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Peng TL, Syazwan SA, Hamdan RH, Najwa NS, Ramli MF, Harshiny N, Ishak IH. Virulence and proteomic responses of Metarhizium anisopliae against Aedes albopictus larvae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 203:105982. [PMID: 39084787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The tropical climate in Malaysia provides an ideal environment for the rapid proliferation of Aedes mosquitoes, notably Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, prominent vectors of dengue fever. Alarmingly, these species are increasingly developing resistance to conventional pesticides. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae isolate HSAH5 spores, specifically on conidia (CO) and blastospores (BL), against Ae. albopictus larvae. The study centered on evaluating their pathogenic effects and the resultant changes in protein expression. Spore suspensions with varying concentrations were prepared for larvicidal bioassays, and protein expressions were analysed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Subsequently, protein annotation and network analysis were conducted to elucidate infection mechanisms and the proteomic response. Based on the lethal concentrations and time frames, CO exhibited faster larval mortality than BL at lower concentrations. Despite this, both spore types demonstrated comparable overall pathogenic effects. Results from the proteomic profiling revealed 150 proteins with varied expressions following exposure to Ae. albopictus extract, shedding light on distinct infection strategies between the spores. Gene Ontology enrichment and network analysis illustrated the diverse metabolic adaptations of M. anisopliae and interactions with mosquito larvae. This highlighted the complexity of host-pathogen dynamics and the significance of biosynthetic processes, energy storage, and cellular interaction pathways in disease progression. The BL network, consisting 80 proteins and 74 connections, demonstrates the intricate fungal mechanisms triggered by host stimuli. Conversely, the CO network, though smaller, displayed notable interconnectivity and concentrated involvement at the cell periphery, suggesting a deliberate strategy for initial host contact. This study offers valuable insights into proteome dynamics of M. anisopliae's BL and CO for managing mosquito populations and combating disease transmission, thereby significantly advancing public health and environmental conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Li Peng
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Samsuddin Ahmad Syazwan
- Mycology and Pathology Branch, Forest Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Forest Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ruhil Hayati Hamdan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nurainun Sofea Najwa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fahmi Ramli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nalliah Harshiny
- Mycology and Pathology Branch, Forest Biodiversity Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Forest Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Haslina Ishak
- School of Biological Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Persiaran Sains, 11800 Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Han S, Lu Y, Peng L, Dong X, Zhu L, Han Y. Transcriptomics Reveals the Mechanism of Purpureocillium lilacinum GZAC18-2JMP in Degrading Keratin Material. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:227. [PMID: 38879855 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Microbial degradation of keratin is characterized by its inherent safety, remarkable efficiency, and the production of copious degradation products. All these attributes contribute to the effective management of waste materials at high value-added and in a sustainable manner. Microbial degradation of keratin materials remains unclear, however, with variations observed in the degradation genes and pathways among different microorganisms. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptome of Purpureocillium lilacinum GZAC18-2JMP mycelia on control medium and the medium containing 1% feather powder, analyzed the differentially expressed genes, and revealed the degradation mechanism of chicken feathers by P. lilacinum GZAC18-2JMP. The results showed that the chicken feather degradation rate of P. lilacinum GZAC18-2JMP reached 64% after 216 h of incubation in the fermentation medium, reaching a peak value of 148.9 μg·mL-1 at 192 h, and the keratinase enzyme activity reached a peak value of 211 U·mL-1 at 168 h, which revealed that P. lilacinum GZAC18-2JMP had a better keratin degradation effect. A total of 1001 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the transcriptome database, including 475 upregulated genes and 577 downregulated genes. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of the DEGs revealed that the metabolic pathways related to keratin degradation were mainly sulfur metabolism, ABC transporters, and amino acid metabolism. Therefore, the results of this study provide an opportunity to gain further insight into keratin degradation and promote the biotransformation of feather wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Han
- Institute of Fungus Resource, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yingxia Lu
- Institute of Fungus Resource, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Lan Peng
- Institute of Fungus Resource, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuan Dong
- Institute of Fungus Resource, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Institute of Fungus Resource, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanfeng Han
- Institute of Fungus Resource, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, Guizhou, China.
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Nie H, Lv B, Sun M, Zhong Z, Li S. Pre-treatment with Dazomet enhances the biocontrol efficacy of purpureocillium lilacinum to Meloidogyne incognita. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:244. [PMID: 37653404 PMCID: PMC10469884 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02978-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meloidogyne incognita greatly restricts the production of protected vegetables in China. Application of biocontrol agent Purpureocillium lilacinum is an important practice to control the nematode; however, instability usually occurs especially in heavily infested field. This study aimed to illustrate the high efficiency of P. lilacinum agent with fumigant Dazomet in vitro. RESULTS P. lilacinum YES-2-14 showed strong parasitic and nematicidal activities to M. incognita. Pre-treatment with Dazomet significantly enhanced the biocontrol effects of the fungus. After fumigation with Dazomet at a dosage of 7.5 mg kg- 1 soil, parasitism of YES-2-14 on M. incognita eggs increased by more than 50%. Meanwhile, when P. lilacinum fermentation filtrate treated following Dazomet fumigation at 10 and 20 mg kg- 1 soil, the mortalities of second-stage juveniles (J2s) increased by 110.2% and 72.7%, respectively. Both Dazomet and P. lilacinum significantly reduced the penetration ability of J2s to tomato roots. When P. lilacinum filtrate used alone, the J2s penetrating into the young roots decreased by 48.8% at 4 dpi; while in the combined treatment, almost no J2 was detected within the roots at 4 dpi and the number of knots reduced by more than 99% at 45 dpi, indicating a synergistic effect of the biocontrol fungus and fumigant. CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment with Dazomet greatly increased the biocontrol efficacy of P. lilacinum to M. incognita. This research provides insight into the efficient management of plant parasitic nematodes and effective use of biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhen Nie
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Binna Lv
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Manhong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zengming Zhong
- Beijing Qigao Biological Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shidong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Kurt-Kızıldoğan A, Otur Ç, Yıldırım K, Kavas M, Abanoz-Seçgin B. In-depth comparative transcriptome analysis of Purpureocillium sp. CB1 under cadmium stress. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12655-5. [PMID: 37436480 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungal bioremediation is a very attractive tool to cope with environmental pollution. We aimed to decipher the cadmium (Cd) response of Purpureocillium sp. CB1, isolated from polluted soil, at transcriptome level by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). We used 500 and 2500 mg/L of Cd2+ concentrations at two time points (t6;36). RNA-seq determined 620 genes that were co-expressed in all samples. The highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was obtained within the first six h of exposure to 2500 mg/L of Cd2+. Several genes encoding transcriptional regulators, transporters, heat shock proteins, and oxidative stress-related genes were differentially expressed under Cd2+ stress. Remarkably, the genes that encode salicylate hydroxylase, which is involved in naphthalene biodegradation pathway, were significantly overexpressed. Utilization of diesel as the sole carbon source by CB1 even in the presence of Cd2+ supported concomitant upregulation of hydrocarbon degradation pathway genes. Furthermore, leucinostatin-related gene expression levels increased under Cd2+ stress. In addition, leucinostatin extracts from Cd2+-treated CB1 cultures showed higher antifungal activity than the control. Notably, Cd2+ in CB1 was mainly found as bound to the cell wall, thus confirming its adsorption potential. Cd2+ stress slightly reduced growth and led to mycelial malformation due to Cd2+ adsorption, especially at a concentration of 2500 mg/L at t36. A strong correlation was recorded between RNA-seq and reverse-transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) data. In conclusion, the study represents the first transcriptome analysis of Purpureocillium sp. under Cd2+ stress, providing insights into the primary targets for rational engineering to construct strains with remarkable bioremediation potency. KEY POINTS: • Upregulation of genes encoding salicylate hydroxylases under Cd2+ stress • Maximum Cd2+ adsorption at 500 mg/L at t36 as tightly bound to the cell wall • Concordant bioremediation potential of CB1 on Cd2+ and diesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslıhan Kurt-Kızıldoğan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Çiğdem Otur
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Kubilay Yıldırım
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Musa Kavas
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Büşra Abanoz-Seçgin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
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Zhang H, Yang MF, Zhang Q, Yan B, Jiang YL. Screening for broad-spectrum antimicrobial endophytes from Rosa roxburghii and multi-omic analyses of biosynthetic capacity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1060478. [PMID: 36466255 PMCID: PMC9709285 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1060478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants with certain medicinal values are a good source for isolating function-specific endophytes. Rosa roxburghii Tratt. has been reported to be a botanical source of antimicrobial compounds, which may represent a promising candidate for screening endophytic fungi with antimicrobial potential. In this study, 54 endophytes were isolated and molecularly identified from R. roxburghii. The preliminary screening using the plate confrontation method resulted in 15 different endophytic strains showing at least one strong inhibition or three or more moderate inhibition against the 12 tested strains. Further re-screening experiments based on the disc diffusion method demonstrated that Epicoccum latusicollum HGUP191049 and Setophoma terrestris HGUP190028 had excellent antagonistic activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test for extracellular metabolites finally indicated that HGUP191049 had lower MIC values and a broader antimicrobial spectrum, compared to HGUP190028. Genomic, non-target metabolomic, and comparative genomic studies were performed to understand the biosynthetic capacity of the screened-out endophytic fungus. Genome sequencing and annotation of HGUP191049 revealed a size of 33.24 megabase pairs (Mbp), with 24 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), where the putative antimicrobial compounds, oxyjavanicin, patulin and squalestatin S1 were encoded by three different BGCs, respectively. In addition, the non-targeted metabolic results demonstrated that the strain contained approximately 120 antimicrobial secondary metabolites and was structurally diverse. Finally, comparative genomics revealed differences in pathogenicity, virulence, and carbohydrate-active enzymes in the genome of Epicoccum spp. Moreover, the results of the comparative analyses presumed that Epicoccum is a promising source of antimicrobial terpenes, while oxyjavanicin and squalestatin S1 are antimicrobial compounds shared by the genus. In conclusion, R. roxburghii and the endophytic HGUP191049 isolated from it are promising sources of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guiyang, China
| | - Mao-Fa Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu-Lan Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Taleb RO, Sahir-halouane F, Harrat Z, Saker R, Belaouni HA, Matmoura A, Boubidi SC, Bouras N, Meklat A, Verheecke-vaessen C. Isolation and characterization of five Purpureocillium strains from Algerian soils and assessment of their larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens (Diptera, Culicidae). Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Liu Z, Liu FF, Li H, Zhang WT, Wang Q, Zhang BX, Sun YX, Rao XJ. Virulence of the Bio-Control Fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum Against Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:462-473. [PMID: 35089348 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Eco-friendly entomopathogenic fungi are widely used to control agricultural insect pests. Purpureocillium lilacinum (Thom.) Luangsa-ard et al. (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) is a nematophagous fungus used for the bio-control of destructive root-knot nematodes. However, its insecticidal activities against agricultural insect pests haven't been widely studied. In this study, P. lilacinum PL-1 was isolated from soil (Hefei, China) and identified by molecular and morphological analyses. The growth rate, spore production, proteinase, and chitinase activities of the isolate were analyzed. Virulence tests against green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were performed. The median lethal concentration (LC50) and median lethal time (LT50) against aphids (via immersion) and LT50 against FAW (via injection) were determined. FAW eggs immersed in aqueous conidia suspension were infected after 60 h. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the infection of FAW larvae by P. lilacinum were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The significantly upregulated DEGs include FAW immune genes (antimicrobial peptides, C-type lectins, lysozymes, prophenoloxidase, and peptidoglycan recognition proteins) and fungal pathogenic genes (ligase, chitinase, and hydrophobin). Our data demonstrate that P. lilacinum can be used as an entomopathogenic fungus against agricultural insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Fang-Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Wen-Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Bang-Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
- Department of science and technology, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Xia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Rao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
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Chen W, Hu Q. Secondary Metabolites of Purpureocilliumlilacinum. Molecules 2021; 27:18. [PMID: 35011248 PMCID: PMC8746413 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi can synthesize a wealth of secondary metabolites, which are widely used in the exploration of lead compounds of pharmaceutical or agricultural importance. Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Cordyceps are the most extensively studied fungi in which a large number of biologically active metabolites have been identified. However, relatively little attention has been paid to Purpureocillium lilacinum. P. lilacinum are soil-habituated fungi that are widely distributed in nature and are very important biocontrol fungi in agriculture, providing good biological control of plant parasitic nematodes and having a significant effect on Aphidoidea, Tetranychus cinnbarinus, and Aleyrodidae. At the same time, it produces secondary metabolites with various biological activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, and insecticidal. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the secondary metabolites of P. lilacinum, with emphasis on the chemical diversity and biological activity of these secondary metabolites and the biosynthetic pathways, and gives new insight into the secondary metabolites of medical and entomogenous fungi, which is expected to provide a reference for the development of medicine and agrochemicals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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9
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Li X, Zhang M, Qi D, Zhou D, Qi C, Li C, Liu S, Xiang D, Zhang L, Xie J, Wang W. Biocontrol Ability and Mechanism of a Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Strain Bacillus safensis sp. QN1NO-4 Against Strawberry Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum fragariae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:735732. [PMID: 34603266 PMCID: PMC8486013 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.735732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Strawberry is a very popular fruit with a special taste, color, and nutritional value. Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum fragariae severely limits fruit shelf life during post-harvest storage. Use of traditional chemical fungicides leads to serious environment pollution and threatens food safety. Biocontrol is considered as a promising strategy to manage the post-harvest fruit diseases. Here, strain QN1NO-4 isolated from noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) fruit exhibited a high antifungal activity against C. fragariae. Based on its physicochemical profiles and phylogenetic tree of the 16S rRNA sequence, strain QN1NO-4 belonged to the genus Bacillus. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) calculated by comparing two standard strain genomes was below 95-96%, suggesting that the strain might be a novel species of the genus Bacillus and named as Bacillus safensis sp. QN1NO-4. Its extract effectively reduced the incidence of strawberry anthracnose of harvested fruit. Fruit weight and TSS contents were also maintained significantly. The antifungal mechanism assays indicated that the extract of the test antagonist inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of C. fragariae in vitro. Cells of strain QN1NO-4 demonstrated the cytoplasmic heterogeneity, disappeared organelles, and ruptured ultrastructure. Notably, the strain extract also had a broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Compared with the whole genome of strain QN1NO-4, several functional gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of active secondary metabolites were observed. Fifteen compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hence, the fruit endophyte B. safensis sp. QN1NO-4 is a potential bio-agent identified for the management of post-harvest disease of strawberry fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China.,College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Miaoyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Dengfeng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Dengbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Chunlin Qi
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research of Guangdong Province, Institution of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Science, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Jianghui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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Flores Francisco BG, Ponce IM, Plascencia Espinosa MÁ, Mendieta Moctezuma A, López Y López VE. Advances in the biological control of phytoparasitic nematodes via the use of nematophagous fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:180. [PMID: 34562178 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural production is one of most important activities for food supply and demand, that provides a source of raw materials, and generates commercial opportunities for other industries around the world. It may be both positively and negatively affected by climatic and biological factors. Negative biological factors are those caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Given the serious problems posed by phytoparasitic nematodes for farmers, causing crop losses globally every year, the agrochemical industry has developed compounds with the capacity to inhibit their development; however, they can cause the death of other beneficial organisms and their lixiviation can contaminate the water table. On the other hand, the positive biological factors are found in biotechnology, the scientific discipline that develops products, such as nematophagous fungi (of which Purpureocillium lilacinum and Pochonia chlamydosporia have the greatest potential), for the control of pests and/or diseases. The present review focuses on the importance of nematophagous fungi, particularly sedentary endoparasitic nematodes, their research on the development of biological control agents, the mass production of fungi Purpureocillium lilacinum and Pochonia chlamydosporia, and their limited commercialization due to the lack of rigorous methods that enable the anticipation of complex interactions between plant and phytopathogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Guadalupe Flores Francisco
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Bioprocesos, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Isabel Méndez Ponce
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Bioprocesos, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Plascencia Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Bioprocesos, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Aarón Mendieta Moctezuma
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Bioprocesos, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Víctor Eric López Y López
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Laboratorio de Bioprocesos, Carretera Estatal Sta. Inés Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla, 90700, Tepetitla de Lardizábal, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
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11
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Pedezzi R, de Biagi Junior CAO, de Freitas MCC, da Rosa-Garzon NG, Cabral H. Transcriptomic studies on Purpureocillium lilacinum reveal molecular mechanisms of response to fluconazole and itraconazole. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:491-501. [PMID: 33651333 PMCID: PMC8105456 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum is an emerging pathogen that infects immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals and is resistant to several azole molecules. Although azole resistance mechanisms are well studied in Aspergillus sp. and Candida sp., there are no studies to date reporting P. lilacinum molecular response to these molecules. The aim of this study was to describe P. lilacinum molecular mechanisms involved in antifungal response against fluconazole and itraconazole. Transcriptomic analyses showed that gene expression modulation takes place when P. lilacinum is challenged for 12 h with fluconazole (64 μg/mL) or itraconazole (16 μg/mL). The antifungals acted on the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, and two homologous genes coding for cytochrome P450 51 enzymes were upregulated. Genes coding for efflux pumps, such as the major facilitator superfamily transporter, also displayed increased expression in the treated samples. We propose that P. lilacinum develops antifungal responses by raising the expression levels of cytochrome P450 enzymes and efflux pumps. Such modulation could confer P. lilacinum high levels of target enzymes and could lead to the constant withdrawal of antifungals, which would force an increase in the administration of antifungal medications to achieve fungal morbidity or mortality. The findings in this work could aid in the decision-making for treatment strategies in cases of P. lilacinum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pedezzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Oliveira de Biagi Junior
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Marcela Cristina Corrêa de Freitas
- Department of Medical Clinic, Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Nathália Gonsales da Rosa-Garzon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Cabral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil.
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12
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Xu WF, Yang JL, Meng XK, Gu ZG, Zhang QL, Lin LB. Understanding the Transcriptional Changes During Infection of Meloidogyne incognita Eggs by the Egg-Parasitic Fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:617710. [PMID: 33897634 PMCID: PMC8058359 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.617710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The egg-pathogenic fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum parasitizes on nematode eggs, and thus, it is used as a good biocontrol agent against plant root-knot nematodes. However, little is known about the transcriptional response of P. lilacinum while infecting nematode eggs. This study presents the whole transcriptome sequencing of P. lilacinum and transcriptome-wide gene expression analysis of P. lilacinum upon infecting the eggs of Meloidogyne incognita compared to non-infecting controls. A transcriptomic library of P. lilacinum was used as reference gene set and six transcriptomic libraries of the non-infecting control and P. lilacinum infecting M. incognita eggs were constructed, respectively, comprising three biological replicates of each. A total of 1,011 differently expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the infecting samples, including 553 up-regulated and 458 down-regulated genes compared to the non-infecting control samples. Furthermore, functional enrichment analysis exhibited that these DEGs were primarily involved in oxidative phosphorylation, oxidoreductase activity, and metabolic processes. Fifteen DEGs were randomly selected to verify the RNA sequencing results through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The study focused on P. lilacinum genes that were strongly expressed upon infecting M. incognita eggs. These DEGs were primarily involved in detoxification, parasitic behavior, and nutritional utilization. This study contributes significantly to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the parasitic action of P. lilacinum on nematode eggs and provides a valuable genetic resource for further research on parasitic behavior of P. lilacinum. Notably, this study examined the transcriptomics of P. lilacinum infecting M. incognita eggs at only one time point. Since there were fungi at different stages of the infection process at that time point, the transcriptional profiles are not precisely examining one specific stage in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Jia-Lin Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang-Kun Meng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Gu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Kingenta Ecological Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, China
| | - Lian-Bing Lin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.,Engineering Research Center for Replacement Technology of Feed Antibiotics of Yunnan College, Kunming, China
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13
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Establishment of a new and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system in the nematicidal fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum. Microbiol Res 2021; 249:126773. [PMID: 33940365 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpureocillium lilacinum (formerly Paecilomyces lilacinus) is widely commercialized for controlling plant-parasitic nematodes and represents a potential cell factory for enzyme production. This nematicidal fungus is intrinsically resistant to common antifungal agents used for genetic transformation. Therefore, molecular investigations in P. lilacinum are still limited so far. In the present study, we have established a new Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) system in P. lilacinum based on the uridine/uracil auxotrophic mechanism. Here, uridine/uracil auxotrophic mutants were simply generated via UV irradiation instead of a complicated genetic approach for the pyrG gene deletion. A stable uridine/uracil auxotrophic mutant was then selected as a recipient for fungal transformation. We further indicated that the pyrG gene from Aspergillus niger can be used as a selectable marker for genetic transformation of P. lilacinum. Under optimized conditions for ATMT, the transformation efficiency reached 2873 ± 224 transformants per 106 spores. Using the constructed ATMT system, we succeeded in expressing the DsRed reporter gene in P. lilacinum. Additionally, we have identified a very promising mutant for chitinase production from a collection of T-DNA insertion transformants. This mutant possesses a special phenotype of hyper-branching mycelium and produces more conidia in comparison to the wild strain. Conclusively, our ATMT system can be exploited for overexpression of target genes or for T-DNA insertion mutagenesis in the agriculturally important fungus P. lilacinum. The genetic approach in the present work may also be applied for developing similar ATMT systems in other fungi, especially for fungi that their genome databases are currently not available.
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14
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Elsherbiny EA, Taher MA, Abd El-Aziz MH, Mohamed SY. Action mechanisms and biocontrol of Purpureocillium lilacinum against green mould caused by Penicillium digitatum in orange fruit. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1378-1390. [PMID: 33484589 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study evaluated, for the first time, the inhibitory effects of the filtrate of Purpureocillium lilacinum against Penicillium digitatum. METHODS AND RESULTS No direct contact between P. lilacinum and P. digitatum was observed during the dual culture test and the inhibition zone was 6·1 mm. The filtrate of P. lilacinum completely inhibited P. digitatum growth and spore germination at the concentration of 64%. The filtrate increased the permeability of the cell membrane and the content of MDA in P. digitatum. The ergosterol content in P. digitatum was strongly inhibited at 32% by 81·1%. The green mould incidence and severity in filtrate-treated fruit at 64% were 71·7 and 80·7% lower than in the control, respectively. The filtrate enhanced the activity of PAL, PPO and POD enzymes in orange fruit. The POD and PAL gene expression levels were significantly upregulated in the fruit treated with the filtrate. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that the antifungal mechanism of P. lilacinum filtrate against P. digitatum is mainly by the damage of the fungal cell membrane and its components. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work provides the pioneer evidence on the application of P. lilacinum filtrate as a novel biocontrol agent for orange green mould.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Elsherbiny
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - M A Taher
- Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - M H Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - S Y Mohamed
- Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Calvillo-Medina RP, Ponce-Angulo DG, Raymundo T, Müller-Morales CA, Escudero-Leyva E, Campos Guillén J, Bautista-de Lucio VM. Purpureocillium roseum sp. nov. A new ocular pathogen for humans and mice resistant to antifungals. Mycoses 2020; 64:162-173. [PMID: 33064905 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious keratitis is the main cause of preventable blindness worldwide, with about 1.5-2.0 million new cases occurring per year. This inflammatory response may be due to infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites. Fungal keratitis is a poorly studied health problem. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify a new fungal species by molecular methods and to explore the possible efficacy of the three most common antifungals used in human keratitis in Mexico by performing in vitro analysis. The capacity of this pathogen to cause corneal infection in a murine model was also evaluated. METHODS The fungal strain was isolated from a patient with a corneal ulcer. To identify the fungus, taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses (nrDNA ITS and LSU data set) were performed. An antifungal susceptibility assay for amphotericin B, itraconazole and voriconazole was carried out. The fungal isolate was used to develop a keratitis model in BALB/c mice; entire eyes and ocular tissues were preserved and processed for histopathologic examination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION This fungal genus has hitherto not been reported with human keratitis in Mexico. We described a new species Purpurecillium roseum isolated from corneal infection. P roseum showed resistance to amphotericin B and itraconazole and was sensitive to voriconazole. In vivo study demonstrated that P roseum had capacity to developed corneal infection and to penetrate deeper corneal tissue. The global change in fungal infections has emphasised the need to develop better diagnostic mycology laboratories and to recognise the group of potential fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Gabriela Ponce-Angulo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Proteómica Ocular, Instituto de Oftalmología "Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tania Raymundo
- Laboratorio de Micología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Adolfo Müller-Morales
- Departamento de Córnea y Cirugía Refractiva, Instituto de Oftalmología "Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Efraín Escudero-Leyva
- Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA) y Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.,Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), y Centro Nacional de Computación Avanzada (CNCA), CeNAT-CONARE, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Juan Campos Guillén
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Victor Manuel Bautista-de Lucio
- Departamento de Microbiología y Proteómica Ocular, Instituto de Oftalmología "Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana", Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Linking Organic Metabolites as Produced by Purpureocillium Lilacinum 6029 Cultured on Karanja Deoiled Cake Medium for the Sustainable Management of Root-Knot Nematodes. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12198276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes pose a serious threat to agriculture and forest systems, causing significant losses of the crop worldwide. A wide range of chemical nematicides has traditionally been used to manage phyto-nematodes. However, due to their ill effects on the environment, biological control agents (BCAs) like Purpureocillium lilacinum that exhibit antagonistic effects on root-knot nematodes are preferred. The current study focused on identifying nematicidal metabolites produced by the fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum cultivated on akaranja deoiled cake-based liquid medium through bioactivity-guided fractionation against Meloidogyne incognita. Column chromatography of the ethyl acetate extract of fungal filtrate exhibited the most potent fraction (fraction 14–15), giving 94.6% egg mass hatching inhibition on the 5th day and a maximum nematicidal activity of 62% against second-stage juveniles after 48 h at 5000 mg/L. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of this fraction revealed five major compounds, viz., 2-ethyl butyric acid, phenyl ethyl alcohol, benzoic acid, benzene acetic acid, and 3,5-Di-t-butylphenol. These biocompounds have potential biocontrol applications in agriculture, but further in vivo studies are warranted.
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17
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Haarith D, Bushley KE, Chen S. Fungal communities associated with Heterodera glycines and their potential in biological control: a current update. J Nematol 2020; 52:1-17. [PMID: 32180383 PMCID: PMC7266048 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most important pest on soybean, a major crop worldwide. The SCN is considered both parasitic and pathogenic as it derives nutrition from the host and manipulates host physiology to do so. Currently, there are no commercially available chemicals that are specific, environmentally safe and cost effective to control SCN levels. Crop rotation, use of host resistance and other cultural practices remain the main management strategies. The need for bioprospecting other methods of controlling SCN is paramount, and fungi show promise in that respect. Several studies have evaluated fungi and fungal products as biocontrol options against plant-parasitic nematodes. This review discusses fungal genera isolated from the SCN with potential for use as biocontrol agents and the effects of their secondary metabolites on various stages of SCN development. The review also summarizes efforts to control SCN using soil amendments that could potentially impact fungal communities in the soil. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most important pest on soybean, a major crop worldwide. The SCN is considered both parasitic and pathogenic as it derives nutrition from the host and manipulates host physiology to do so. Currently, there are no commercially available chemicals that are specific, environmentally safe and cost effective to control SCN levels. Crop rotation, use of host resistance and other cultural practices remain the main management strategies. The need for bioprospecting other methods of controlling SCN is paramount, and fungi show promise in that respect. Several studies have evaluated fungi and fungal products as biocontrol options against plant-parasitic nematodes. This review discusses fungal genera isolated from the SCN with potential for use as biocontrol agents and the effects of their secondary metabolites on various stages of SCN development. The review also summarizes efforts to control SCN using soil amendments that could potentially impact fungal communities in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Haarith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Kathryn E. Bushley
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Senyu Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
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18
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Li J, Zhang G, Yu H, Huang L, Zeng W, Wang Y. Complete mitochondrial genome of the important bio-control fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) and its phylogenetic analysis. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2019; 5:240-242. [PMID: 33366504 PMCID: PMC7748819 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1699466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpureocillium lilacinum is widely used as commercialized bio-control agents for controlling plant parasitic nematodes, as well as other insects and plant pathogens. In this study, the complete mitogenome of P. lilacinum was determined using the next-generation sequencing technology. The mitogenome is a circular molecule of 23,495 bp containing 15 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA (rnl and rns) genes and 22 tRNA genes. The overall base composition is 35.5% A, 36.0% T, 12.9% C and 15.6% G, with a CG content of 28.5%. Phylogenetic analysis inferred from 14 concatenated PCGs of 47 taxa shows that P. lilacinum is clustered with the genus Tolypocladium of Ophiocordycipitaceae and forms a separate clade with strong statistical support. This study contributes to our understanding about sytematics and evolutionary biology of cordycipitoid fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Li
- Sanqi College, Wenshan University, Wenshan, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,The Research Center of Cordyceps Development and Utilization of Kunming, Yunnan Herbal Biotech Co. Ltd, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Luodong Huang
- College of Life Science and Tecnology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenbo Zeng
- Wenshan Biological Resources Development and Research Center, Wenshan University, Wenshan, China
| | - Yuanbing Wang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresources in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,The Research Center of Cordyceps Development and Utilization of Kunming, Yunnan Herbal Biotech Co. Ltd, Kunming, China
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19
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Gómez-Silva B, Vilo-Muñoz C, Galetović A, Dong Q, Castelán-Sánchez HG, Pérez-Llano Y, Sánchez-Carbente MDR, Dávila-Ramos S, Cortés-López NG, Martínez-Ávila L, Dobson ADW, Batista-García RA. Metagenomics of Atacama Lithobiontic Extremophile Life Unveils Highlights on Fungal Communities, Biogeochemical Cycles and Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E619. [PMID: 31783517 PMCID: PMC6956184 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Halites, which are typically found in various Atacama locations, are evaporitic rocks that are considered as micro-scaled salterns. Both structural and functional metagenomic analyses of halite nodules were performed. Structural analyses indicated that the halite microbiota is mainly composed of NaCl-adapted microorganisms. In addition, halites appear to harbor a limited diversity of fungal families together with a biodiverse collection of protozoa. Functional analysis indicated that the halite microbiome possesses the capacity to make an extensive contribution to carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles, but possess a limited capacity to fix nitrogen. The halite metagenome also contains a vast repertory of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZY) with glycosyl transferases being the most abundant class present, followed by glycosyl hydrolases (GH). Amylases were also present in high abundance, with GH also being identified. Thus, the halite microbiota is a potential useful source of novel enzymes that could have biotechnological applicability. This is the first metagenomic report of fungi and protozoa as endolithobionts of halite nodules, as well as the first attempt to describe the repertoire of CAZY in this community. In addition, we present a comprehensive functional metagenomic analysis of the metabolic capacities of the halite microbiota, providing evidence for the first time on the sulfur cycle in Atacama halites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benito Gómez-Silva
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1271150, Chile; (B.G.-S.); (C.V.-M.); (A.G.)
| | - Claudia Vilo-Muñoz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1271150, Chile; (B.G.-S.); (C.V.-M.); (A.G.)
| | - Alexandra Galetović
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1271150, Chile; (B.G.-S.); (C.V.-M.); (A.G.)
| | - Qunfeng Dong
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Loyola University of Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 90270, USA;
| | - Hugo G. Castelán-Sánchez
- Research Center in Cell Dynamics, Research Institute in Basic and Applied Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico; (H.G.C.-S.); (Y.P.-L.); (S.D.-R.); (L.M.-Á.)
| | - Yordanis Pérez-Llano
- Research Center in Cell Dynamics, Research Institute in Basic and Applied Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico; (H.G.C.-S.); (Y.P.-L.); (S.D.-R.); (L.M.-Á.)
- Research Center in Biotechnology, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico;
| | | | - Sonia Dávila-Ramos
- Research Center in Cell Dynamics, Research Institute in Basic and Applied Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico; (H.G.C.-S.); (Y.P.-L.); (S.D.-R.); (L.M.-Á.)
| | | | - Liliana Martínez-Ávila
- Research Center in Cell Dynamics, Research Institute in Basic and Applied Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico; (H.G.C.-S.); (Y.P.-L.); (S.D.-R.); (L.M.-Á.)
| | - Alan D. W. Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Research Center in Cell Dynamics, Research Institute in Basic and Applied Sciences, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico; (H.G.C.-S.); (Y.P.-L.); (S.D.-R.); (L.M.-Á.)
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20
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Genome sequence of Isaria javanica and comparative genome analysis insights into family S53 peptidase evolution in fungal entomopathogens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7111-7128. [PMID: 31273397 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Isaria javanica is an important entomopathogen that parasitizes various insects and is effective for pest control. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the genomes (IJ1G and IJ2G) of two I. javanica strains isolated from different insects. The genomes were approximately 35 Mb in size with 11,441 and 11,143 protein-coding genes, respectively. Using a phylogenomic approach, we evaluated genome evolution across five entomopathogenic fungi in Cordycipitaceae. By comparative genome analysis, it was found that family S53 serine peptidases were expanded in Cordycipitaceae entomopathogens, particularly in I. javanica. Gene duplication events were identified based on phylogenetic relationships inferred from 82 S53 peptidases within six entomopathogenic fungal genomes. Moreover, we found that carbohydrate-active enzymes and proteinases were the largest secretory protein groups encoded in the I. javanica genome, especially chitinases (GH18), serine and aspartic peptidases (S53, S08, S10, A01). Pathogenesis-related genes and genes for bacterial-like toxins and secondary metabolites were also identified. By comparative transcriptome analysis, differentially expressed genes in response to insect nutrients (in vitro) were identified. Moreover, most S53 peptidases were detected to be significantly upregulated during the initial fungal infection process in insects (in vivo) by RT-qPCR. Our results provide new clues about understanding evolution of pathogenic proteases and may suggest that abundant S53 peptidases in the I. javanica genome may contribute to its effective parasitism on various insects.
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21
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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Cyclophilin Gene Family in the Nematophagous Fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122978. [PMID: 31216716 PMCID: PMC6627767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpureocillium lilacinum has been widely used as a commercial biocontrol agent for the control of plant parasitic nematodes. Whole genome analysis promotes the identification of functional genes and the exploration of their molecular mechanisms. The Cyclophilin (CYP) gene family belongs to the immunophillin superfamily, and has a conserved cyclophilin-like domain (CLD). CYPs are widely identified in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and can be divided into single- and multi-domain proteins. In the present study, 10 CYP genes possessing the CLD, named PlCYP1-P10, were identified from the genome of P. lilacinum strain 36-1. Those 10 PlCYPs were predicted to have different cellular localizations in P. lilacinum. Phylogenetic and gene structure analysis revealed the evolutionary differentiation of CYPs between Ascomycotina and Saccharomycotina fungi, but conservation within the Ascomycotina fungi. Motif and gene structure distributions further support the result of phylogenetic analysis. Each PlCYP gene had a specific expression pattern in different development stages of P. lilacinum and its parasitism stage on eggs of Meloidogyne incognita. In addition, the 10 PlCYP genes exhibited different expression abundances in response to abiotic stresses, among which PlCYP4 was highly expressed at a high temperature (35 °C), while PlCYP6 was up-regulated under 5 mM of H2O2 stress. Furthermore, the heterologous expression of PlCYP4 and PlCYP6 in Escherichia coli enhanced the cellular tolerance against a high temperature and H2O2. In summary, our study indicates the potential functions of PlCYPs in virulence and the stress response, and also provides a frame for further analysis of the CYP gene family in Ascomycotina fungi.
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Ponizovskaya VB, Rebrikova NL, Kachalkin AV, Antropova AB, Bilanenko EN, Mokeeva VL. Micromycetes as colonizers of mineral building materials in historic monuments and museums. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:290-306. [PMID: 30928038 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Complex of microfungi colonizing mineral building materials, i.e. limestone and plaster, in interiors of cultural heritage was characterized. Wide-scale investigation was carried out with fourteen objects studied. We have revealed a specific culturable community. We have analyzed role of obtained microfungi in biodeterioraton process on the basis of our tests (pH and water activity preferences, ability to solubilize CaCO3) and literature data (substrate preferences and enzyme activities). The species most actively developing in mineral materials in indoor environments were Acremonium charticola, Acremonium furcatum, Lecanicillium sp., Parengyodontium album, Purpureocillium lilacinum and Sarocladium kiliense. Considering this fact and their ability to develop successfully at extremely wide range of pH values from slightly acidic to alkaline ones and their high enzymatic activities we conclude that the listed species are of high interest in seeking the cause of biodeterioration. These species can actively develop in materials penetrating for years deep into the substrates and causing their deterioration in conditions of considerably heightened moisture content. In this group, A. charticola and Lecanicillium sp. were able to solubilize CaCO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria B Ponizovskaya
- Department of Mycology and Algology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalia L Rebrikova
- State Research Institute for Restauration, 44-1 Gastello, 107014 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Kachalkin
- Department of Soil Biology, Faculty of Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia; All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms RAS, 5 Pr. Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Anna B Antropova
- Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, 5a Malyy Kazennyy Pereulok, 105064 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena N Bilanenko
- Department of Mycology and Algology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera L Mokeeva
- Department of Mycology and Algology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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Do environmentally induced DNA variations mediate adaptation in Aspergillus flavus exposed to chromium stress in tannery sludge? BMC Genomics 2018; 19:868. [PMID: 30509176 PMCID: PMC6278149 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental stress induced genetic polymorphisms have been suggested to arbitrate functional modifications influencing adaptations in microbes. The relationship between the genetic processes and concomitant functional adaptation can now be investigated at a genomic scale with the help of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. Using a NGS approach we identified genetic variations putatively underlying chromium tolerance in a strain of Aspergillus flavus isolated from a tannery sludge. Correlation of nsSNPs in the candidate genes (n = 493) were investigated for their influence on protein structure and possible function. Whole genome sequencing of chromium tolerant A. flavus strain (TERIBR1) was done (Illumina HiSeq2000). The alignment of quality trimmed data of TERIBR1 with reference NRRL3357 (accession number EQ963472) strain was performed using Bowtie2 version 2.2.8. SNP with a minimum read depth of 5 and not in vicinity (10 bp) of INDEL were filtered. Candidate genes conferring chromium resistance were selected and SNPs were identified. Protein structure modeling and interpretation for protein-ligand (CrO4- 2) docking for selected proteins harbouring non-synonymous substitutions were done using Phyre2 and PatchDock programs. RESULTS High rate of nsSNPs (approximately 11/kb) occurred in selected candidate genes for chromium tolerance. Of the 16 candidate genes selected for studying effect of nsSNPs on protein structure and protein-ligand interaction, four proteins belonging to the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) and recG protein families showed significant interaction with chromium ion only in the chromium tolerant A. flavus strain TERIBR1. CONCLUSIONS Presence of nsSNPs and subsequent amino-acid alterations evidently influenced the 3D structures of the candidate proteins, which could have led to improved interaction with (CrO4- 2) ion. Such structural modifications might have enhanced chromium efflux efficiency of A. flavus (TERIBR1) and thereby offered the adaptation benefits in counteracting chromate stress. Our findings are of fundamental importance to the field of heavy-metal bio-remediation.
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Iqbal M, Dubey M, Gudmundsson M, Viketoft M, Jensen DF, Karlsson M. Comparative evolutionary histories of fungal proteases reveal gene gains in the mycoparasitic and nematode-parasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:171. [PMID: 30445903 PMCID: PMC6240243 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ascomycete fungus Clonostachys rosea (order Hypocreales) can control several important plant diseases caused by plant pathogenic fungi and nematodes. Subtilisin-like serine proteases are considered to play an important role in pathogenesis in entomopathogenic, mycoparasitic, and nematophagous fungi used for biological control. In this study, we analysed the evolutionary histories of protease gene families, and investigated sequence divergence and regulation of serine protease genes in C. rosea. Results Proteases of selected hypocrealean fungal species were classified into families based on the MEROPS peptidase database. The highest number of protease genes (590) was found in Fusarium solani, followed by C. rosea with 576 genes. Analysis of gene family evolution identified non-random changes in gene copy numbers in the five serine protease gene families S1A, S8A, S9X, S12 and S33. Four families, S1A, S8A, S9X, and S33, displayed gene gains in C. rosea. A gene-tree / species-tree reconciliation analysis of the S8A family revealed that the gene copy number increase in C. rosea was primarily associated with the S08.054 (proteinase K) subgroup. In addition, regulatory and predicted structural differences, including twelve sites evolving under positive selection, among eighteen C. rosea S8A serine protease paralog genes were also observed. The C. rosea S8A serine protease gene prs6 was induced during interaction with the plant pathogenic species F. graminearum. Conclusions Non-random increases in S8A, S9X and S33 serine protease gene numbers in the mycoparasitic species C. rosea, Trichoderma atroviride and T. virens suggests an involvement in fungal-fungal interactions. Regulatory and predicted structural differences between C. rosea S8A paralogs indicate that functional diversification is driving the observed increase in gene copy numbers. The induction of prs6 expression in C. rosea during confrontation with F. graminearum suggests an involvement of the corresponding protease in fungal-fungal interactions. The results pinpoint the importance of serine proteases for ecological niche adaptation in C. rosea, including a potential role in the mycoparasitic attack on fungal prey. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1291-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Gudmundsson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Viketoft
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lotlikar NP, Damare SR. Variability in Protein Expression in Marine-Derived Purpureocillium lilacinum Subjected to Salt and Chromium Stresses. Indian J Microbiol 2018; 58:360-371. [PMID: 30013281 PMCID: PMC6023812 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-018-0733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abiotic factors can cause substantial limitation of growth of microbes. A combination of salinity stress along with chromium (Cr+6), one of the carcinogen, can pose an immediate threat to any living system. To understand how salinity (0, 35 and 100 PSU) and Cr(VI) stress (0, 100 and 500 ppm), affects cells at the molecular level, the cellular response of Purpureocillium lilacinum to the individual as well the combination of both the stresses were studied by peptide mass fingerprinting technique. The study reports 1412 proteins, of which 105 proteins were found to be present across all conditions. The most prevalent functional class expressed was genetic information processing. Proteins involved in free radical scavenging were up-regulated in response to the oxidative stress generated due to both the applied stresses while expression of metal chelators, transporters systems, indicated towards multiple stress tolerance mechanisms to combat synergistic effects of salt and Cr stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita P. Lotlikar
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Panaji, Goa 403004 India
- Department of Microbiology, Goa University, Taleigão, Goa India
| | - Samir R. Damare
- Biological Oceanography Division, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Panaji, Goa 403004 India
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Wang R, Dong L, He R, Wang Q, Chen Y, Qu L, Zhang YA. Comparative genomic analyses reveal the features for adaptation to nematodes in fungi. DNA Res 2018; 25:4791394. [PMID: 29315395 PMCID: PMC6014366 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematophagous (NP) fungi are ecologically important components of the soil microbiome in natural ecosystems. Esteya vermicola (Ev) has been reported as a NP fungus with a poorly understood evolutionary history and mechanism of adaptation to parasitism. Furthermore, NP fungal genomic basis of lifestyle was still unclear. We sequenced and annotated the Ev genome (34.2 Mbp) and integrated genetic makeup and evolution of pathogenic genes to investigate NP fungi. The results revealed that NP fungi had some abundant pathogenic genes corresponding to their niche. A number of gene families involved in pathogenicity were expanded, and some pathogenic orthologous genes underwent positive selection. NP fungi with diverse morphological features exhibit similarities of evolutionary convergence in attacking nematodes, but their genetic makeup and microscopic mechanism are different. Endoparasitic NP fungi showed similarity in large number of transporters and secondary metabolite coding genes. Noteworthy, expanded families of transporters and endo-beta-glucanase implied great genetic potential of Ev in quickly perturbing nematode metabolism and parasitic behavior. These results facilitate our understanding of NP fungal genomic features for adaptation to nematodes and lay a solid theoretical foundation for further research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Botany, Beijing Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Leiming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ran He
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Institute of Botany, Beijing Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yuequ Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Forestry Resources Protection Institute, Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Liangjian Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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Wang R, Dong L, Chen Y, Qu L, Wang Q, Zhang Y. Esteya Vermicola, a Nematophagous Fungus Attacking the Pine Wood Nematode, Harbors a Bacterial Endosymbiont Affiliated with Gammaproteobacteria. Microbes Environ 2017; 32:201-209. [PMID: 28824050 PMCID: PMC5606689 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me16167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbioses have played pivotal roles in biological, ecological, and evolutionary diversification. Symbiotic bacteria affect the biology of hosts in a number of ways. Esteya vermicola, an endoparasitic nematophagous fungus, has high infectivity in the pine wood nematode (PWN), which causes devastating ecological damage and economic losses in Asia and Europe. An integration of molecular, phylogenetic, and morphological analyses revealed that surface-sterilized E. vermicola with septate hyphae from different geographic locations harbor bacterial endosymbionts. 16S rRNA gene sequences from four fungal strains all clustered in a well-supported monophyletic clade that was the most closely related to Pseudomonas stutzeri and affiliated with Gammaproteobacteria. The existence and intracellular location of endobacteria was revealed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Our results showed that endobacteria were coccoid, vertically inherited, as yet uncultured, and essential symbionts. Ultrastructural observations indicated that young and old endobacteria differed in cell size, cell wall thickness, and the degree of reproduction. The results of the present study provide a fundamental understanding of the endobacteria inside E. vermicola and raise questions regarding the impact of endobacteria on the biology, ecology, and evolution of their fungal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of ForestryChina
| | - Leiming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of ForestryChina
| | - Yuequ Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of ForestryChina
- Forestry Resources Protection Institute, Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry SciencesChina
| | - Liangjian Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of ForestryChina
| | - Qinghua Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of ForestryChina
| | - Yongan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of ForestryChina
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Kepler RM, Maul JE, Rehner SA. Managing the plant microbiome for biocontrol fungi: examples from Hypocreales. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 37:48-53. [PMID: 28441534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Feeding an increasing global population requires continued improvements in agricultural efficiency and productivity. Meeting estimated future production levels requires the adoption of practices that increase output without environmental degradation associated with external inputs to supplement nutrition or control pests. Enriching the community of microbes associated with plants in agricultural systems for those providing ecosystem services such as pest control is one possible component towards achieving sustainable productivity increases. In this review we explore the current state of knowledge for Hypocreales fungi used in biological control. Advances in understanding the field ecology, diversity and genetic determinants of host range and virulence of hypocrealean fungi provide the means to improve their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Kepler
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Bldg 001, Rm 123, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
| | - Jude E Maul
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Bldg 001, Rm 123, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Stephen A Rehner
- USDA-ARS, Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States
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Hamid MI, Hussain M, Wu Y, Zhang X, Xiang M, Liu X. Successive soybean-monoculture cropping assembles rhizosphere microbial communities for the soil suppression of soybean cyst nematode. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2017; 93:fiw222. [PMID: 27789537 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the mechanisms of disease suppressiveness in soils is long-term monoculture (LTM) cropping to dissuade pathogen infestation. However, the linkage between monoculturing and microbial community assemblage in the rhizosphere for disease suppression remains unclear. To decipher this potential relationship, soil samples were collected from seven locations in northeastern China, where LTM (6-38 yr) and short-term monoculture (STM ≤ 5 yr) cropping of soybean showed varying degrees of soil suppressiveness to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines). Using high-throughput pyrosequencing to examine bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS1 genes, we observed substantial variation in the species richness and relative abundance of taxa in the rhizosphere across different sampling sites. At the genus level, the genera Pseudomonas, Purpureocillium and Pochonia, which have been documented to suppress SCN in earlier studies, were much more abundant in LTM soils than in STM soils. Moreover, the relative abundance of several bacterial and fungal genera with metabolic, biocidal and parasitic activities was also monitored in the rhizosphere. In this study, we provide additional evidence that plants shift the structural and functional composition of the rhizosphere microbiota to suppress pathogen infection in LTM cropping soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Imran Hamid
- State Key Lab of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Muzammil Hussain
- State Key Lab of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yunpeng Wu
- State Key Lab of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- State Key Lab of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meichun Xiang
- State Key Lab of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Lab of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Rd., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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Varshney D, Jaiswar A, Adholeya A, Prasad P. Phylogenetic analyses reveal molecular signatures associated with functional divergence among Subtilisin like Serine Proteases are linked to lifestyle transitions in Hypocreales. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:220. [PMID: 27756202 PMCID: PMC5069783 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0793-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subtilisin-like serine proteases or Subtilases in fungi are important for penetration and colonization of host. In Hypocreales, these proteins share several properties with other fungal, bacterial, plant and mammalian homologs. However, adoption of specific roles in entomopathogenesis may be governed by attainment of unique biochemical and structural features during the evolutionary course. Due to such functional shifts Subtilases coded by different family members of Hypocreales acquire distinct features according to respective hosts and lifestyle. We conducted phylogenetic and DIVERGE analyses and identified important protein residues that putatively assign functional specificity to Subtilases in fungal families/species under the order Hypocreales. Results A total of 161 Subtilases coded by 10 species from five different families under the fungal order Hypocreales was included in the analysis. Based on the presence of conserved domains, the Subtilase genes were divided into three subfamilies, Subtilisin (S08.005), Proteinase K (S08.054) and Serine-carboxyl peptidases (S53.001). These subfamilies were investigated for phylogenetic associations, protein residues under positive selection and functional divergence among paralogous clades. The observations were co-related with the life-styles of the fungal families/species. Phylogenetic and Divergence analyses of Subtilisin (S08.005) and Proteinase K (S08.054) families of proteins revealed that the paralogous clades were clear-cut representation of familial origin of the protein sequences. We observed divergence between the paralogous clades of plant-pathogenic fungi (Nectriaceae), insect-pathogenic fungi (Cordycipitaceae/Clavicipitaceae) and nematophagous fungi (Ophiocordycipitaceae). In addition, Subtilase genes from the nematode-parasitic fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum made a unique cluster which putatively indicated that the fungus might have developed distinctive mechanisms for nematode-pathogenesis. Our evolutionary genetics analysis revealed evidence of positive selection on the Subtilisin (S08.005) and Proteinase K (S08.054) protein sequences of the entomopathogenic and nematophagous species belonging to Cordycipitaceae, Clavicipitaceae and Ophiocordycipitaceae families of Hypocreales. Conclusions Our study provided new insights into the evolution of Subtilisin like serine proteases in Hypocreales, a fungal order largely consisting of biological control species. Subtilisin (S08.005) and Proteinase K (S08.054) proteins seemed to play important roles during life style modifications among different families and species of Hypocreales. Protein residues found significant in functional divergence analysis in the present study may provide support for protein engineering in future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0793-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Varshney
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gual Pahari, Faridabad Road, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Akanksha Jaiswar
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gual Pahari, Faridabad Road, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Alok Adholeya
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gual Pahari, Faridabad Road, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India
| | - Pushplata Prasad
- TERI Deakin Nanobiotechnology Centre, TERI Gram, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gual Pahari, Faridabad Road, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122001, India.
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A novel monopartite dsRNA virus isolated from the entomopathogenic and nematophagous fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3375-3384. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Xie J, Li S, Mo C, Xiao X, Peng D, Wang G, Xiao Y. Genome and Transcriptome Sequences Reveal the Specific Parasitism of the Nematophagous Purpureocillium lilacinum 36-1. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1084. [PMID: 27486440 PMCID: PMC4949223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpureocillium lilacinum is a promising nematophagous ascomycete able to adapt diverse environments and it is also an opportunistic fungus that infects humans. A microbial inoculant of P. lilacinum has been registered to control plant parasitic nematodes. However, the molecular mechanism of the toxicological processes is still unclear because of the relatively few reports on the subject. In this study, using Illumina paired-end sequencing, the draft genome sequence and the transcriptome of P. lilacinum strain 36-1 infecting nematode-eggs were determined. Whole genome alignment indicated that P. lilacinum 36-1 possessed a more dynamic genome in comparison with P. lilacinum India strain. Moreover, a phylogenetic analysis showed that the P. lilacinum 36-1 had a closer relation to entomophagous fungi. The protein-coding genes in P. lilacinum 36-1 occurred much more frequently than they did in other fungi, which was a result of the depletion of repeat-induced point mutations (RIP). Comparative genome and transcriptome analyses revealed the genes that were involved in pathogenicity, particularly in the recognition, adhesion of nematode-eggs, downstream signal transduction pathways and hydrolase genes. By contrast, certain numbers of cellulose and xylan degradation genes and a lack of polysaccharide lyase genes showed the potential of P. lilacinum 36-1 as an endophyte. Notably, the expression of appressorium-formation and antioxidants-related genes exhibited similar infection patterns in P. lilacinum strain 36-1 to those of the model entomophagous fungi Metarhizium spp. These results uncovered the specific parasitism of P. lilacinum and presented the genes responsible for the infection of nematode-eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Shaojun Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Chenmi Mo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Yannong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
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Wang G, Liu Z, Lin R, Li E, Mao Z, Ling J, Yang Y, Yin WB, Xie B. Biosynthesis of Antibiotic Leucinostatins in Bio-control Fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum and Their Inhibition on Phytophthora Revealed by Genome Mining. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005685. [PMID: 27416025 PMCID: PMC4946873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpureocillium lilacinum of Ophiocordycipitaceae is one of the most promising and commercialized agents for controlling plant parasitic nematodes, as well as other insects and plant pathogens. However, how the fungus functions at the molecular level remains unknown. Here, we sequenced two isolates (PLBJ-1 and PLFJ-1) of P. lilacinum from different places Beijing and Fujian. Genomic analysis showed high synteny of the two isolates, and the phylogenetic analysis indicated they were most related to the insect pathogen Tolypocladium inflatum. A comparison with other species revealed that this fungus was enriched in carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), proteases and pathogenesis related genes. Whole genome search revealed a rich repertoire of secondary metabolites (SMs) encoding genes. The non-ribosomal peptide synthetase LcsA, which is comprised of ten C-A-PCP modules, was identified as the core biosynthetic gene of lipopeptide leucinostatins, which was specific to P. lilacinum and T. ophioglossoides, as confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, gene expression level was analyzed when PLBJ-1 was grown in leucinostatin-inducing and non-inducing medium, and 20 genes involved in the biosynthesis of leucionostatins were identified. Disruption mutants allowed us to propose a putative biosynthetic pathway of leucinostatin A. Moreover, overexpression of the transcription factor lcsF increased the production (1.5-fold) of leucinostatins A and B compared to wild type. Bioassays explored a new bioactivity of leucinostatins and P. lilacinum: inhibiting the growth of Phytophthora infestans and P. capsici. These results contribute to our understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism of leucinostatins and may allow us to utilize P. lilacinum better as bio-control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Runmao Lin
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Erfeng Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian Ling
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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