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Ben Miri Y, Benabdallah A, Chentir I, Djenane D, Luvisi A, De Bellis L. Comprehensive Insights into Ochratoxin A: Occurrence, Analysis, and Control Strategies. Foods 2024; 13:1184. [PMID: 38672856 PMCID: PMC11049263 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic mycotoxin produced by some mold species from genera Penicillium and Aspergillus. OTA has been detected in cereals, cereal-derived products, dried fruits, wine, grape juice, beer, tea, coffee, cocoa, nuts, spices, licorice, processed meat, cheese, and other foods. OTA can induce a wide range of health effects attributable to its toxicological properties, including teratogenicity, immunotoxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. OTA is not only toxic to humans but also harmful to livestock like cows, goats, and poultry. This is why the European Union and various countries regulate the maximum permitted levels of OTA in foods. This review intends to summarize all the main aspects concerning OTA, starting from the chemical structure and fungi that produce it, its presence in food, its toxicity, and methods of analysis, as well as control strategies, including both fungal development and methods of inactivation of the molecule. Finally, the review provides some ideas for future approaches aimed at reducing the OTA levels in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamina Ben Miri
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed Boudiaf University, BP 166, M’sila 28000, Algeria;
| | - Amina Benabdallah
- Laboratory on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Pollution, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University Chadli Bendjedid, El-Tarf 36000, Algeria;
| | - Imene Chentir
- Laboratory of Food, Processing, Control and Agri-Resources Valorization, Higher School of Food Science and Agri-Food Industry, Algiers 16200, Algeria;
| | - Djamel Djenane
- Food Quality and Safety Research Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences, Mouloud Mammeri University, BP 17, Tizi-Ouzou 15000, Algeria;
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento Palazzina A—Centro Ecotekne via Prov, le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento Palazzina A—Centro Ecotekne via Prov, le Lecce Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
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Geistodt-Kiener A, Totozafy JC, Le Goff G, Vergne J, Sakai K, Ouazzani J, Mouille G, Viaud M, O'Connell RJ, Dallery JF. Yeast-based heterologous production of the Colletochlorin family of fungal secondary metabolites. Metab Eng 2023; 80:216-231. [PMID: 37863177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomic studies have revealed that fungal pathogens of plants activate the expression of numerous biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) exclusively when in presence of a living host plant. The identification and structural elucidation of the corresponding secondary metabolites remain challenging. The aim was to develop a polycistronic system for heterologous expression of fungal BGCs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we adapted a polycistronic vector for efficient, seamless and cost-effective cloning of biosynthetic genes using in vivo assembly (also called transformation-assisted recombination) directly in Escherichia coli followed by heterologous expression in S. cerevisiae. Two vectors were generated with different auto-inducible yeast promoters and selection markers. The effectiveness of these vectors was validated with fluorescent proteins. As a proof-of-principle, we applied our approach to the Colletochlorin family of molecules. These polyketide secondary metabolites were known from the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum but had never been linked to their biosynthetic genes. Considering the requirement for a halogenase, and by applying comparative genomics, we identified a BGC putatively involved in the biosynthesis of Colletochlorins in C. higginsianum. Following the expression of those genes in S. cerevisiae, we could identify the presence of the precursor Orsellinic acid, Colletochlorins and their non-chlorinated counterparts, the Colletorins. In conclusion, the polycistronic vectors described herein were adapted for the host S. cerevisiae and allowed to link the Colletochlorin compound family to their corresponding biosynthetic genes. This system will now enable the production and purification of infection-specific secondary metabolites of fungal phytopathogens. More widely, this system could be applied to any fungal BGC of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Chrisologue Totozafy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Géraldine Le Goff
- Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles ICSN, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Justine Vergne
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Kaori Sakai
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jamal Ouazzani
- Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles ICSN, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Muriel Viaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, 91120, Palaiseau, France
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Jiang Y, Du X, Xu Q, Yin C, Zhang H, Liu Y, Liu X, Yan H. Biodegradation of Gossypol by Aspergillus terreus-YJ01. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2148. [PMID: 37763992 PMCID: PMC10535836 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gossypol, generally found in the roots, stems, leaves, and, especially, the seeds of cotton plants, is highly toxic to animals and humans, which inhibits the use of cotton stalks as a feed resource. Here, a promising fungal strain for biodegrading gossypol was successfully isolated from the soil of cotton stalk piles in Xinjiang Province, China, and identified as Aspergillus terreus-YJ01 with the analysis of ITS. Initial gossypol of 250 mg·L-1 could be removed by 97% within 96 h by YJ01, and initial gossypol of 150 mg·L-1 could also be catalyzed by 98% or 99% within 36 h by the intracellular or extracellular crude enzymes of YJ01. Sucrose and sodium nitrate were found to be the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for the growth of YJ01, and the optimal initial pH and inoculum size for the growth of YJ01 were 6.0 and 1%, respectively. To further elucidate the mechanisms underlying gossypol biodegradation by YJ01, the draft genome of YJ01 was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq, which is 31,566,870 bp in length with a GC content of 52.27% and a total of 9737 genes. Eight genes and enzymes were predicted to be involved in gossypol biodegradation. Among them, phosphoglycerate kinase, citrate synthase, and other enzymes are related to the energy supply process. With sufficient energy, β-1, 4-endo-xylanase may achieve the purpose of biodegrading gossypol. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into both the basic research and the application of A. terreus-YJ01 in the biodegradation of gossypol in cotton stalks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hai Yan
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Y.J.)
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Wang Y, Liu F, Pei J, Yan H, Wang Y. The AwHog1 Transcription Factor Influences the Osmotic Stress Response, Mycelium Growth, OTA Production, and Pathogenicity in Aspergillus westerdijkiae fc-1. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:432. [PMID: 37505700 PMCID: PMC10467130 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus westerdijkiae, known as the major ochratoxin A (OTA) producer, usually occurs on agricultural crops, fruits, and dry-cured meats. Microorganisms produce OTA to adapt to the high osmotic pressure environment that is generated during food processing and storage. To investigate the relationship between OTA biosynthesis and the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, the transcription factor AwHog1 gene in A. westerdijkiae was functionally characterised by means of a loss-of-function mutant. Our findings demonstrated that the growth and OTA production of a mutant lacking AwHog1 decreased significantly and was more sensitive to high osmotic media. The ΔAwHog1 mutant displayed a lower growth rate and a 73.16% reduction in OTA production in the wheat medium compared to the wild type. After three days of culture, the growth rate of the ΔAwHog1 mutant in medium with 60 g/L NaCl and 150 g/L glucose was slowed down 19.57% and 13.21%, respectively. Additionally, the expression of OTA biosynthesis genes was significantly reduced by the deletion of the AwHog1 gene. The infection ability of the ΔAwHog1 mutant was decreased, and the scab diameter of the pear was 6% smaller than that of the wild type. These data revealed that transcription factor AwHog1 plays a key role in the osmotic response, growth, OTA production, and pathogenicity in A. westerdijkiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou 310014, China; (Y.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Jingying Pei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou 310014, China; (Y.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Hao Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou 310014, China; (Y.W.); (J.P.)
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Jiang JP, Liu X, Liao YF, Shan J, Zhu YP, Liu CH. Genomic insights into Aspergillus sydowii 29R-4-F02: unraveling adaptive mechanisms in subseafloor coal-bearing sediment environments. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1216714. [PMID: 37455735 PMCID: PMC10339353 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1216714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aspergillussydowii is an important filamentous fungus that inhabits diverse environments. However, investigations on the biology and genetics of A. sydowii in subseafloor sediments remain limited. Methods Here, we performed de novo sequencing and assembly of the A. sydowii 29R-4-F02 genome, an isolate obtained from approximately 2.4 km deep, 20-million-year-old coal-bearing sediments beneath the seafloor by employing the Nanopore sequencing platform. Results and Discussion The generated genome was 37.19 Mb with GC content of 50.05%. The final assembly consisted of 11 contigs with N50 of 4.6 Mb, encoding 12,488 putative genes. Notably, the subseafloor strain 29R-4-F02 showed a higher number of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and distinct genes related to vesicular fusion and autophagy compared to the terrestrial strain CBS593.65. Furthermore, 257 positively selected genes, including those involved in DNA repair and CAZymes were identified in subseafloor strain 29R-4-F02. These findings suggest that A. sydowii possesses a unique genetic repertoire enabling its survival in the extreme subseafloor environments over tens of millions of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Peng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Fan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Si P, Wang G, Wu W, Hussain S, Guo L, Wu W, Yang Q, Xing F. SakA Regulates Morphological Development, Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis and Pathogenicity of Aspergillus westerdijkiae and the Response to Different Environmental Stresses. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040292. [PMID: 37104230 PMCID: PMC10141874 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), as a common mycotoxin, has seriously harmful effects on agricultural products, livestock and humans. There are reports on the regulation of SakA in the MAPK pathway, which regulates the production of mycotoxins. However, the role of SakA in the regulation of Aspergillus westerdijkiae and OTA production is not clear. In this study, a SakA deletion mutant (ΔAwSakA) was constructed. The effects of different concentrations of D-sorbitol, NaCl, Congo red and H2O2 on the mycelia growth, conidia production and biosynthesis of OTA were investigated in A. westerdijkiae WT and ΔAwSakA. The results showed that 100 g/L NaCl and 3.6 M D-sorbitol significantly inhibited mycelium growth and that a concentration of 0.1% Congo red was sufficient to inhibit the mycelium growth. A reduction in mycelium development was observed in ΔAwSakA, especially in high concentrations of osmotic stress. A lack of AwSakA dramatically reduced OTA production by downregulating the expression of the biosynthetic genes otaA, otaY, otaB and otaD. However, otaC and the transcription factor otaR1 were slightly upregulated by 80 g/L NaCl and 2.4 M D-sorbitol, whereas they were downregulated by 0.1% Congo red and 2 mM H2O2. Furthermore, ΔAwSakA showed degenerative infection ability toward pears and grapes. These results suggest that AwSakA is involved in the regulation of fungal growth, OTA biosynthesis and the pathogenicity of A. westerdijkiae and could be influenced by specific environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peidong Si
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sarfaraz Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qingli Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Belair M, Restrepo-Leal JD, Praz C, Fontaine F, Rémond C, Fernandez O, Besaury L. Botryosphaeriaceae gene machinery: Correlation between diversity and virulence. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1010-1031. [PMID: 37142361 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The Botryosphaeriaceae family comprises numerous fungal pathogens capable of causing economically meaningful diseases in a wide range of crops. Many of its members can live as endophytes and turn into aggressive pathogens following the onset of environmental stress events. Their ability to cause disease may rely on the production of a broad set of effectors, such as cell wall-degrading enzymes, secondary metabolites, and peptidases. Here, we conducted comparative analyses of 41 genomes representing six Botryosphaeriaceae genera to provide insights into the genetic features linked to pathogenicity and virulence. We show that these Botryosphaeriaceae genomes possess a large diversity of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes; 128 families) and peptidases (45 families). Botryosphaeria, Neofusicoccum, and Lasiodiplodia presented the highest number of genes encoding CAZymes involved in the degradation of the plant cell wall components. The genus Botryosphaeria also exhibited the highest abundance of secreted CAZymes and peptidases. Generally, the secondary metabolites gene cluster profile was consistent in the Botryosphaeriaceae family, except for Diplodia and Neoscytalidium. At the strain level, Neofusicoccum parvum NpBt67 stood out among all the Botryosphaeriaceae genomes, presenting a higher number of secretome constituents. In contrast, the Diplodia strains showed the lowest richness of the pathogenicity- and virulence-related genes, which may correlate with their low virulence reported in previous studies. Overall, these results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying pathogenicity and virulence in remarkable Botryosphaeriaceae species. Our results also support that Botryosphaeriaceae species could be used as an interesting biotechnological tool for lignocellulose fractionation and bioeconomy.
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Yu L, Qiao N, Wei C, Hu Q, Zhai Q, Yan B, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, Tian F. Underlying mechanisms of the antagonistic effects of Bifidobacterium adolescentis CCFM1108 on Penicillium expansum: Based on comparative transcriptome analysis. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang J, Li L, Yang Y, Zhao C, Hu J, Xue X, Gao Q, Wang D, Zhuang Z, Zhang Y. Deletion and Overexpression of the AnOTAbzip Gene, a Positive Regulator of Ochratoxin A Biosynthesis in Aspergillus niger. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2169-2178. [PMID: 35143724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthetic gene cluster includes a bZIP transcription factor (TF) gene (OTAbzip) that has been identified in different fungal species. However, most previous studies identified the OTAbzip gene in ochratoxigenic fungi using bioinformatics methods, while few studies focused on deleting the gene, let alone overexpressing it, to characterize the function of the OTAbZIP TF. Here, we characterized the AnOTAbZIP TF in an ochratoxigenic isolate of Aspergillus niger by deleting and overexpressing the AnOTAbzip gene and examining the role of AnOTAbZIP in morphological development, OTA biosynthesis, and pathogenicity. Chemical and gene expression analyses revealed that AnOTAbZIP positively regulates OTA biosynthesis, since the loss of OTA production and the downregulation of the OTA biosynthetic genes were observed in the ΔAnOTAbzip strain, compared with the wild-type (WT) and OE::AnOTAbzip strains. In terms of pathogenicity, the ΔAnOTAbzip strain produced a greater lesion on grape berries, especially with respect to the OE::AnOTAbzip strain, rather than WT. Finally, the ΔAnOTAbzip strain was also more tolerant to oxidative stress with respect to the OE::AnOTAbzip and WT strains in that order. These new findings improve our understanding of the AnOTAbZIP regulatory mechanism and help develop strategies to attenuate plant pathogenicity and reduce OTA biosynthesis of A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Linlin Li
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yan Yang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chaofan Zhao
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jiuju Hu
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xianli Xue
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Depei Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhenhong Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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Cyclic Tetrapeptides with Synergistic Antifungal Activity from the Fungus Aspergillus westerdijkiae Using LC-MS/MS-Based Molecular Networking. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020166. [PMID: 35203768 PMCID: PMC8868193 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal natural products play a prominent role in the development of pharmaceuticalagents. Two new cyclic tetrapeptides (CTPs), westertide A (1) and B (2), with eight known compounds (3–10) were isolated from the fungus Aspergillus westerdijkiae guided by OSMAC (one strain-many compounds) and molecular networking strategies. The structures of new compounds were unambiguously determined by a combination of NMR and mass data analysis, and chemical methods. All of the isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial effects, synergistic antifungal activity, cytotoxic activity, and HDAC inhibitory activity. Compounds 1–2 showed synergistic antifungal activity against Candida albicans SC5314 with the presence of rapamycin and weak HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitory activity. These results indicate that molecular networking is an efficient approach for dereplication and identification of new CTPs. CTPs might be a good starting point for the development of synergistic antifungal agents.
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Updates on the Functions and Molecular Mechanisms of the Genes Involved in Aspergillus flavus Development and Biosynthesis of Aflatoxins. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080666. [PMID: 34436205 PMCID: PMC8401812 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) is a ubiquitous and opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes invasive and non-invasive aspergillosis in humans and animals. This fungus is also capable of infecting a large number of agriculture crops (e.g., peanuts, maze, cotton seeds, rice, etc.), causing economic losses and posing serious food-safety concerns when these crops are contaminated with aflatoxins, the most potent naturally occurring carcinogens. In particular, A. flavus and aflatoxins are intensely studied, and they continue to receive considerable attention due to their detrimental effects on humans, animals, and crops. Although several studies have been published focusing on the biosynthesis of the aforementioned secondary metabolites, some of the molecular mechanisms (e.g., posttranslational modifications, transcription factors, transcriptome, proteomics, metabolomics and transcriptome, etc.) involved in the fungal development and aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus are still not fully understood. In this study, a review of the recently published studies on the function of the genes and the molecular mechanisms involved in development of A. flavus and the production of its secondary metabolites is presented. It is hoped that the information provided in this review will help readers to develop effective strategies to reduce A. flavus infection and aflatoxin production.
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Identification of Markers for Root Traits Related to Drought Tolerance Using Traditional Rice Germplasm. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:1280-1292. [PMID: 34398447 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drought is one of the important constraints affecting rice productivity worldwide. The vigorous shoot and deep root system help to improve drought resistance. In present era, genome-wide association study (GWAS) is the preferred method for mapping of QTLs for complex traits such as root and drought tolerance traits. In the present study, 114 rice genotypes were evaluated for various root and shoot traits under water stress conditions. All genotypes showed a significant amount of variation for various root and shoot traits. Correlation analysis revealed that high dry shoot weight and fresh shoot weight is associated with root length, root volume, fresh root weight and dry root weight. A total of 11 significant marker-trait associations were detected for various root, shoot and drought tolerance traits with the coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 18.99 to 53.41%. Marker RM252 and RM212 showed association with three root traits which suggests their scope for improvement of root system. In the present study, a novel QTL was detected for root length associated with RM127, explaining 19.30% of variation. The marker alleles with increasing phenotypic effects for root and drought-tolerant traits can be exploited for improvement of root and drought tolerance traits using marker-assisted selection.
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Navale V, Vamkudoth KR, Ajmera S, Dhuri V. Aspergillus derived mycotoxins in food and the environment: Prevalence, detection, and toxicity. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1008-1030. [PMID: 34408970 PMCID: PMC8363598 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus species are the paramount ubiquitous fungi that contaminate various food substrates and produce biochemicals known as mycotoxins. Aflatoxins (AFTs), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), citrinin (CIT), aflatrem (AT), secalonic acids (SA), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), terrein (TR), sterigmatocystin (ST) and gliotoxin (GT), and other toxins produced by species of Aspergillus plays a major role in food and human health. Mycotoxins exhibited wide range of toxicity to the humans and animal models even at nanomolar (nM) concentration. Consumption of detrimental mycotoxins adulterated foodstuffs affects human and animal health even trace amounts. Bioaerosols consisting of spores and hyphal fragments are active elicitors of bronchial irritation and allergy, and challenging to the public health. Aspergillus is the furthermost predominant environmental contaminant unswervingly defile lives with a 40-90 % mortality risk in patients with conceded immunity. Genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics approaches useful for mycotoxins' detection which are expensive. Antibody based detection of toxins chemotypes may result in cross-reactivity and uncertainty. Aptamers (APT) are single stranded DNA (ssDNA/RNA), are specifically binds to the target molecules can be generated by systematic evolution of ligands through exponential enrichment (SELEX). APT are fast, sensitive, simple, in-expensive, and field-deployable rapid point of care (POC) detection of toxins, and a better alternative to antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwambar Navale
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | - Koteswara Rao Vamkudoth
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Vaibhavi Dhuri
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
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14
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Improved 11α-hydroxycanrenone production by modification of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene in Aspergillus ochraceus. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2021; 71:99-114. [PMID: 32697747 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2021-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Eplerenone is a drug that protects the cardiovascular system. 11α-Hydroxycanrenone is a key intermediate in eplerenone synthesis. We found that although the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme system in Aspergillus ochraceus strain MF018 could catalyse the conversion of canrenone to 11α-hydroxycanrenone, its biocatalytic efficiency is low. To improve the efficiency of 11α-hydroxycanrenone production, the CYP monooxygenase-coding gene of MF018 was predicted and cloned based on whole-genome sequencing results. A recombinant A. ochraceus strain MF010 with the high expression of CYP monooxygenase was then obtained through homologous recombination. The biocatalytic rate of this recombinant strain reached 93 % at 60 h without the addition of organic solvents or surfactants and was 17-18 % higher than that of the MF018 strain. Moreover, the biocatalytic time of the MF010 strain was reduced by more than 30 h compared with that of the MF018 strain. These results show that the recombinant A. ochraceus strain MF010 can overcome the limitation of substrate biocatalytic efficiency and thus holds a high poten tial for application in the industrial production of eplerenone.
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15
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Susca A, Anelli P, Haidukowski M, Probyn CE, Epifani F, Logrieco AF, Moretti A, Proctor RH. A PCR method to identify ochratoxin A-producing Aspergillus westerdijkiae strains on dried and aged foods. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 344:109113. [PMID: 33652337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxins are a group of mycotoxins that frequently occur as contaminants in agricultural commodities and foods, including dry-cured meats and cheeses. The fungus Aspergillus westerdijkiae is frequently isolated from aged foods and can produce ochratoxin A (OTA). However, individual strains of the fungus can have one of two OTA production phenotypes (chemotypes): OTA production and OTA nonproduction. Monitoring and early detection of OTA-producing fungi in food are the most effective strategies to manage OTA contamination. Therefore, we examined genome sequence data from five A. westerdijkiae strains isolated from the surface of cheese from southern Italy to identify genetic markers indicative of the twoOTA chemotypes. This analysis revealed a naturally occurring deletion of the OTA regulatory gene, otaR, in an OTA-nonproducing isolate.We used this information to design a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method that could identify A. westerdijkiae and distinguish between the two OTA chemotypes. In this method, the PCR primers were complementary to conserved sequences flanking otaR and yielded different-sized amplicons from strains with the different chemotypes. The primers did not yield ota-region-specific amplicons from other OTA-producing species. Because the method is specific to A. westerdijkiae and can distinguish between the two OTA chemotypes, it has potential to significantly improve OTA monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy.
| | - Pamela Anelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Miriam Haidukowski
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Crystal E Probyn
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Filomena Epifani
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio F Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Robert H Proctor
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
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16
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Huang M, Ma Z, Zhou X. Comparative Genomic Data Provide New Insight on the Evolution of Pathogenicity in Sporothrix Species. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:565439. [PMID: 33117312 PMCID: PMC7561385 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.565439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix species are commonly isolated from environmental and clinical samples. As common causes of zoonotic mycosis, Sporothrix species may result in localized or disseminated infections, posing considerable threat to animal and human health. However, the pathogenic profiles of different Sporothrix species varied, in virulence, geographic location and host ranges, which have yet to be explored. Analysing the genomes of Sporothrix species are useful for understanding their pathogenicity. In this study, we analyzed the whole genome of 12 Sporothrix species and six S. globosa isolates from different clinical samples in China. By combining comparative analyses with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZy), antiSMASH, Pfam, and PHI annotations, Sporothrix species showed exuberant primary and secondary metabolism processes. The genome sizes of four main clinical species, i.e., S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii, S. globosa, and S. luriei were significantly smaller than other environmental and clinical Sporothrix species. The contracted genes included mostly CAZymes and peptidases genes that were usually associated with the decay of plants, as well as the genes that were associated with the loss of pathogenicity and the reduced virulence. Our results could, to some extent, explain a habitat shift of Sporothrix species from a saprobic life in plant materials to a pathogenic life in mammals and the increased pathogenicity during the evolution. Gene clusters of melanin and clavaric acid were identified in this study, which improved our understanding on their pathogenicity and possible antitumor effects. Moreover, our analyses revealed no significant genomic variations among different clinical isolates of S. globosa from different regions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Cosmetology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijin, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Department of Dermatology and Cosmetology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing, China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Zhao N, Li D, Guo BJ, Tao X, Lin X, Yan SZ, Chen SL. Genome Sequencing and Analysis of the Hypocrellin-Producing Fungus Shiraia bambusicola S4201. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:643. [PMID: 32373091 PMCID: PMC7179677 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiraia bambusicola has long been used as a traditional Chinese medicine and its major medicinal active metabolite is hypocrellin, which exhibits outstanding antiviral and antitumor properties. Here we report the 32 Mb draft genome sequence of S. bambusicola S4201, encoding 11,332 predicted genes. The genome of S. bambusicola is enriched in carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy) and pathogenesis-related genes. The phylogenetic tree of S. bambusicola S4201 and nine other sequenced species was constructed and its taxonomic status was supported (Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes). The genome contains a rich set of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters, suggesting that strain S4201 has a remarkable capacity to produce secondary metabolites. Overexpression of the zinc finger transcription factor zftf, which is involved in hypocrellin A (HA) biosynthesis, increases HA production when compared with wild type. In addition, a new putative HA biosynthetic pathway is proposed. These results provide a framework to study the mechanisms of infection in bamboo and to understand the phylogenetic relationships of S. bambusicola S4201. At the same time, knowledge of the genome sequence may potentially solve the puzzle of HA biosynthesis and lead to the discovery of novel genes and secondary metabolites of importance in medicine and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing-Jing Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Tao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang-Lin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Low ZJ, Xiong J, Xie Y, Ma GL, Saw H, Thi Tran H, Wong SL, Pang LM, Fong J, Lu P, Hu JF, Yang L, Miao Y, Liang ZX. Discovery, biosynthesis and antifungal mechanism of the polyene-polyol meijiemycin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 56:822-825. [PMID: 31848534 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08908j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Produced by a newly isolated Streptomycetes strain, meijiemycin is a gigantic linear polyene-polyol that exhibits structural features not seen in other members of the polyene-polyol family. We propose a biosynthetic mechanism and demonstrate that meijiemycin inhibits hyphal growth by inducing the aggregation of ergosterol and restructuring of the fungal plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jie Low
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Juan Xiong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore. and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xie
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Guang-Lei Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Howard Saw
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Hoa Thi Tran
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Soo Lin Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Li Mei Pang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.
| | - July Fong
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
| | - Peng Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Jin-Feng Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Zhao-Xun Liang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore. and The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore
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19
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Strategy for efficient cloning of biosynthetic gene clusters from fungi. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1087-1095. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Pfannenstiel BT, Keller NP. On top of biosynthetic gene clusters: How epigenetic machinery influences secondary metabolism in fungi. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107345. [PMID: 30738111 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungi produce an abundance of bioactive secondary metabolites which can be utilized as antibiotics and pharmaceutical drugs. The genes encoding secondary metabolites are contiguously arranged in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which supports co-regulation of all genes required for any one metabolite. However, an ongoing challenge to harvest this fungal wealth is the finding that many of the BGCs are 'silent' in laboratory settings and lie in heterochromatic regions of the genome. Successful approaches allowing access to these regions - in essence converting the heterochromatin covering BGCs to euchromatin - include use of epigenetic stimulants and genetic manipulation of histone modifying proteins. This review provides a comprehensive look at the chromatin remodeling proteins which have been shown to regulate secondary metabolism, the use of chemical inhibitors used to induce BGCs, and provides future perspectives on expansion of epigenetic tools and concepts to mine the fungal metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Pfannenstiel
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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21
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Eshelli M, Qader MM, Jambi EJ, Hursthouse AS, Rateb ME. Current Status and Future Opportunities of Omics Tools in Mycotoxin Research. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E433. [PMID: 30373184 PMCID: PMC6267353 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of low molecular weight produced by filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium spp. Mycotoxins are natural contaminants of agricultural commodities and their prevalence may increase due to global warming. Dangerous mycotoxins cause a variety of health problems not only for humans, but also for animals. For instance, they possess carcinogenic, immunosuppressive, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and neurotoxic effects. Hence, various approaches have been used to assess and control mycotoxin contamination. Significant challenges still exist because of the complex heterogeneous nature of food composition. The potential of combined omics approaches such as metabolomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics would contribute to our understanding about pathogen fungal crosstalk as well as strengthen our ability to identify, isolate, and characterise mycotoxins pre and post-harvest. Multi-omics approaches along with advanced analytical tools and chemometrics provide a complete annotation of such metabolites produced before/during the contamination of crops. We have assessed the merits of these individual and combined omics approaches and their promising applications to mitigate the issue of mycotoxin contamination. The data included in this review focus on aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and patulin and would be useful as benchmark information for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Eshelli
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 13538, Libya.
| | - M Mallique Qader
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Ebtihaj J Jambi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Girls Section, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Andrew S Hursthouse
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
| | - Mostafa E Rateb
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
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22
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Linnakoski R, Reshamwala D, Veteli P, Cortina-Escribano M, Vanhanen H, Marjomäki V. Antiviral Agents From Fungi: Diversity, Mechanisms and Potential Applications. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2325. [PMID: 30333807 PMCID: PMC6176074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are amongst the most common diseases affecting people worldwide. New viruses emerge all the time and presently we have limited number of vaccines and only few antivirals to combat viral diseases. Fungi represent a vast source of bioactive molecules, which could potentially be used as antivirals in the future. Here, we have summarized the current knowledge of fungi as producers of antiviral compounds and discuss their potential applications. In particular, we have investigated how the antiviral action has been assessed and what is known about the molecular mechanisms and actual targets. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of accurate fungal species identification on antiviral and other natural products studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pyry Veteli
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Henri Vanhanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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23
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Wang Y, Wang L, Wu F, Liu F, Wang Q, Zhang X, Selvaraj JN, Zhao Y, Xing F, Yin WB, Liu Y. A Consensus Ochratoxin A Biosynthetic Pathway: Insights from the Genome Sequence of Aspergillus ochraceus and a Comparative Genomic Analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e01009-18. [PMID: 30054361 PMCID: PMC6146979 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01009-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species that widely contaminates food and feed. We sequenced and assembled the complete ∼37-Mb genome of Aspergillusochraceus fc-1, a well-known producer of OTA. Key genes of the OTA biosynthetic pathway were identified by comparative genomic analyses with five other sequenced OTA-producing fungi: A. carbonarius, A. niger, A. steynii, A. westerdijkiae, and Penicillium nordicum OTA production was completely inhibited in the deletion mutants (ΔotaA, ΔotaB, ΔotaC, ΔotaD, and ΔotaR1), and OTA biosynthesis was restored by feeding a postblock substrate to the corresponding mutant. The OTA biosynthetic pathway was unblocked in the ΔotaD mutant by the addition of heterologously expressed halogenase. OTA biosynthesis begins with a polyketide synthase (PKS), OtaA, utilizing acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and malonyl-CoA to synthesize 7-methylmellein, which is oxidized to OTβ by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (OtaC). OTβ and l-β-phenylalanine are combined by a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), OtaB, to form an amide bond to synthesize OTB. Finally, OTB is chlorinated by a halogenase (OtaD) to OTA. The otaABCD genes were expressed at low levels in the ΔotaR1 mutant. A second regulator, otaR2, which is adjacent to the biosynthetic gene, could modulate only the expression of otaA, otaB, and otaD Thus, we have identified a consensus OTA biosynthetic pathway that can be used to prevent and control OTA synthesis and will help us understand the variation and production of the intermediate components in the biosynthetic pathway.IMPORTANCE Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a significant mycotoxin that contaminates cereal products, coffee, grapes, wine, cheese, and meat. OTA is nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and immunotoxic. OTA contamination is a serious threat to food safety, endangers human health, and can cause huge economic losses. At present, >20 species of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium are known to produce OTA. Here we demonstrate that a consensus OTA biosynthetic pathway exists in all OTA-producing fungi and is encoded by a gene cluster containing four highly conserved biosynthetic genes and a bZIP transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Liuqing Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jonathan Nimal Selvaraj
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueju Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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24
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Parvez A, Giri S, Bisht R, Saxena P. New Insights on Cyclization Specificity of Fungal Type III Polyketide Synthase, PKSIII Nc in Neurospora crassa. Indian J Microbiol 2018; 58:268-277. [PMID: 30013270 PMCID: PMC6023819 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-018-0738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) biosynthesize varied classes of metabolites with diverse bio-functionalities. Inherent promiscuous substrate specificity, multiple elongations of reaction intermediates and several modes of ring-closure, confer the proteins with the ability to generate unique scaffolds from limited substrate pools. Structural studies have identified crucial amino acid residues that dictate type III PKS functioning, though cyclization specific residues need further investigation. PKSIIINc, a functionally and structurally characterized type III PKS from the fungus, Neurospora crassa, is known to biosynthesize alkyl-resorcinol, alkyl-triketide- and alkyl-tetraketide-α-pyrone products. In this study, we attempted to identify residue positions governing cyclization specificity in PKSIIINc through comparative structural analysis. Structural comparisons with other type III PKSs revealed a motif with conserved hydroxyl/thiol groups that could dictate PKSIIINc catalysis. Site-directed mutagenesis of Cys120 and Ser186 to Ser and Cys, respectively, altered product profiles of mutant proteins. While both C120S and S186C proteins retained wild-type PKSIIINc product activity, S186C favoured lactonization and yielded higher amounts of the α-pyrone products. Notably, C120S gained new cyclization capability and biosynthesized acyl-phloroglucinol in addition to wild-type PKSIIINc products. Generation of alkyl-resorcinol and acyl-phloroglucinol by a single protein is a unique observation in fungal type III PKS family. Mutation of Cys120 to bulky Phe side-chain abrogated formation of tetraketide products and adversely affected overall protein stability as revealed by molecular dynamics simulation studies. Our investigations identify residue positions governing cyclization programming in PKSIIINc protein and provide insights on how subtle variations in protein cores dictate product profiles in type III PKS family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreesh Parvez
- Chemical Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Samir Giri
- Chemical Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021 India
- Present Address: Department of Ecology, School of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, 49076 Germany
| | - Renu Bisht
- Chemical Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Priti Saxena
- Chemical Biology Group, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021 India
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25
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Nie X, Li B, Wang S. Epigenetic and Posttranslational Modifications in Regulating the Biology of Aspergillus Species. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018; 105:191-226. [PMID: 30342722 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic and posttranslational modifications have been proved to participate in multiple cellular processes and suggested to be an important regulatory mechanism on transcription of genes in eukaryotes. However, our knowledge about epigenetic and posttranslational modifications mainly comes from the studies of yeasts, plants, and animals. Recently, epigenetic and posttranslational modifications have also raised concern for the relevance of regulating fungal biology in Aspergillus. Emerging evidence indicates that these modifications could be a connection between genetic elements and environmental factors, and their combined effects may finally lead to fungal phenotypical changes. This article describes the advances in typical DNA and protein modifications in the genus Aspergillus, focusing on methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, and neddylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Nie
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Genomic diversity in ochratoxigenic and non ochratoxigenic strains of Aspergillus carbonarius. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5439. [PMID: 29615708 PMCID: PMC5883058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic effects on animals and humans. Aspergillus carbonarius is the main responsible for OTA contamination of grapes and derived products. We present the genome resequencing of four A. carbonarius strains, one OTA producer and three atypical and unique non-OTA producing strains. These strains were sequenced using Illumina technology and compared with a reference genome of this species. We performed some specific bioinformatics analyses in genes involved in OTA biosynthesis. Data obtained in this study revealed the high genomic diversity within A. carbonarius strains. Although some gaps of more than 1,000 bp were identified in non-ochratoxigenic strains, no large deletions in functional genes related with OTA production were found. Moreover, the expression of five genes of the putative OTA biosynthetic cluster was down regulated under OTA-inducing conditions in the non-ochratoxigenic strains. Knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms involved in OTA biosynthesis will provide a deeper understanding of these non-ochratoxigenic strains.
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Clevenger KD, Ye R, Bok JW, Thomas PM, Islam MN, Miley GP, Robey MT, Chen C, Yang K, Swyers M, Wu E, Gao P, Wu CC, Keller NP, Kelleher NL. Interrogation of Benzomalvin Biosynthesis Using Fungal Artificial Chromosomes with Metabolomic Scoring (FAC-MS): Discovery of a Benzodiazepine Synthase Activity. Biochemistry 2018. [PMID: 29533658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The benzodiazepine benzomalvin A/D is a fungally derived specialized metabolite and inhibitor of the substance P receptor NK1, biosynthesized by a three-gene nonribosomal peptide synthetase cluster. Here, we utilize fungal artificial chromosomes with metabolomic scoring (FAC-MS) to perform molecular genetic pathway dissection and targeted metabolomics analysis to assign the in vivo role of each domain in the benzomalvin biosynthetic pathway. The use of FAC-MS identified the terminal cyclizing condensation domain as BenY-CT and the internal C-domains as BenZ-C1 and BenZ-C2. Unexpectedly, we also uncovered evidence suggesting BenY-CT or a yet to be identified protein mediates benzodiazepine formation, representing the first reported benzodiazepine synthase enzymatic activity. This work informs understanding of what defines a fungal CT domain and shows how the FAC-MS platform can be used as a tool for in vivo analyses of specialized metabolite biosynthesis and for the discovery and dissection of new enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Clevenger
- Proteomics Center of Excellence , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Rosa Ye
- Intact Genomics, Inc. , St. Louis , Missouri 63132 , United States
| | - Jin Woo Bok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Bacteriology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Paul M Thomas
- Proteomics Center of Excellence , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States.,Department of Molecular Biosciences , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60201 , United States
| | - Md Nurul Islam
- Intact Genomics, Inc. , St. Louis , Missouri 63132 , United States
| | - Galen P Miley
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Matthew T Robey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60201 , United States
| | - Cynthia Chen
- Intact Genomics, Inc. , St. Louis , Missouri 63132 , United States
| | - KaHoua Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Bacteriology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Michael Swyers
- Intact Genomics, Inc. , St. Louis , Missouri 63132 , United States
| | - Edward Wu
- Intact Genomics, Inc. , St. Louis , Missouri 63132 , United States
| | - Peng Gao
- Proteomics Center of Excellence , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Chengcang C Wu
- Intact Genomics, Inc. , St. Louis , Missouri 63132 , United States
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Bacteriology , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Proteomics Center of Excellence , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States.,Department of Molecular Biosciences , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60201 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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Gil-Serna J, García-Díaz M, González-Jaén MT, Vázquez C, Patiño B. Description of an orthologous cluster of ochratoxin A biosynthetic genes in Aspergillus and Penicillium species. A comparative analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 268:35-43. [PMID: 29324288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most important mycotoxins due to its toxic properties and worldwide distribution which is produced by several Aspergillus and Penicillium species. The knowledge of OTA biosynthetic genes and understanding of the mechanisms involved in their regulation are essential. In this work, we obtained a clear picture of biosynthetic genes organization in the main OTA-producing Aspergillus and Penicillium species (A. steynii, A. westerdijkiae, A. niger, A. carbonarius and P. nordicum) using complete genome sequences obtained in this work or previously available on databases. The results revealed a region containing five ORFs which predicted five proteins: halogenase, bZIP transcription factor, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, non-ribosomal peptide synthetase and polyketide synthase in all the five species. Genetic synteny was conserved in both Penicillium and Aspergillus species although genomic location seemed to be different since the clusters presented different flanking regions (except for A. steynii and A. westerdijkiae); these observations support the hypothesis of the orthology of this genomic region and that it might have been acquired by horizontal transfer. New real-time RT-PCR assays for quantification of the expression of these OTA biosynthetic genes were developed. In all species, the five genes were consistently expressed in OTA-producing strains in permissive conditions. These protocols might favour futures studies on the regulation of biosynthetic genes in order to develop new efficient control methods to avoid OTA entering the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gil-Serna
- Department of Microbiology III, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta García-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology III, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa González-Jaén
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Vázquez
- Department of Microbiology III, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Patiño
- Department of Microbiology III, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Foerster H, Bombarely A, Battey JND, Sierro N, Ivanov NV, Mueller LA. SolCyc: a database hub at the Sol Genomics Network (SGN) for the manual curation of metabolic networks in Solanum and Nicotiana specific databases. Database (Oxford) 2018; 2018:4995113. [PMID: 29762652 PMCID: PMC5946812 DOI: 10.1093/database/bay035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Database URL https://solgenomics.net/tools/solcyc/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Foerster
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853-1801, USA
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - James N D Battey
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 6, Neuchâtel CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Sierro
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 6, Neuchâtel CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies), Quai Jeanrenaud 6, Neuchâtel CH-2000, Switzerland
| | - Lukas A Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853-1801, USA
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Linnakoski R, Reshamwala D, Veteli P, Cortina-Escribano M, Vanhanen H, Marjomäki V. Antiviral Agents From Fungi: Diversity, Mechanisms and Potential Applications. Front Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 30333807 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02325/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are amongst the most common diseases affecting people worldwide. New viruses emerge all the time and presently we have limited number of vaccines and only few antivirals to combat viral diseases. Fungi represent a vast source of bioactive molecules, which could potentially be used as antivirals in the future. Here, we have summarized the current knowledge of fungi as producers of antiviral compounds and discuss their potential applications. In particular, we have investigated how the antiviral action has been assessed and what is known about the molecular mechanisms and actual targets. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of accurate fungal species identification on antiviral and other natural products studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pyry Veteli
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Henri Vanhanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Joensuu, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Castro FF, Pinheiro ABP, Gerhardt ECM, Oliveira MAS, Barbosa-Tessmann IP. Production, purification, and characterization of a novel serine-esterase from Aspergillus westerdijkiae. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 58:131-143. [PMID: 29193163 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Esterases hydrolyze water soluble short chain fatty acids esters and are biotechnologically important. A strain of Aspergillus westerdijkiae isolated from cooking oil for recycling was found to secrete an esterase. The best enzyme production (19-24 U/ml of filtrate) culture conditions were stablished. The protein was purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis, and a chromatographic step in Sephacryl S-200 HR. The 32 kDa purified protein presented an optimal temperature of 40°C, with a T50 of 48.95°C, and an optimal pH of 8.0. KM and Vmax were 638.11 µM for p-NPB and 5.47 µmol of released p-NP · min-1 · µg-1 of protein, respectively. The purified enzyme was partially active in the presence of 25% acetone. PMSF inhibited the enzyme, indicating that it is a serine hydrolase. MS enzyme peptides sequences were used to find the protein in the A. westerdijkiae sequenced genome. A structure model demonstrated that the protein is a member of the a/ß -hydrolase fold superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto F Castro
- Department of Biochemistry, Maringá State University, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana B P Pinheiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Maringá State University, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Marco A S Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Maringá State University, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Clevenger KD, Bok JW, Ye R, Miley GP, Verdan MH, Velk T, Chen C, Yang K, Robey MT, Gao P, Lamprecht M, Thomas PM, Islam MN, Palmer JM, Wu CC, Keller NP, Kelleher NL. A scalable platform to identify fungal secondary metabolites and their gene clusters. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:895-901. [PMID: 28604695 PMCID: PMC5577364 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The genomes of filamentous fungi contain up to 90 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding diverse secondary metabolites-an enormous reservoir of untapped chemical potential. However, the recalcitrant genetics, cryptic expression, and unculturability of these fungi prevent scientists from systematically exploiting these gene clusters and harvesting their products. As heterologous expression of fungal BGCs is largely limited to the expression of single or partial clusters, we established a scalable process for the expression of large numbers of full-length gene clusters, called FAC-MS. Using fungal artificial chromosomes (FACs) and metabolomic scoring (MS), we screened 56 secondary metabolite BGCs from diverse fungal species for expression in Aspergillus nidulans. We discovered 15 new metabolites and assigned them with confidence to their BGCs. Using the FAC-MS platform, we extensively characterized a new macrolactone, valactamide A, and its hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase-polyketide synthase (NRPS-PKS). The ability to regularize access to fungal secondary metabolites at an unprecedented scale stands to revitalize drug discovery platforms with renewable sources of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Clevenger
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jin Woo Bok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rosa Ye
- Intact Genomics, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Galen P Miley
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Maria H Verdan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas Velk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - KaHoua Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthew T Robey
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Paul M Thomas
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Jonathan M Palmer
- Center for Forest Mycology Research, Northern Research Station, US Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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Park HS, Jun SC, Han KH, Hong SB, Yu JH. Diversity, Application, and Synthetic Biology of Industrially Important Aspergillus Fungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 100:161-202. [PMID: 28732553 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungal genus Aspergillus consists of over 340 officially recognized species. A handful of these Aspergillus fungi are predominantly used for food fermentation and large-scale production of enzymes, organic acids, and bioactive compounds. These industrially important Aspergilli primarily belong to the two major Aspergillus sections, Nigri and Flavi. Aspergillus oryzae (section Flavi) is the most commonly used mold for the fermentation of soybeans, rice, grains, and potatoes. Aspergillus niger (section Nigri) is used in the industrial production of various enzymes and organic acids, including 99% (1.4 million tons per year) of citric acid produced worldwide. Better understanding of the genomes and the signaling mechanisms of key Aspergillus species can help identify novel approaches to enhance these commercially significant strains. This review summarizes the diversity, current applications, key products, and synthetic biology of Aspergillus fungi commonly used in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Soo Park
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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Zhang J, Zhu L, Chen H, Li M, Zhu X, Gao Q, Wang D, Zhang Y. A Polyketide Synthase Encoded by the Gene An15g07920 Is Involved in the Biosynthesis of Ochratoxin A in Aspergillus niger. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9680-9688. [PMID: 27959549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The polyketide synthase gene An15g07920 was known in Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88 as putatively involved in the production of ochratoxin A (OTA). Genome resequencing analysis revealed that the gene An15g07920 is also present in the ochratoxin-producing A. niger strain 1062. Disruption of An15g07920 in A. niger 1062 removed its capacity to biosynthesize ochratoxin β (OTβ), ochratoxin α (OTα), and OTA. These results indicate that the polyketide synthase encoded by An15g07920 is a crucial player in the biosynthesis of OTA, in the pathway prior to the phenylalanine ligation step. The gene An15g07920 reached its maximum transcription level before OTA accumulation reached its highest level, confirming that gene transcription precedes OTA production. These findings will not only help explain the mechanism of OTA production in A. niger but also provide necessary information for the development of effective diagnostic, preventive, and control strategies to reduce the risk of OTA contamination in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin SF-Bio Industrial Bio-Tec Co., Ltd. , Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Liuyang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Depei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
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