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Katz TS, Harhay DM, Schmidt JW, Wheeler TL. Identifying a list of Salmonella serotypes of concern to target for reducing risk of salmonellosis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1307563. [PMID: 38410382 PMCID: PMC10894960 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1307563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness in the field of Salmonella epidemiology that focusing control efforts on those serotypes which cause severe human health outcomes, as opposed to broadly targeting all Salmonella, will likely lead to the greatest advances in decreasing the incidence of salmonellosis. Yet, little guidance exists to support validated, scientific selection of target serotypes. The goal of this perspective is to develop an approach to identifying serotypes of greater concern and present a case study using meat- and poultry-attributed outbreaks to examine challenges in developing a standardized framework for defining target serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatum S Katz
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Dayna M Harhay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
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2
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Abstract
This review is focused on describing and analyzing means by which Salmonella enterica serotype strains have been genetically modified with the purpose of developing safe, efficacious vaccines to present Salmonella-induced disease in poultry and to prevent Salmonella colonization of poultry to reduce transmission through the food chain in and on eggs and poultry meat. Emphasis is on use of recently developed means to generate defined deletion mutations to eliminate genetic sequences conferring antimicrobial resistance or residual elements that might lead to genetic instability. Problems associated with prior means to develop vaccines are discussed with presentation of various means by which these problems have been lessened, if not eliminated. Practical considerations are also discussed in hope of facilitating means to move lab-proven successful vaccination procedures and vaccine candidates to the marketplace to benefit the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Curtiss
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida,
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3
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Farhat M, Khayi S, Berrada J, Mouahid M, Ameur N, El-Adawy H, Fellahi S. Salmonella enterica Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in Poultry: Review of Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance, Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 13:23. [PMID: 38247582 PMCID: PMC10812584 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum (SG) has two distinct biovars, Pullorum and Gallinarum. They are bacterial pathogens that exhibit host specificity for poultry and aquatic birds, causing severe systemic diseases known as fowl typhoid (FT) and Pullorum disease (PD), respectively. The virulence mechanisms of biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum are multifactorial, involving a variety of genes and pathways that contribute to their pathogenicity. In addition, these serovars have developed resistance to various antimicrobial agents, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Due to their economic and public health significance, rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective control and prevention of these diseases. Conventional methods, such as bacterial culture and serological tests, have been used for screening and diagnosis. However, molecular-based methods are becoming increasingly important due to their rapidity, high sensitivity, and specificity, opening new horizons for the development of innovative approaches to control FT and PD. The aim of this review is to highlight the current state of knowledge on biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, emphasizing the importance of continued research into their pathogenesis, drug resistance and diagnosis to better understand and control these pathogens in poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouad Farhat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (M.F.); (J.B.)
| | - Slimane Khayi
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Ennasr, Rabat Principale, BP 415, Rabat 10090, Morocco;
| | - Jaouad Berrada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (M.F.); (J.B.)
| | | | - Najia Ameur
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, National Institute of Hygiene. Av. Ibn Batouta, 27, BP 769, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 35516, Egypt
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (M.F.); (J.B.)
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4
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Fenske GJ, Pouzou JG, Pouillot R, Taylor DD, Costard S, Zagmutt FJ. The genomic and epidemiological virulence patterns of Salmonella enterica serovars in the United States. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294624. [PMID: 38051743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The serovars of Salmonella enterica display dramatic differences in pathogenesis and host preferences. We developed a process (patent pending) for grouping Salmonella isolates and serovars by their public health risk. We collated a curated set of 12,337 S. enterica isolate genomes from human, beef, and bovine sources in the US. After annotating a virulence gene catalog for each isolate, we used unsupervised random forest methods to estimate the proximity (similarity) between isolates based upon the genomic presentation of putative virulence traits We then grouped isolates (virulence clusters) using hierarchical clustering (Ward's method), used non-parametric bootstrapping to assess cluster stability, and externally validated the clusters against epidemiological virulence measures from FoodNet, the National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS), and US federal sampling of beef products. We identified five stable virulence clusters of S. enterica serovars. Cluster 1 (higher virulence) serovars yielded an annual incidence rate of domestically acquired sporadic cases roughly one and a half times higher than the other four clusters combined (Clusters 2-5, lower virulence). Compared to other clusters, cluster 1 also had a higher proportion of infections leading to hospitalization and was implicated in more foodborne and beef-associated outbreaks, despite being isolated at a similar frequency from beef products as other clusters. We also identified subpopulations within 11 serovars. Remarkably, we found S. Infantis and S. Typhimurium subpopulations that significantly differed in genome length and clinical case presentation. Further, we found that the presence of the pESI plasmid accounted for the genome length differences between the S. Infantis subpopulations. Our results show that S. enterica strains associated with highest incidence of human infections share a common virulence repertoire. This work could be updated regularly and used in combination with foodborne surveillance information to prioritize serovars of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Fenske
- EpiX Analytics, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jane G Pouzou
- EpiX Analytics, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Régis Pouillot
- EpiX Analytics, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniel D Taylor
- EpiX Analytics, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Solenne Costard
- EpiX Analytics, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Worley MJ. Salmonella Bloodstream Infections. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:487. [PMID: 37999606 PMCID: PMC10675298 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8110487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen of both animals and humans. This bacterium is responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality world-wide. Different serovars of this genus cause diseases ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to a potentially fatal systemic disease known as enteric fever. Gastrointestinal infections with Salmonella are usually self-limiting and rarely require medical intervention. Bloodstream infections, on the other hand, are often fatal even with hospitalization. This review describes the routes and underlying mechanisms of the extraintestinal dissemination of Salmonella and the chronic infections that sometimes result. It includes information on the pathogenicity islands and individual virulence factors involved in systemic dissemination as well as a discussion of the host factors that mediate susceptibility. Also, the major outbreaks of invasive Salmonella disease in the tropics are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Petrin S, Wijnands L, Benincà E, Mughini-Gras L, Delfgou-van Asch EHM, Villa L, Orsini M, Losasso C, Olsen JE, Barco L. Assessing phenotypic virulence of Salmonella enterica across serovars and sources. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1184387. [PMID: 37346753 PMCID: PMC10279978 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1184387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly used for characterizing foodborne pathogens and it has become a standard typing technique for surveillance and research purposes. WGS data can help assessing microbial risks and defining risk mitigating strategies for foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella enterica. Methods To test the hypothesis that (combinations of) different genes can predict the probability of infection [P(inf)] given exposure to a certain pathogen strain, we determined P(inf) based on invasion potential of 87 S. enterica strains belonging to 15 serovars isolated from animals, foodstuffs and human patients, in an in vitro gastrointestinal tract (GIT) model system. These genomes were sequenced with WGS and screened for genes potentially involved in virulence. A random forest (RF) model was applied to assess whether P(inf) of a strain could be predicted based on the presence/absence of those genes. Moreover, the association between P(inf) and biofilm formation in different experimental conditions was assessed. Results and Discussion P(inf) values ranged from 6.7E-05 to 5.2E-01, showing variability both among and within serovars. P(inf) values also varied between isolation sources, but no unambiguous pattern was observed in the tested serovars. Interestingly, serovars causing the highest number of human infections did not show better ability to invade cells in the GIT model system, with strains belonging to other serovars displaying even higher infectivity. The RF model did not identify any virulence factor as significant P(inf) predictors. Significant associations of P(inf) with biofilm formation were found in all the different conditions for a limited number of serovars, indicating that the two phenotypes are governed by different mechanisms and that the ability to form biofilm does not correlate with the ability to invade epithelial cells. Other omics techniques therefore seem more promising as alternatives to identify genes associated with P(inf), and different hypotheses, such as gene expression rather than presence/absence, could be tested to explain phenotypic virulence [P(inf)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Petrin
- Microbial Ecology and Microrganisms Genomics Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lucas Wijnands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Elisa Benincà
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ellen H. M. Delfgou-van Asch
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Laura Villa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Orsini
- Microbial Ecology and Microrganisms Genomics Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Carmen Losasso
- Microbial Ecology and Microrganisms Genomics Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - John E. Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lisa Barco
- WHOA and National Reference Laboratory for Salmonellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Abstract
The major function of the mammalian immune system is to prevent and control infections caused by enteropathogens that collectively have altered human destiny. In fact, as the gastrointestinal tissues are the major interface of mammals with the environment, up to 70% of the human immune system is dedicated to patrolling them The defenses are multi-tiered and include the endogenous microflora that mediate colonization resistance as well as physical barriers intended to compartmentalize infections. The gastrointestinal tract and associated lymphoid tissue are also protected by sophisticated interleaved arrays of active innate and adaptive immune defenses. Remarkably, some bacterial enteropathogens have acquired an arsenal of virulence factors with which they neutralize all these formidable barriers to infection, causing disease ranging from mild self-limiting gastroenteritis to in some cases devastating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J. Worley
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA,CONTACT Micah J. Worley Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 139 Life Sciences Bldg, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Pavon RDN, Mendoza PDG, Flores CAR, Calayag AMB, Rivera WL. Genotypic virulence profiles and associations in Salmonella isolated from meat samples in wet markets and abattoirs of Metro Manila, Philippines. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:292. [PMID: 36474155 PMCID: PMC9724337 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella are pathogenic foodborne bacteria with complex pathogenicity from numerous virulence genes housed in Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), plasmids, and other gene cassettes. However, Salmonella virulence gene distributions and mechanisms remain unestablished. In the Philippines, studies mainly report Salmonella incidences and antimicrobial resistance, but little to none on virulence profiles, their associations to animal sources, collection sites and Salmonella serogroups. Hence, a total of 799 Salmonella isolates, previously obtained from pig, cow, and chicken meat samples in wet markets and abattoirs (wet markets: 124 chicken, 151 cow, and 352 pig meat isolates; abattoirs: 172 pig tonsil and jejunum isolates) in Metro Manila, Philippines, were revived and confirmed as Salmonella through invA gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Isolates were then screened for eight virulence genes, namely avrA, hilA, sseC, mgtC, spi4R, pipB, spvC and spvR, by optimized multiplex PCR and significant pair associations between virulence genes were determined through Fisher's exact test. Gene frequency patterns were also determined. Salmonella serogroups in addition to animal sources and location types were also used to predict virulence genes prevalence using binary logistic regression. RESULTS High frequencies (64 to 98%) of SPI virulence genes were detected among 799 Salmonella isolates namely mgtC, pipB, avrA, hilA, spi4R and sseC, from most to least. However, only one isolate was positive for plasmid-borne virulence genes, spvC and spvR. Diversity in virulence genes across Salmonella serogroups for 587 Salmonella isolates (O:3 = 250, O:4 = 133, O:6,7 = 99, O:8 = 93, O:9 = 12) was also demonstrated through statistical predictions, particularly for avrA, hilA, sseC, and mgtC. mgtC, the most frequent virulence gene, was predicted by serogroup O:9, while sseC, the least frequent, was predicted by serogroup O:4 and chicken animal source. The highest virulence gene pattern involved SPIs 1-5 genes which suggests the wide distribution and high pathogenic potential of Salmonella. Statistical analyses showed five virulence gene pair associations, namely avrA and hilA, avrA and spi4R, hilA and spi4R, sseC and spi4R, and mgtC and pipB. The animal sources predicted the presence of virulence genes, sseC and pipB, whereas location type for hilA and spi4R, suggesting that these factors may contribute to the type and pathogenicity of Salmonella present. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of virulence genes among Salmonella in the study suggests the high pathogenic potential of Salmonella from abattoirs and wet markets of Metro Manila, Philippines which poses food safety and public health concerns and threatens the Philippine food animal industry. Statistical associations between virulence genes and prediction analyses across Salmonella serogroups and external factors such as animal source and location type and presence of virulence genes suggest the diversity of Salmonella virulence and illustrate determining factors to Salmonella pathogenicity. This study recommends relevant agencies in the Philippines to improve standards in food animal industries and increase efforts in monitoring of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rance Derrick N. Pavon
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
| | - Paolo D. G. Mendoza
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
| | - Camille Andrea R. Flores
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
| | - Alyzza Marie B. Calayag
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
| | - Windell L. Rivera
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
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Shikov AE, Belousova ME, Belousov MV, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Salmonella-Based Biorodenticides: Past Applications and Current Contradictions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314595. [PMID: 36498920 PMCID: PMC9736839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea of using pathogens to control pests has existed since the end of the 19th century. Enterobacteria from the genus Salmonella, discovered at that time, are the causative agents of many serious diseases in mammals often leading to death. Mostly, the strains of Salmonella are able to infect a wide spectrum of hosts belonging to vertebrates, but some of them show host restriction. Several strains of these bacteria have been used as biorodenticides due to the host restriction until they were banned in many countries in the second part of the 20th century. The main reason for the ban was their potential pathogenicity for some domestic animals and poultry and the outbreaks of gastroenteritis in humans. Since that time, a lot of data regarding the host specificity and host restriction of different strains of Salmonella have been accumulated, and the complexity of the molecular mechanisms affecting it has been uncovered. In this review, we summarize the data regarding the history of studying and application of Salmonella-based rodenticides, discuss molecular systems controlling the specificity of Salmonella interactions within its multicellular hosts at different stages of infection, and attempt to reconstruct the network of genes and their allelic variants which might affect the host-restriction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton E. Shikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Maria E. Belousova
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Belousov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Anton A. Nizhnikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Antonets
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Correspondence:
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10
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Silva SMDA, Ramos BA, Sá RAQCDE, Silva MVDA, Correia MTS, Oliveira MBMDE. Investigation of factors related to biofilm formation in Providencia stuartii. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210765. [PMID: 36074405 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220210765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Providencia stuartii is one of the Enterobacteriaceae species of medical importance commonly associated with urinary infections, which can also cause other ones, including uncommon ones, such as liver abscess and septic vasculitis. This bacterium stands out in the expression of intrinsic and acquired resistance to antimicrobials. Besides, it uses mechanisms such as biofilm for its persistence in biotic and abiotic environments. This study investigated the cellular hydrophobicity profile of clinical isolates of P. stuartii. It also analyzed genes related to the fimbrial adhesin in this species comparing with other reports described for other bacteria from Enterobacteriaceae family. The investigated isolates to form biofilm and had a practically hydrophilic cell surface profile. However, fimH and mrkD genes were not found in P. stuartii, unlike observed in other species of Enterobacteriaceae. These results show that P. stuartii has specificities regarding its potential for biofilm formation, which makes it difficult to destabilize the infectious process and increases the permanence of this pathogen in hospital units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivoneide M DA Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bárbara A Ramos
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Q C DE Sá
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Márcia V DA Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria T S Correia
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria B M DE Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
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11
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Application of a High-Throughput Targeted Sequence AmpliSeq Procedure to Assess the Presence and Variants of Virulence Genes in Salmonella. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020369. [PMID: 35208824 PMCID: PMC8879106 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a targeted, amplicon-based next-generation sequencing method to detect and analyze 227 virulence genes (VG) of Salmonella (AmpliSeqSalm_227VG) for assessing the pathogenicity potential of Salmonella. The procedure was developed using 80 reference genomes representing 75 epidemiologically-relevant serovars associated with human salmonellosis. We applied the AmpliSeqSalm_227VG assay to (a) 35 previously characterized field strains of Salmonella consisting of serovars commonly incriminated in foodborne illnesses and (b) 34 Salmonella strains with undisclosed serological or virulence attributes, and were able to divide Salmonella VGs into two groups: core VGs and variable VGs. The commonest serovars causing foodborne illnesses such as Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Heidelberg and Newport had a high number of VGs (217–227). In contrast, serovars of subspecies not commonly associated with human illnesses, such as houtenae, arizonae and salame, tended to have fewer VGs (177–195). Variable VGs were not only infrequent but, when present, displayed considerable sequence variation: safC, sseL, sseD, sseE, ssaK and stdB showed the highest variation and were linked to strain pathogenicity. In a chicken infection model, VGs belonging to rfb and sse operons showed differences and were linked with pathogenicity. The high-throughput, targeted NGS-based AmpliSeqSalm_227VG procedure provided previously unknown information about variation in select virulence genes that can now be applied to a much larger population of Salmonella for evaluating pathogenicity of various serovars of Salmonella and for risk assessment of foodborne salmonellosis.
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12
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Karanth S, Tanui CK, Meng J, Pradhan AK. Exploring the predictive capability of advanced machine learning in identifying severe disease phenotype in Salmonella enterica. Food Res Int 2022; 151:110817. [PMID: 34980422 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The past few years have seen a significant increase in availability of whole genome sequencing information, allowing for its incorporation in predictive modeling for foodborne pathogens to account for inter- and intra-species differences in their virulence. However, this is hindered by the inability of traditional statistical methods to analyze such large amounts of data compared to the number of observations/isolates. In this study, we have explored the applicability of machine learning (ML) models to predict the disease outcome, while identifying features that exert a significant effect on the prediction. This study was conducted on Salmonella enterica, a major foodborne pathogen with considerable inter- and intra-serovar variation. WGS of isolates obtained from various sources (i.e., human, chicken, and swine) were used as input in four machine learning models (logistic regression with ridge, random forest, support vector machine, and AdaBoost) to classify isolates based on disease severity (extraintestinal vs. gastrointestinal) in the host. The predictive performances of all models were tested with and without Elastic Net regularization to combat dimensionality issues. Elastic Net-regularized logistic regression model showed the best area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC; 0.86) and outcome prediction accuracy (0.76). Additionally, genes coding for transcriptional regulation, acidic, oxidative, and anaerobic stress response, and antibiotic resistance were found to be significant predictors of disease severity. These genes, which were significantly associated with each outcome, could possibly be input in amended, gene-expression-specific predictive models to estimate virulence pattern-specific effect of Salmonella and other foodborne pathogens on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Karanth
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Collins K Tanui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Jianghong Meng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Abani K Pradhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Herod A, Emond-Rheault JG, Tamber S, Goodridge L, Lévesque RC, Rohde J. Genomic and phenotypic analysis of SspH1 identifies a new Salmonella effector, SspH3. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:770-789. [PMID: 34942035 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen and is responsible for a range of diseases. Not all Salmonella contribute to severe health outcomes as there is a large degree of genetic heterogeneity among the 2600 serovars within the genus. This variability across Salmonella serovars is linked to numerous genetic elements that dictate virulence. While several genetic elements encode virulence factors with well documented contributions to pathogenesis, many genetic elements implicated in Salmonella virulence remain uncharacterized. Many pathogens encode a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases that are delivered into the cells that they infect using a Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS). These effectors, known as NEL-domain E3s, were first characterized in Salmonella. Most Salmonella encode the NEL-effectors sspH2 and slrP, whereas only a subset of Salmonella encode sspH1. SspH1 has been shown to ubiquitinate the mammalian protein kinase PKN1, which has been reported to negatively regulate the pro-survival program Akt. We discovered that SspH1 mediates the degradation of PKN1 during infection of a macrophage cell line but that this degradation does not impact Akt signaling. Genomic analysis of a large collection of Salmonella genomes identified a putative new gene, sspH3, with homology to sspH1. SspH3 is a novel NEL-domain effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Herod
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University Halifax, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | | | - Sandeep Tamber
- Microbiology Research Division, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lawrence Goodridge
- Food Science Department, University of Guelph, East Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Roger C Lévesque
- Institute for Integrative and Systems Biology, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - John Rohde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University Halifax, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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14
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Brown EW, Bell R, Zhang G, Timme R, Zheng J, Hammack TS, Allard MW. Salmonella Genomics in Public Health and Food Safety. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00082020. [PMID: 34125583 PMCID: PMC11163839 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0008-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The species Salmonella enterica comprises over 2,600 serovars, many of which are known to be intracellular pathogens of mammals, birds, and reptiles. It is now apparent that Salmonella is a highly adapted environmental microbe and can readily persist in a number of environmental niches, including water, soil, and various plant (including produce) species. Much of what is known about the evolution and diversity of nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars (NTS) in the environment is the result of the rise of the genomics era in enteric microbiology. There are over 340,000 Salmonella genomes available in public databases. This extraordinary breadth of genomic diversity now available for the species, coupled with widespread availability and affordability of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) instrumentation, has transformed the way in which we detect, differentiate, and characterize Salmonella enterica strains in a timely way. Not only have WGS data afforded a detailed and global examination of the molecular epidemiological movement of Salmonella from diverse environmental reservoirs into human and animal hosts, but they have also allowed considerable consolidation of the diagnostic effort required to test for various phenotypes important to the characterization of Salmonella. For example, drug resistance, serovar, virulence determinants, and other genome-based attributes can all be discerned using a genome sequence. Finally, genomic analysis, in conjunction with functional and phenotypic approaches, is beginning to provide new insights into the precise adaptive changes that permit persistence of NTS in so many diverse and challenging environmental niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Bell
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth Timme
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas S. Hammack
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc W. Allard
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
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15
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Sequence Variability of pXO1-Located Pathogenicity Genes of Bacillus anthracis Natural Strains of Different Geographic Origin. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121556. [PMID: 34959512 PMCID: PMC8703917 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main pathogenic factor of Bacillus anthracis is a three-component toxin encoded by the pagA, lef, and cya genes, which are located on the pXO1 plasmid. The atxA gene, which encodes the primary regulator of pathogenicity factor expression, is located on the same plasmid. In this work, we evaluated the polymorphism of the pagA, lef, cya, and atxA genes for 85 B. anthracis strains from different evolutionary lineages and canSNP groups. We have found a strong correlation of 19 genotypes with the main evolutionary lineages, but the correlation with the canSNP group of the strain was not as strong. We have detected several genetic markers indicating the geographical origin of the strains, for example, their source from the steppe zone of the former USSR. We also found that strains of the B.Br.001/002 group caused an anthrax epidemic in Russia in 2016 and strains isolated during paleontological excavations in the Russian Arctic have the same genotype as the strains of the B.Br.CNEVA group circulating in Central Europe. This data could testify in favor of the genetic relationship of these two groups of strains and hypothesize the ways of distribution of their ancestral forms between Europe and the Arctic.
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16
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Stevens MP, Kingsley RA. Salmonella pathogenesis and host-adaptation in farmed animals. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 63:52-58. [PMID: 34175673 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is an animal and zoonotic pathogen of global importance. Depending on pathogen and host factors, infections can be asymptomatic or involve acute gastroenteritis or invasive disease. Genomic signatures associated with host-range, tissue tropism or differential virulence of Salmonella enterica serovars, and their variants, have emerged. In turn, it is becoming feasible to predict invasive potential, host-adaptation and zoonotic risk of Salmonella from sequence data to improve outbreak investigation, risk assessment and control strategies. Functional annotation of Salmonella genomes has accelerated with the screening of high-density mutant libraries, revealing host-specific, niche-specific and serovar-specific virulence factors. As natural hosts and reservoirs, farmed animals provide powerful insights into host-adaptation and pathogenesis of Salmonella not always evident from surrogate rodent or cell-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert A Kingsley
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UQ, United Kingdom; School of Biological Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7EA, United Kingdom.
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17
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Barilleau E, Védrine M, Koczerka M, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Kempf F, Grépinet O, Virlogeux-Payant I, Velge P, Wiedemann A. Investigation of the invasion mechanism mediated by the outer membrane protein PagN of Salmonella Typhimurium. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:153. [PMID: 34020586 PMCID: PMC8140442 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella can invade host cells via a type three secretion system called T3SS-1 and its outer membrane proteins, PagN and Rck. However, the mechanism of PagN-dependent invasion pathway used by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium remains unclear. RESULTS Here, we report that PagN is well conserved and widely distributed among the different species and subspecies of Salmonella. We showed that PagN of S. Typhimurium was sufficient and necessary to enable non-invasive E. coli over-expressing PagN and PagN-coated beads to bind to and invade different non-phagocytic cells. According to the literature, PagN is likely to interact with heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) as PagN-mediated invasion could be inhibited by heparin treatment in a dose-dependent manner. This report shows that this interaction is not sufficient to allow the internalization mechanism. Investigation of the role of β1 integrin as co-receptor showed that mouse embryo fibroblasts genetically deficient in β1 integrin were less permissive to PagN-mediated internalization. Moreover, PagN-mediated internalization was fully inhibited in glycosylation-deficient pgsA-745 cells treated with anti-β1 integrin antibody, supporting the hypothesis that β1 integrin and HSPG cooperate to induce the PagN-mediated internalization mechanism. In addition, use of specific inhibitors and expression of dominant-negative derivatives demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation and class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase were crucial to trigger PagN-dependent internalization, as for the Rck internalization mechanism. Finally, scanning electron microscopy with infected cells showed microvillus-like extensions characteristic of Zipper-like structure, engulfing PagN-coated beads and E. coli expressing PagN, as observed during Rck-mediated internalization. CONCLUSIONS Our results supply new comprehensions into T3SS-1-independent invasion mechanisms of S. Typhimurium and highly indicate that PagN induces a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway, leading to a Zipper-like entry mechanism as the Salmonella outer membrane protein Rck.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mégane Védrine
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France.,Present Address: Service Biologie Vétérinaire et Santé Animale, Inovalys, Angers, France
| | | | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Florent Kempf
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Velge
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Agnès Wiedemann
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France. .,Present Address: IRSD - Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université́ de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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18
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Abstract
A balanced gut microbiota contributes to health, but the mechanisms maintaining homeostasis remain elusive. Microbiota assembly during infancy is governed by competition between species and by environmental factors, termed habitat filters, that determine the range of successful traits within the microbial community. These habitat filters include the diet, host-derived resources, and microbiota-derived metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids. Once the microbiota has matured, competition and habitat filtering prevent engraftment of new microbes, thereby providing protection against opportunistic infections. Competition with endogenous Enterobacterales, habitat filtering by short-chain fatty acids, and a host-derived habitat filter, epithelial hypoxia, also contribute to colonization resistance against Salmonella serovars. However, at a high challenge dose, these frank pathogens can overcome colonization resistance by using their virulence factors to trigger intestinal inflammation. In turn, inflammation increases the luminal availability of host-derived resources, such as oxygen, nitrate, tetrathionate, and lactate, thereby creating a state of abnormal habitat filtering that enables the pathogen to overcome growth inhibition by short-chain fatty acids. Thus, studying the process of ecosystem invasion by Salmonella serovars clarifies that colonization resistance can become weakened by disrupting host-mediated habitat filtering. This insight is relevant for understanding how inflammation triggers dysbiosis linked to noncommunicable diseases, conditions in which endogenous Enterobacterales expand in the fecal microbiota using some of the same growth-limiting resources required by Salmonella serovars for ecosystem invasion. In essence, ecosystem invasion by Salmonella serovars suggests that homeostasis and dysbiosis simply represent states where competition and habitat filtering are normal or abnormal, respectively.
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Kim K, Yoon S, Kim YB, Lee YJ. Virulence Variation of Salmonella Gallinarum Isolates through SpvB by CRISPR Sequence Subtyping, 2014 to 2018. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122346. [PMID: 33317043 PMCID: PMC7763567 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Salmonella Gallinarum causes fowl typhoid in all ages of chickens, which results in economic loss of commercial chicken farms. The disease has been eradicated in many developed countries, but is still prevalent in Korea. In this study, we investigated virulence and genetic variation of S. Gallinarum from Korea, between 2014 and 2018. The results indicated that virulence was increased, which was associated with genetic change over time. Therefore, surveillance of genetic change associated with virulence increase is necessary for monitoring of S. Gallinarum isolates for dissemination. Abstract Salmonella Gallinarum is a Gram-negative bacteria that causes fowl typhoid, a septicemic disease with high morbidity and mortality that affects all ages of chickens. Although vaccines and antimicrobials have been used nationwide to eradicate the disease, the malady is still prevalent in Korea. In this study, we investigated the virulence and genetic variation of 116 S. Gallinarum isolates from laying hens between 2014 and 2018. A total of 116 isolates were divided into five Gallinarum Sequence Types (GST) through clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) subtyping method. The GSTs displayed changes over time. The 116 isolates showed no difference in virulence gene distribution, but the polyproline linker (PPL) length of the SpvB, one of the virulence factors of Salmonella spp., served as an indicator of S. Gallinarum pathogenicity. The most prevalent PPL length was 22 prolines (37.9%). The shortest PPL length (19 prolines) was found only in isolates from 2014 and 2015. However, the longest PPL length of 24 prolines appeared in 2018. This study indicates that PPLs of S. Gallinarum in Korea tend to lengthen over time, so the pathogenic potency of the bacteria is increasing. Moreover, the transition of GST was associated with PPL length extension over time. These results indicate that surveillance of changing GST and PPL length are necessary in the monitoring of S. Gallinarum isolates.
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20
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Fei X, Li Q, Olsen JE, Jiao X. A bioinformatic approach to identify core genome difference between Salmonella Pullorum and Salmonella Enteritidis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104446. [PMID: 32622081 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
S. Pullorum and S. Enteritidis are closely related in genetic terms, but they show very different pathogenicity and host range. S. Enteritidis infects many different hosts, usually causing acute gastroenteritis, while S. Pullorum is restricted to avian, where it causes systemic disease in young animals. The reason why they differ in host range and pathogenicity is unknown. The core-genome denotes those genes that are present in all strains within a clade, and in the present work, an automated bioinformatics workflow was developed and applied to identify core-genome differences between these two serovars with the aim to identify genome features associated with host specificity of S. Pullorum. Results showed that S. Pullorum unique coding sequences (CDS) were mainly concentrated in three regions not present in S. Enteritidis, suggesting that such CDS were taken up probably during the separation of the two types from their common ancestor. One of the unique regions encoded Pathogenicity Islands 19 (SPI-19), which encodes a type VI secretion system (T6SS). Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis identified 1791 conserved SNPs in coding sequences between the two serovars, including several SNPs located in a type IV secretion system (T4SS). Analyzing of 100 bp regions upstream of coding sequences identified 443 conserved SNPs between the two serovars, including SNP variations in type III secretion system effector (T3SE). In conclusion, this analysis has identified genetic features encoding putative factors controlling host-specificity in S. Pullorum. The novel bioinformatic workflow and associated scripts can directly be applied to other bacteria to uncover the genome difference between clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fei
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China; Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qiuchun Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agri-food Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, China.
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21
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Gao R, Wang L, Ogunremi D. Virulence Determinants of Non-typhoidal Salmonellae. Microorganisms 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Rakov AV, Kuznetsova NA, Yakovlev AA. Genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis in the Siberia and Far East of Russia based on plasmid profiles. AIMS Microbiol 2020; 6:106-120. [PMID: 32617444 PMCID: PMC7326731 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2020007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, in the literature review we presents the molecular genetic structure of Salmonella Enteritidis populations in Russia, and particularly, in Siberia and the Far East of the country. Pathogen population in Russia has been compared with Salmonella populations circulating in different countries of the world. It has been shown that the microbial population is heterogeneous, but it is possible to identify the dominant and main genotypes, which determine up to 90% of the total population morbidity. The data were obtained as a result of a 30-year monitoring (1988 to 2018) by studying the microbial plasmid profiles. It was shown that the same S. Enteritidis clones circulate throughout Russia, however, their significance in the population morbidity may vary depending on geographic and temporal characteristics. Population is characterized by heterogeneity and relative stability of the plasmid types' structure. At the same time, the population is also specified by variability, reflected as a simple change of the annual number of constantly detected plasmid types, and the appearance of new ones that can play a significant role in the etiology of Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Rakov
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Ecology of Pathogenic Bacteria, Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, Russia
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23
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Wu Y, Hu Q, Dehinwal R, Rakov AV, Grams N, Clemens EC, Hofmann J, Okeke IN, Schifferli DM. The Not so Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Differential Bacterial Adhesion and Invasion Mediated by Salmonella PagN Allelic Variants. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040489. [PMID: 32235448 PMCID: PMC7232170 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While advances in genomic sequencing have highlighted significant strain variability between and within Salmonella serovars, only a few protein variants have been directly related to evolutionary adaptation for survival, such as host specificity or differential virulence. The current study investigated whether allelic variation of the Salmonella adhesin/invasin PagN influences bacterial interaction with their receptors. The Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) allelic variant of PagN was found to bind significantly better to different enterocytes as well as to the extracellular matrix protein laminin than did the major Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) allele. The two alleles differed at amino acid residues 49 and 109 in two of the four predicted PagN surface loops, and residue substitution analysis revealed that a glutamic acid at residue 49 increased the adhesive and invasive properties of S. Typhi PagN. PagN sequence comparisons from 542 Salmonella strains for six representative S. enterica serovars and S. diarizonae further supported the role of glutamic acid at residues 49 and 109 in optimizing adhesion to cells and laminin, as well as for cell invasion. In summary, this study characterized unique residues in allelic variants of a virulence factor that participates in the colonization and invasive properties of different Salmonella stains, subspecies and serovars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wu
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (Y.W.); (R.D.); (A.V.R.); (N.G.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Qiaoyun Hu
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (Y.W.); (R.D.); (A.V.R.); (N.G.)
| | - Ruchika Dehinwal
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (Y.W.); (R.D.); (A.V.R.); (N.G.)
| | - Alexey V. Rakov
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (Y.W.); (R.D.); (A.V.R.); (N.G.)
| | - Nicholas Grams
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (Y.W.); (R.D.); (A.V.R.); (N.G.)
| | - Erin C. Clemens
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041, USA; (E.C.C.); (J.H.); (I.N.O.)
| | - Jennifer Hofmann
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041, USA; (E.C.C.); (J.H.); (I.N.O.)
| | - Iruka N. Okeke
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041, USA; (E.C.C.); (J.H.); (I.N.O.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Dieter M. Schifferli
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (Y.W.); (R.D.); (A.V.R.); (N.G.)
- Correspondence:
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