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Li BJ, Bao RX, Shi YN, Grierson D, Chen KS. Auxin response factors: important keys for understanding regulatory mechanisms of fleshy fruit development and ripening. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae209. [PMID: 39372288 PMCID: PMC11450211 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Auxin response transcription factors (ARFs) form a large gene family, many of whose members operate at the final step of the auxin signaling pathway. ARFs participate directly in many aspects of plant growth and development. Here we summarize recent advances in understanding the roles of ARFs in regulating aspects of fleshy fruit development and ripening. ARFs play a crucial role in regulating fruit size, color, nutrients, texture, yield, and other properties that ultimately influence the ripening and quality of important crops such as tomato, apple, strawberry, and peach. ARFs impact these processes acting as positive, negative, or bidirectional regulators via phytohormone-dependent or -independent mechanisms. In the phytohormone-dependent pathway, ARFs act as a central hub linking interactions with multiple phytohormones generating diverse effects. The three domains within ARFs, namely the DNA-binding domain, the middle region, and the carboxy-terminal dimerization domain, exhibit distinct yet overlapping functions, contributing to a range of mechanisms mediated by ARFs. These findings not only provide a profound understanding of ARF functions, but also raise new questions. Further exploration can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of fleshy fruit development and ripening mediated by ARFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, No.100, East Daxue Road, Xixiangtang District, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, No. 866, Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, No. 866, Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruo-Xuan Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, No.100, East Daxue Road, Xixiangtang District, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yan-Na Shi
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, No. 866, Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, No. 866, Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, No. 866, Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, No. 866, Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, No. 866, Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, No. 866, Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, No. 866, Yuhangtang Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Shen M, Zhao K, Luo X, Guo L, Ma Z, Wen L, Lin S, Lin Y, Sun H, Ahmad S. Genome mining of WOX-ARF gene linkage in Machilus pauhoi underpinned cambial activity associated with IAA induction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1364086. [PMID: 39114465 PMCID: PMC11303294 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1364086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
As an upright tree with multifunctional economic application, Machilus pauhoi is an excellent choice in modern forestry from Lauraceae. The growth characteristics is of great significance for its molecular breeding and improvement. However, there still lack the information of WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) and Auxin response factor (ARF) gene family, which were reported as specific transcription factors in plant growth as well as auxin signaling. Here, a total of sixteen MpWOX and twenty-one MpARF genes were identified from the genome of M. pauhoi. Though member of WOX conserved in the Lauraceae, MpWOX and MpARF genes were unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes as a result of region duplication. These genes presented 45 and 142 miRNA editing sites, respectively, reflecting a potential post-transcriptional restrain. Overall, MpWOX4, MpWOX13a, MpWOX13b, MpARF6b, MpARF6c, and MpARF19a were highly co-expressed in the vascular cambium, forming a working mode as WOX-ARF complex. MpWOXs contains typical AuxRR-core and TGA-element cis-acting regulatory elements in this auxin signaling linkage. In addition, under IAA and NPA treatments, MpARF2a and MpWOX1a was highly sensitive to IAA response, showing significant changes after 6 hours of treatment. And MpWOX1a was significantly inhibited by NPA treatment. Through all these solid analysis, our findings provide a genetic foundation to growth mechanism analysis and further molecular designing breeding in Machilus pauhoi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianmei Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology, State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province, College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lingling Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhirui Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lei Wen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siqing Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingxuan Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sagheer Ahmad
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Patil BL, Tripathi S. Differential expression of microRNAs in response to Papaya ringspot virus infection in differentially responding genotypes of papaya ( Carica papaya L.) and its wild relative. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1398437. [PMID: 38966149 PMCID: PMC11222417 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1398437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is one of the most devastating viruses of papaya that has significantly hampered papaya production across the globe. Although PRSV resistance is known in some of its wild relatives, such as Vasconcellea cauliflora and in some of the improved papaya genotypes, the molecular basis of this resistance mechanism has not been studied and understood. Plant microRNAs are an important class of small RNAs that regulate the gene expression in several plant species against the invading plant pathogens. These miRNAs are known to manifest the expression of genes involved in resistance against plant pathogens, through modulation of the plant's biochemistry and physiology. In this study we made an attempt to study the overall expression pattern of small RNAs and more specifically the miRNAs in different papaya genotypes from India, that exhibit varying levels of tolerance or resistance to PRSV. Our study found that the expression of some of the miRNAs was differentially regulated in these papaya genotypes and they had entirely different miRNA expression profile in healthy and PRSV infected symptomatic plants. This data may help in improvement of papaya cultivars for resistance against PRSV through new breeding initiatives or biotechnological approaches such as genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Savarni Tripathi
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Pune, India
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Liu H, Fang H, Zhang G, Li J, Zhang X, Li Y. De novo transcriptome profiling reveals the patterns of gene expression in plum fruits with bud mutations. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:909-919. [PMID: 38974351 PMCID: PMC11222343 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Bud mutation is a common technique for plant breeding and can provide a large number of breeding materials. Through traditional breeding methods, we obtained a plum plant with bud mutations (named "By") from an original plum variety (named "B"). The ripening period of "By" fruit was longer than that of "B" fruit, and its taste was better. In order to understand the characteristics of these plum varieties, we used transcriptome analysis and compared the gene expression patterns in fruits from the two cultivars. Subsequently, we identified the biological processes regulated by the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that these DEGs were highly enriched for "single-organism cellular process" and "transferase activity". KEGG analysis demonstrated that the main pathways affected by the bud mutations were plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism. The IAA, CKX, ARF, and SnRK2 genes were identified as the key regulators of plant hormone signal transduction. Meanwhile, TPP, the beta-glucosidase (EC3.2.1.21) gene, and UGT72E were identified as candidate DEGs affecting secondary metabolite synthesis. The transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) data were also validated using RT-qPCR experiments. The transcriptome analysis demonstrated that plant hormones play a significant role in extending the maturity period of plum fruit, with IAA, CKX, ARF, and SnRK2 serving as the key regulators of this process. Further, TPP, beta-glucosidase (EC3.2.1.21), and UGT72E appeared to mediate the synthesis of various soluble secondary metabolites, contributing to the aroma of plum fruits. The expression of BAG6 was upregulated in "B" as the fruit matured, but it was downregulated in "By". This indicated that "B" may have stronger resistance, especially fungal resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-024-01472-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
| | - Haitian Fang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
| | - Guangdi Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
- Ningxia Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Center, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
- Technological Innovation Center of Horticulture, Ningxia University), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
| | - Jianshe Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
- Ningxia Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Center, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
- Technological Innovation Center of Horticulture, Ningxia University), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
| | - Xiangjun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
| | - Yu Li
- Technological Innovation Center of Horticulture, Ningxia University), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021 Ningxia China
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Li L, Liu Z, Pan X, Yao K, Wang Y, Yang T, Huang G, Liao W, Wang C. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Tomato Fatty Acid β-Oxidase Family Genes KAT and MFP. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2273. [PMID: 38396949 PMCID: PMC10889323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids and their derivatives play a variety of roles in living organisms. Fatty acids not only store energy but also comprise membrane lipids and act as signaling molecules. There are three main proteins involved in the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway in plant peroxisomes, including acyl-CoA oxidase (ACX), multifunctional protein (MFP), and 3-ketolipoyl-CoA thiolase (KAT). However, genome-scale analysis of KAT and MFP has not been systemically investigated in tomatoes. Here, we conducted a bioinformatics analysis of KAT and MFP genes in tomatoes. Their physicochemical properties, protein secondary structure, subcellular localization, gene structure, phylogeny, and collinearity were also analyzed. In addition, a conserved motif analysis, an evolutionary pressure selection analysis, a cis-acting element analysis, tissue expression profiling, and a qRT-PCR analysis were conducted within tomato KAT and MFP family members. There are five KAT and four MFP family members in tomatoes, which are randomly distributed on four chromosomes. By analyzing the conserved motifs of tomato KAT and MFP family members, we found that both KAT and MFP members are highly conserved. In addition, the results of the evolutionary pressure selection analysis indicate that the KAT and MFP family members have evolved mainly from purifying selection, which makes them more structurally stable. The results of the cis-acting element analysis show that SlKAT and SlMFP with respect may respond to light, hormones, and adversity stresses. The tissue expression analysis showed that KAT and MFP family members have important roles in regulating the development of floral organs as well as fruit ripening. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expressions of SlKAT and SlMFP genes can be regulated by ABA, MeJA, darkness, NaCl, PEG, UV, cold, heat, and H2O2 treatments. These results provide a basis for the involvement of the SlKAT and SlMFP genes in tomato floral organ development and abiotic stress response, which lay a foundation for future functional study of SlKAT and SlMFP in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chunlei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yinmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China; (L.L.); (Z.L.); (X.P.); (K.Y.); (Y.W.); (T.Y.); (G.H.); (W.L.)
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Sydow P, Murren CJ. Above and belowground phenotypic response to exogenous auxin across Arabidopsis thaliana mutants and natural accessions varies from seedling to reproductive maturity. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16873. [PMID: 38348101 PMCID: PMC10860551 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Plant hormones influence phenology, development, and function of above and belowground plant structures. In seedlings, auxin influences the initiation and development of lateral roots and root systems. How auxin-related genes influence root initiation at early life stages has been investigated from numerous perspectives. There is a gap in our understanding of how these genes influence root size through the life cycle and in mature plants. Across development, the influence of a particular gene on plant phenotypes is partly regulated by the addition of a poly-A tail to mRNA transcripts via alternative polyadenylation (APA). Auxin related genes have documented variation in APA, with auxin itself contributing to APA site switches. Studies of the influence of exogenous auxin on natural plant accessions and mutants of auxin pathway gene families exhibiting variation in APA are required for a more complete understanding of genotype by development by hormone interactions in whole plant and fitness traits. Methods We studied Arabidopsis thaliana homozygous mutant lines with inserts in auxin-related genes previously identified to exhibit variation in number of APA sites. Our growth chamber experiment included wildtype Col-0 controls, mutant lines, and natural accession phytometers. We applied exogenous auxin through the life cycle. We quantified belowground and aboveground phenotypes in 14 day old, 21 day old seedlings and plants at reproductive maturity. We contrasted root, rosette and flowering phenotypes across wildtype, auxin mutant, and natural accession lines, APA groups, hormone treatments, and life stages using general linear models. Results The root systems and rosettes of mutant lines in auxin related genes varied in response to auxin applications across life stages and varied between genotypes within life stages. In seedlings, exposure to auxin decreased size, but increased lateral root density, whereas at reproductive maturity, plants displayed greater aboveground mass and total root length. These differences may in part be due to a shift which delayed the reproductive stage when plants were treated with auxin. Root traits of auxin related mutants depended on the number of APA sites of mutant genes and the plant's developmental stage. Mutants with inserts in genes with many APA sites exhibited lower early seedling belowground biomass than those with few APA sites but only when exposed to exogenous auxin. As we observed different responses to exogenous auxin across the life cycle, we advocate for further studies of belowground traits and hormones at reproductive maturity. Studying phenotypic variation of genotypes across life stages and hormone environments will uncover additional shared patterns across traits, assisting efforts to potentially reach breeding targets and enhance our understanding of variation of genotypes in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sydow
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Courtney J. Murren
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States
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Jiang J, Wang Z, Chen Z, Wu Y, Mu M, Nie W, Zhao S, Cui G, Yin X. Identification and Evolutionary Analysis of the Auxin Response Factor (ARF) Family Based on Transcriptome Data from Caucasian Clover and Analysis of Expression Responses to Hormones. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15357. [PMID: 37895037 PMCID: PMC10607010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) is an excellent perennial plant in the legume family Fabaceae, with a well-developed rhizome and strong clonal growth. Auxin is one of the most important phytohormones in plants and plays an important role in plant growth and development. Auxin response factor (ARF) can regulate the expression of auxin-responsive genes, thus participating in multiple pathways of auxin transduction signaling in a synergistic manner. No genomic database has been established for Caucasian clover. In this study, 71 TaARF genes were identified through a transcriptomic database of Caucasian clover rhizome development. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the TaARFs into six (1-6) clades. Thirty TaARFs contained a complete ARF structure, including three relatively conserved regions. Physical and chemical property analysis revealed that TaARFs are unstable and hydrophilic proteins. We also analyzed the expression pattern of TaARFs in different tissues (taproot, horizontal rhizome, swelling of taproot, rhizome bud and rhizome bud tip). Quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that all TaARFs were responsive to phytohormones (indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate) in roots, stems and leaves. These results helped elucidate the role of ARFs in responses to different hormone treatments in Caucasian clover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zirui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Meiqi Mu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wanting Nie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Siwen Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guowen Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiujie Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Chen F, Zhang J, Ha X, Ma H. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the Auxin-Response factor (ARF) gene family in Medicago sativa under abiotic stress. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:498. [PMID: 37644390 PMCID: PMC10463752 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the most widely planted legume forage and one of the most economically valuable crops in the world. The periodic changes in its growth and development and abiotic stress determine its yield and economic benefits. Auxin controls many aspects of alfalfa growth by regulating gene expression, including organ differentiation and stress response. Auxin response factors (ARF) are transcription factors that play an essential role in auxin signal transduction and regulate the expression of auxin-responsive genes. However, the function of ARF transcription factors is unclear in autotetraploid-cultivated alfalfa. RESULT A total of 81 ARF were identified in the alfalfa genome in this study. Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were analyzed, identifying that ARF genes are mainly involved in transcriptional regulation and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MsARF was divided into four clades: I, II, III, and IV, each containing 52, 13, 7, and 9 genes, respectively. The promoter region of the MsARF gene contained stress-related elements, such as ABRE, TC-rich repeats, MBS, LTR. Proteins encoded by 50 ARF genes were localized in the nucleus without guide peptides, signal peptides, or transmembrane structures, indicating that most MsARF genes are not secreted or transported but only function in the nucleus. Protein structure analysis revealed that the secondary and tertiary structures of the 81 MsARF genes varied. Chromosomal localization analysis showed 81 MsARF genes were unevenly distributed on 25 chromosomes, with the highest distribution on chromosome 5. Furthermore, 14 segmental duplications and two sets of tandem repeats were identified. Expression analysis indicated that the MsARF was differentially expressed in different tissues and under various abiotic stressors. The quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the expression profiles of 23 MsARF genes were specific to abiotic stresses such as drought, salt, high temperature, and low temperature, as well as tissue-specific and closely related to the duration of stress. CONCLUSION This study identified MsARF in the cultivated alfalfa genome based on the autotetraploid level, which GO, KEGG analysis, phylogenetic analysis, sequence characteristics, and expression pattern analysis further confirmed. Together, these findings provide clues for further investigation of MsARF functional verification and molecular breeding of alfalfa. This study provides a novel approach to systematically identify and characterize ARF transcription factors in autotetraploid cultivated alfalfa, revealing 23 MsARF genes significantly involved in response to various stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenqi Chen
- College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Center for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, Yingmencun, Anning District, Gansu province, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Jinqing Zhang
- College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Center for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, Yingmencun, Anning District, Gansu province, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Xue Ha
- College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Center for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, Yingmencun, Anning District, Gansu province, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Huiling Ma
- College of Pratacultural Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Center for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, Yingmencun, Anning District, Gansu province, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China.
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N. D. V, Matsumura H, Munshi AD, Ellur RK, Chinnusamy V, Singh A, Iquebal MA, Jaiswal S, Jat GS, Panigrahi I, Gaikwad AB, Rao AR, Dey SS, Behera TK. Molecular mapping of genomic regions and identification of possible candidate genes associated with gynoecious sex expression in bitter gourd. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1071648. [PMID: 36938036 PMCID: PMC10017754 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1071648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bitter gourd is an important vegetable crop grown throughout the tropics mainly because of its high nutritional value. Sex expression and identification of gynoecious trait in cucurbitaceous vegetable crops has facilitated the hybrid breeding programme in a great way to improve productivity. In bitter gourd, gynoecious sex expression is poorly reported and detailed molecular pathways involve yet to be studied. The present experiment was conducted to study the inheritance, identify the genomic regions associated with gynoecious sex expression and to reveal possible candidate genes through QTL-seq. Segregation for the gynoecious and monoecious sex forms in the F2 progenies indicated single recessive gene controlling gynoecious sex expression in the genotype, PVGy-201. Gynoecious parent, PVGy-201, Monoecious parent, Pusa Do Mausami (PDM), and two contrasting bulks were constituted for deep-sequencing. A total of 10.56, 23.11, 15.07, and 19.38 Gb of clean reads from PVGy-201, PDM, gynoecious bulk and monoecious bulks were generated. Based on the ΔSNP index, 1.31 Mb regions on the chromosome 1 was identified to be associated with gynoecious sex expression in bitter gourd. In the QTL region 293,467 PVGy-201 unique variants, including SNPs and indels, were identified. In the identified QTL region, a total of 1019 homozygous variants were identified between PVGy1 and PDM genomes and 71 among them were non-synonymous variants (SNPS and INDELs), out of which 11 variants (7 INDELs, 4 SNPs) were classified as high impact variants with frame shift/stop gain effect. In total twelve genes associated with male and female gametophyte development were identified in the QTL-region. Ethylene-responsive transcription factor 12, Auxin response factor 6, Copper-transporting ATPase RAN1, CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 23, ABC transporter C family member 2, DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 1 isoform X2, Polygalacturonase QRT3-like isoform X2, Protein CHROMATIN REMODELING 4 were identified with possible role in gynoecious sex expression. Promoter region variation in 8 among the 12 genes indicated their role in determining gynoecious sex expression in bitter gourd genotype, DBGy-1. The findings in the study provides insight about sex expression in bitter gourd and will facilitate fine mapping and more precise identification of candidate genes through their functional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay N. D.
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Hideo Matsumura
- Gene Research Centre, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan
| | - Anilabha Das Munshi
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjith Kumar Ellur
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mir Asif Iquebal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarika Jaiswal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Gograj Singh Jat
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ipsita Panigrahi
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ambika Baladev Gaikwad
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - A. R. Rao
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar Dey
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Tusar Kanti Behera
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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10
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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Auxin Response Factor (ARF) Gene Family Involved in Wood Formation and Response to Exogenous Hormone Treatment in Populus trichocarpa. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010740. [PMID: 36614182 PMCID: PMC9820880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin is a key regulator that virtually controls almost every aspect of plant growth and development throughout its life cycle. As the major components of auxin signaling, auxin response factors (ARFs) play crucial roles in various processes of plant growth and development. In this study, a total of 35 PtrARF genes were identified, and their phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal locations, synteny relationships, exon/intron structures, cis-elements, conserved motifs, and protein characteristics were systemically investigated. We also analyzed the expression patterns of these PtrARF genes and revealed that 16 of them, including PtrARF1, 3, 7, 11, 13-17, 21, 23, 26, 27, 29, 31, and 33, were preferentially expressed in primary stems, while 15 of them, including PtrARF2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 18-20, 22, 24, 25, 28, 32, and 35, participated in different phases of wood formation. In addition, some PtrARF genes, with at least one cis-element related to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or abscisic acid (ABA) response, responded differently to exogenous IAA and ABA treatment, respectively. Three PtrARF proteins, namely PtrARF18, PtrARF23, and PtrARF29, selected from three classes, were characterized, and only PtrARF18 was a transcriptional self-activator localized in the nucleus. Moreover, Y2H and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay demonstrated that PtrARF23 interacted with PtrIAA10 and PtrIAA28 in the nucleus, while PtrARF29 interacted with PtrIAA28 in the nucleus. Our results provided comprehensive information regarding the PtrARF gene family, which will lay some foundation for future research about PtrARF genes in tree development and growth, especially the wood formation, in response to cellular signaling and environmental cues.
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Yi SN, Mao JX, Zhang XY, Li XM, Zhang ZH, Li H. FveARF2 negatively regulates fruit ripening and quality in strawberry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1023739. [PMID: 36388474 PMCID: PMC9660248 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1023739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcription factors that play important roles in plants. ARF2 is a member of the ARF family and participates in many plant growth and developmental processes. However, the role of ARF2 in strawberry fruit quality remains unclear. In this study, FveARF2 was isolated from the woodland strawberry 'Ruegen' using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which showed that FveARF2 expression levels were higher in the stem than in other organs of the 'Ruegen' strawberry. Moreover, FaARF2 was higher in the white fruit stage of cultivated strawberry fruit than in other stage. Subcellular localization analysis showed that FveARF2 is located in the nucleus, while transcriptional activation assays showed that FveARF2 inhibited transcription in yeast. Silencing FveARF2 in cultivated strawberry fruit revealed earlier coloration and higher soluble solid, sugar, and anthocyanin content in the transgenic fruit than in the control fruit, overexpression of FveARF2 in strawberry fruit delayed ripening and lower soluble solid, sugar, and anthocyanin content compared to the control fruit. Gene expression analysis indicated that the transcription levels of the fruit ripening genes FaSUT1, FaOMT, and FaCHS increased in FveARF2-RNAi fruit and decreased in FveARF2-OE fruit, when compared with the control. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and GUS activity experiments showed that FveARF2 can directly bind to the AuxRE (TGTCTC) element in the FaSUT1, FaOMT, and FaCHS promoters in vitro and in vivo. Potassium ion supplementation improved the quality of strawberry fruit, while silencing FveARF2 increased potassium ion content in transgenic fruit. The Y1H and GUS activity experiments also confirmed that FveARF2 could directly bind to the promoter of FveKT12, a potassium transporter gene, and inhibited its expression. Taken together, we found that FveARF2 can negatively regulate strawberry fruit ripening and quality, which provides new insight for further study of the molecular mechanism of strawberry fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-na Yi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian-xin Mao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin-yu Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- Vegetable Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-ming Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi-hong Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - He Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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12
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Estrella-Maldonado H, Chan-León A, Fuentes G, Girón-Ramírez A, Desjardins Y, Santamaría JM. The interaction between exogenous IBA with sucrose, light and ventilation alters the expression of ARFs and Aux/IAA genes in Carica papaya plantlets. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:107-130. [PMID: 35725838 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01289-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between exogenous IBA with sucrose, light and ventilation, alters the expression of ARFs and Aux/IAA genes in in vitro grown Carica papaya plantlets. In vitro papaya plantlets normally show low rooting percentages during their ex vitro establishment that eventually leads to high mortality when transferred to field conditions. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) auxin is normally added to culture medium, to achieve adventitious root formation on in vitro papaya plantlets. However, the molecular mechanisms occurring when IBA is added to the medium under varying external conditions of sugar, light and ventilation have not been studied. Auxin response factors (ARF) are auxin-transcription activators, while auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) are auxin-transcription repressors, that modulate key components involved in auxin signaling in plants. In the present study, we identified 12 CpARF and 18 CpAux/IAA sequences in the papaya genome. The cis-acting regulatory elements associated to those CpARFs and CpAux/IAA gene families were associated with stress and hormone responses. Furthermore, a comprehensive characterization and expression profiling analysis was performed on 6 genes involved in rhizogenesis formation (CpARF5, 6, 7 and CpAux/IAA11, 13, 14) from in vitro papaya plantlets exposed to different rhizogenesis-inducing treatments. In general, intact in vitro plantlets were not able to produce adventitious roots, when IBA (2 mg L-1) was added to the culture medium; they became capable to produce roots and increased their ex-vitro survival. However, the best rooting and survival % were obtained when IBA was added in combination with adequate sucrose supply (20 g L-1), increased light intensity (750 µmol photon m-2 s-1) and ventilation systems within the culture vessel. Interestingly, it was precisely under those conditions that promoted high rooting and survival %, where the highest expression of CpARFs, but the lowest expression of CpAux/IAAs occurred. One interesting case occurred when in vitro plantlets were exposed to high levels of light in the absence of added IBA, as high rooting and survival occurred, even though no exogenous auxin was added. In fact, plantlets from this treatment showed the right expression profile between auxin activators/repressors genes, in both stem base and root tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Estrella-Maldonado
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Ixtacuaco, Km 4.5 Carretera Martínez de la Torre-Tlapacoyan, C.P. 93600, Tlapacoyan, Veracruz, México.
| | - Arianna Chan-León
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Gabriela Fuentes
- Independent Researcher, Calle 6a 279 a, Jardines de Vista Alegre, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Amaranta Girón-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, 2440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jorge M Santamaría
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Calle 43 No. 130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
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13
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Wang H, Huang H, Shang Y, Song M, Ma H. Identification and characterization of auxin response factor (ARF) family members involved in fig ( Ficus carica L.) fruit development. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13798. [PMID: 35898939 PMCID: PMC9310797 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The auxin response factor (ARF) combines with AuxREs cis-acting elements in response to auxin to regulate plant development. To date, no comprehensive analysis of ARF genes expressed during fruit development has been conducted for common fig (Ficus carica L.). In this study, members of the FcARF gene family were screened, identified in the fig genome database and their features characterized using bioinformatics. Twenty FcARF genes were clustered into three classes, with almost similar highly conserved DBD (B3-like DNA binding domain), AUX/IAA (auxin/indole-3-acetic acid gene family) and MR domain structure among class members. Analysis of amino acid species in MR domain revealed 10 potential transcription activators and 10 transcription inhibitors, and 17 FcARF members were predicted to be located in the nucleus. DNA sequence analysis showed that the ARF gene family consisted of 4-25 exons, and the promoter region contained 16 cis-acting elements involved in stress response, hormone response and flavonoid biosynthesis. ARF genes were expressed in most tissues of fig, especially flower and peel. Transcriptomics analysis results showed that FcARF2, FcARF11 and FcARF12, belonging to class-Ia, were stably and highly expressed in the early development stage of flower and peel of 'Purple peel' fig. However, their expression levels decreased after maturity. Expression of class-Ic member FcARF3 conformed to the regularity of fig fruit development. These four potential transcription inhibitors may regulate fruit growth and development of 'Purple Peel' fig. This study provides comprehensive information on the fig ARF gene family, including gene structure, chromosome position, phylogenetic relationship and expression pattern. Our work provides a foundation for further research on auxin-mediated fig fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomiao Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Hantang Huang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yongkai Shang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Miaoyu Song
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqin Ma
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, Beijing, China
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14
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Genome–Wide Identification and Functional Characterization of Auxin Response Factor (ARF) Genes in Eggplant. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116219. [PMID: 35682898 PMCID: PMC9181582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are important plant transcription factors that are differentially expressed in response to auxin and various abiotic stresses. ARFs play important roles in mediating plant growth and stress responses; however, these factors have not been studied in eggplants. In this study, genome–wide identification and the functional analysis of the ARF gene family in eggplants (Solanum melongena L.) were performed. A total of 20 ARF (SmARF) genes were identified and phylogenetically classified into three groups. Our analysis revealed four functional domains and 10 motifs in these proteins. Subcellular localization showed that the SmARFs localized in the nucleus. To investigate the biological functions of the SmARFs under 2,4–D and salt stress treatments, quantitative real–time RT–PCR (qRT–PCR) was conducted. Most SmARF genes exhibited changes in expression in response to 2,4–D treatments in the flowers, especially SmARF4 and 7B. All SmARF genes quickly responded to salt stress, except SmARF17 and 19 in leaves, SmARF1A and 7B in roots, and SmARF2A, SmARF7B, and SmARF16B in stems. These results helped to elucidate the role of ARFs in auxin signaling under 2,4–D and salt stress in eggplants.
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15
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Xu D, Yang C, Fan H, Qiu W, Huang B, Zhuo R, He Z, Li H, Han X. Genome-Wide Characterization, Evolutionary Analysis of ARF Gene Family, and the Role of SaARF4 in Cd Accumulation of Sedum alfredii Hance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1273. [PMID: 35567274 PMCID: PMC9103128 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Auxin response factors (ARFs) play important roles in plant development and environmental adaption. However, the function of ARFs in cadmium (Cd) accumulation are still unknown. Here, 23 SaARFs were detected in the genome of hyperaccumulating ecotype of Sedum alfredii Hance (HE), and they were not evenly distributed on the chromosomes. Their protein domains remained highly conservative. SaARFs in the phylogenetic tree can be divided into three groups. Genes in the group Ⅰ contained three introns at most. However, over ten introns were found in other two groups. Collinearity relationships were exhibited among ten SaARFs. The reasons for generating SaARFs may be segmental duplication and rearrangements. Collinearity analysis among different species revealed that more collinear genes of SaARFs can be found in the species with close relationships of HE. A total of eight elements in SaARFs promoters were related with abiotic stress. The qRT-PCR results indicated that four SaARFs can respond to Cd stress. Moreover, that there may be functional redundancy among six SaARFs. The adaptive selection and functional divergence analysis indicated that SaARF4 may undergo positive selection pressure and an adaptive-evolution process. Overexpressing SaARF4 effectively declined Cd accumulation. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites relevant to Cd accumulation can be detected in SaARF4. Among them, only one SNP site can alter the sequence of the SaARF4 protein, but the SaARF4 mutant of this site did not cause a significant difference in cadmium content, compared with wild-type plants. SaARFs may be involved in Cd-stress responses, and SaARF4 may be applied for decreasing Cd accumulation of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU), Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China; (D.X.); (C.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (H.F.); (W.Q.); (B.H.); (R.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Chunyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU), Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China; (D.X.); (C.Y.)
| | - Huijin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (H.F.); (W.Q.); (B.H.); (R.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Wenmin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (H.F.); (W.Q.); (B.H.); (R.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Biyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (H.F.); (W.Q.); (B.H.); (R.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Renying Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (H.F.); (W.Q.); (B.H.); (R.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Zhengquan He
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU), Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China; (D.X.); (C.Y.)
| | - Haiying Li
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xiaojiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (H.F.); (W.Q.); (B.H.); (R.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, The Research Institute of Subtropical of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
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16
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Effect of the PmARF6 Gene from Masson Pine (Pinus massoniana) on the Development of Arabidopsis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030469. [PMID: 35328022 PMCID: PMC8949783 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) is a core industrial tree species that is used for afforestation in southern China. Previous studies have shown that Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) are involved in the growth and development of various species, but the function of ARFs in Masson pine is unclear. In this research, we cloned and identified Masson pine ARF6 cDNA (PmARF6). The results showed that PmARF6 encodes a protein of 681 amino acids that is highly expressed in female flowers. Subcellular analysis showed that the PmARF6 protein occurred predominantly in the nucleus and cytomembrane of Masson pine cells. Compared with wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing PmARF6 had fewer rosette leaves, and their flower development was slower. These results suggest that overexpression of PmARF6 may inhibit the flower and leaf development of Masson pine and provide new insights into the underlying developmental mechanism.
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17
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Zhou P, Zhang X, Ma X, Yue J, Liao Z, Ming R. Methylation related genes affect sex differentiation in dioecious and gynodioecious papaya. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab065. [PMID: 35048102 PMCID: PMC8935930 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Morphological, genic and epigenetic differences often exist in separate sexes of dioecious and trioecious plants. However, the connections and relationships among them in different breeding systems are still unclear. Papaya has three sex types, which is genetically determined and epigenetically regulated, and was chosen as a model to study sex differentiation. Bisulfite sequencing of genomic DNA extracted from early-stage flowers revealed sex-specific genomic methylation landscapes and seasonally methylome reprogramming processes in dioecious and gynodioecious papaya grown in spring and summer. Extensive methylation of sex-determining region (SDR) was the distinguishing epigenetic characteristics of nascent XY sex chromosomes in papaya. Seasonal methylome reprogramming of early-stage flowers in both dioecy and gynodioecy systems were detected, resulting from transcriptional expression pattern alterations of methylation-modification-related and chromatin-remodeling-related genes, particularly from those genes involved in active demethylation. Genes involved in phytohormone signal transduction pathway in male flowers have played an important role in the formation of male-specific characteristics. These findings enhanced the understanding of the genetic and epigenetic contributions to sex differentiation and the complexity of sex chromosome evolution in trioecious plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- Fruit Research Institute,Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Fuzhou 350013,Fujian, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Xinyi Ma
- FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jingjing Yue
- FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenyang Liao
- FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Ray Ming
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Mathiazhagan M, Chidambara B, Hunashikatti LR, Ravishankar KV. Genomic Approaches for Improvement of Tropical Fruits: Fruit Quality, Shelf Life and Nutrient Content. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1881. [PMID: 34946829 PMCID: PMC8701245 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The breeding of tropical fruit trees for improving fruit traits is complicated, due to the long juvenile phase, generation cycle, parthenocarpy, polyploidy, polyembryony, heterozygosity and biotic and abiotic factors, as well as a lack of good genomic resources. Many molecular techniques have recently evolved to assist and hasten conventional breeding efforts. Molecular markers linked to fruit development and fruit quality traits such as fruit shape, size, texture, aroma, peel and pulp colour were identified in tropical fruit crops, facilitating Marker-assisted breeding (MAB). An increase in the availability of genome sequences of tropical fruits further aided in the discovery of SNP variants/Indels, QTLs and genes that can ascertain the genetic determinants of fruit characters. Through multi-omics approaches such as genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics, the identification and quantification of transcripts, including non-coding RNAs, involved in sugar metabolism, fruit development and ripening, shelf life, and the biotic and abiotic stress that impacts fruit quality were made possible. Utilizing genomic assisted breeding methods such as genome wide association (GWAS), genomic selection (GS) and genetic modifications using CRISPR/Cas9 and transgenics has paved the way to studying gene function and developing cultivars with desirable fruit traits by overcoming long breeding cycles. Such comprehensive multi-omics approaches related to fruit characters in tropical fruits and their applications in breeding strategies and crop improvement are reviewed, discussed and presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kundapura V. Ravishankar
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560089, India; (M.M.); (B.C.); (L.R.H.)
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Genome-Wide Analysis of the Auxin/Indoleacetic Acid Gene Family and Response to Indole-3-Acetic Acid Stress in Tartary Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum). Int J Genomics 2021; 2021:3102399. [PMID: 34746298 PMCID: PMC8564212 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3102399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin/indoleacetic acid (Aux/IAA) family genes respond to the hormone auxin, which have been implicated in the regulation of multiple biological processes. In this study, all 25 Aux/IAA family genes were identified in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) by a reiterative database search and manual annotation. Our study provided comprehensive information of Aux/IAA family genes in buckwheat, including gene structures, chromosome locations, phylogenetic relationships, and expression patterns. Aux/IAA family genes were nonuniformly distributed in the buckwheat chromosomes and divided into seven groups by phylogenetic analysis. Aux/IAA family genes maintained a certain correlation and a certain species-specificity through evolutionary analysis with Arabidopsis and other grain crops. In addition, all Aux/IAA genes showed a complex response pattern under treatment of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). These results provide valuable reference information for dissecting function and molecular mechanism of Aux/IAA family genes in buckwheat.
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20
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Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Aux/IAA and Auxin Response Factor Gene Family in Medicago truncatula. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910494. [PMID: 34638833 PMCID: PMC8532000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aux/IAA and auxin response transcription factor (ARF) genes are key regulators of auxin responses in plants. A total of 25 MtIAA and 40 MtARF genes were identified based on the latest updated Medicago truncatula reference genome sequence. They were clustered into 10 and 8 major groups, respectively. The homologs among M. truncatula, soybean, and Arabidopsis thaliana shared close relationships based on phylogenetic analysis. Gene structure analysis revealed that MtIAA and MtARF genes contained one to four concern motifs and they are localized to eight chromosomes, except chromosome 6 without MtARFs. In addition, some MtIAA and MtARF genes were expressed in all tissues, while others were specifically expressed in specific tissues. Analysis of cis-acting elements in promoter region and expression profiles revealed the potential response of MtIAA and MtARF genes to hormones and abiotic stresses. The prediction protein–protein interaction network showed that some ARF proteins could interact with multiple Aux/IAA proteins, and the reverse is also true. The investigation provides valuable, basic information for further studies on the biological functions of MtIAA and MtARF genes in the regulation of auxin-related pathways in M. truncatula.
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Hidvégi N, Gulyás A, Teixeira da Silva JA, Wicaksono A, Kiss E. Promoter analysis of the SPATULA (FvSPT) and SPIRAL (FvSPR) genes in the woodland diploid strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.). Biol Futur 2021; 72:373-384. [PMID: 34554560 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-021-00089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify transcription factor (TF) binding sites and cis-regulatory elements (CREs) on the promoters of FvSPR1-like2 (SPIRAL) and FvSPT (SPATULA) genes in the woodland diploid strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.). We identified: (1) MYB59, WRKY25 and WRKY8 TFs which play a role in ethylene signaling; (2) ARF family of TFs which play a role in ARF-mediated auxin signaling on the promoter of FvSPR1-like2 gene; (3) ARR family of TFs which play a role in cytokinin signaling; (4) ERF family of TFs which play a role in ethylene signaling on the promoter of FvSPT. This bioinformatic analysis of TFs and CREs may provide a better understanding of the function of genes involved in, and the mechanism underlying, non-climateric ripening during strawberry fruit maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Hidvégi
- Centre for Agricultural Genomics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 12, Nyíregyháza, 4400, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Gulyás
- Centre for Agricultural Genomics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 12, Nyíregyháza, 4400, Hungary
| | - Jaime A Teixeira da Silva
- Centre for Agricultural Genomics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 12, Nyíregyháza, 4400, Hungary.,Independent Researcher, Miki-cho post office, Ikenobe 3011-2, P. O. Box 7, Kagawa-ken, 761-0799, Japan
| | - Adhityo Wicaksono
- Division of Biotechnology, Generasi Biologi Indonesia Foundation, Jl. Swadaya Barat no. 4, Gresik Regency, 61171, Indonesia
| | - Erzsébet Kiss
- Institute of Genetics, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, 2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
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22
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Soares CG, do Prado SBR, Andrade SCS, Fabi JP. Systems Biology Applied to the Study of Papaya Fruit Ripening: The Influence of Ethylene on Pulp Softening. Cells 2021; 10:2339. [PMID: 34571988 PMCID: PMC8467500 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Papaya is a fleshy fruit that undergoes fast ethylene-induced modifications. The fruit becomes edible, but the fast pulp softening is the main factor that limits the post-harvest period. Papaya fast pulp softening occurs due to cell wall disassembling coordinated by ethylene triggering that massively expresses pectinases. In this work, RNA-seq analysis of ethylene-treated and non-treated papayas enabled a wide transcriptome overview that indicated the role of ethylene during ripening at the gene expression level. Several families of transcription factors (AP2/ERF, NAC, and MADS-box) were differentially expressed. ACO, ACS, and SAM-Mtase genes were upregulated, indicating a high rate of ethylene biosynthesis after ethylene treatment. The correlation among gene expression and physiological data demonstrated ethylene treatment can indeed simulate ripening, and regulation of changes in fruit color, aroma, and flavor could be attributed to the coordinated expression of several related genes. Especially about pulp firmness, the identification of 157 expressed genes related to cell wall metabolism demonstrated that pulp softening is accomplished by a coordinated action of several different cell wall-related enzymes. The mechanism is different from other commercially important fruits, such as strawberry, tomato, kiwifruit, and apple. The observed behavior of this new transcriptomic data confirms ethylene triggering is the main event that elicits fast pulp softening in papayas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Giacomelli Soares
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.G.S.); (S.B.R.d.P.)
- Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP (Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation), São Paulo 05508-080, Brazil
| | - Samira Bernardino Ramos do Prado
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.G.S.); (S.B.R.d.P.)
- Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP (Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation), São Paulo 05508-080, Brazil
| | - Sónia C. S. Andrade
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil;
| | - João Paulo Fabi
- Department of Food Science and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (C.G.S.); (S.B.R.d.P.)
- Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP (Research, Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation), São Paulo 05508-080, Brazil
- Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil
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Identification and Expression Analyses of the Special 14-3-3 Gene Family in Papaya and its Involvement in Fruit Development, Ripening, and Abiotic Stress Responses. Biochem Genet 2021; 59:1599-1616. [PMID: 34009493 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant 14-3-3 proteins play key roles in regulating growth, development, and stress responses. However, little is known about this gene family in papaya (Carica papaya L.). We characterized eight 14-3-3 genes from the papaya genome and designed them as CpGRF1-8. Based on phylogenetic, conserved motif, and gene structure analyses, papaya CpGRFs were divided into ε and non-ε groups. Expression analysis showed differential and class-specific transcription patterns in different organs. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that most CpGRFs had large changes in expression during fruit development and ripening. This indicated that the CpGRFs were involved in regulating fruit development and ripening. Significant expression changes occurred after cold, salt, and drought treatments in papaya seedlings, indicating that CpGRFs were also involved in signaling responses to abiotic stress. These results provide a transcription profile of 14-3-3 genes in organs, during fruit development and ripening and in response to stress. Some highly expressed, fruit-specific, and stress-responsive candidate CpGRFs will be identified for further genetic improvement of papayas.
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Li Q, Guo W, Chen B, Pan F, Yang H, Zhou J, Wang G, Li X. Transcriptional and Hormonal Responses in Ethephon-Induced Promotion of Femaleness in Pumpkin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:715487. [PMID: 34539706 PMCID: PMC8442687 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.715487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The number and proportion of female flowers per plant can directly influence the yield and economic benefits of cucurbit crops. Ethephon is often used to induce female flowers in cucurbits. However, the mechanism through which it affects floral sex differentiation in pumpkin is unknown. We found that the application of ethephon on shoot apical meristem of pumpkin at seedling stage significantly increased the number of female flowers and expedited the appearance of the first female flower. These effects were further investigated by transcriptome and hormone analyses of plants sprayed with ethephon. A total of 647 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, among which 522 were upregulated and 125 were downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that these genes were mainly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO). The results suggests that ethylene is a trigger for multiple hormone signaling, with approximately 4.2% of the identified DEGs involved in ethylene synthesis and multiple hormone signaling. Moreover, ethephon significantly reduced the levels of jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-ILE), and para-topolin riboside (pTR) but increased the levels of 3-indoleacetamide (IAM). Although the level of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid was not changed, the expression of ACO genes, which code for the enzyme catalyzing the key rate-limiting step in ethylene production, was significantly upregulated after ethephon treatment. The results indicate that the ethephon affects the transcription of ethylene synthesis and signaling genes, and other hormone signaling genes, especially auxin responsive genes, and modulates the levels of auxin, jasmonic acid, and cytokinin (CK), which may together contribute to femaleness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Weili Guo
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Bihua Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Feifei Pan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Helian Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junguo Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guangyin Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xinzheng Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Xinzheng Li,
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Zhang T, Li W, Xie R, Xu L, Zhou Y, Li H, Yuan C, Zheng X, Xiao L, Liu K. CpARF2 and CpEIL1 interact to mediate auxin-ethylene interaction and regulate fruit ripening in papaya. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1318-1337. [PMID: 32391615 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a commercially important fruit crop. Various phytohormones, particularly ethylene and auxin, control papaya fruit ripening. However, little is known about the interaction between auxin and ethylene signaling during the fruit ripening process. In the present study, we determined that the interaction between the CpARF2 and CpEIL1 mediates the interaction between auxin and ethylene signaling to regulate fruit ripening in papaya. We identified the ethylene-induced auxin response factor CpARF2 and demonstrated that it is essential for fruit ripening in papaya. CpARF2 interacts with an important ethylene signal transcription factor CpEIL1, thus increasing the CpEIL1-mediated transcription of the fruit ripening-associated genes CpACS1, CpACO1, CpXTH12 and CpPE51. Moreover, CpEIL1 is ubiquitinated by CpEBF1 and is degraded through the 26S proteasome pathway. However, CpARF2 weakens the CpEBF1-CpEIL1 interaction and interferes with CpEBF1-mediated degradation of CpEIL1, promoting fruit ripening. Therefore, CpARF2 functions as an integrator in the auxin-ethylene interaction and regulates fruit ripening by stabilizing CpEIL1 protein and promoting the transcriptional activity of CpEIL1. To our knowledge, we have revealed a novel module of CpARF2/CpEIL1/CpEBF1 that fine-tune fruit ripening in papaya. Manipulating this mechanism could help growers tightly control papaya fruit ripening and prolong shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Weijin Li
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Ruxiu Xie
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Haili Li
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Changchun Yuan
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310035, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Kaidong Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
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26
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Yang M, Zhou C, Yang H, Kuang R, Huang B, Wei Y. Genome-wide analysis of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors in papaya ( Carica papaya L.). PeerJ 2020; 8:e9319. [PMID: 32704439 PMCID: PMC7341539 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs) have been identified and functionally characterized in many plants. However, no comprehensive analysis of the bHLH family in papaya (Carica papaya L.) has been reported previously. Here, a total of 73 CpbHLHs were identified in papaya, and these genes were classified into 18 subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. Almost all of the CpbHLHs in the same subfamily shared similar gene structures and protein motifs according to analysis of exon/intron organizations and motif compositions. The number of exons in CpbHLHs varied from one to 10 with an average of five. The amino acid sequences of the bHLH domains were quite conservative, especially Leu-27 and Leu-63. Promoter cis-element analysis revealed that most of the CpbHLHs contained cis-elements that can respond to various biotic/abiotic stress-related events. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that CpbHLHs mainly functions in protein dimerization activity and DNA-binding, and most CpbHLHs were predicted to localize in the nucleus. Abiotic stress treatment and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed some important candidate CpbHLHs that might be responsible for abiotic stress responses in papaya. These findings would lay a foundation for further investigate of the molecular functions of CpbHLHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenping Zhou
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hu Yang
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruibin Kuang
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingxiong Huang
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuerong Wei
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (MOA), Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
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Ma F, Huang J, Yang J, Zhou J, Sun Q, Sun J. Identification, expression and miRNA targeting of auxin response factor genes related to phyllody in the witches’ broom disease of jujube. Gene 2020; 746:144656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Diao D, Hu X, Guan D, Wang W, Yang H, Liu Y. Genome-wide identification of the ARF (auxin response factor) gene family in peach and their expression analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4331-4344. [PMID: 32430848 PMCID: PMC7295738 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are important transcription factors to relay auxin signaling. From the Genome Database for Rosaceae (GDR), we identified 17 peach ARF genes (PpARFs) encoding the proteins with three conserved domains. Their gene structure and functional domains were analyzed. Their transcriptional response to exogenous auxin treatment was tested and confirmed. We also expressed PpARF-GFP fusion reporters in tobacco leaves and observed their nuclear localization by fluorescence microscopy. It has been known that ARFs are widely involved in fruit development. We compared the expression pattern of all PpARFs in different tissues including the fruits at different developmental stages of two peach cultivars, “melting” and “stony hard”. We found eight PpARFs were more highly expressed in the “melting” peaches compared to “stony hard” peaches, while three PpARFs were more highly expressed in “stony hard” peaches. Among them, the expression difference of PpARF4, PpARF7 and PpARF12 was large, and their function in regulating fruit development and fruit quality was discussed. Our work provides a basis for further exploring the mechanisms underlying auxin regulated peach fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Diao
- College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Xiao Hu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Dan Guan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Haiqing Yang
- Pinggu District of Fruit Bureau, Beijing, 101200 China
| | - Yueping Liu
- College of Bioscience and Resources Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
- Key Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
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Nguyen CT, Tran GB, Nguyen NH. Homeostasis of histone acetylation is critical for auxin signaling and root morphogenesis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1-7. [PMID: 32088831 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The auxin signaling and root morphogenesis are harmoniously controlled by two counteracted teams including (1) auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (AUX/IAA)-histone deacetylase (HDA) and (2) auxin response factor (ARF)-histone acetyltransferase (HAT). The involvement of histone acetylation in the regulation of transcription was firstly reported a few decades ago. In planta, auxin is the first hormone group that was discovered and it is also the most studied phytohormone. Current studies have elucidated the functions of histone acetylation in the modulation of auxin signaling as well as in the regulation of root morphogenesis under both normal and stress conditions. Based on the recent outcomes, this review is to provide a hierarchical view about the functions of histone acetylation in auxin signaling and root morphogenesis. In this report, we suggest that the auxin signaling must be controlled harmoniously by two counteracted teams including (1) auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (AUX/IAA)-histone deacetylase (HDA) and (2) auxin response factor (ARF)-histone acetyltransferase (HAT). Moreover, the balance in auxin signaling is very critical to contribute to normal root morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Thach Nguyen
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Gia-Buu Tran
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology and Food-Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, 12 Nguyen Van Bao Street, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoai Nguyen
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, 97 Vo Van Tan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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30
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Ye Y, Wang J, Wang W, Xu LA. ARF family identification in Tamarix chinensis reveals the salt responsive expression of TcARF6 targeted by miR167. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8829. [PMID: 32219037 PMCID: PMC7085291 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are important transcription factors (TFs) that are differentially expressed in response to various abiotic stresses. The important roles of ARFs and small RNA-ARF pathways in mediating plant growth and stress responses have emerged in several recent studies. However, no studies on the involvement of ARFs in tamarisk trees, which are resistant to salinity, have been conducted. In this study, systematic analysis revealed 12 TcARF genes belonging to five different groups in Tamarix chinensis. The microRNA response elements of miR160, which belongs to group I and miR167, which belongs to group III, were conserved in terms of their location and sequence. Moreover, digital gene expression profiles suggested that a potential miR167 target gene, TcARF6, was rapidly expressed in response to salt stress. Cloning of TcARF6 revealed that TcARF6 could be an activation TF with a glutamine-rich region and expression pattern analysis revealed that the expression of TcARF6 was significantly downregulated specifically in the roots. A significant negative correlation in the expression pattern of tch-miR167/TcARF6 indicated that this module may play a key role in the response to salt stress. Overall, these results provide basic information on the posttranscriptional regulation of TcARF6 for future investigations of the T. chinensis salt-stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youju Ye
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-An Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forestry Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Roles of transcription factor SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like gene family in papaya (Carica papaya) development and ripening. Genomics 2020; 112:2734-2747. [PMID: 32194147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like (SPL) family plays vital regulatory roles in plant growth and development. The SPL family in climacteric fruit Carica papaya has not been reported. This study identified 14 papaya SPLs (CpSPL) from papaya genome and analyzed their sequence features, phylogeny, intron/exon structure, conserved motif, miR156-mediated posttranscriptional regulation, and expression patterns. 14 CpSPLs were clustered into 8 groups, and two distinct expression patterns were revealed for miR156-targeted and nontargeted CpSPLs in different tissues and fruit development stages. The expression changes of CpSPLs in ethephon and 1-MCP treated fruit during ripening suggested that the CpSPLs guided by CpmiR156 play crucial roles in ethylene signaling pathway. This study sheds light on the new function of SPL family in fruit development and ripening, providing insights on understanding evolutionary divergence of the members of SPL family among plant species.
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32
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Genome-Wide Identification of the Auxin Response Factor (ARF) Gene Family and Their Expression Analysis during Flower Development of Osmanthus fragrans. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Auxins have long been implicated in many aspects of plant growth and development. Auxin response factors (ARFs) are important proteins in auxin-mediated pathways and they play key roles in plant physiological and biochemical processes, including flower development. Endogenous indoleacetic acid (IAA) levels were measured and ARFs were studied in the flowers during the developmental stages in order to further elucidate the role of auxin in flower development of Osmanthus fragrans. A systematic analysis of OfARFs was conducted by carrying out a genome-wide search of ARFs. A total of 50 ARF genes (OfARFs) were detected and validated from the Osmanthus fragrans genome. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of the OfARFs was undertaken, including phylogenetic relationship, gene structures, conserved domains, motifs, promoters, chromosome locations, gene duplications, and subcellular locations of the gene product. Finally, expression profiling, while using transcriptome sequencing from a previous study and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), revealed that many OfARF genes have different expression levels in various tissues and flower developmental stages. By comparing the expression profiles among the flower developmental stages, and the relationship between ARFs and endogenous IAA levels, it can be supposed that OfARFs function in flower development of O. fragrans in an auxin-mediated pathway.
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Peng Y, Fang T, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Zeng L. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Auxin Response Factor (ARF) Gene Family in Longan (Dimocarpus longan L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9020221. [PMID: 32046357 PMCID: PMC7076634 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Auxin response factor (ARF) is the key regulator involved in plant development. Despite their physiological importance identified in various woody plants, the functions of ARF genes in longan were still not clear. In this study, 17 longan ARF genes (DlARF) were identified using the reference longan genome data. According to the phylogenetic relationships among longan, Arabidopsis and apple, DlARFs were divided into four classes. Most DlARFs showed a closer relationship with ARFs from apple than those from Arabidopsis. The analysis of gene structure and domain revealed high similarity of different ARF genes in the same class. Typical features of B3-type DNA binding domain (DBD) motif, Auxin Resp motifs, and a highly conserved C-terminal Phox and Bem1 (PB1) domain were present in all DlARFs except for DlARF-2,-3,-13 which lacked PBI domain. Expression profiles of 17 DlARF genes in longan different tissues showed that some DlARF genes were tissues-specific genes. Analysis of three longan transcriptomes showed seven DlARFs (DlARF-1,-2,-6,-8,-9,-11,-16) had higher expression levels during floral bud differentiation of common longan and in the buds of 'Sijimi', suggesting these genes may promote floral bud differentiation in longan. Further qPCR analysis showed that among seven DlARF genes, the expression levels of DlARF-2,-6,-11,-16 increased significantly during the physiological differentiation stage of longan floral buds, confirming that they may play a role in flowering induction. Promoter sequence analysis revealed cis-elements related to flowering induction such as low-temperature responsiveness motif and circadian control motif. Motifs linked with hormone response for instance Auxin, MeJA, Gibberellin, and Abscisic acid were also found in promoters. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the ARF gene family in longan. Our findings could provide new insights into the complexity of the regulation of ARFs at the transcription level that may be useful to develop breeding strategies to improve development or promote flowering in longan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Peng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.P.); (T.F.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.)
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.P.); (T.F.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.)
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yiyong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.P.); (T.F.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.)
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.P.); (T.F.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.)
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lihui Zeng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.P.); (T.F.); (Y.Z.); (M.Z.)
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence:
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Khaksar G, Sirikantaramas S. Auxin Response Factor 2A Is Part of the Regulatory Network Mediating Fruit Ripening Through Auxin-Ethylene Crosstalk in Durian. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:543747. [PMID: 33013965 PMCID: PMC7509138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.543747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a highly coordinated developmental process driven by a complex hormonal network. Ethylene is the main regulator of climacteric fruit ripening. However, a putative role of other key phytohormones in this process cannot be excluded. We previously observed an increasing level of auxin during the post-harvest ripening of the durian fruit, which occurred concomitantly with the rise in the climacteric ethylene biosynthesis. Herein, we connect the key auxin signaling component, auxin response factors (ARFs), with the regulatory network that controls fruit ripening in durian through the identification and functional characterization of a candidate ripening-associated ARF. Our transcriptome-wide analysis identified 15 ARF members in durian (DzARFs), out of which 12 were expressed in the fruit pulp. Most of these DzARFs showed a differential expression, but DzARF2A had a marked ripening-associated expression pattern during post-harvest ripening in Monthong, a commercial durian cultivar from Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis of DzARF2A based on its tomato orthologue predicted a role in ripening through the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis. Transient expression of DzARF2A in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves significantly upregulated the expression levels of ethylene biosynthetic genes, pointing to a ripening-associated role of DzARF2A through the transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis. Dual-luciferase reporter assay determined that DzARF2A trans-activates durian ethylene biosynthetic genes. We previously reported significantly higher auxin level during post-harvest ripening in a fast-ripening cultivar (Chanee) compared to a slow-ripening one (Monthong). DzARF2A expression was significantly higher during post-harvest ripening in the fast-ripening cultivars (Chanee and Phuangmanee) compared to that of the slow-ripening ones (Monthong and Kanyao). Thus, higher auxin level could upregulate the expression of DzARF2A during ripening of a fast-ripening cultivar. The auxin-induced expression of DzARF2A confirmed its responsiveness to exogenous auxin treatment in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting an auxin-mediated role of DzARF2A in fruit ripening. We suggest that high DzARF2A expression would activate ARF2A-mediated transcription of ethylene biosynthetic genes, leading to increased climacteric ethylene biosynthesis (auxin-ethylene crosstalk) and faster ripening. Hence, we demonstrated DzARF2A as a new component of the regulatory network possibly mediating durian fruit ripening through transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthetic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Khaksar
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaart Sirikantaramas
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Zhou P, Fatima M, Ma X, Liu J, Ming R. Auxin regulation involved in gynoecium morphogenesis of papaya flowers. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:119. [PMID: 31700646 PMCID: PMC6823548 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The morphogenesis of gynoecium is crucial for propagation and productivity of fruit crops. For trioecious papaya (Carica papaya), highly differentiated morphology of gynoecium in flowers of different sex types is controlled by gene networks and influenced by environmental factors, but the regulatory mechanism in gynoecium morphogenesis is unclear. Gynodioecious and dioecious papaya varieties were used for analysis of differentially expressed genes followed by experiments using auxin and an auxin transporter inhibitor. We first compared differential gene expression in functional and rudimentary gynoecium at early stage of their development and detected significant difference in phytohormone modulating and transduction processes, particularly auxin. Enhanced auxin signal transduction in rudimentary gynoecium was observed. To determine the role auxin plays in the papaya gynoecium, auxin transport inhibitor (N-1-Naphthylphthalamic acid, NPA) and synthetic auxin analogs with different concentrations gradient were sprayed to the trunk apex of male and female plants of dioecious papaya. Weakening of auxin transport by 10 mg/L NPA treatment resulted in female fertility restoration in male flowers, while female flowers did not show changes. NPA treatment with higher concentration (30 and 50 mg/L) caused deformed flowers in both male and female plants. We hypothesize that the occurrence of rudimentary gynoecium patterning might associate with auxin homeostasis alteration. Proper auxin concentration and auxin homeostasis might be crucial for functional gynoecium morphogenesis in papaya flowers. These results will lead to further investigation on the auxin homeostasis and gynoecium morphogenesis in papaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013 Fujian China
| | - Mahpara Fatima
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Xinyi Ma
- College of Life Sciences, FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Juan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Ray Ming
- College of Life Sciences, FAFU and UIUC Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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Ahmad B, Zhang S, Yao J, Rahman MU, Hanif M, Zhu Y, Wang X. Genomic Organization of the B3-Domain Transcription Factor Family in Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) and Expression during Seed Development in Seedless and Seeded Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184553. [PMID: 31540007 PMCID: PMC6770561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the plant-specific B3-domain transcription factor family have important and varied functions, especially with respect to vegetative and reproductive growth. Although B3 genes have been studied in many other plants, there is limited information on the genomic organization and expression of B3 genes in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). In this study, we identified 50 B3 genes in the grapevine genome and analyzed these genes in terms of chromosomal location and syntenic relationships, intron–exon organization, and promoter cis-element content. We also analyzed the presumed proteins in terms of domain structure and phylogenetic relationships. Based on the results, we classified these genes into five subfamilies. The syntenic relationships suggest that approximately half of the genes resulted from genome duplication, contributing to the expansion of the B3 family in grapevine. The analysis of cis-element composition suggested that most of these genes may function in response to hormones, light, and stress. We also analyzed expression of members of the B3 family in various structures of grapevine plants, including the seed during seed development. Many B3 genes were expressed preferentially in one or more structures of the developed plant, suggesting specific roles in growth and development. Furthermore, several of the genes were expressed differentially in early developing seeds from representative seeded and seedless cultivars, suggesting a role in seed development or abortion. The results of this study provide a foundation for functional analysis of B3 genes and new resources for future molecular breeding of grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Songlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Jin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Mati Ur Rahman
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Yanxun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China.
| | - Xiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China.
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Qu J, Xu S, Tian X, Li T, Wang L, Zhong Y, Xue J, Guo D. Comparative transcriptomics reveals the difference in early endosperm development between maize with different amylose contents. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7528. [PMID: 31523504 PMCID: PMC6717500 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In seeds, the endosperm is a crucial organ that plays vital roles in supporting embryo development and determining seed weight and quality. Starch is the predominant storage carbohydrate of the endosperm and accounts for ∼70% of the mature maize kernel weight. Nonetheless, because starch biosynthesis is a complex process that is orchestrated by multiple enzymes, the gene regulatory networks of starch biosynthesis, particularly amylose and amylopectin biosynthesis, have not been fully elucidated. Here, through high-throughput RNA sequencing, we developed a temporal transcriptome atlas of the endosperms of high-amylose maize and common maize at 5-, 10-, 15- and 20-day after pollination and found that 21,986 genes are involved in the programming of the high-amylose and common maize endosperm. A coexpression analysis identified multiple sequentially expressed gene sets that are closely correlated with cellular and metabolic programmes and provided valuable insight into the dynamic reprogramming of the transcriptome in common and high-amylose maize. In addition, a number of genes and transcription factors were found to be strongly linked to starch synthesis, which might help elucidate the key mechanisms and regulatory networks underlying amylose and amylopectin biosynthesis. This study will aid the understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns and genetic regulation of endosperm development in different types of maize and provide valuable genetic information for the breeding of starch varieties with different contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhou Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shutu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaokang Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ting Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Licheng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuyue Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiquan Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongwei Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Maize in Arid Area of Northwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Maize Engineering Technology Research Centre of Shaanxi Province, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Die JV, Elmassry MM, LeBlanc KH, Awe OI, Dillman A, Busby B. geneHummus: an R package to define gene families and their expression in legumes and beyond. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:591. [PMID: 31319791 PMCID: PMC6639926 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last decade, plant biotechnological laboratories have sparked a monumental revolution with the rapid development of next sequencing technologies at affordable prices. Soon, these sequencing technologies and assembling of whole genomes will extend beyond the plant computational biologists and become commonplace within the plant biology disciplines. The current availability of large-scale genomic resources for non-traditional plant model systems (the so-called 'orphan crops') is enabling the construction of high-density integrated physical and genetic linkage maps with potential applications in plant breeding. The newly available fully sequenced plant genomes represent an incredible opportunity for comparative analyses that may reveal new aspects of genome biology and evolution. The analysis of the expansion and evolution of gene families across species is a common approach to infer biological functions. To date, the extent and role of gene families in plants has only been partially addressed and many gene families remain to be investigated. Manual identification of gene families is highly time-consuming and laborious, requiring an iterative process of manual and computational analysis to identify members of a given family, typically combining numerous BLAST searches and manually cleaning data. Due to the increasing abundance of genome sequences and the agronomical interest in plant gene families, the field needs a clear, automated annotation tool. RESULTS Here, we present the geneHummus package, an R-based pipeline for the identification and characterization of plant gene families. The impact of this pipeline comes from a reduction in hands-on annotation time combined with high specificity and sensitivity in extracting only proteins from the RefSeq database and providing the conserved domain architectures based on SPARCLE. As a case study we focused on the auxin receptor factors gene (ARF) family in Cicer arietinum (chickpea) and other legumes. CONCLUSION We anticipate that our pipeline should be suitable for any taxonomic plant family, and likely other gene families, vastly improving the speed and ease of genomic data processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V. Die
- Department of Genetics ETSIAM, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Moamen M. Elmassry
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, TX, Lubbock, 79409 USA
| | - Kimberly H. LeBlanc
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 6001 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Olaitan I. Awe
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Allissa Dillman
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
| | - Ben Busby
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 USA
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Jiang B, Ou S, Xu L, Mai W, Ye M, Gu H, Zhang T, Yuan C, Shen C, Wang J, Liu K. Comparative proteomic analysis provides novel insights into the regulation mechanism underlying papaya (Carica papaya L.) exocarp during fruit ripening process. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:238. [PMID: 31170911 PMCID: PMC6554998 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a popular climacteric fruit, undergoing various physico-chemical changes during ripening. Although papaya is widely cultivated and consumed, few studies on the changes in metabolism during its ripening process at the proteasome level have been performed. Using a newly developed TMT-LCMS analysis, proteomes of papaya fruit at different ripening stages were investigated. RESULTS In total, 3220 proteins were identified, of which 2818 proteins were quantified. The differential accumulated proteins (DAPs) exhibited various biological functions and diverse subcellular localizations. The KEGG enrichment analysis showed that various metabolic pathways were significantly altered, particularly in flavonoid and fatty acid metabolisms. The up-regulation of several flavonoid biosynthesis-related proteins may provide more raw materials for pigment biosynthesis, accelerating the color variation of papaya fruit. Variations in the fatty acid metabolism- and cell wall degradation-related proteins were investigated during the ripening process. Furthermore, the contents of several important fatty acids were determined, and increased unsaturated fatty acids may be associated with papaya fruit volatile formation. CONCLUSIONS Our data may give an intrinsic explanation of the variations in metabolism during the ripening process of papaya fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bian Jiang
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048 China
| | - Siyan Ou
- Root Biology Center, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Ling Xu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048 China
| | - Wanyi Mai
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048 China
| | - Meijun Ye
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048 China
| | - Haiping Gu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048 China
| | - Changchun Yuan
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048 China
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- Root Biology Center, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Kaidong Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048 China
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Liu M, Ma Z, Wang A, Zheng T, Huang L, Sun W, Zhang Y, Jin W, Zhan J, Cai Y, Tang Y, Wu Q, Tang Z, Bu T, Li C, Chen H. Genome-Wide Investigation of the Auxin Response Factor Gene Family in Tartary Buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113526. [PMID: 30423920 PMCID: PMC6274889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin signaling plays an important role in plant growth and development. It responds to various developmental and environmental events, such as embryogenesis, organogenesis, shoot elongation, tropical growth, lateral root formation, flower and fruit development, tissue and organ architecture, and vascular differentiation. However, there has been little research on the Auxin Response Factor (ARF) genes of tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), an important edible and medicinal crop. The recent publication of the whole-genome sequence of tartary buckwheat enables us to study the tissue and expression profile of the FtARF gene on a genome-wide basis. In this study, 20 ARF (FtARF) genes were identified and renamed according to the chromosomal distribution of the FtARF genes. The results showed that the FtARF genes belonged to the related sister pair, and the chromosomal map showed that the duplication of FtARFs was related to the duplication of the chromosome blocks. The duplication of some FtARF genes shows conserved intron/exon structure, which is different from other genes, suggesting that the function of these genes may be diverse. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis exhibited distinct expression patterns of FtARF genes in various tissues and in response to exogenous auxin during fruit development. In this study, 20 FtARF genes were identified, and the structure, evolution, and expression patterns of the proteins were studied. This systematic analysis laid a foundation for the further study of the functional characteristics of the ARF genes and for the improvement of tartary buckwheat crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyang Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Zhaotang Ma
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Anhu Wang
- College of Agricultural Science, Xichang University, Xichang 615000, China.
| | - Tianrun Zheng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Li Huang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Wenjun Sun
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Weiqiong Jin
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Junyi Zhan
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Yuntao Cai
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Yujia Tang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Zizhong Tang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Tongliang Bu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Chenglei Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
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Xiao G, He P, Zhao P, Liu H, Zhang L, Pang C, Yu J. Genome-wide identification of the GhARF gene family reveals that GhARF2 and GhARF18 are involved in cotton fibre cell initiation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4323-4337. [PMID: 29897556 PMCID: PMC6093391 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Auxin signalling plays an essential role in regulating plant development. Auxin response factors (ARFs), which are critical components of auxin signalling, modulate the expression of early auxin-responsive genes by binding to auxin response factor elements (AuxREs). However, there has been no comprehensive characterization of this gene family in cotton. Here, we identified 56 GhARF genes in the assembled Gossypium hirsutum genome. This gene family was divided into 17 subfamilies, and 44 members of them were distributed across 21 chromosomes. GhARF6 and GhARF11 subfamily genes were predominantly expressed in vegetative tissues, whereas GhARF2 and GhARF18 subfamily genes were highly expressed during seed fibre cell initiation. GhARF2-1 and GhARF18-1 were exclusively expressed in trichomes, organs similar to cotton seed fibre cells, and overexpression of these genes in Arabidopsis enhances trichome initiation. Comparative transcriptome analysis combined with AuxRE prediction revealed 11 transcription factors as potential target genes of GhARF2 and GhARF18. Six of these genes were significantly expressed during seed fibre cell initiation and were bound by GhARF2-1 and GhARF18-1 in yeast one-hybrid assays. Our results suggest that GhARF2 and GhARF18 genes may be key regulators of cotton seed fibre initiation by regulating the expression of several transcription factor genes. This study deepens our understanding of auxin-mediated initiation of cotton seed fibre cells and helps us in breeding better cotton varieties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Correspondence: , , or
| | - Peng He
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chaoyou Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Correspondence: , , or
| | - Jianing Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- Correspondence: , , or
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Zhou X, Wu X, Li T, Jia M, Liu X, Zou Y, Liu Z, Wen F. Identification, characterization, and expression analysis of auxin response factor (ARF) gene family in Brachypodium distachyon. Funct Integr Genomics 2018; 18:709-724. [PMID: 29926224 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-0622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are one type of essential family of transcription factors that bind with auxin response elements (AuxRE), and play vital roles in variety of plant development and physiological processes. Brachypodium distachyon, related to the major cereal grain species, were recently developed to be a good model organism for functional genomics research. So far, genome-wide overview of the ARF gene family in B. distachyon was not available. Here, a systemic analysis of ARF gene family members in B. distachyon was performed. A comprehensive overview of the characterization of the BdARFs was obtained by multiple bioinformatics analyses, including the gene and protein structure, chromosome locations, conserved motifs of proteins, phylogenetic analysis, and cis-elements in promoters of BdARF. Results showed that all BdARFs contained conserved DBD, MR, and CTD could be divided into four classes, Ia, IIa, IIb, and III. Expression profiles of BdARF genes indicated that they were expressed across various tissues and organs, which could be clustered into three main expression groups, and most of BdARF genes were involved in phytohormone signal transduction pathways and regulated physiological process in responding to multiple environmental stresses. And predicted regulatory network between B. distachyon ARFs and IAAs was also discussed. Our genomics analysis of BdARFs could yield new insights into the complexity of the control of BdARF genes and lead to potential applications in the investigation of the accurate regulatory mechanisms of ARFs in herbaceous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Xiaozhu Wu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Tongjian Li
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Mingliang Jia
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Xinshen Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Yulan Zou
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Zixia Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Feng Wen
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China.
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Liu K, Yuan C, Li H, Chen K, Lu L, Shen C, Zheng X. A qualitative proteome-wide lysine crotonylation profiling of papaya (Carica papaya L.). Sci Rep 2018; 8:8230. [PMID: 29844531 PMCID: PMC5974297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine crotonylation of histone proteins is a recently-identified post-translational modification with multiple cellular functions. However, no information about lysine crotonylation of non-histone proteins in fruit cells is available. Using high-resolution LC-MS/MS coupled with highly sensitive immune-affinity antibody analysis, a global crotonylation proteome analysis of papaya fruit (Carica papaya L.) was performed. In total, 2,120 proteins with 5,995 lysine crotonylation sites were discovered, among which eight conserved motifs were identified. Bioinformatic analysis linked crotonylated proteins to multiple metabolic pathways, including biosynthesis of antibiotics, carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, and glycolysis. particularly, 40 crotonylated enzymes involved in various pathways of amino acid metabolism were identified, suggesting a potential conserved function for crotonylation in the regulation of amino acid metabolism. Numerous crotonylation sites were identified in proteins involved in the hormone signaling and cell wall-related pathways. Our comprehensive crotonylation proteome indicated diverse functions for lysine crotonylation in papaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidong Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China. .,College of Bioscience and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Changchun Yuan
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China
| | - Haili Li
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China
| | - Kunyan Chen
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China
| | - Lishi Lu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310035, China.
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Liu K, Yuan C, Li H, Chen K, Lu L, Shen C, Zheng X. A qualitative proteome-wide lysine crotonylation profiling of papaya (Carica papaya L.). Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29844531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598018-26676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine crotonylation of histone proteins is a recently-identified post-translational modification with multiple cellular functions. However, no information about lysine crotonylation of non-histone proteins in fruit cells is available. Using high-resolution LC-MS/MS coupled with highly sensitive immune-affinity antibody analysis, a global crotonylation proteome analysis of papaya fruit (Carica papaya L.) was performed. In total, 2,120 proteins with 5,995 lysine crotonylation sites were discovered, among which eight conserved motifs were identified. Bioinformatic analysis linked crotonylated proteins to multiple metabolic pathways, including biosynthesis of antibiotics, carbon metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, and glycolysis. particularly, 40 crotonylated enzymes involved in various pathways of amino acid metabolism were identified, suggesting a potential conserved function for crotonylation in the regulation of amino acid metabolism. Numerous crotonylation sites were identified in proteins involved in the hormone signaling and cell wall-related pathways. Our comprehensive crotonylation proteome indicated diverse functions for lysine crotonylation in papaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidong Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China.
- College of Bioscience and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Changchun Yuan
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China
| | - Haili Li
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China
| | - Kunyan Chen
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China
| | - Lishi Lu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Xiaolin Zheng
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310035, China.
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Liu K, Li H, Li W, Zhong J, Chen Y, Shen C, Yuan C. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of normal and malformed flowers in sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) to identify the differential expressed genes between normal and malformed flowers. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:170. [PMID: 29061115 PMCID: PMC5653983 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.), a popular fruit with high medicinal and nutritional properties, is widely cultivated in tropical South Asia and America. The malformed flower is a major cause for a reduction in production of sugar apple. However, little information is available on the differences between normal and malformed flowers of sugar apple. RESULTS To gain a comprehensive perspective on the differences between normal and malformed flowers of sugar apple, cDNA libraries from normal and malformation flowers were prepared independently for Illumina sequencing. The data generated a total of 70,189,896 reads that were integrated and assembled into 55,097 unigenes with a mean length of 783 bp. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Among these DEGs, 701 flower development-associated transcript factor encoding genes were included. Furthermore, a large number of flowering- and hormone-related DEGs were also identified, and most of these genes were down-regulated expressed in the malformation flowers. The expression levels of 15 selected genes were validated using quantitative-PCR. The contents of several endogenous hormones were measured. The malformed flowers displayed lower endogenous hormone levels compared to the normal flowers. CONCLUSIONS The expression data as well as hormone levels in our study will serve as a comprehensive resource for investigating the regulation mechanism involved in floral organ development in sugar apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidong Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haili Li
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijin Li
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jundi Zhong
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 China
| | - Changchun Yuan
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524048 People’s Republic of China
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Baranwal VK, Negi N, Khurana P. Auxin Response Factor Genes Repertoire in Mulberry: Identification, and Structural, Functional and Evolutionary Analyses. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8090202. [PMID: 28841197 PMCID: PMC5615343 DOI: 10.3390/genes8090202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) are at the core of the regulation mechanism for auxin-mediated responses, along with AUX/IAA proteins.They are critical in the auxin-mediated control of various biological responses including development and stress. A wild mulberry species genome has been sequenced and offers an opportunity to investigate this important gene family. A total of 17 ARFs have been identified from mulberry (Morus notabilis) which show a wide range of expression patterns. Of these 17 ARFs, 15 have strong acidic isoelectric point (pI) values and a molecular mass ranging from 52 kDa to 101 kDa. The putative promoters of these ARFs harbour cis motifs related to light-dependent responses, various stress responses and hormone regulations suggestive of their multifactorial regulation. The gene ontology terms for ARFs indicate their role in flower development, stress, root morphology and other such development and stress mitigation related activities. Conserved motif analysis showed the presence of all typical domains in all but four members that lack the PB1 domain and thus represent truncated ARFs. Expression analysis of these ARFs suggests their preferential expression in tissues ranging from leaf, root, winter bud, bark and male flowers. These ARFs showed differential expression in the leaf tissue of M. notabilis, Morus laevigata and Morus serrata. Insights gained from this analysis have implications in mulberry improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Baranwal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Nisha Negi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Paramjit Khurana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India.
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Liu K, Yuan C, Feng S, Zhong S, Li H, Zhong J, Shen C, Liu J. Genome-wide analysis and characterization of Aux/IAA family genes related to fruit ripening in papaya (Carica papaya L.). BMC Genomics 2017; 18:351. [PMID: 28476147 PMCID: PMC5420106 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) family genes encode short-lived nuclear proteins that mediate the responses of auxin-related genes and are involved in several plant developmental and growth processes. However, how Aux/IAA genes function in the fruit development and ripening of papaya (Carica papaya L.) is largely unknown. Results In this study, a comprehensive identification and a distinctive expression analysis of 18 C. papaya Aux/IAA (CpIAA) genes were performed using newly updated papaya reference genome data. The Aux/IAA gene family in papaya is slightly smaller than that in Arabidopsis, but all of the phylogenetic subfamilies are represented. Most of the CpIAA genes are responsive to various phytohormones and expressed in a tissues-specific manner. To understand the putative biological functions of the CpIAA genes involved in fruit development and ripening, quantitative real-time PCR was used to test the expression profiling of CpIAA genes at different stages. Furthermore, an IAA treatment significantly delayed the ripening process in papaya fruit at the early stages. The expression changes of CpIAA genes in ACC and 1-MCP treatments suggested a crosstalk between auxin and ethylene during the fruit ripening process of papaya. Conclusions Our study provided comprehensive information on the Aux/IAA family in papaya, including gene structures, phylogenetic relationships and expression profiles. The involvement of CpIAA gene expression changes in fruit development and ripening gives us an opportunity to understand the roles of auxin signaling in the maturation of papaya reproductive organs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3722-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidong Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China.
| | - Changchun Yuan
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China.
| | - Shaoxian Feng
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China
| | - Shuting Zhong
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China
| | - Haili Li
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China
| | - Jundi Zhong
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Jinxiang Liu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524048, China
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Chen Z, Yuan Y, Fu D, Shen C, Yang Y. Identification and Expression Profiling of the Auxin Response Factors in Dendrobium officinale under Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E927. [PMID: 28471373 PMCID: PMC5454840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Auxin response factor (ARF) proteins play roles in plant responses to diverse environmental stresses by binding specifically to the auxin response element in the promoters of target genes. Using our latest public Dendrobium transcriptomes, a comprehensive characterization and analysis of 14 DnARF genes were performed. Three selected DnARFs, including DnARF1, DnARF4, and DnARF6, were confirmed to be nuclear proteins according to their transient expression in epidermal cells of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Furthermore, the transcription activation abilities of DnARF1, DnARF4, and DnARF6 were tested in a yeast system. Our data showed that DnARF6 is a transcriptional activator in Dendrobium officinale. To uncover the basic information of DnARF gene responses to abiotic stresses, we analyzed their expression patterns under various hormones and abiotic treatments. Based on our data, several hormones and significant stress responsive DnARF genes have been identified. Since auxin and ARF genes have been identified in many plant species, our data is imperative to reveal the function of ARF mediated auxin signaling in the adaptation to the challenging Dendrobium environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhehao Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
| | - Ye Yuan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
| | - Di Fu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
| | - Yanjun Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
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Ren Z, Wang X. SlTIR1 is involved in crosstalk of phytohormones, regulates auxin-induced root growth and stimulates stenospermocarpic fruit formation in tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 253:13-20. [PMID: 27968981 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
TIR1 and its homologs act as auxin receptors and play important roles in plant growth and development in Arabidopsis thaliana. An auxin receptor homolog Solanum lycopersicum TIR1 (SlTIR1) has been isolated from tomato cultivar Micro-Tom, and SlTIR1 over-expression results in parthenocarpic fruit formation. In this study, the promoter driving the β-glucuronidase (GUS) expression vector was constructed and stably transformed into Micro-Tom seedlings. The SlTIR1 promoter driving GUS expression accumulated predominantly in the leaf and vasculature in transgenic seedlings. Promoter analysis identified an auxin-response element (AuxRE) and two gibberellic acid (GA)-response elements in the SlTIR1 promoter. Quantitative PCR showed that SlTIR1 transcript level was down-regulated by naphthaleneacetic acid, ethephon and abscisic acid and up-regulated by GA. Furthermore, because of the lack of ability to form reproductive seeds in SlTIR1 over-expressing Micro-Tom, this limits further exploration of potential roles of SlTIR1 in auxin signaling. Here, an antisense vector and an over-expression vector of the SlTIR1 gene were stably transformed into Micro-Tom and Ailsa Craig tomato, respectively. Phenotypes and physiological analyses indicated that SlTIR1 regulated primary root growth and auxin-associated lateral root formation in Micro-Tom. Meanwhile, SlTIR1 also stimulated abnormal seed development, so-called stenospermocarpy, in Ailsa Craig. Transcript accumulations of auxin-signaling genes determined by quantitative PCR were consistent with the idea that SlTIR1 regulated plant growth and development, partially mediated by controlling the mRNA levels of auxin-signaling genes. Our work demonstrates that SlTIR1 regulated auxin-induced root growth and stimulated stenospermocarpic fruit formation. SlTIR1 may be a key mediator of the crosstalk among auxin and other hormones to co-regulate plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxin Ren
- Department of Space Radiobiology, Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China.
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50
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Srivastava R, Bajaj D, Sayal YK, Meher PK, Upadhyaya HD, Kumar R, Tripathi S, Bharadwaj C, Rao AR, Parida SK. Genome-wide development and deployment of informative intron-spanning and intron-length polymorphism markers for genomics-assisted breeding applications in chickpea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:374-387. [PMID: 27717474 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and large-scale genotyping of informative gene-based markers is essential for rapid delineation of genes/QTLs governing stress tolerance and yield component traits in order to drive genetic enhancement in chickpea. A genome-wide 119169 and 110491 ISM (intron-spanning markers) from 23129 desi and 20386 kabuli protein-coding genes and 7454 in silico InDel (insertion-deletion) (1-45-bp)-based ILP (intron-length polymorphism) markers from 3283 genes were developed that were structurally and functionally annotated on eight chromosomes and unanchored scaffolds of chickpea. A much higher amplification efficiency (83%) and intra-specific polymorphic potential (86%) detected by these markers than that of other sequence-based genetic markers among desi and kabuli chickpea accessions was apparent even by a cost-effective agarose gel-based assay. The genome-wide physically mapped 1718 ILP markers assayed a wider level of functional genetic diversity (19-81%) and well-defined phylogenetics among domesticated chickpea accessions. The gene-derived 1424 ILP markers were anchored on a high-density (inter-marker distance: 0.65cM) desi intra-specific genetic linkage map/functional transcript map (ICC 4958×ICC 2263) of chickpea. This reference genetic map identified six major genomic regions harbouring six robust QTLs mapped on five chromosomes, which explained 11-23% seed weight trait variation (7.6-10.5 LOD) in chickpea. The integration of high-resolution QTL mapping with differential expression profiling detected six including one potential serine carboxypeptidase gene with ILP markers (linked tightly to the major seed weight QTLs) exhibiting seed-specific expression as well as pronounced up-regulation especially in seeds of high (ICC 4958) as compared to low (ICC 2263) seed weight mapping parental accessions. The marker information generated in the present study was made publicly accessible through a user-friendly web-resource, "Chickpea ISM-ILP Marker Database". The designing of multiple ISM and ILP markers (2-5 markers/gene) from an individual gene (transcription factor) with numerous aforementioned desirable genetic attributes can widen the user-preference to select suitable primer combination for simultaneous large-scale assaying of functional allelic variation, natural allelic diversity, molecular mapping and expression profiling of genes among chickpea accessions. This will essentially accelerate the identification of functionally relevant molecular tags regulating vital agronomic traits for genomics-assisted crop improvement by optimal resource expenses in chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Srivastava
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Deepak Bajaj
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Yogesh K Sayal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Prabina K Meher
- Division of Statistical Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Hari D Upadhyaya
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502324, Telangana, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- U.P. Council of Agricultural Research, Gomati Nagar, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shailesh Tripathi
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Chellapilla Bharadwaj
- Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Atmakuri R Rao
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Swarup K Parida
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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