the photoperiod pathway. Moreover, it was speculated that cold exposure may promote greater sensitivity of the small bulbs to LD conditions. In addition, the expression of LlVRN1, LlFKF1, LlGI, LlCO5, LlCO7, LlCO16, LlFT1, LlFT3 and LlSOC1 was high during the process of floral transition, and LlCO13, LlCO14 and LlCO15 were highly expressed in the vegetative stage. The expression of LlCO13 and LlCO14 was different under different lighting conditions, and the flowering induction function of LlCO9 and LlFT3 was related to vernalization. Moreover, LlFKF1, LlGI, LlCO5, LlCO16, LlSOC1 and LlFT2 were involved in the entire growth process of plants, while LlCO6, LlCO16 and LlFT1 are involved in the differentiation and formation of small bulblets of plants after the inflorescence stage, and this process is also closely related to LD conditions. This study has great significance for understanding the molecular mechanisms of the vernalization and photoperiod flowering pathways of Lilium longiflorum.
Collapse
|
5
|
Proietti S, Scariot V, De Pascale S, Paradiso R. Flowering Mechanisms and Environmental Stimuli for Flower Transition: Bases for Production Scheduling in Greenhouse Floriculture. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030432. [PMID: 35161415 PMCID: PMC8839403 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The scheduling of plant production is a critical aspect in modern floriculture since nowadays, sales are not oriented toward the recurring holidays as in the past, but always more toward impulse buying, implying a more diverse and constant demand on the market. This requires continuous production, often regulated by precise commercial agreements between growers and buyers, and between buyers and dealers, particularly in large-scale retail trade. In this scenario, diverse techniques to modulate the duration of the growing cycle, by hastening or slowing down plant growth and development, have been developed to match plant flowering to the market demand. Among the numerous approaches, the manipulation of climatic parameters in the growth environment is one of the most common in greenhouse floriculture. In this review, we summarize the physiological and biochemical bases underlying the main mechanisms of flowering, depending on the plant reaction to endogenous signals or environmental stimuli. In addition, the strategies based on the control of temperature (before or after planting) and light environment (as light intensity and spectrum, and the photoperiod) in the scheduling of flower and ornamental crop production are briefly described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Proietti
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Porano, 05010 Terni, Italy;
| | - Valentina Scariot
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy;
| | - Stefania De Pascale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Roberta Paradiso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(081)-253-9135
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lazare S, Bechar D, Garbowicz K, Fernie AR, Brotman Y, Zaccai M. When vegetation indicates reproduction: The affinity between leaf morphology and flowering commitment in the lily meristem. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:2022-2033. [PMID: 33860540 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
At the reproductive stage, lily plants bear two morphological types of mature leaves, one at the lower and one at the upper part of the stem. At the vegetative stage, all the leaves are similar to each other and to the reproductive plant's lower leaves. This heterophylly has not yet been explored. In this study, we show that it is not a result of the plant's age but rather an outcome of floral induction. The induction appears as an on-going process, during which the meristem still produces leaves but progressively becomes committed to reproduction. This intermediate period lasts until the ultimate switch to flower primordia occurs. The leaves produced during floral induction, termed here as "inductive," appear at the upper part of the stem. Besides their typical higher stomata density, these leaves have a poly-layered palisade mesophyll, whose cells exhibit a unique morphology and contain more chlorophyll than leaves of vegetative plants. These leaves display higher carbon assimilation, soluble sugar production, and chloroplast-lipid accumulation. Accordingly, genes associated with stomata, chloroplast, and photosynthesis are upregulated in these leaves. Our results were obtained when floral induction was achieved either by vernalization or photoperiod signals, ruling out a mere environmental effect. We suggest that lily plants prepare themselves for the high-energy-demanding bloom by producing leaves with enhanced photosynthetic capacity, leading to an increase in soluble sugars. These novel findings introduce an adjacent affinity between photosynthesis and flowering and provide a nondestructive tool for identifying the plant's developmental stage-vegetative or reproductive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silit Lazare
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat, Israel
| | - Daniel Bechar
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Michele Zaccai
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Luo J, Li R, Xu X, Niu H, Zhang Y, Wang C. SMRT and Illumina RNA Sequencing and Characterization of a Key NAC Gene LoNAC29 during the Flower Senescence in Lilium oriental 'Siberia'. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060869. [PMID: 34204040 PMCID: PMC8227295 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lily (Lilium spp.) is an important cut flower around the world. Flower senescence in lilies is characterized by the wilting and abscission of tepals, which results in a decrease in flower quality and huge economic loss. However, the mechanism underlying flower senescence in lilies is largely unknown. In this study, single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) and Illumina sequencing were carried out in L. oriental ‘Siberia’. Sequencing yielded 73,218 non-redundant transcripts, with an N50 of 3792 bp. These data were further integrated with three published transcriptomes through cogent analysis, which yielded 62,960 transcripts, with an increase in N50 of 3935 bp. Analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that 319 transcription factors were highly upregulated during flower senescence. The expression of twelve NAC genes and eleven senescence-associated genes (SAGs) showed that LoNAC29 and LoSAG39 were highly expressed in senescent flowers. Transient overexpression of LoNAC29 and LoSAG39 in tepals of lily notably accelerated flower senescence, and the promoter activity of LoSAG39 was strongly induced by LoNAC29. This work supported new evidence for the molecular mechanism of flower senescence and provided better sequence data for further study in lilies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (R.L.); (X.X.); (H.N.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruirui Li
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (R.L.); (X.X.); (H.N.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xintong Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (R.L.); (X.X.); (H.N.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hairui Niu
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (R.L.); (X.X.); (H.N.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (R.L.); (X.X.); (H.N.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (R.L.); (X.X.); (H.N.); (Y.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-027-87282010
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumari S, Kanth BK, Ahn JY, Kim JH, Lee GJ. Genome-Wide Transcriptomic Identification and Functional Insight of Lily WRKY Genes Responding to Botrytis Fungal Disease. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:776. [PMID: 33920859 PMCID: PMC8071302 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide transcriptome analysis using RNA-Seq of Lilium longiflorum revealed valuable genes responding to biotic stresses. WRKY transcription factors are regulatory proteins playing essential roles in defense processes under environmental stresses, causing considerable losses in flower quality and production. Thirty-eight WRKY genes were identified from the transcriptomic profile from lily genotypes, exhibiting leaf blight caused by Botrytis elliptica. Lily WRKYs have a highly conserved motif, WRKYGQK, with a common variant, WRKYGKK. Phylogeny of LlWRKYs with homologous genes from other representative plant species classified them into three groups- I, II, and III consisting of seven, 22, and nine genes, respectively. Base on functional annotation, 22 LlWRKY genes were associated with biotic stress, nine with abiotic stress, and seven with others. Sixteen unique LlWRKY were studied to investigate responses to stress conditions using gene expression under biotic and abiotic stress treatments. Five genes-LlWRKY3, LlWRKY4, LlWRKY5, LlWRKY10, and LlWRKY12-were substantially upregulated, proving to be biotic stress-responsive genes in vivo and in vitro conditions. Moreover, the expression patterns of LlWRKY genes varied in response to drought, heat, cold, and different developmental stages or tissues. Overall, our study provides structural and molecular insights into LlWRKY genes for use in the genetic engineering in Lilium against Botrytis disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Kumari
- Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.K.); (B.K.K.); (J.y.A.)
| | - Bashistha Kumar Kanth
- Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.K.); (B.K.K.); (J.y.A.)
| | - Ju young Ahn
- Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.K.); (B.K.K.); (J.y.A.)
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Korea;
| | - Geung-Joo Lee
- Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (S.K.); (B.K.K.); (J.y.A.)
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tian X, Xie J, Yu J. Physiological and transcriptomic responses of Lanzhou Lily (Lilium davidii, var. unicolor) to cold stress. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227921. [PMID: 31971962 PMCID: PMC6977731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low temperature induces changes in plants at physiological and molecular levels, thus affecting growth and development. The Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii, var. unicolor) is an important medicinal plant with high economic value. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its photosynthetic and antioxidation responses to low temperature still remain poorly understood. This study subjected the Lanzhou lily to the two temperatures of 20°C (control) and 4°C (low temperature) for 24 h. Physiological parameters related to membrane integrity, photosynthesis, antioxidant system, and differentially expressed genes were investigated. Compared with control, low temperature increased the relative electrical conductivity by 43.2%, while it decreased net photosynthesis rate, ratio of variable to maximal fluorescence, and catalase activity by 47.3%, 10.1%, and 11.1%, respectively. In addition, low temperature significantly increased the content of soluble protein, soluble sugar, and proline, as well as the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. Comparative transcriptome profiling showed that a total of 238,109 differentially expressed genes were detected. Among these, 3,566 were significantly upregulated while 2,982 were significantly downregulated in response to low temperature. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis indicated that in response to low temperature, the mostly significantly enriched differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in phosphorylation, membrane and protein kinase activity, as well as photosynthesis, light harvesting, light reaction, and alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis also indicated that the most significantly enriched pathways involved ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotes, phenylalanine metabolism, circadian rhythm, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, photosynthesis of antenna proteins, photosynthesis, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Moreover, the expression patterns of 10 randomly selected differentially expressed genes confirmed the RNA-Seq results. These results expand the understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the response of the Lanzhou lily to low temperature stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehui Tian
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of Ecological Environment and Engineering, Yangling Vocational and Technical College, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kurokawa K, Kobayashi J, Nemoto K, Nozawa A, Sawasaki T, Nakatsuka T, Yamagishi M. Expression of LhFT1, the Flowering Inducer of Asiatic Hybrid Lily, in the Bulb Scales. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:570915. [PMID: 33304361 PMCID: PMC7693649 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.570915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Asiatic hybrid lily leaves emerge from their bulbs in spring, after cold exposure in winter, and the plant then blooms in early summer. We identified four FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)-like genes, LhFT1, LhFT4, LhFT6, and LhFT8, from an Asiatic hybrid lily. Floral bud differentiation initiated within bulbs before the emergence of leaves. LhFT genes were mainly expressed in bulb scales, and hardly in leaves, in which the FT-like genes of many plants are expressed in response to environmental signals. LhFT1 was expressed in bulb scales after vernalization and was correlated to flower bud initiation in two cultivars with different flowering behaviors. LhFT8 was upregulated in bulb scales after cold exposure and three alternative splicing variants with a nonsense codon were simultaneously expressed. LhFT6 was upregulated in bulb scales after flower initiation, whereas LhFT4 was expressed constantly in all organs. LhFT1 overexpression complemented the late-flowering phenotype of Arabidopsis ft-10, whereas that of LhFT8 did so partly. LhFT4 and LhFT6 overexpression could not complement. Yeast two-hybrid and in vitro analyses showed that the LhFT1 protein interacted with the LhFD protein. LhFT6 and LhFT8 proteins also interacted with LhFD, as observed in AlphaScreen assay. Based on these results, we revealed that LhFT1 acts as a floral activator during floral bud initiation in Asiatic hybrid lilies. However, the biological functions of LhFT4, LhFT6, and LhFT8 remain unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Akira Nozawa
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Nakatsuka
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takashi Nakatsuka,
| | - Masumi Yamagishi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tasaki K, Yamagishi M, Masuta C. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Lilies Using Cucumber Mosaic Virus Vectors. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2172:1-13. [PMID: 32557357 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0751-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) systems are effective for rapid analysis of gene functions in plants that require a long period of growth such as Lilium. We successfully developed a VIGS system using the cucumber mosaic virus (HL strain, CMV-HL) vector to induce RNA silencing of the L. leichtlinii phytoene desaturase gene (LlPDS), where at 30 days postinoculation (dpi), photo-bleaching was observed in the upper leaves of L. leichtlinii, and at 57 dpi, white regions appeared on flower tepals that accumulate orange carotenoids. This vector spreads in bulbs, and it could induce silencing on emerged shoots in the following year. The CMV-HL vector can be easily constructed by insertion of a 30-60 nt fragment into the cloning site of the RNA3 genome. In this chapter, we describe how to use the CMV-HL vector system in the context of Lilium plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tasaki
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masumi Yamagishi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Park D, Kim JH, Kim NS. De novo transcriptome sequencing and gene expression profiling with/without B-chromosome plants of Lilium amabile. Genomics Inform 2019; 17:e27. [PMID: 31610623 PMCID: PMC6808634 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2019.17.3.e27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Supernumerary B chromosomes were found in Lilium amabile (2n = 2x = 24), an endemic Korean lily that grows in the wild throughout the Korean Peninsula. The extra B chromosomes do not affect the host-plant morphology; therefore, whole transcriptome analysis was performed in 0B and 1B plants to identify differentially expressed genes. A total of 154,810 transcripts were obtained from over 10 Gbp data by de novo assembly. By mapping the raw reads to the de novo transcripts, we identified 7,852 differentially expressed genes (log2FC > |10|), in which 4,059 and 3,794 were up-and down-regulated, respectively, in 1B plants compared to 0B plants. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that various differentially expressed genes were involved in cellular processes including the cell cycle, chromosome breakage and repair, and microtubule formation; all of which may be related to the occurrence and maintenance of B chromosomes. Our data provide insight into transcriptomic changes and evolution of plant B chromosomes and deliver an informative database for future study of B chromosome transcriptomes in the Korean lily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doori Park
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwa Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Oriental Bio-herb Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang Y, Zheng W, Xiao K, Wu L, Zeng J, Zhou S. Transcriptome analysis reveals the different compatibility between LAAA × AA and LAAA × LL in Lilium. BREEDING SCIENCE 2019; 69:297-307. [PMID: 31481839 PMCID: PMC6711731 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.18147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To unveil the mechanism of the compatibility of odd-allotetraploid lily (LAAA) as female with diploid male lily, the differences of expressed unigenes in the ovaries and leaves between LAAA × AA and LAAA × LL were investigated using transcriptome analysis. The results showed the fruits of LAAA × AA well developed, while those of LAAA × LL aborted. The number of differentially expressed genes was less in the ovaries of LAAA × AA than those of LAAA × LL, but it showed opposite trend in those of leaves. The unigenes related with auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, antioxidants, expansins, chlorophylls, carbohydrates, transport proteins were usually up-expressed in the ovaries and leaves of LAAA × AA but not in LAAA × LL; while those of abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid were increased in the ovaries or leaves of LAAA × LL but not in LAAA × AA. The up-expressed unigenes in the ovaries and leaves of LAAA × AA played positive roles in its fruit development because the products of the genes, like phytohormones and antioxidants, had functions protecting leaves from senescence or scavenging ROS, and thus LAAA was compatible with AA, while those of LAAA × LL played negative roles and caused its fruits aborted, and hence LAAA was incompatible with LL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youxin Yang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| | - Wei Zheng
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| | - Kongzhong Xiao
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| | - Like Wu
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| | - Jie Zeng
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| | - Shujun Zhou
- College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University,
Nanchang 330045,
China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Temperature-Induced Green Discoloration in Garlic. Int J Genomics 2019; 2018:6725728. [PMID: 30627531 PMCID: PMC6304921 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6725728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Green discoloration is one of the most important problems that cause low quality of product in the processing of garlic, which can be induced by low-temperature stress. But the mechanism of low temperature-induced green discoloration is poorly understood. In the present study, the control garlic and three low temperature-treated garlic samples (stored at 4°C with 10, 15, and 40 days, respectively) were used for genome-wide transcriptome profiling analysis. A total of 49280 garlic unigenes with an average length of 1337 bp were de novo assembled, 20231 of which were achieved for functional annotation. When being suffered from 10, 15, and 40 days of low-temperature treatment, an increased degree of discoloration was observed, and a total of 4757, 4401, and 2034 unigenes showed a differential expression, respectively. Finally, 5923 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to respond to the low-temperature stress, of which 3921 were identified in at least two treatments. Among these stress-responsive unigenes, there were large numbers of enzyme-encoding genes, which significantly enriched the pathway “proteasome,” many genes of which are potentially involved in the garlic discoloration, such as 7 alliinase-encoding genes, 5 γ-glutamyltranspeptidase-encoding genes, and 1 δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase-encoding gene. These stress-responsive enzyme-encoding genes are possibly responsible for the low-temperature-induced garlic discoloration. The identification of large numbers of DEGs provides a basis for further elucidating the mechanism of low-temperature-induced green discoloration in garlic.
Collapse
|
15
|
Lazare S, Bechar D, Fernie AR, Brotman Y, Zaccai M. The proof is in the bulb: glycerol influences key stages of lily development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:321-340. [PMID: 30288818 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A bulb is a whole plant condensed into an underground organ. A geophyte's bulb comprises both food reserves and important developmental history that may affect its whole growth. In Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum), bulb size is associated with the plant's flowering pathway - vernalization or photoperiod - and also affects sprouting, flower quality and abortion rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the reasons for the major physiological differences between large and small bulbs. Lily bulbs start their development from secondary meristems along the stem, with large bulbs being heavier and bear more scales than small ones. Peeling the outer scales of a large bulb converts its physiological responses into those of a small bulb, implying that the physiological discrepancies in plants developing from large or small bulbs are mediated by factors inherent to the bulb. We therefore performed broad analyses of the metabolite composition in the scales of bulbs subjected to temperature regimes affecting further plant development. We found a striking association between the level of glycerol, a primary metabolite mostly synthesized in the outer scales, and a delay in sprouting and flowering time, and reduction in abortion rate. Exogenous glycerol application to the bulbs before planting corroborated these results. Moreover, transcriptome analyses showed that flowering-promoting gene expression was downregulated in the bulb after glycerol treatment, while potential flowering inhibitor as well as a dormancy-related gene expressions were upregulated. Based on these studies, we postulate that glycerol is a major factor influencing both vegetative and reproductive development in lily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silit Lazare
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Daniel Bechar
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| | - Michele Zaccai
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang SL, Viswanath KK, Tong CG, An HR, Jang S, Chen FC. Floral Induction and Flower Development of Orchids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1258. [PMID: 31649713 PMCID: PMC6795766 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Orchids comprise one of the largest, most highly evolved angiosperm families, and form an extremely peculiar group of plants. Various orchids are available through traditional breeding and micro-propagation since they are valuable as potted plants and/or cut flowers in horticultural markets. The flowering of orchids is generally influenced by environmental signals such as temperature and endogenous developmental programs controlled by genetic factors as is usual in many flowering plant species. The process of floral transition is connected to the flower developmental programs that include floral meristem maintenance and floral organ specification. Thanks to advances in molecular and genetic technologies, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying orchid floral transition and flower developmental processes have been widened, especially in several commercially important orchids such as Phalaenopsis, Dendrobium and Oncidium. In this review, we consolidate recent progress in research on the floral transition and flower development of orchids emphasizing representative genes and genetic networks, and also introduce a few successful cases of manipulation of orchid flowering/flower development through the application of molecular breeding or biotechnology tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Li Wang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan (BCST) of the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center (ABRC), Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kotapati Kasi Viswanath
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Gong Tong
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan (BCST) of the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center (ABRC), Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hye Ryun An
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Seonghoe Jang
- World Vegetable Center Korea Office (WKO), Wanju-gun, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Seonghoe Jang, ; Fure-Chyi Chen,
| | - Fure-Chyi Chen
- Department of Plant Industry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Seonghoe Jang, ; Fure-Chyi Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li YF, Zhao YQ, Zhang M, Jia GX, Zaccai M. Functional and Evolutionary Characterization of the CONSTANS-like Family in Lilium�formolongi. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1874-1888. [PMID: 29878281 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lilium�formolongi is a facultative long-day (LD) plant. Aiming to dissect the molecular regulation of the photoperiodic pathway, largely unknown in Lilium, we explored the CONSTANS/FLOWERING LOCUS T (CO/FT) module, a major regulatory factor in the external coincidence model of the photoperiodic flowering pathway in lily. We identified eight CONSTANS-LIKE (COL) family members in L.�formolongi, which could be divided into three types, according to their zinc-finger (B-box) protein domains. Type I included only LfCOL5, containing two B-box motifs. Type II contained six LfCOLs members that had only one B-box motif. Type III contained only LfCOL9 that showed a normal B-box and a second divergent B-box motif. Phylogenic analyses revealed that LfCOL5 was the closest to Arabidopsis CO. LfCOL5, LfCOL6 and LfCOL9 were up-regulated at the flowering induction stage under LDs, coinciding with an increase in LfFT1 expression. LfCOL5, LfCOL6 and LfCOL9 also showed obvious diurnal expression pattern for 3 d under LDs. However, under short-day (SD) conditions, the expression patterns of LfCOL5, LfCOL6 and LfCOL9 were variable and complex, with regard to the developmental stages and circadian rhythm. LfCOL5, LfCOL6 and LfCOL9 complemented the late flowering phenotype of the co mutant in Arabidopsis. Taken together, the results suggest that LfCOL5, LfCOL6 and LfCOL9 are involved in triggering flowering induction under LDs. LfCOL6 and LfCOL9 belong to types different from functional COL homologs in other plant species, illustrating the variation in phylogeny, evolution and gene function among LfCOL family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Qian Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Xia Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Michele Zaccai
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lazare S, Burgos A, Brotman Y, Zaccai M. The metabolic (under)groundwork of the lily bulb toward sprouting. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 163:436-449. [PMID: 29274128 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Large bulbs of Lilium longiflorum have an obligatory cold requirement to flower. Bulb cooling is widely used to induce and accelerate flowering. However, in-depth investigations of the effect of bulb cooling on major landmarks of plant development are lacking. It has been demonstrated that low temperature induces carbohydrate degradation, yet integrative studies on metabolic changes occurring in the bulb are not available. We detected that cold exposure mainly hastened bulb sprouting, rather than floral transition or blooming. Metabolite profiling of cooled and non-cooled bulbs was carried out, revealing cold-induced accumulation of soluble sugars, lipids and specific amino acids, and a significant reduction in tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle elements. We observed that metabolic pathways located in the cytosol - including glycolysis, lipid synthesis and part of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt - were enhanced by cold exposure, while mitochondrial metabolism - namely the TCA cycle - was reduced by cold. We suggest a physiological model accounting for this metabolic discrepancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silit Lazare
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Asdrubal Burgos
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, CP 15110, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Michele Zaccai
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liao WY, Lin LF, Lin MD, Hsieh SC, Li AYS, Tsay YS, Chou ML. Overexpression of Lilium formosanumMADS-box ( LFMADS) Causing Floral Defects While Promoting Flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana, Whereas Only Affecting Floral Transition Time in Nicotiana tabacum. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2217. [PMID: 30060634 PMCID: PMC6121541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Formosa lily (Lilium formosanum) is one of the most common horticultural species in Taiwan. To explore gene regulation involved in this species, we used transcriptome analysis to generate PH-FB (mixed floral buds) and PH-LF (mature leaves) datasets. Combination of the PH-FB and PH-LF constructed a de novo assembly of the ALL dataset, including 18,041 contigs and 23,807 unigenes by Nr, GO, COG, and KEGG databases. The differential gene expression (DGE) analysis revealed 9937 genes were upregulated while 10,383 genes were downregulated in the developing floral buds compared to mature leaves. Seven putative genes (LFMADS1 to 7) encoding floral organ identity proteins were selected for further analysis. LFMADS1-6 genes were specifically expressed in the floral organ, while LFMADS7 in the floral buds and mature leaves. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LFMADS1-3 is classified into B-class, LFMADS4 into C-class, LFMADS5 into D-class, and LFMADS6-7 into E-class, respectively. LFMADS-GFP fusion proteins appeared to localize in the nucleus, supporting their roles as transcription factors (TFs). Overexpression of the LFMADS2, LFMADS4, and LFMADS6 genes in Arabidopsis resulted in early flowering and floral defect, however, only early flowering in transgenic tobacco was observed. Highly expressed floral integrator genes, including AtFT, AtLFY, and AtFUL in transgenic Arabidopsis and NtFUL and NtSOC1 in transgenic tobacco, resulted in early flowering phenotype through qRT-PCR analysis. Yeast two-hybrid analysis suggested that LFMADSs may form higher order complexes with the B-, C-, D, and/or E-class proteins to determine the floral organ identity. Furthermore, E-class LFMADS proteins may function as a glue to mediate and strengthen the protein-protein interactions. Therefore, our de novo datasets would provide information for investigating other differentially expressed candidate transcripts. In addition, functional conservation of LFMADSs appears to be vital in floral transition and floral organ identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yu Liao
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Lee-Fong Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Der Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Che Hsieh
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Althea Yi-Shan Li
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Shiah Tsay
- Division of Crop Improvement, Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Hualien 97365, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Lun Chou
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gonzalez E, Pitre FE, Pagé AP, Marleau J, Guidi Nissim W, St-Arnaud M, Labrecque M, Joly S, Yergeau E, Brereton NJB. Trees, fungi and bacteria: tripartite metatranscriptomics of a root microbiome responding to soil contamination. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:53. [PMID: 29562928 PMCID: PMC5863371 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One method for rejuvenating land polluted with anthropogenic contaminants is through phytoremediation, the reclamation of land through the cultivation of specific crops. The capacity for phytoremediation crops, such as Salix spp., to tolerate and even flourish in contaminated soils relies on a highly complex and predominantly cryptic interacting community of microbial life. METHODS Here, Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly were used to observe gene expression in washed Salix purpurea cv. 'Fish Creek' roots from trees pot grown in petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated or non-contaminated soil. All 189,849 assembled contigs were annotated without a priori assumption as to sequence origin and differential expression was assessed. RESULTS The 839 contigs differentially expressed (DE) and annotated from S. purpurea revealed substantial increases in transcripts encoding abiotic stress response equipment, such as glutathione S-transferases, in roots of contaminated trees as well as the hallmarks of fungal interaction, such as SWEET2 (Sugars Will Eventually Be Exported Transporter). A total of 8252 DE transcripts were fungal in origin, with contamination conditions resulting in a community shift from Ascomycota to Basidiomycota genera. In response to contamination, 1745 Basidiomycota transcripts increased in abundance (the majority uniquely expressed in contaminated soil) including major monosaccharide transporter MST1, primary cell wall and lamella CAZy enzymes, and an ectomycorrhiza-upregulated exo-β-1,3-glucanase (GH5). Additionally, 639 DE polycistronic transcripts from an uncharacterised Enterobacteriaceae species were uniformly in higher abundance in contamination conditions and comprised a wide spectrum of genes cryptic under laboratory conditions but considered putatively involved in eukaryotic interaction, biofilm formation and dioxygenase hydrocarbon degradation. CONCLUSIONS Fungal gene expression, representing the majority of contigs assembled, suggests out-competition of white rot Ascomycota genera (dominated by Pyronema), a sometimes ectomycorrhizal (ECM) Ascomycota (Tuber) and ECM Basidiomycota (Hebeloma) by a poorly characterised putative ECM Basidiomycota due to contamination. Root and fungal expression involved transcripts encoding carbohydrate/amino acid (C/N) dialogue whereas bacterial gene expression included the apparatus necessary for biofilm interaction and direct reduction of contamination stress, a potential bacterial currency for a role in tripartite mutualism. Unmistakable within the metatranscriptome is the degree to which the landscape of rhizospheric biology, particularly the important but predominantly uncharacterised fungal genetics, is yet to be discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Gonzalez
- Canadian Center for Computational Genomics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Center, Montréal, H3A 1A4, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - F E Pitre
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
- Montreal Botanical Garden, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - A P Pagé
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development (ACRD), National Research Council Canada, Montréal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - J Marleau
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - W Guidi Nissim
- Department of Agri-food and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - M St-Arnaud
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
- Montreal Botanical Garden, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - M Labrecque
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
- Montreal Botanical Garden, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - S Joly
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
- Montreal Botanical Garden, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - E Yergeau
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - N J B Brereton
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Marasek-Ciolakowska A, Nishikawa T, Shea DJ, Okazaki K. Breeding of lilies and tulips-Interspecific hybridization and genetic background. BREEDING SCIENCE 2018; 68:35-52. [PMID: 29681746 PMCID: PMC5903980 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.17097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lilies and tulips (Liliaceae family) are economically very important ornamental bulbous plants. Here, we summarize major breeding goals, the role of an integrated method of cut-style pollination and fertilization followed by embryo rescue and mitotic and meiotic polyploidization involved in new assortment development. Both crops have been subjected to extensive interspecific hybridization followed by selection. Additionally, spontaneous polyploidization has played a role in their evolution. In lilies, there is a tendency to replace diploids with polyploid cultivars, whereas in tulip a majority of the cultivars that exist today are still diploid except for triploid Darwin hybrid tulips. The introduction of molecular cytogenetic techniques such as genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) permitted the detailed studies of genome composition in lily and tulip interspecific hybrids and to follow the chromosome inheritance in interspecific crosses. In addition, this review presents the latest information on phylogenetic relationship in lily and tulip and recent developments in molecular mapping using different DNA molecular techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Marasek-Ciolakowska
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Department of Applied Biology,
Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice,
Poland
| | - Tomotaro Nishikawa
- Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries,
1-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-8950,
Japan
| | - Daniel J. Shea
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University,
2-Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181,
Japan
| | - Keiichi Okazaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University,
2-Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2181,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Du F, Fan J, Wang T, Wu Y, Grierson D, Gao Z, Xia Y. Identification of differentially expressed genes in flower, leaf and bulb scale of Lilium oriental hybrid 'Sorbonne' and putative control network for scent genes. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:899. [PMID: 29166855 PMCID: PMC5700745 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lily is an economically important plant, with leaves and bulbs consisting of overlapping scales, large ornamental flowers and a very large genome. Although it is recognized that flowers and bulb scales are modified leaves, very little is known about the genetic control and biochemical differentiation underlying lily organogenesis and development. Here we examined the differentially expressed genes in flower, leaf and scale of lily, using RNA-sequencing, and identified organ-specific genes, including transcription factors, genes involved in photosynthesis in leaves, carbohydrate metabolism in bulb scales and scent and color production in flowers. RESULTS Over 11Gb data were obtained and 2685, 2296, and 1709 differentially expressed genes were identified in the three organs, with 581, 662 and 977 unique DEGs in F-vs-S, L-vs-S and L-vs-F comparisons. By functional enrichment analysis, genes likely to be involved in biosynthetic pathways leading to floral scent production, such as 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT), hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate (HDS) and terpene synthase (TPS), and floral color genes, such as dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavonol synthase (FLS) were identified. Distinct groups of genes that participate in starch and sucrose metabolism, such as sucrose synthase (SS), invertase (INV), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), starch synthase (SSS), starch branching enzyme (SBE), ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) andβ-amylase (BAM) and photosynthesis genes (Psa, Psb, Pet and ATP) were also identified. The expression of six floral fragrance-related DGEs showed agreement between qRT-PCR results and RPKM values, confirming the value of the data obtained by RNA-seq. We obtained the open reading frame of the terpene synthase gene from Lilium 'Sorbonne', designated LsTPS, which had 99.55% homology to transcript CL4520.Contig5_All. In addition, 54, 48 and 50 differently expressed transcription factor were identified by pairwise comparisons between the three organs and a regulatory network for monoterpene biosynthesis was constructed. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of differentially expressed genes in flower, leaf and bulb scale of lily, using second generation sequencing technology, yielded detailed information on lily metabolic differentiation in three organs. Analysis of the expression of flower scent biosynthesis genes has provided a model for the regulation of the pathway and identified a candidate gene encoding an enzyme catalyzing the final step in scent production. These digital gene expression profiles provide a valuable and informative database for the further identification and analysis of structural genes and transcription factors in different lily organs and elucidation of their function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Du
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Junmiao Fan
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
- Plant & Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Zhongshan Gao
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yiping Xia
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li YF, Zhang MF, Zhang M, Jia GX. Analysis of global gene expression profiles during the flowering initiation process of Lilium × formolongi. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:361-379. [PMID: 28429252 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The onset of flowering is critical for the reproductive development of plants. Lilium × formolongi is a lily hybrid that flowers within a year after sowing. We successfully identified four important stages during vegetative growth and flowering initiation of L. × formolongi under long day conditions. The plant tissues from the four stages were used in a genome-wide transcriptional analysis to investigate stage-specific changes of gene expression in L. × formolongi. In total, the sequence reads of the four RNA-sequencing libraries were assembled into 52,824 unigenes, of which 37,031 (70.10%) were differentially expressed. The global expression dynamics of the differentially expressed genes were predominant in flowering induction phase I and the floral differentiation stage, but down-regulated in flowering induction phase II. Various transcription factor families relevant to flowering were elucidated, and the members of the MADS-box, SBP and CO-like transcription factor families were the most represented. There were 85 differentially expressed genes relevant to flowering. CONSTANS-LIKE, FLOWERING LOCUS T, TREHALOSE-6-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE and SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE homologs were discovered and may play significant roles in the flowering induction and transition process of L. × formolongi. A putative gene regulatory network, including photoperiod, age-dependent and trehalose-6-phosphate flowering pathways, was constructed. This is the first expression dataset obtained from a transcriptome analysis of photoperiod-mediated flowering pathway in lily, and it is valuable for the exploration of the molecular mechanisms of flowering initiation and the short vegetative stage of L. × formolongi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ming-Fang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Gui-Xia Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Noman A, Aqeel M, Deng J, Khalid N, Sanaullah T, Shuilin H. Biotechnological Advancements for Improving Floral Attributes in Ornamental Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:530. [PMID: 28473834 PMCID: PMC5397496 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing new ornamental cultivars with improved floral attributes is a major goal in floriculture. Biotechnological approach together with classical breeding methods has been used to modify floral color, appearance as well as for increasing disease resistance. Transgenic strategies possess immense potential to produce novel flower phenotypes that are not found in nature. Adoption of Genetic engineering has supported the idea of floral trait modification. Ornamental plant attributes like floral color, fragrance, disease resistance, and vase life can be improved by means of genetic manipulation. Therefore, we witness transgenic plant varieties of high aesthetic and commercial value. This review focuses on biotechnological advancements in manipulating key floral traits that contribute in development of diverse ornamental plant lines. Data clearly reveals that regulation of biosynthetic pathways related to characteristics like pigment production, flower morphology and fragrance is both possible and predictable. In spite of their great significance, small number of genetically engineered varieties of ornamental plants has been field tested. Today, novel flower colors production is regarded as chief commercial benefit obtained from transgenic plants. But certain other floral traits are much more important and have high commercial potential. Other than achievements such as novel architecture, modified flower color, etc., very few reports are available regarding successful transformation of other valuable horticultural characteristics. Our review also summarized biotechnological efforts related to enhancement of fragrance and induction of early flowering along with changes in floral anatomy and morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- Department of Botany, Government College UniversityFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Science, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, School of Life Science, Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou, China
| | - Noreen Khalid
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University SialkotSialkot, Pakistan
| | | | - He Shuilin
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Leeggangers HACF, Nijveen H, Bigas JN, Hilhorst HWM, Immink RGH. Molecular Regulation of Temperature-Dependent Floral Induction in Tulipa gesneriana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:1904-1919. [PMID: 28104719 PMCID: PMC5338654 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The vegetative-to-reproductive phase change in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana) is promoted by increasing temperatures during spring. The warm winters of recent years interfere with this process and are calling for new adapted cultivars. A better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms would be of help, but unlike the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), very little is known about floral induction in tulip. To shed light on the gene regulatory network controlling flowering in tulip, RNA sequencing was performed on meristem-enriched tissue collected under two contrasting temperature conditions, low and high. The start of reproductive development correlated with rounding of the shoot apical meristem and induction of TGSQA expression, a tulip gene with a high similarity to Arabidopsis APETALA1 Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes showed the overrepresentation of genes potentially involved in floral induction, bulb maturation, and dormancy establishment. Expression analysis revealed that TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TgTFL1) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1-like1 (TgSOC1-like1) might be repressors, whereas TgSOC1-like2 likely is an activator, of flowering. Subsequently, the flowering time-associated expression of eight potential flowering time genes was confirmed in three tulip cultivars grown in the field. Additionally, heterologous functional analyses in Arabidopsis resulted in flowering time phenotypes in line with TgTFL1 being a floral repressor and TgSOC1-like2 being a floral activator in tulip. Taken together, we have shown that long before morphological changes occur in the shoot apical meristem, the expression of floral repressors in tulip is suppressed by increased ambient temperatures, leading either directly or indirectly to the activation of potential flowering activators shortly before the commencement of the phase change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrika A C F Leeggangers
- Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harm Nijveen
- Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Judit Nadal Bigas
- Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk W M Hilhorst
- Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Wageningen Seed Laboratory, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tasaki K, Terada H, Masuta C, Yamagishi M. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in Lilium leichtlinii using the Cucumber mosaic virus vector. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2016; 33:373-381. [PMID: 31274998 PMCID: PMC6587034 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.16.1018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lilies (Lilium) are among the most important floriculture crops, and to accelerate research regarding lily genetics, the development of reverse-genetics tools is necessary. However, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Lilium is time-consuming, since the plants require several years to progress from acclimation to flowering. Thus, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an attractive method for assaying gene function. In the present study, we modified a lily-derived strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV-HL) as a VIGS vector and evaluated its effectiveness for inducing gene silencing in Lilium leichtlinii by introducing L. leichtlinii phytoene desaturase (LlPDS) gene fragments into an intercistronic region between the 3a and 3b genes of the CMV-HL RNA3 genome. At 30 days after inoculation (dpi) with LlPDS-containing CMV-HL, photo-bleaching was observed in the upper leaves of L. leichtlinii, and at 57 dpi, we observed that the natural orange color in flower tepals had faded. Reduced LlPDS expression and the detection of small interfering LlPDS RNA indicated that the color changes were the result of LlPDS gene silencing. In addition, the leaves also exhibited a mild photo-bleaching phenotype in the following year. Therefore, our results indicate that CMV-HL spreads systemically in the leaves and flowers of Lilium during the first year of infection, as well as in new shoots during the following year, and that the vector system can be successfully applied to induce short-term endogenous gene silencing in lilies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tasaki
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Terada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Masumi Yamagishi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Moreno-Pachon NM, Leeggangers HACF, Nijveen H, Severing E, Hilhorst H, Immink RGH. Elucidating and mining the Tulipa and Lilium transcriptomes. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:249-61. [PMID: 27387304 PMCID: PMC5566170 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Genome sequencing remains a challenge for species with large and complex genomes containing extensive repetitive sequences, of which the bulbous and monocotyledonous plants tulip and lily are examples. In such a case, sequencing of only the active part of the genome, represented by the transcriptome, is a good alternative to obtain information about gene content. In this study we aimed to generate a high quality transcriptome of tulip and lily and to make this data available as an open-access resource via a user-friendly web-based interface. The Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform was applied and the transcribed RNA was sequenced from a collection of different lily and tulip tissues, respectively. In order to obtain good transcriptome coverage and to facilitate effective data mining, assembly was done using different filtering parameters for clearing out contamination and noise of the RNAseq datasets. This analysis revealed limitations of commonly applied methods and parameter settings used in de novo transcriptome assembly. The final created transcriptomes are publicly available via a user friendly Transcriptome browser ( http://www.bioinformatics.nl/bulbs/db/species/index ). The usefulness of this resource has been exemplified by a search for all potential transcription factors in lily and tulip, with special focus on the TCP transcription factor family. This analysis and other quality parameters point out the quality of the transcriptomes, which can serve as a basis for further genomics studies in lily, tulip, and bulbous plants in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M. Moreno-Pachon
- Physiology of Flower Bulbs, Department of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Harm Nijveen
- Physiology of Flower Bulbs, Department of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Edouard Severing
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Henk Hilhorst
- Wageningen Seed Laboratory (WSL), Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Richard G. H. Immink
- Physiology of Flower Bulbs, Department of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Suzuki K, Suzuki T, Nakatsuka T, Dohra H, Yamagishi M, Matsuyama K, Matsuura H. RNA-seq-based evaluation of bicolor tepal pigmentation in Asiatic hybrid lilies (Lilium spp.). BMC Genomics 2016; 17:611. [PMID: 27516339 PMCID: PMC4982199 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2995-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Color patterns in angiosperm flowers are produced by spatially and temporally restricted deposition of pigments. Identifying the mechanisms responsible for restricted pigment deposition is a topic of broad interest. Some dicots species develop bicolor petals, which are often caused by the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of chalcone synthase (CHS) genes. An Asiatic hybrid lily (Lilium spp.) cultivar Lollypop develops bicolor tepals with pigmented tips and white bases. Here, we analyzed the global transcription of pigmented and non-pigmented tepal parts from Lollypop, to determine the main transcriptomic differences. RESULTS De novo assembly of RNA-seq data yielded 49,239 contigs (39,426 unigenes), which included a variety of novel transcripts, such as those involved in flavonoid-glycosylation and sequestration and in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Additionally, 1258 of the unigenes exhibited significantly differential expression between the tepal parts (false discovery rates <0.05). The pigmented tepal parts accumulated more anthocyanins, and unigenes annotated as anthocyanin biosynthesis genes (e.g., CHS, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, and anthocyanidin synthase) were expressed 7-30-fold higher than those in non-pigmented parts. These results indicate that the transcriptional regulation of biosynthesis genes is more likely involved in the development of bicolor lily tepals rather than the PTGS of CHS genes. In addition, the expression level of a unigene homologous to LhMYB12, which often regulates full-tepal anthocyanin pigmentation in lilies, was >2-fold higher in the pigmented parts. Thus, LhMYB12 should be involved in the transcriptional regulation of the biosynthesis genes in bicolor tepals. Other factors that potentially suppress or enhance the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, including a WD40 gene, were identified, and their involvement in bicolor development is discussed. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the bicolor trait of Lollypop tepals is caused by the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes and that the transcription profile of LhMYB12 provides a clue for elucidating the mechanisms of the trait. The tepal transcriptome constructed in this study will accelerate investigations of the genetic controls of anthocyanin color patterns, including the bicolor patterns, of Lilium spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Suzuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan
- Present address: Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505 Japan
| | - Takashi Nakatsuka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan
| | - Hideo Dohra
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan
| | - Masumi Yamagishi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Kohei Matsuyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, N9W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Azadi P, Bagheri H, Nalousi AM, Nazari F, Chandler SF. Current status and biotechnological advances in genetic engineering of ornamental plants. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1073-1090. [PMID: 27396521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cut flower markets are developing in many countries as the international demand for cut flowers is rapidly growing. Developing new varieties with modified characteristics is an important aim in floriculture. Production of transgenic ornamental plants can shorten the time required in the conventional breeding of a cultivar. Biotechnology tools in combination with conventional breeding methods have been used by cut flower breeders to change flower color, plant architecture, post-harvest traits, and disease resistance. In this review, we describe advances in genetic engineering that have led to the development of new cut flower varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Azadi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hedayat Bagheri
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Science, Buali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Ayoub Molaahmad Nalousi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farzad Nazari
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhan X, Yang L, Wang D, Zhu JK, Lang Z. De novo assembly and analysis of the transcriptome of Ocimum americanum var. pilosum under cold stress. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:209. [PMID: 26955811 PMCID: PMC4784345 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ocimum americanum var. pilosum is a chilling-sensitive, widely distributed plant that is consumed as a vegetable in central and southern China. To increase our understanding of cold stress responses in this species, we performed de novo transcriptome assembly for O. americanum var. pilosum and compared the transcriptomes of plants grown under normal and low temperatures. Results A total of 115,022,842 high quality, clean reads were obtained from four libraries (two replicates of control samples and two replicates of chilling-treated samples) and were used to perform de novo transcriptome assembly. After isoforms were considered, 42,816 unigenes were generated, 30,748 of which were similar to known proteins as determined by a BLASTx search (E-value < =1.0E-05) against NCBI non-redundant, Swiss-Prot, Gene Ontology, KEGG, and Cluster of COG databases. Comparative analysis of transcriptomes revealed that 5179 unigenes were differentially expressed (with at least 2-fold changes, FDR < 0.01) in chilling-treated samples, and that 2344 and 2835 unigenes were up- and down-regulated by chilling stress, respectively. Expression of the 10 most up-regulated and the five most down-regulated unigenes was validated by qRT-PCR. To increase our understanding of these differentially expressed unigenes, we performed Gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. The CBF-mediated transcriptional cascade, a well-known cold tolerance pathway, was reconstructed using our de novo assembled transcriptome. Conclusion Our study has generated a genome-wide transcript profile of O. americanum var. pilosum and a de novo assembled transcriptome, which can be used to characterize genes related to diverse biological processes. This is the first study to assess the cold-responsive transcriptome in an Ocimum species. Our results suggest that cold temperature significantly affects genes related to protein translation and cellular metabolism in this chilling sensitive species. Although most of the CBF pathway genes have orthologs in O. americanum var. pilosum, none of the identified cold responsive (COR) gene orthologs was induced by cold, which is consistent with the lack of cold tolerance in this plant. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2507-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqiang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Zhaobo Lang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jung WY, Park HJ, Lee A, Lee SS, Kim YS, Cho HS. Identification of Flowering-Related Genes Responsible for Differences in Bolting Time between Two Radish Inbred Lines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1844. [PMID: 28018383 PMCID: PMC5145866 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Late bolting after cold exposure is an economically important characteristic of radish (Raphanus sativus L.), an important Brassicaceae root vegetable crop. However, little information is available regarding the genes and pathways that govern flowering time in this species. We performed high-throughput RNA sequencing analysis to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that determine the differences in flowering times between two radish lines, NH-JS1 (late bolting) and NH-JS2 (early bolting). In total, 71,188 unigenes were identified by reference-guided assembly, of which 309, 788, and 980 genes were differentially expressed between the two inbred lines after 0, 15, and 35 days of vernalization, respectively. Among these genes, 218 homologs of Arabidopsis flowering-time (Ft) genes were identified in the radish, and 49 of these genes were differentially expressed between the two radish lines in the presence or absence of vernalization treatment. Most of the Ft genes up-regulated in NH-JS1 vs. NH-JS2 were repressors of flowering, such as RsFLC, consistent with the late-bolting phenotype of NH-JS1. Although, the functions of genes down-regulated in NH-JS1 were less consistent with late-bolting characteristics than the up-regulated Ft genes, several Ft enhancer genes, including RsSOC1, a key floral integrator, showed an appropriate expression to the late-bolting phenotype. In addition, the patterns of gene expression related to the vernalization pathway closely corresponded with the different bolting times of the two inbred lines. These results suggest that the vernalization pathway is conserved between radish and Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Yong Jung
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, Korea
| | - Areum Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang Sook Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, Korea
| | - Youn-Sung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, NongHyup SeedAnseong, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Youn-Sung Kim
| | - Hye Sun Cho
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon, Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea
- Hye Sun Cho
| |
Collapse
|