1
|
Biswas T, Vogel H, Biedermann PHW, Lehenberger M, Yuvaraj JK, Andersson MN. Few chemoreceptor genes in the ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum may reflect its specialized ecology. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:764. [PMID: 39107741 PMCID: PMC11302349 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoreception is crucial for insect fitness, underlying for instance food-, host-, and mate finding. Chemicals in the environment are detected by receptors from three divergent gene families: odorant receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs), and ionotropic receptors (IRs). However, how the chemoreceptor gene families evolve in parallel with ecological specializations remains poorly understood, especially in the order Coleoptera. Hence, we sequenced the genome and annotated the chemoreceptor genes of the specialised ambrosia beetle Trypodendron lineatum (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) and compared its chemoreceptor gene repertoires with those of other scolytines with different ecological adaptations, as well as a polyphagous cerambycid species. RESULTS We identified 67 ORs, 38 GRs, and 44 IRs in T. lineatum ('Tlin'). Across gene families, T. lineatum has fewer chemoreceptors compared to related scolytines, the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei and the mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae, and clearly fewer receptors than the polyphagous cerambycid Anoplophora glabripennis. The comparatively low number of chemoreceptors is largely explained by the scarcity of large receptor lineage radiations, especially among the bitter taste GRs and the 'divergent' IRs, and the absence of alternatively spliced GR genes. Only one non-fructose sugar receptor was found, suggesting several sugar receptors have been lost. Also, we found no orthologue in the 'GR215 clade', which is widely conserved across Coleoptera. Two TlinORs are orthologous to ORs that are functionally conserved across curculionids, responding to 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) and green leaf volatiles (GLVs), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Trypodendron lineatum reproduces inside the xylem of decaying conifers where it feeds on its obligate fungal mutualist Phialophoropsis ferruginea. Like previous studies, our results suggest that stenophagy correlates with small chemoreceptor numbers in wood-boring beetles; indeed, the few GRs may be due to its restricted fungal diet. The presence of TlinORs orthologous to those detecting 2-PE and GLVs in other species suggests these compounds are important for T. lineatum. Future functional studies should test this prediction, and chemoreceptor annotations should be conducted on additional ambrosia beetle species to investigate whether few chemoreceptors is a general trait in this specialized group of beetles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Biswas
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter H W Biedermann
- Chair of Forest Entomology and Protection, University of Freiburg, Stegen-Wittental, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin N Andersson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumaran N, Raghu S. Can genomic signatures guide the selection of host-specific agents for weed biological control? Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13760. [PMID: 39027688 PMCID: PMC11254579 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological control of weeds involves deliberate introduction of host-specific natural enemies into invaded range to reduce the negative impacts of invasive species. Assessing the specificity is a crucial step, as introduction of generalist natural enemies into a new territory may pose risks to the recipient communities. A mechanistic understanding of host use can provide valuable insights for the selection of specialist natural enemies, bolster confidence in non-target risk assessment and potentially accelerate the host specificity testing process in biological control. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of studies on the genomics of host specialization with a view to examine if genomic signatures can help predict host specificity in insects. Focusing on phytophagous Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera, we compared chemosensory receptors and enzymes between "specialist" (insects with narrow host range) and "generalist" (insects with wide host range) insects. The availability of genomic data for biological control agents (natural enemies of weeds) is limited thus our analyses utilized data from pest insects and model organisms for which genomic data are available. Our findings revealed that specialists generally exhibit a lower number of chemosensory receptors and enzymes compared with their generalist counterparts. This pattern was more prominent in Coleoptera and Diptera relative to Lepidoptera. This information can be used to reject agents with large gene repertoires to potentially accelerate the risk assessment process. Similarly, confirming smaller gene repertoires in specialists could further strengthen the risk evaluation. Despite the distinctive signatures between specialists and generalists, challenges such as finite genomic data for biological control agents, ad hoc comparisons, and fewer comparative studies among congeners limit our ability to use genomic signatures to predict host specificity. A few studies have empirically compared phylogenetically closely related species, enhancing the resolution and the predictive power of genomics signatures thus suggesting the need for more targeted studies comparing congeneric specialists and generalists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagalingam Kumaran
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Health and BiosecurityBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - S. Raghu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Health and BiosecurityBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang M, Li L, Zhang X. Identification of chemosensory genes and antennal sensilla in Nassophasis sp. (Coleoptera: Rhynchophorinae). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 52:101283. [PMID: 38972180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Phytophagous insects rely on plant volatiles to select and locate hosts for feeding or reproduction and their olfactory system is essential for detecting plant volatiles. The stem-boring pest, Nassophasis sp. damages Dendrobium and causes economic losses. Currently, there are no effective methods for its control. However, understanding the morphological and molecular basis of its olfactory system may identify new pathways for their management and control. In this study, we observed the stemborer's antennal sensilla using scanning electron microscopy, and transcriptome sequencing was undertaken to annotate and analyze its chemosensory genes. Results showed that the antennal morphology is similar between males and females, with five types of antennal sensilla observed: sensilla chaetica (SC), sensilla trichodea (ST), sensilla brush (SB), sensilla basiconica (SBA) and sensilla gemmiformium (SG). Sexual dimorphism was not observed in sensilla type, but in the length of SBA and SG. A total of 70 olfactory-related genes were annotated, including 16 odorant binding proteins (OBP), 5 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 26 olfactory receptors (ORs), 9 gustatory receptors (GRs), 10 ionotropic receptors (IRs), and 4 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). Most genes were highly expressed and 14 of these genes were only expressed in the head, and 7 genes in the abdomen. This study provides a theoretical basis for the olfactory perception of Nassophasis sp. and a scientific basis for developing new pest control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Ximin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China; Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountain Area of Southwest of China, School of Life Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang ZX, Wang PF, Shen D, Yin NN, Zhao YJ, Liu NY. Candidate membrane protein gene families related to chemoreception in a wood-boring beetle, Pharsalia antennata Gahan (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 50:101239. [PMID: 38723431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
The longhorned beetles are key players for the maintenance of biodiversity in the terrestrial ecosystem. As xylophagous cerambycid insects in Coleoptera, the beetles have evolved specialized olfactory and gustatory systems to recognize chemical cues in the surrounding habitats. Despite over 36,000 described species in the Cerambycidae family including a wood-boring pest Pharsalia antennata, only a limited number of them (<1 %) have been characterized regarding their chemical ecology at the molecular level. Here, we surveyed four membrane protein gene families in P. antennata related to chemoreception through transcriptomics, phylogenetics and expression profiling analyses. In total, 144 genes encoding 72 odorant receptors (ORs), 33 gustatory receptors (GRs), 23 ionotropic receptors (IRs), four sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) and 12 ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) were harvested from the transcriptome of multiple tissues including antennae and legs of both sexes. The lineage-specific expansion of PantORs possibly implied a diverse range of host plants in this beetle, supporting this correlation between the host range and olfactory receptor repertoire sizes across cerambycid species. Further phylogenetic analysis revealed that Group 2 was contributed mainly to the large OR gene repertoire in P. antennata, representing 18 genes in Group 2A and eight in Group 2B. On the other hand, some key chemosensory genes were identified by applying a phylogenetics approach, such as PantOR21 close to the 2-phenylethanol receptor in Megacyllene caryae, three carbon dioxide GRs and seven Antennal IRs (A-IRs) clades. We also determined sex- and tissue-specific expression profiles of 69 chemosensory genes, revealing the high expression of most PantORs in antennae. Noticeably, 10 sex-biased genes (six PantORs, three PantIRs and PantSNMP1a) were presented in antennae, five sex-biased PantGRs in legs and 39 sex-biased genes (15 PantORs, 13 PantGRs, eight PantIRs and three PantSNMPs) in abdomens. These findings have greatly enhanced our knowledge about the chemical ecology of P. antennata and identify candidate molecular targets for mediating smell and taste of this beetle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Peng-Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Ning-Na Yin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Nai-Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Balart-García P, Bradford TM, Beasley-Hall PG, Polak S, Cooper SJB, Fernández R. Highly dynamic evolution of the chemosensory system driven by gene gain and loss across subterranean beetles. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 194:108027. [PMID: 38365165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Chemical cues in subterranean habitats differ highly from those on the surface due to the contrasting environmental conditions, such as absolute darkness, high humidity or food scarcity. Subterranean animals underwent changes to their sensory systems to facilitate the perception of essential stimuli for underground lifestyles. Despite representing unique systems to understand biological adaptation, the genomic basis of chemosensation across cave-dwelling species remains unexplored from a macroevolutionary perspective. Here, we explore the evolution of chemoreception in three beetle tribes that underwent at least six independent transitions to the underground, through a phylogenomics spyglass. Our findings suggest that the chemosensory gene repertoire varies dramatically between species. Overall, no parallel changes in the net rate of evolution of chemosensory gene families were detected prior, during, or after the habitat shift among subterranean lineages. Contrarily, we found evidence of lineage-specific changes within surface and subterranean lineages. However, our results reveal key duplications and losses shared between some of the lineages transitioning to the underground, including the loss of sugar receptors and gene duplications of the highly conserved ionotropic receptors IR25a and IR8a, involved in thermal and humidity sensing among other olfactory roles in insects. These duplications were detected both in independent subterranean lineages and their surface relatives, suggesting parallel evolution of these genes across lineages giving rise to cave-dwelling species. Overall, our results shed light on the genomic basis of chemoreception in subterranean beetles and contribute to our understanding of the genomic underpinnings of adaptation to the subterranean lifestyle at a macroevolutionary scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Balart-García
- Metazoa Phylogenomics Lab, Biodiversity Program, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tessa M Bradford
- Environment Institute, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia; South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Perry G Beasley-Hall
- Environment Institute, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia; South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Slavko Polak
- Notranjska Museum Postojna, Kolodvorska c. 3, 6230 Postojna, Slovenia
| | - Steven J B Cooper
- Environment Institute, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia; South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Rosa Fernández
- Metazoa Phylogenomics Lab, Biodiversity Program, Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cucini C, Boschi S, Funari R, Cardaioli E, Iannotti N, Marturano G, Paoli F, Bruttini M, Carapelli A, Frati F, Nardi F. De novo assembly and annotation of Popillia japonica's genome with initial clues to its potential as an invasive pest. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:275. [PMID: 38475721 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of Popillia japonica in non-native areas (USA, Canada, the Azores islands, Italy and Switzerland) poses a significant threat to agriculture and horticulture, as well as to endemic floral biodiversity, entailing that appropriate control measures must be taken to reduce its density and limit its further spread. In this context, the availability of a high quality genomic sequence for the species is liable to foster basic research on the ecology and evolution of the species, as well as on possible biotechnologically-oriented and genetically-informed control measures. RESULTS The genomic sequence presented and described here is an improvement with respect to the available draft sequence in terms of completeness and contiguity, and includes structural and functional annotations. A comparative analysis of gene families of interest, related to the species ecology and potential for polyphagy and adaptability, revealed a contraction of gustatory receptor genes and a paralogous expansion of some subgroups/subfamilies of odorant receptors, ionotropic receptors and cytochrome P450s. CONCLUSIONS The new genomic sequence as well as the comparative analyses data may provide a clue to explain the staggering invasive potential of the species and may serve to identify targets for potential biotechnological applications aimed at its control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cucini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Sara Boschi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Rebecca Funari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Cardaioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola Iannotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Paoli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis (CREA), Florence, Italy
| | - Mirella Bruttini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Medical Biotech Hub and Competence Centre, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Carapelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Frati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Nardi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lu TT, Yin NN, Yang AJ, Yao YJ, Li ZQ, Liu NY. Comparative transcriptomics reveals the conservation and divergence of reproductive genes across three sympatric Tomicus bark beetles. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 49:101168. [PMID: 38061252 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Three tree-killing bark beetles belonging to the genus Tomicus, Tomicus yunnanensis, Tomicus brevipilosus and Tomicus minor (Coleoptera; Curculionidae, Scolytinae), are serious wood-borers with larvae feeding on the phloem tissues of Pinus yunnanensis. The three Tomicus beetles, in some cases, coexist in a same habitat, providing a best system for exploring the conservation and divergence of reproductive genes. Here, we applied comparative transcriptomics and molecular biology approaches to characterize reproductive-related genes in three sympatric Tomicus species. Illumina sequencing of female and male reproductive systems and residual bodies generated a large number of clean reads, representing 185,920,232 sequences in T. yunnanensis, 169,153,404 in T. brevipilosus and 178,493,176 in T. minor that were assembled into 32,802, 56,912 and 33,670 unigenes, respectively. The majority of the genes had detectable expression in reproductive tissues (FPKM >1), particularly those genes in T. brevipilosus accounting for 76.61 % of the total genes. From the transcriptomes, totally 838 genes encoding 463 detoxification enzymes, 339 chemosensory membrane proteins and 36 ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) were identified, including 622 reproductive tissue-expressed genes. Of these, members of carboxylesterases (COEs), ionotropic receptors (IRs), sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) and iGluRs were highly conserved in gene numbers and sequence identities across three Tomicus species. Further, expression profiling analyses revealed a number of genes expressed in reproductive tissues and the diverse expression characteristics in these beetles. The results provide evidence for the conservation and differences of reproductive genes among three sympatric closely related beetles, helping understand their different reproductive strategies and the maximization of the reproductive success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Ning-Na Yin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - An-Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yu-Juan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zhao-Qun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Nai-Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yao YJ, Yin NN, Pu LM, Yang AJ, Liu NY. Three chemosensory proteins enriched in antennae and tarsi of Rhaphuma horsfieldi differentially contribute to the binding of insecticides. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 199:105797. [PMID: 38458690 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Antennae and legs (primarily the tarsal segments) of insects are the foremost sensory organs that contact a diverse range of toxic chemicals including insecticides. Binding proteins expressed in the two tissues are potential molecular candidates serving as the binding and sequestering of insecticides, like chemosensory proteins (CSPs). Insect CSPs endowed with multiple roles have been suggested to participate in insecticide resistance, focusing mainly on moths, aphids and mosquitos. Yet, the molecular underpinnings underlying the interactions of cerambycid CSPs and insecticides remain unexplored. Here, we present binding properties of three antenna- and tarsus-enriched RhorCSPs (RhorCSP1, CSP2 and CSP3) in Rhaphuma horsfieldi to eight insecticide classes totaling 15 chemicals. From the transcriptome of this beetle, totally 16 CSP-coding genes were found, with seven full-length sequences. In phylogeny, these RhorCSPs were distributed dispersedly in different clades. Expression profiles revealed the abundant expression of RhorCSP1, CSP2 and CSP3 in antennae and tarsi, thus as representatives for studying the protein-insecticide interactions. Binding assays showed that the three RhorCSPs were tuned differentially to insecticides but exhibited the highest affinities with hexaflumuron, chlorpyrifos and rotenone (dissociation constants <13 μM). In particular, RhorCSP3 could interact strongly with 10 of tested insecticides, of which four residues (Tyr25, Phe42, Val65 and Phe68) contributed significantly to the binding of six, four, three and four ligands, respectively. Of these, the binding of four mutated RhorCSP3s to a botanical insecticide rotenone was significantly weakened compared to the wildtype protein. Furthermore, we also evidenced that RhorCSP3 was a broadly-tuned carrier protein in response to a wide variety of plant odorants outside insecticides. Altogether, our findings shed light on different binding mechanisms and odorant-tuning profiles of three RhorCSPs in R. horsfieldi and identify key residues of the RhorCSP3-insecticide interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Juan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Ning-Na Yin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Lin-Mei Pu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - An-Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Nai-Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang Y, Hu W, Hou YM. Host plant recognition by two odorant-binding proteins in Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4521-4534. [PMID: 37421364 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, the red palm weevil (RPW), is a key pest that attacks many economically important palm species and that has evolved a sensitive and specific olfactory system to seek palm hosts. Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) not only play crucial roles in its olfactory perception process but are also important molecular targets for the development of new approaches for pest management. RESULTS Analysis of the tissue expression profiles of RferOBP8 and RferOBP11 revealed that these two Rhynchophorus ferrugineus odorant binding proteins (RferOBPs) exhibited high expression in the antennae and showed sexual dimorphism. We analyzed the volatiles of seven host plants by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and screened 13 potential ligands by molecular docking. The binding affinity of two recombinant OBPs to aggregation pheromones and 13 palm odorants was tested by fluorescence competitive binding assays. The results revealed that eight tested palm volatiles and ferrugineol have high binding affinities with RferOBP8 or RferOBP11. Behavioral trials showed that these eight odor compounds could elicit an attraction response in adult RPW. RNA interference analysis indicated that the reduction in the expression levels of the two RferOBPs led to a decrease in behavioral responses to these volatiles. CONCLUSION These results suggest that RferOBP8 and RferOBP11 are involved in mediating the responses of RPW to palm volatiles and to aggregation pheromones and may play important roles in RPW host-seeking. This study also provides a theoretical foundation for the promising application of novel molecular targets in the development of new behavioral interference strategies for RPW management in the future. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - You-Ming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen L, Yu XY, Xue XF, Zhang F, Guo LX, Zhang HM, Hoffmann AA, Hong XY, Sun JT. The genome sequence of a spider mite, Tetranychus truncatus, provides insights into interspecific host range variation and the genetic basis of adaptation to a low-quality host plant. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:1208-1228. [PMID: 37279769 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytophagous mite Tetranychus truncatus is a serious pest in East Asia but has a relatively narrower host range than the pest mite Tetranychus urticae, which can feed on over 1200 plant species. Here, we generated a high-quality chromosomal level genome of T. truncatus and compared it with that of T. urticae, with an emphasis on the genes related to detoxification and chemoreception, to explore the genomic basis underlying the evolution of host range. We also conducted population genetics analyses (in 86 females from 10 populations) and host transfer experiments (in 4 populations) to investigate transcription changes following transfer to a low-quality host (Solanum melongena, eggplant), and we established possible connections between fitness on eggplant and genes related to detoxification and chemoreception. We found that T. truncatus has fewer genes related to detoxification, transport, and chemoreception than T. urticae, with a particularly strong reduction in gustatory receptor (GR) genes. We also found widespread transcriptional variation among T. truncatus populations, which varied in fitness on eggplant. We characterized selection on detoxification-related genes through ω values and found a negative correlation between expression levels and ω values. Based on the transcription results, as well as the fitness and genetic differences among populations, we identified genes potentially involved in adaptation to eggplant in T. truncatus. Our work provides a genomic resource for this pest mite and new insights into mechanisms underlying the adaptation of herbivorous mites to host plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin-Yue Yu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xue
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Xue Guo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua-Meng Zhang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Bio21 Institute, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Tao Sun
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu QL, Ye ZX, Zhuo JC, Li JM, Zhang CX. A chromosome-level genome assembly of Stenchaetothrips biformis and comparative genomic analysis highlights distinct host adaptations among thrips. Commun Biol 2023; 6:813. [PMID: 37542124 PMCID: PMC10403496 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects have a limited host range due to genomic adaptation. Thysanoptera, commonly known as thrips, occupies distinct feeding habitats, but there is a lack of comparative genomic analyses and limited genomic resources available. In this study, the chromosome-level genome of Stenchaetothrips biformis, an oligophagous pest of rice, is assembled using multiple sequencing technologies, including PacBio, Illumina short-reads, and Hi-C technology. A 338.86 Mb genome is obtained, consisting of 1269 contigs with a contig N50 size of 381 kb and a scaffold N50 size of 18.21 Mb. Thereafter, 17,167 protein-coding genes and 36.25% repetitive elements are annotated. Comparative genomic analyses with two other polyphagous thrips, revealing contracted chemosensory-related and expanded stress response and detoxification gene families in S. biformis, potentially facilitating rice adaptation. In the polyphagous thrips species Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips palmi, expanded gene families are enriched in metabolism of aromatic and anthocyanin-containing compounds, immunity against viruses, and detoxification enzymes. These expansion gene families play crucial roles not only in adapting to hosts but also in development of pesticide resistance, as evidenced by transcriptome results after insecticides treatment. This study provides a chromosome-level genome assembly and lays the foundation for further studies on thrips evolution and pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ling Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhuang-Xin Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ji-Chong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu P, Guo J, Wei H, Feng L, Gao Z, Zhang T. Genome-wide identification of candidate chemosensory receptors in the bean bug Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) and the functional verification of its odorant receptor co-receptor (Orco) in recognizing aggregation pheromone. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1224009. [PMID: 37520822 PMCID: PMC10375722 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1224009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A sophisticated and sensitive olfactory system plays a vital role in the survival and reproduction of insects. Chemosensory receptors are indispensable for the molecular recognition and discrimination of semiochemicals. Riptortus pedestris is a notorious pest of legume plants, resulting in yield losses and quality decreases in soybeans. It is well accepted that R. pedestris highly relies on its olfactory system in detecting aggregation pheromones, host volatiles, and pesticides; however, little research focused on its chemosensory receptors. In the present study, we identified 237 odorant receptors (ORs), 42 gustatory receptors (GRs), and 31 ionotropic receptors (IRs) from the reported genome of R. pedestris, and analyzed their phylogenetic relationship with other hemipteran species. Through the results of RNA-seq and real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), we found that RpedORs displayed different expression levels in the antennae of R. pedestris at different development stages. To further verify the function of odorant receptor co-receptor (Orco), an obligate and unique insect OR, we silenced RpedOrco by RNA interference (RNAi) method. The results showed that silencing RpedOrco could significantly impair the response to aggregation pheromone in R. pedestris, indicating that RpedOrco plays an essential role in odorant detection. Our results can provide the theoretical foundations for revealing the olfactory recognition mechanism of R. pedestris and help explore and develop novel olfactory-based agents against this pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Jianglong Guo
- Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Hongyi Wei
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Likai Feng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Zhanlin Gao
- Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of IPM on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Integrated Pest Management Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun Z, Chen Y, Chen Y, Lu Z, Gui F. Tracking Adaptive Pathways of Invasive Insects: Novel Insight from Genomics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098004. [PMID: 37175710 PMCID: PMC10179030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the huge human and economic costs of invasive insects, which are the main group of invasive species, their environmental impacts through various mechanisms remain inadequately explained in databases and much of the invasion biology literature. High-throughput sequencing technology, especially whole-genome sequencing, has been used as a powerful method to study the mechanisms through which insects achieve invasion. In this study, we reviewed whole-genome sequencing-based advances in revealing several important invasion mechanisms of invasive insects, including (1) the rapid genetic variation and evolution of invasive populations, (2) invasion history and dispersal paths, (3) rapid adaptation to different host plant ranges, (4) strong environmental adaptation, (5) the development of insecticide resistance, and (6) the synergistic damage caused by invasive insects and endosymbiotic bacteria. We also discussed prevention and control technologies based on whole-genome sequencing and their prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yaping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhihui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Furong Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources of Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang X, Liu H, Xie G, Wang W, Yang Y. Identification and expression analyses of the olfactory-related genes in different tissues' transcriptome of a predacious soldier beetle, Podabrus annulatus (Coleoptera, Cantharidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 112:e21997. [PMID: 36656761 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We sequenced and analyzed the transcriptomes from different tissues of the soldier beetle, Podabrus annulatus (Coleoptera: Cantharidae), and obtained 75.74 Gb clean reads which were assembled into 95,274 unigenes. Among these transcripts, 25,484 unigenes of highly quality were annotated. Based on annotation and tBLASTn results, we identified a total of 101 candidate olfactory-related genes for the first time, including 11 putative odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 6 chemosensory proteins (CSP), 50 olfactory receptors (ORs), 25 gustatory receptors (GRs), 6 ionotropic receptors (IRs), and 3 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). BLASTX best-hit results indicated that these chemosensory genes were most identical to their respective orthologs from Photinus pyralis. Phylogenetic analyses also revealed that the ORs, GRs, and IRs of Podabrus annulatus are closely related to those of Photinus pyralis. The fragment per kilobase per million mapped fragments (FPKM) values showed that the PannOBP2, PannOBP3, and PannOBP10 were predominantly expressed in the antennae, PannOBP1 in the abdomen-thorax, while others were not identified to be tissue-specific. These olfactory-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) demonstrated different roles in the olfactory system of Podabrus annulatus. This study establishes the groundwork for future research into the molecular mechanism of olfactory recognition in Podabrus annulatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Guanglin Xie
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wenkai Wang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yuxia Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, School of Life Science, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hong B, Zhai Y, Yang Y, Chang Q, Li G, Zhang F. Identification and sex-specific expression of chemosensory genes in the antennal transcriptomes of Pachyrhinus yasumatsui (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:7135657. [PMID: 37083941 PMCID: PMC10120841 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pachyrhinus yasumatsui Kono et Morimoto is a major pest of Chinese jujube, which is widespread in northern China and causes severe economic losses in the jujube industry. Chemosensory genes play crucial roles in insect behaviors. Currently, little is known about chemosensory genes in P. yasumatsui. In the present study, antennal transcriptomes of female and male adult P. yasumatsui were annotated. In total, 113 genes involved in chemosensory functions were identified, including 41 odorant receptors, 28 odorant-binding proteins, 16 ionotropic receptors, 15 chemosensory proteins, 9 gustatory receptors, and 4 sensory neuron membrane proteins. Subsequently, the phylogenetic analyses of these olfactory-related proteins in P. yasumatsui were conducted using multiple sequence alignment. Furthermore, sex-specific expression levels of 113 genes were analyzed based on fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM). Then, the quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to quantify gene expression profiles of 28 P. yasumatsui OBPs (PyasOBPs) and 15 CSPs (PyasCSPs). The results revealed that 20 PyasOBPs and 13 PyasCSPs exhibited significantly higher expression in the antennae than in the bodies, suggesting that they might have functions in olfaction. Moreover, some OBPs and CSPs (PyasOBP6, PyasOBP7, PyasOBP16, PyasOBP21, and PyasCSP4) exhibited female-biased expression, indicating that they might take part in several female-specific behaviors. This study will promote the understanding of olfactory mechanism in P. yasumatsui, and our findings lay the groundwork for developing environmentally friendly pest management measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hong
- Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710043, China
| | - Yingyan Zhai
- Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710043, China
| | - Yiwei Yang
- Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710043, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Bio-Agriculture Institute of Shaanxi, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710043, China
| | - Guangwei Li
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhan HX, Li L, Li FQ, Zang LS. Identification and Comparative Expression Profiles of Candidate Olfactory Receptors in the Transcriptomes of the Important Egg Parasitoid Wasp Anastatus japonicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:915. [PMID: 36840263 PMCID: PMC9962093 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anastatus japonicus Ashmead is an egg parasitoid wasp important for the biological control of fruit crop pests. The olfaction of parasitoids is crucial to searching for host pests in fruit crops. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the antennal and abdominal transcriptomes of A. japonicus to better understand the olfactory mechanisms in this species. A total of 201 putative olfactory receptor genes were identified, including 184 odorant receptors (ORs) and 17 ionotropic receptors (IRs). Then, we assayed the tissue-specific and sex-biased expression profiles of those genes based on the transcriptional levels. In total, 165 ORs and 15 IRs had upregulated expression in the antennae. The expression levels of 133 ORs, including odorant receptor co-receptor (AjapORco), and 10 IRs, including AjapIR8a, were significantly different between the female and male antennae. Our results provide valuable information for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of the olfactory system in A. japonicus.
Collapse
|
17
|
De Novo Assembly and Characterization of the Transcriptome of an Omnivorous Camel Cricket ( Tachycines meditationis). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044005. [PMID: 36835417 PMCID: PMC9966759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tachycines meditationis (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Tachycines) is a widely distributed insect in eastern Asia. This species is common in urban environments, and its unique omnivorous diet may contribute to its success in various habitats. However, molecular studies on the species are scarce. Here, we obtained the first transcriptome sequence of T. meditationis and performed preliminary analyses to test whether the evolution of coding sequences fits the expectations based on the species' ecology. We retrieved 476,495 effective transcripts and annotated 46,593 coding sequences (CDS). We analysed the codon usage and found that directional mutation pressure was the leading cause of codon usage bias in this species. This genome-wide relaxed codon usage pattern in T. meditationis is surprising, given the potentially large population size of this species. Moreover, despite the omnivorous diet, the chemosensory genes of this species do not exhibit codon usage deviating significantly from the genome-level pattern. They also do not seem to experience more gene family expansion than other cave cricket species do. A thorough search for rapidly evolved genes using the dN/dS value showed that genes associated with substance synthesis and metabolic pathways, such as retinol metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and fatty acid metabolism, underwent species-specific positive selection. While some results seem to contradict the species ecology, our transcriptome assembly provides a valuable molecular resource for future studies on camel cricket evolution and molecular genetics for feeding ecology in insects, in general.
Collapse
|
18
|
Coates BS, Walden KKO, Lata D, Vellichirammal NN, Mitchell RF, Andersson MN, McKay R, Lorenzen MD, Grubbs N, Wang YH, Han J, Xuan JL, Willadsen P, Wang H, French BW, Bansal R, Sedky S, Souza D, Bunn D, Meinke LJ, Miller NJ, Siegfried BD, Sappington TW, Robertson HM. A draft Diabrotica virgifera virgifera genome: insights into control and host plant adaption by a major maize pest insect. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:19. [PMID: 36639634 PMCID: PMC9840275 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptations by arthropod pests to host plant defenses of crops determine their impacts on agricultural production. The larval host range of western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is restricted to maize and a few grasses. Resistance of D. v. virgifera to crop rotation practices and multiple insecticides contributes to its status as the most damaging pest of cultivated maize in North America and Europe. The extent to which adaptations by this pest contributes to host plant specialization remains unknown. RESULTS A 2.42 Gb draft D. v. virgifera genome, Dvir_v2.0, was assembled from short shotgun reads and scaffolded using long-insert mate-pair, transcriptome and linked read data. K-mer analysis predicted a repeat content of ≥ 61.5%. Ortholog assignments for Dvir_2.0 RefSeq models predict a greater number of species-specific gene duplications, including expansions in ATP binding cassette transporter and chemosensory gene families, than in other Coleoptera. A majority of annotated D. v. virgifera cytochrome P450s belong to CYP4, 6, and 9 clades. A total of 5,404 transcripts were differentially-expressed between D. v. virgifera larvae fed maize roots compared to alternative host (Miscanthus), a marginal host (Panicum virgatum), a poor host (Sorghum bicolor) and starvation treatments; Among differentially-expressed transcripts, 1,908 were shared across treatments and the least number were between Miscanthus compared to maize. Differentially-expressed transcripts were enriched for putative spliceosome, proteosome, and intracellular transport functions. General stress pathway functions were unique and enriched among up-regulated transcripts in marginal host, poor host, and starvation responses compared to responses on primary (maize) and alternate hosts. CONCLUSIONS Manual annotation of D. v. virgifera Dvir_2.0 RefSeq models predicted expansion of paralogs with gene families putatively involved in insecticide resistance and chemosensory perception. Our study also suggests that adaptations of D. v. virgifera larvae to feeding on an alternate host plant invoke fewer transcriptional changes compared to marginal or poor hosts. The shared up-regulation of stress response pathways between marginal host and poor host, and starvation treatments may reflect nutrient deprivation. This study provides insight into transcriptomic responses of larval feeding on different host plants and resources for genomic research on this economically significant pest of maize.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad S. Coates
- grid.508983.fCorn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2310 Pammel Dr, 532 Science II, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Kimberly K. O. Walden
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Dimpal Lata
- grid.62813.3e0000 0004 1936 7806Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL USA
| | | | - Robert F. Mitchell
- grid.267474.40000 0001 0674 4543University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI USA
| | - Martin N. Andersson
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rachel McKay
- grid.267474.40000 0001 0674 4543University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI USA
| | - Marcé D. Lorenzen
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Nathaniel Grubbs
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Yu-Hui Wang
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Jinlong Han
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Jing Li Xuan
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Peter Willadsen
- grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Huichun Wang
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - B. Wade French
- grid.508981.dIntegrated Crop Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Brookings, SD USA
| | - Raman Bansal
- grid.512850.bUSDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA USA
| | - Sammy Sedky
- grid.512850.bUSDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA USA
| | - Dariane Souza
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Dakota Bunn
- grid.62813.3e0000 0004 1936 7806Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Lance J. Meinke
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Nicholas J. Miller
- grid.62813.3e0000 0004 1936 7806Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Blair D. Siegfried
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Entomology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Thomas W. Sappington
- grid.508983.fCorn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 2310 Pammel Dr, 532 Science II, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Hugh M. Robertson
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Urbana, IL USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Genome-Wide Identification of the Odorant Receptor Gene Family and Revealing Key Genes Involved in Sexual Communication in Anoplophora glabripennis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021625. [PMID: 36675132 PMCID: PMC9861320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects use a powerful and complex olfactory recognition system to sense odor molecules in the external environment to guide behavior. A large family of odorant receptors (ORs) mediates the detection of pheromone compounds. Anoplophora glabripennis is a destructive pest that harms broad-leaved tree species. Although olfactory sensation is an important factor affecting the information exchange of A. glabripennis, little is known about the key ORs involved. Here, we identified ninety-eight AglaORs in the Agla2.0 genome and found that the AglaOR gene family had expanded with structural and functional diversity. RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression of AglaORs in sex tissues and in adults at different developmental stages. Twenty-three AglaORs with antennal-biased expression were identified. Among these, eleven were male-biased and two were female-biased and were more significantly expressed in the sexual maturation stage than in the post-mating stage, suggesting that these genes play a role in sexual communication. Relatively, two female-biased AglaORs were overexpressed in females seeking spawning grounds after mating, indicating that these genes might be involved in the recognition of host plant volatiles that may regulate the selection of spawning grounds. Our study provides a theoretical basis for further studies into the molecular mechanism of A. glabripennis olfaction.
Collapse
|
20
|
Johny J, Diallo S, Lukšan O, Shewale M, Kalinová B, Hanus R, Große-Wilde E. Conserved orthology in termite chemosensory gene families. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1065947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Termites are eusocial insects known to use a variety of pheromones in tasks necessary for maintenance of their societies. As such, olfaction and pheromone communication in termites has been an object of intense study; trail-following pheromones (TFPs) and sex-pairing pheromones (SPPs), for example, have been identified in many termite species. In contrast, the molecular basis of olfactory detection is understudied in the group. Here, we present chemosensory genes of three species of termites belonging to three distinct lineages, Neotermes cubanus (Kalotermitidae), Prorhinotermes simplex (Rhinotermitidae), and Inquilinitermes inquilinus (Termitidae). Using antennal transcriptome screening of termite workers, we identified the chemosensory genes, which allowed us to perform phylogenetic analysis. We found a comparatively large repertoires of odorant receptors (ORs), gustatory receptors (GRs), ionotropic receptors (IRs), odorant binding proteins (OBPs), chemosensory proteins (CSPs), and sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). The evolutionary analysis of termite chemosensory genes revealed Isoptera-specific expansions with a 1:1 orthologous pattern, indicating the existence of conserved olfactory functions. Our findings on basal eusocial insects will further enhance our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of eusociality and the evolution of olfactory communication in termites.
Collapse
|
21
|
Structural model for ligand binding and channel opening of an insect gustatory receptor. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102573. [PMID: 36209821 PMCID: PMC9643425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect gustatory receptors play roles in sensing tastants, such as sugars and bitter substances. We previously demonstrated that the BmGr9 silkworm gustatory receptor is a d-fructose–gated ion channel receptor. However, the molecular mechanism of how d-fructose could initiate channel opening were unclear. Herein, we present a structural model for a channel pore and a d-fructose–binding site in BmGr9. Since the membrane topology and oligomeric state of BmGr9 appeared to be similar to those of an insect odorant receptor coreceptor, Orco, we constructed a structural model of BmGr9 based on the cryo-EM Orco structure. Our site-directed mutagenesis data suggested that the transmembrane region 7 forms channel pore and controls channel gating. This model also suggested that a pocket formed by transmembrane helices 2 to 4 and 6 binds d-fructose. Using mutagenesis experiments in combination with docking simulations, we were able to determine the potent binding mode of d-fructose. Finally, based on these data, we propose a conformational change that leads to channel opening upon d-fructose binding. Taken together, these findings detail the molecular mechanism by which an insect gustatory receptor can be activated by its ligand molecule.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yin N, Xiao H, Yang A, Wu C, Liu N. Genome-Wide Analysis of Odorant and Gustatory Receptors in Six Papilio Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:779. [PMID: 36135480 PMCID: PMC9500883 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The chemical interactions of insects and host plants are shaping the evolution of chemosensory receptor gene families. However, the correlation between host range and chemoreceptor gene repertoire sizes is still elusive in Papilionidae. Here, we addressed the issue of whether host plant diversities are correlated with the expansions of odorant (ORs) or gustatory (GRs) receptors in six Papilio butterflies. By combining genomics, transcriptomics and bioinformatics approaches, 381 ORs and 328 GRs were annotated in the genomes of a generalist P. glaucus and five specialists, P. xuthus, P. polytes, P. memnon, P. machaon and P. dardanus. Orthologous ORs or GRs in Papilio had highly conserved gene structure. Five Papilio specialists exhibited a similar frequency of intron lengths for ORs or GRs, but which was different from those in the generalist. Phylogenetic analysis revealed 60 orthologous OR groups, 45 of which shared one-to-one relationships. Such a single gene in each butterfly also occurred in 26 GR groups. Intriguingly, bitter GRs had fewer introns than other GRs and clustered into a large clade. Focusing on the two chemoreceptor gene families in P. xuthus, most PxutORs (52/58) were expressed in antennae and 31 genes in reproductive tissues. Eleven out of 28 foretarsus-expressed PxutGRs were female-biased genes, as strong candidates for sensing oviposition stimulants. These results indicate that the host range may not shape the large-scale expansions of ORs and GRs in Papilio butterflies and identify important molecular targets involved in olfaction, oviposition or reproduction in P. xuthus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Naiyong Liu
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-871-63862665
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li H, Hao E, Li Y, Yang H, Sun P, Lu P, Qiao H. Antennal transcriptome analysis of olfactory genes and tissue expression profiling of odorant binding proteins in Semanotus bifasciatus (cerambycidae: coleoptera). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:461. [PMID: 35733103 PMCID: PMC9219211 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08655-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insect olfactory proteins can transmit chemical signals in the environment that serve as the basis for foraging, mate searching, predator avoidance and oviposition selection. Semanotus bifasciatus is an important destructive borer pest, but its olfactory mechanism is not clear. We identified the chemosensory genes of S. bifasciatus in China, then we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of the olfactory genes of S. bifasciatus and other species. And the expression profiles of odorant binding proteins (OBPs) genes in different tissues and different genders of S. bifasciatus were determined by quantitative real-time PCR for the first time. Results A total of 32 OBPs, 8 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 71 odorant receptors (ORs), 34 gustatory receptors (GRs), 18 ionotropic receptors (IRs), and 3 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) were identified. In the tissue expression analysis of OBP genes, 7 OBPs were higher expressed in antennae, among them, SbifOBP2, SbifOBP3, SbifOBP6, SbifOBP7 and SbifOBP20 were female-biased expression, while SbifOBP1 was male-biased expression and SbifOBP22 was no-biased expression in antennae. In addition, the expressed levels of SbifOBP4, SbifOBP12, SbifOBP15, SbifOBP27 and SbifOBP29 were very poor in the antennae, and SbifOBP4 and SbifOBP29 was abundant in the head or legs, and both of them were male-biased expression. While SbifOBP15 was highly expressed only at the end of the abdomen with its expression level in females three times than males. Other OBPs were expressed not only in antennae but also in various tissues. Conclusion We identified 166 olfactory genes from S. bifasciatus, and classified these genes into groups and predicted their functions by phylogenetic analysis. The majority of OBPs were antenna-biased expressed, which are involved in odor recognition, sex pheromone detection, and/or host plant volatile detection. However, also some OBPs were detected biased expression in the head, legs or end of the abdomen, indicating that they may function in the different physiological processes in S. bifasciatus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08655-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua Dong Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Enhua Hao
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua Dong Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yini Li
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua Dong Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua Dong Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Piao Sun
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua Dong Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Lu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua Dong Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haili Qiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Li X, Li JW, Sun WX, Li W, Gao HY, Liu TX, Qu MJ. Candidate Chemosensory Genes Identified in the Adult Antennae of Sympiezomias velatus and Binding Property of Odorant-Binding Protein 15. Front Physiol 2022; 13:907667. [PMID: 35711318 PMCID: PMC9193972 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.907667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory genes play important roles in insect behaviors and have thus become potential molecular targets for pest control based on the manipulation of chemoreception-driven behaviors. The great gray weevil Sympiezomias velatus (Chevrolat) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is an important agricultural pest that causes serious economic losses to many crops in China, but its chemosensory genes have not been reported. Here we assembled the antennal transcriptomes of female and male adult S. velatus and revealed the major chemosensory genes necessary for olfaction. A total of 138 candidate chemosensory genes in six families were identified, including 41 encoding odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 11 encoding chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 62 encoding odorant receptors (ORs), 15 encoding gustatory receptors (GRs), six encoding ionotropic receptors (IRs), and three encoding sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). We analyzed their phylogenetic relationship based on the amino acid sequences of these chemosensory-related protein families in S. velatus and other insects, and the expression profiles based on their antennal transcriptomes. Chemosensory genes that show antenna-abundant/specific or sex-biased expression were observed, suggesting that these genes might have functions in olfaction. Furthermore, we chose an antenna-abundant OBP belonging to ABPX subfamily, SvelOBP15, to investigate its binding property. The results showed that among 33 tested compounds, SvelOBP15 displayed high binding affinities (Ki = 7.36-12.94 μmol/L) with farnesol, nerolidol, limonene and diisobutyl phthalate, indicating that SvelOBP15 plays olfactory roles by binding and transporting specific plant volatiles. These findings will help us better understand the olfactory systems of S. velatus, and provide a basis for functional elucidation of these chemosensory genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian-Wen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Weinan Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Weinan, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Hua-Yuan Gao
- Peanut Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming-Jing Qu
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ma X, Lu X, Zhang P, Deng X, Bai J, Xu Z, Diao J, Pang H, Wang Q, Zhao H, Ma W, Ma L. Transcriptome Analysis of Antennal Chemosensory Genes in Curculio Dieckmanni Faust. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Front Physiol 2022; 13:896793. [PMID: 35615683 PMCID: PMC9124802 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.896793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory system plays a key role in regulating insect behaviors, such as locating host plants, spawning sites, and mating partners and avoiding predators. Chemosensory genes are required for olfactory recognition in insects. Curculio dieckmanni Faust. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) damages hazelnuts and causes severe economic losses. There are no effective control measures, but understanding the olfaction mechanisms of this insect could lead to a new approach for population management. However, the genes that perform chemosensory functions in C. dieckmanni are still unclear. Using high-throughput sequencing, we assembled the antennal transcriptome of C. dieckmanni and annotated the major chemosensory gene families. Of the chemosensory gene families, we found 23 odorant-binding proteins, 15 chemosensory proteins, 2 sensory neuron membrane proteins, 15 odorant receptors, 23 ionotropic receptors, and nine gustatory receptors. Using Blast sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, the sequences of these proteins were identified. Male- and female-specific chemosensory genes involved in odorant detection and recognition were validated by qRT-PCR. Among the chemosensory genes, we found significant differences in the expression of CdieOBP8, CdieOBP9, CdieOBP19, CdieOBP20, CdieOBP21, CdieCSP15, CdieOR13, and CdieOR15 between adult male and female C. dieckmanni. A total of 87 expressed chemosensory proteins were found in C. dieckmanni. Investigating these proteins will help reveal the molecular mechanism of odorant recognition in C. dieckmanni and may aid the development of novel control strategies for this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Ma
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Forest Protection Research Institute, HeiLongJiang Academy of Forestry, Harbin, China
| | - Xinming Lu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xun Deng
- Forest Protection Research Institute, HeiLongJiang Academy of Forestry, Harbin, China
| | - Jianyang Bai
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Diao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyang Pang
- Mudanjiang Branch, HeiLongJiang Academy of Forestry, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Forest Protection Research Institute, HeiLongJiang Academy of Forestry, Harbin, China
| | - Hongying Zhao
- Forest Protection Research Institute, HeiLongJiang Academy of Forestry, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Ma
- College of Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Ma, ; Ling Ma,
| | - Ling Ma
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Ma, ; Ling Ma,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
The Genome of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae): Adaptation for Success. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030446. [PMID: 35328000 PMCID: PMC8956072 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), is a major global pest of cereal grains. Infestations are difficult to control as larvae feed inside grain kernels, and many populations are resistant to both contact insecticides and fumigants. We sequenced the genome of R. dominica to identify genes responsible for important biological functions and develop more targeted and efficacious management strategies. The genome was assembled from long read sequencing and long-range scaffolding technologies. The genome assembly is 479.1 Mb, close to the predicted genome size of 480.4 Mb by flow cytometry. This assembly is among the most contiguous beetle assemblies published to date, with 139 scaffolds, an N50 of 53.6 Mb, and L50 of 4, indicating chromosome-scale scaffolds. Predicted genes from biologically relevant groups were manually annotated using transcriptome data from adults and different larval tissues to guide annotation. The expansion of carbohydrase and serine peptidase genes suggest that they combine to enable efficient digestion of cereal proteins. A reduction in the copy number of several detoxification gene families relative to other coleopterans may reflect the low selective pressure on these genes in an insect that spends most of its life feeding internally. Chemoreceptor genes contain elevated numbers of pseudogenes for odorant receptors that also may be related to the recent ontogenetic shift of R. dominica to a diet consisting primarily of stored grains. Analysis of repetitive sequences will further define the evolution of bostrichid beetles compared to other species. The data overall contribute significantly to coleopteran genetic research.
Collapse
|
27
|
Diversity and Molecular Evolution of Odorant Receptor in Hemipteran Insects. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020214. [PMID: 35206787 PMCID: PMC8878081 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insects’ behavior and ecology are closely related to their chemosensory systems, during which odorant receptors (ORs) play an essential role in host recognition. Although OR gene evolution has been studied in many insect orders, a comprehensive evolutionary analysis and expression of OR gene gain and loss events among diverse hemipteran species are still needed. In this study, we identified and analyzed the OR genes from hemipteran species systematically. The number of OR genes discovered in each species ranged from less than ten to hundreds. Gene gain and loss events of OR have occurred in several species in the seven major clades classified through phylogenetic analysis. Then, we discovered the amino acid differences between species to understand the molecular evolution of OR in the order Hemiptera through positive selection. This study lays a foundation for subsequent investigations into the molecular mechanisms of Hemiptera olfactory receptors involved in host recognition. Abstract Olfaction is a critical physiologic process for insects to interact with the environment, especially plant-emitted volatiles, during which odorant receptors (ORs) play an essential role in host recognition. Although OR gene evolution has been studied in many insect orders, a comprehensive evolutionary analysis and expression of OR gene gain and loss events among diverse hemipteran species are still required. In this study, we identified and analyzed 887 OR genes from 11 hemipteran species. The number of OR genes discovered in each species ranged from less than ten to hundreds. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all identified Hemiptera OR genes were classified into seven major clades. Gene gain and loss events of OR have occurred in several species. Then, by positive selection, we discovered the amino acid differences between species to understand the molecular evolution of OR in the order Hemiptera. Additionally, we discussed how evolutionary analysis can aid the study of insect–plant communication. This study lays a foundation for subsequent investigations into the molecular mechanisms of Hemiptera olfactory receptors involved in host recognition.
Collapse
|
28
|
Identification of Olfactory Genes in Monochamus saltuarius and Effects of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Infestation on Their Expression. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus has caused disastrous losses of pine forests in many countries, and the success of PWN depends strongly on interactions with its insect vectors. Monochamus saltuarius is a newly recorded vector in Northeast China. Feeding (i.e., immature) and egg-laying (i.e., mature) Monochamus spp. target different host plants, and olfactory cues play important roles regarding host choice. Whether infestation with PWN affects olfactory mechanisms in M. saltuarius related to feeding and oviposition is of interest as this may affect the spread of nematodes to new healthy hosts. However, little is known about molecular mechanisms of the olfactory system of M. saltuarius. We identified chemosensory-related genes in adult M. saltuarius and examined the influence of B. xylophilus on the respective expression patterns. Fifty-three odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 15 chemosensory proteins, 15 olfactory receptors (ORs), 10 gustatory receptors, 22 ionotropic receptors (IRs), and two sensory neuron membrane proteins were identified, and sex bias among non-infested beetles was mainly found with respect to expression of OBPs. Interestingly, OBPs and ORs were markedly down-regulated in male M. saltuarius infested with B. xylophilus, which may reduce olfactory sensitivity of male M. saltuarius and affect the spreading of B. xylophilus to new hosts. Our results will help understand the interactions between B. xylophilus and M. saltuarius, which may lead to the identification of new control targets in the olfactory system of M. saltuarius.
Collapse
|
29
|
Hou XQ, Zhang DD, Powell D, Wang HL, Andersson MN, Löfstedt C. Ionotropic receptors in the turnip moth Agrotis segetum respond to repellent medium-chain fatty acids. BMC Biol 2022; 20:34. [PMID: 35130883 PMCID: PMC8822749 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In insects, airborne chemical signals are mainly detected by two receptor families, odorant receptors (ORs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs). Functions of ORs have been intensively investigated in Diptera and Lepidoptera, while the functions and evolution of the more ancient IR family remain largely unexplored beyond Diptera. Results Here, we identified a repertoire of 26 IRs from transcriptomes of female and male antennae, and ovipositors in the moth Agrotis segetum. We observed that a large clade formed by IR75p and IR75q expansions is closely related to the acid-sensing IRs identified in Diptera. We functionally assayed each of the five AsegIRs from this clade using Xenopus oocytes and found that two receptors responded to the tested ligands. AsegIR75p.1 responded to several compounds but hexanoic acid was revealed to be the primary ligand, and AsegIR75q.1 responded primarily to octanoic acid, and less so to nonanoic acid. It has been reported that the C6-C10 medium-chain fatty acids repel various insects including many drosophilids and mosquitos. We show that the C6-C10 medium-chain fatty acids elicited antennal responses of both sexes of A. segetum, while only octanoic acid had repellent effect to the moths in a behavioral assay. In addition, using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we demonstrated that the five IRs and their co-receptor AsegIR8a are not located in coeloconic sensilla as found in Drosophila, but in basiconic or trichoid sensilla. Conclusions Our results significantly expand the current knowledge of the insect IR family. Based on the functional data in combination with phylogenetic analysis, we propose that subfunctionalization after gene duplication plays an important role in the evolution of ligand specificities of the acid-sensing IRs in Lepidoptera. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01235-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Hou
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.,Present address: Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Powell
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.,Present address: Global Change Ecology Research Group, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, QLD, Sunshine Coast, Australia
| | - Hong-Lei Wang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin N Andersson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christer Löfstedt
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tanaka K, Shimomura K, Hosoi A, Sato Y, Oikawa Y, Seino Y, Kuribara T, Yajima S, Tomizawa M. Antennal transcriptome analysis of chemosensory genes in the cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262817. [PMID: 35045135 PMCID: PMC8769365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction, one of the most important sensory systems governing insect behavior, is a possible target for pest management. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the antennal transcriptome of the cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae), which is a major pest of stored pulses and legumes. The de novo antennal RNA-seq assembly results identified 17 odorant, 2 gustatory, and 10 ionotropic receptors, 1 sensory neuron membrane protein, and 12 odorant-binding and 7 chemosensory proteins. Moreover, differential gene expression analysis of virgin male and female antennal samples followed by qRT-PCR revealed 1 upregulated and 4 downregulated odorant receptors in males. We also performed homology searches using the coding sequences built from previously proposed amino acid sequences derived from genomic data and identified additional chemosensory-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Tanaka
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimomura
- Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akito Hosoi
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yui Sato
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Oikawa
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuma Seino
- Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuto Kuribara
- Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yajima
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiro Tomizawa
- Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Montagné N, Jager M, Chertemps T, Persyn E, Jaszczyszyn Y, Meslin C, Jacquin-Joly E, Manuel M. The Chemosensory Transcriptome of a Diving Beetle. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.773915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects astoundingly dominate Earth’s land ecosystems and have a huge impact on human life. Almost every aspect of their life relies upon their highly efficient and adaptable chemosensory system. In the air, most chemical signals that are detected at long range are hydrophobic molecules, which insects detect using proteins encoded by multigenic families that emerged following land colonization by insect ancestors, namely the odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and the odorant receptors (ORs). However, land-to-freshwater transitions occurred in many lineages within the insect tree of life. Whether chemosensory gene repertoires of aquatic insects remained essentially unchanged or underwent more or less drastic modifications to cope with physico-chemical constraints associated with life underwater remains virtually unknown. To address this issue, we sequenced and analyzed the transcriptome of chemosensory organs of the diving beetle Rhantus suturalis (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). A reference transcriptome was assembled de novo using reads from five RNA-seq libraries (male and female antennae, male and female palps, and wing muscle). It contained 47,570 non-redundant unigenes encoding proteins of more than 50 amino acids. Within this reference transcriptome, we annotated sequences coding 53 OBPs, 48 ORs, 73 gustatory receptors (GRs), and 53 ionotropic receptors (IRs). Phylogenetic analyses notably revealed a large OBP gene expansion (35 paralogs in R. suturalis) as well as a more modest OR gene expansion (9 paralogs in R. suturalis) that may be specific to diving beetles. Interestingly, these duplicated genes tend to be expressed in palps rather than in antennae, suggesting a possible adaptation with respect to the land-to-water transition. This work provides a strong basis for further evolutionary and functional studies that will elucidate how insect chemosensory systems adapted to life underwater.
Collapse
|
32
|
Hou XQ, Yuvaraj JK, Roberts RE, Zhang DD, Unelius CR, Löfstedt C, Andersson MN. Functional Evolution of a Bark Beetle Odorant Receptor Clade Detecting Monoterpenoids of Different Ecological Origins. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4934-4947. [PMID: 34293158 PMCID: PMC8557457 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects detect odors using an array of odorant receptors (ORs), which may expand through gene duplication. How and which new functions may evolve among related ORs within a species remain poorly investigated. We addressed this question by functionally characterizing ORs from the Eurasian spruce bark beetle Ips typographus, in which physiological and behavioral responses to pheromones, volatiles from host and nonhost trees, and fungal symbionts are well described. In contrast, knowledge of OR function is restricted to two receptors detecting the pheromone compounds (S)-(-)-ipsenol (ItypOR46) and (R)-(-)-ipsdienol (ItypOR49). These receptors belong to an Ips-specific OR-lineage comprising seven ItypORs. To gain insight into the functional evolution of related ORs, we characterized the five remaining ORs in this clade using Xenopus oocytes. Two receptors responded primarily to the host tree monoterpenes (+)-3-carene (ItypOR25) and p-cymene (ItypOR27). Two receptors responded to oxygenated monoterpenoids produced in larger relative amounts by the beetle-associated fungi, with ItypOR23 specific for (+)-trans-(1R, 4S)-4-thujanol, and ItypOR29 responding to (+)-isopinocamphone and similar ketones. ItypOR28 responded to the pheromone E-myrcenol from the competitor Ips duplicatus. Overall, the OR responses match well with those of previously characterized olfactory sensory neuron classes except that neurons detecting E-myrcenol have not been identified. The characterized ORs are under strong purifying selection and demonstrate a shared functional property in that they all primarily respond to monoterpenoids. The variation in functional groups among OR ligands and their diverse ecological origins suggest that neofunctionalization has occurred early in the evolution of this OR-lineage following gene duplication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Hou
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - C Rikard Unelius
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhu X, Xu B, Qin Z, Kader A, Song B, Chen H, Liu Y, Liu W. Identification of Candidate Olfactory Genes in Scolytus schevyrewi Based on Transcriptomic Analysis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:717698. [PMID: 34671270 PMCID: PMC8521011 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.717698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bark beetle, Scolytus schevyrewi (S. schevyrewi), is an economically important pest in China that causes serious damage to the fruit industry, particularly, in Xinjiang Province. Chemical signals play an important role in the behavior of most insects, accordingly, ecofriendly traps can be used to monitor and control the target pests in agriculture. In order to lay a foundation for future research on chemical communication mechanisms at the molecular level, we generate antennal transcriptome databases for male and female S. schevyrewi using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. By assembling and analyzing the adult male and female antennal transcriptomes, we identified 47 odorant receptors (ORs), 22 ionotropic receptors (IRs), 22 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), and 11 chemosensory proteins (CSPs). Furthermore, expression levels of all the candidate OBPs and CSPs were validated in different tissues of male and female adults by semiquantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). ScosOBP2 and ScosOBP18 were highly expressed in female antennae. ScosCSP2, ScosCSP3, and ScosCSP5 were specifically expressed in the antennae of both males and females. These results provide new potential molecular targets to inform and improve future management strategies of S. schevyrewi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Bingqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhenjie Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Abudukyoum Kader
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Bo Song
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang ZQ, Wu C, Li GC, Nuo SM, Yin NN, Liu NY. Transcriptome Analysis and Characterization of Chemosensory Genes in the Forest Pest, Dioryctria abietella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.748199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In Lepidoptera, RNA sequencing has become a useful tool in identifying chemosensory genes from antennal transcriptomes, but little attention is paid to non-antennal tissues. Though the antennae are primarily responsible for olfaction, studies have found that a certain number of chemosensory genes are exclusively or highly expressed in the non-antennal tissues, such as proboscises, legs and abdomens. In this study, we report a global transcriptome of 16 tissues from Dioryctria abietella, including chemosensory and non-chemosensory tissues. Through Illumina sequencing, totally 952,658,466 clean reads were generated, summing to 142.90 gigabases of data. Based on the transcriptome, 235 chemosensory-related genes were identified, comprising 42 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 23 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 75 odorant receptors (ORs), 62 gustatory receptors (GRs), 30 ionotropic receptors (IRs), and 3 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs). Compared to a previous study in this species, 140 novel genes were found. A transcriptome-wide analysis combined with PCR results revealed that except for GRs, the majority of other five chemosensory gene families in Lepidoptera were expressed in the antennae, including 160 chemosensory genes in D. abietella. Using phylogenetic and expression profiling analyses, members of the six chemosensory gene repertoires were characterized, in which 11 DabiORs were candidates for detecting female sex pheromones in D. abietella, and DabiOR23 may be involved in the sensing of plant-derived phenylacetaldehyde. Intriguingly, more than half of the genes were detected in the proboscises, and one fourth of the genes were found to have the expression in the legs. Our study not only greatly extends and improves the description of chemosensory genes in D. abietella, but also identifies potential molecular targets involved in olfaction, gustation and non-chemosensory functions for control of this pest.
Collapse
|
35
|
Keeling CI, Campbell EO, Batista PD, Shegelski VA, Trevoy SAL, Huber DPW, Janes JK, Sperling FAH. Chromosome-level genome assembly reveals genomic architecture of northern range expansion in the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 22:1149-1167. [PMID: 34637588 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequencing methods and assembly tools have improved dramatically since the 2013 publication of draft genome assemblies for the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). We conducted proximity ligation library sequencing and scaffolding to improve contiguity, and then used linkage mapping and recent bioinformatic tools for correction and further improvement. The new assemblies have dramatically improved contiguity and gaps compared to the originals: N50 values increased 26- to 36-fold, and the number of gaps were reduced by half. Ninety per cent of the content of the assemblies is now contained in 12 and 11 scaffolds for the female and male assemblies, respectively. Based on linkage mapping information, the 12 largest scaffolds in both assemblies represent all 11 autosomal chromosomes and the neo-X chromosome. These assemblies now have nearly chromosome-sized scaffolds and will be instrumental for studying genomic architecture, chromosome evolution, population genomics, functional genomics, and adaptation in this and other pest insects. We also identified regions in two chromosomes, including the ancestral-X portion of the neo-X chromosome, with elevated differentiation between northern and southern Canadian populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I Keeling
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Erin O Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Philip D Batista
- Faculty of Environment, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Victor A Shegelski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen A L Trevoy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dezene P W Huber
- Faculty of Environment, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Jasmine K Janes
- Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada.,School of Environmental and Rural Studies, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Felix A H Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Roberts RE, Yuvaraj JK, Andersson MN. Codon Optimization of Insect Odorant Receptor Genes May Increase Their Stable Expression for Functional Characterization in HEK293 Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:744401. [PMID: 34552471 PMCID: PMC8450354 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.744401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect odorant receptor (OR) genes are routinely expressed in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 cells for functional characterization ("de-orphanization") using transient or stable expression. However, progress in this research field has been hampered because some insect ORs are not functional in this system, which may be due to insufficient protein levels. We investigated whether codon optimization of insect OR sequences for expression in human cells could facilitate their functional characterization in HEK293 cells with stable and inducible expression. We tested the olfactory receptor co-receptor (Orco) proteins from the bark beetles Ips typographus ("Ityp") and Dendroctonus ponderosae ("Dpon"), and six ItypORs previously characterized in Xenopus laevis oocytes and/or HEK cells. Western blot analysis indicated that codon optimization yielded increased cellular protein levels for seven of the eight receptors. Our experimental assays demonstrated that codon optimization enabled functional characterization of two ORs (ItypOR25 and ItypOR29) which are unresponsive when expressed from wildtype (non-codon optimized) genes. Similar to previous Xenopus oocyte recordings, ItypOR25 responded primarily to the host/conifer monoterpene (+)-3-carene. ItypOR29 responded primarily to (+)-isopinochamphone and similar ketones produced by fungal symbionts and trees. Codon optimization also resulted in significantly increased responses in ItypOR49 to its pheromone ligand (R)-(-)-ipsdienol, and improved responses to the Orco agonist VUAA1 in ItypOrco. However, codon optimization did not result in functional expression of DponOrco, ItypOR23, ItypOR27, and ItypOR28 despite higher protein levels as indicated by Western blots. We conclude that codon optimization may enable or improve the functional characterization of insect ORs in HEK cells, although this method is not sufficient for all ORs that are not functionally expressed from wildtype genes.
Collapse
|
37
|
Genome-Wide Identification of the Gustatory Receptor Gene Family of the Invasive Pest, Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070611. [PMID: 34357271 PMCID: PMC8308034 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) is a highly destructive pest of oil palm, date, and coconut in many parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has called for international collaboration to develop a multidisciplinary strategy to control this invasive pest. Previous research focused on the molecular basis of chemoreception in this species, particularly olfaction, to develop biosensors for early detection and more effective bait traps for mass trapping. However, the molecular basis of gustation, which plays an essential role in discriminating food and egg-laying sites and chemical communication in this species, is limited because its complete gustatory receptor gene family still has not been characterized. We manually annotated the gene family from the recently available genome and transcriptome data and reported 50 gustatory receptor genes encoding 65 gustatory receptors, including 7 carbon dioxide, 9 sugar, and 49 bitter receptors. This study provides a platform for future functional analysis and comparative chemosensory study. A better understanding of gustation will improve our understanding of this species' complex chemoreception, which is an important step toward developing more effective control methods.
Collapse
|
38
|
Chemical Ecology of the Asian Longhorn Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:489-503. [PMID: 34081236 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Asian longhorn beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), is a destructive forest pest in its native range, East Asia, or a high-risk invasive species in many other parts of the world. Extensive research has been directed toward the development of ALB management strategies. However, semiochemical-based trap lures, which are one of the effective tools for detecting, monitoring, and potentially assisting in eradicating cerambycids, have not reached operational efficacy for ALB to date, which is probably due to a grossly incomplete understanding of its chemical ecology. Here, we summarize the current progress in ALB chemical ecology including host selection and location, pheromone identification, trapping techniques, olfactory system, and related biology and behavior. We also briefly review the known semiochemicals in the subfamily Lamiinae, particularly the ALB congener, A. chinensis. Based on this knowledge, we highlight a potentially important role of some host-original chemicals, such as sesquiterpenes, in ALB host and mate location, and emphasize the basic studies on the biology and behavior of adult ALB. Last, we formulate suggestions for further research directions that may contribute to a better understanding of ALB chemical ecology and improved lure efficacy.
Collapse
|
39
|
Balart-García P, Cieslak A, Escuer P, Rozas J, Ribera I, Fernández R. Smelling in the dark: Phylogenomic insights into the chemosensory system of a subterranean beetle. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2573-2590. [PMID: 33856058 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The chemosensory system has experienced relevant changes in subterranean animals, facilitating the perception of specific chemical signals critical to survival in their particular environment. However, the genomic basis of chemoreception in cave-dwelling fauna has been largely unexplored. We generated de novo transcriptomes for antennae and body samples of the troglobitic beetle Speonomus longicornis (whose characters suggest an extreme adaptation to a deep subterranean environment) in order to investigate the evolutionary origin and diversification of the chemosensory gene repertoire across coleopterans through a phylogenomic approach. Our results suggested a diminished diversity of odourant and gustatory gene repertoires compared to polyphagous beetles that inhabit surface habitats. Moreover, S. longicornis showed a large diversity of odourant-binding proteins, suggesting an important role of these proteins in capturing airborne chemical cues. We identified a gene duplication of the ionotropic coreceptor IR25a, a highly conserved single-copy gene in protostomes involved in thermal and humidity sensing. In addition, no homologous genes to sugar receptors or the ionotropic receptor IR41a were detected. Our findings suggest that the chemosensory gene repertoire of this cave beetle may result from adaptation to the highly specific ecological niche it occupies, and that gene duplication and loss may have played an important role in the evolution of gene families involved in chemoreception. Altogether, our results shed light on the genomic basis of chemoreception in a cave-dwelling invertebrate and pave the road towards understanding the genomic underpinnings of adaptation to the subterranean lifestyle at a deeper level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Balart-García
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandra Cieslak
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Escuer
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Rozas
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ribera
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Fernández
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC - Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gonzalez F, Johny J, Walker WB, Guan Q, Mfarrej S, Jakše J, Montagné N, Jacquin-Joly E, Alqarni AS, Al-Saleh MA, Pain A, Antony B. Antennal transcriptome sequencing and identification of candidate chemoreceptor proteins from an invasive pest, the American palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8334. [PMID: 33859212 PMCID: PMC8050089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, the American palm weevil (APW), Rhynchophorus palmarum, has been a threat to coconut and oil palm production in the Americas. It has recently spread towards North America, endangering ornamental palms, and the expanding date palm production. Its behavior presents several parallelisms with a closely related species, R. ferrugineus, the red palm weevil (RPW), which is the biggest threat to palms in Asia and Europe. For both species, semiochemicals have been used for management. However, their control is far from complete. We generated an adult antennal transcriptome from APW and annotated chemosensory related gene families to obtain a better understanding of these species' olfaction mechanism. We identified unigenes encoding 37 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), ten chemosensory proteins (CSPs), four sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), seven gustatory receptors (GRs), 63 odorant receptors (ORs), and 28 ionotropic receptors (IRs). Noticeably, we find out the R. ferrugineus pheromone-binding protein and pheromone receptor orthologs from R. palmarum. Candidate genes identified and annotated in this study allow us to compare these palm weevils' chemosensory gene sets. Most importantly, this study provides the foundation for functional studies that could materialize as novel pest management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gonzalez
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Research and Development, ChemTica Internacional S.A., Santo Domingo, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Jibin Johny
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - William B Walker
- Department To Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Qingtian Guan
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Mfarrej
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Université de Paris, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Abdulaziz S Alqarni
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Al-Saleh
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arnab Pain
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Binu Antony
- Chair of Date Palm Research, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Xue HJ, Niu YW, Segraves KA, Nie RE, Hao YJ, Zhang LL, Cheng XC, Zhang XW, Li WZ, Chen RS, Yang XK. The draft genome of the specialist flea beetle Altica viridicyanea (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:243. [PMID: 33827435 PMCID: PMC8028732 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a highly diverse and taxonomically challenging flea beetle genus that has been used to address questions related to host plant specialization, reproductive isolation, and ecological speciation. To further evolutionary studies in this interesting group, here we present a draft genome of a representative specialist, Altica viridicyanea, the first Alticinae genome reported thus far. RESULTS The genome is 864.8 Mb and consists of 4490 scaffolds with a N50 size of 557 kb, which covered 98.6% complete and 0.4% partial insect Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs. Repetitive sequences accounted for 62.9% of the assembly, and a total of 17,730 protein-coding gene models and 2462 non-coding RNA models were predicted. To provide insight into host plant specialization of this monophagous species, we examined the key gene families involved in chemosensation, detoxification of plant secondary chemistry, and plant cell wall-degradation. CONCLUSIONS The genome assembled in this work provides an important resource for further studies on host plant adaptation and functionally affiliated genes. Moreover, this work also opens the way for comparative genomics studies among closely related Altica species, which may provide insight into the molecular evolutionary processes that occur during ecological speciation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Jun Xue
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yi-Wei Niu
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kari A Segraves
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
- Archbold Biological Station, 123 Main Drive, Venus, FL, 33960, USA
| | - Rui-E Nie
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ya-Jing Hao
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin-Chao Cheng
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Floor 8, Shunjie Building, 12 Fuqian Road, Nanfaxin Town, Shunyi District, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Xue-Wen Zhang
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Floor 8, Shunjie Building, 12 Fuqian Road, Nanfaxin Town, Shunyi District, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Wen-Zhu Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Run-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xing-Ke Yang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Antony B, Johny J, Montagné N, Jacquin-Joly E, Capoduro R, Cali K, Persaud K, Al-Saleh MA, Pain A. Pheromone receptor of the globally invasive quarantine pest of the palm tree, the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus). Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2025-2039. [PMID: 33687767 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Palm trees are of immense economic, sociocultural, touristic, and patrimonial significance all over the world, and date palm-related knowledge, traditions, and practices are now included in UNESCOs list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Of all the pests that infest these trees, the red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), is its primary enemy. The RPW is a category-1 quarantine insect pest that causes enormous economic losses in palm tree cultivation worldwide. The RPW synchronizes mass gathering on the palm tree for feeding and mating, regulated by a male-produced pheromone composed of two methyl-branched compounds, (4RS, 5RS)-4-methylnonan-5-ol (ferrugineol) and 4(RS)-methylnonan-5-one (ferrugineone). Despite the importance of odorant detection in long-range orientation towards palm trees, palm colonization, and mating, the pheromone receptor has not been identified in this species. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of the first RPW pheromone receptor, RferOR1. Using gene silencing and functional expression in Drosophila olfactory receptor neurons, we demonstrate that RferOR1 is tuned to ferrugineol and ferrugineone and binds five other structurally related molecules. We reveal the lifetime expression of RferOR1, which correlates with adult mating success irrespective of age, a factor that could explain the wide distribution and spread of this pest. As palm weevils are challenging to control based on conventional methods, elucidation of the mechanisms of pheromone detection opens new routes for mating disruption and the early detection of this pest via the development of pheromone receptor-based biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binu Antony
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Chair of Date Palm Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jibin Johny
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Chair of Date Palm Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicolas Montagné
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, Université Paris Diderot, Versailles, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, Université Paris Diderot, Versailles, France
| | - Rémi Capoduro
- INRAE, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UPEC, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES-Paris, Université Paris Diderot, Versailles, France
| | - Khasim Cali
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Krishna Persaud
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mohammed Ali Al-Saleh
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Center for Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics, Chair of Date Palm Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arnab Pain
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Navarro-Escalante L, Hernandez-Hernandez EM, Nuñez J, Acevedo FE, Berrio A, Constantino LM, Padilla-Hurtado BE, Molina D, Gongora C, Acuña R, Stuart J, Benavides P. A coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) genome assembly reveals a reduced chemosensory receptor gene repertoire and male-specific genome sequences. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4900. [PMID: 33649370 PMCID: PMC7921381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee berry borer-CBB (Hypothenemus hampei) is a globally important economic pest of coffee (Coffea spp.). Despite current insect control methods for managing CBB, development of future control strategies requires a better understanding of its biology and interaction with its host plant. Towards this objective, we performed de novo CBB genome and transcriptome sequencing, improved CBB genome assembly and predicted 18,765 protein-encoding genes. Using genome and transcriptome data, we annotated the genes associated with chemosensation and found a reduced gene repertoire composed by 67 odorant receptors (ORs), 62 gustatory receptors (GRs), 33 ionotropic receptors (IRs) and 29 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs). In silico transcript abundance analysis of these chemosensory genes revealed expression enrichment in CBB adults compared with larva. Detection of differentially expressed chemosensory genes between males and females is likely associated with differences in host-finding behavior between sexes. Additionally, we discovered male-specific genome content and identified candidate male-specific expressed genes on these scaffolds, suggesting that a Y-like chromosome may be involved in the CBB's functional haplodiploid mechanism of sex determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Nuñez
- Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand
| | - Flor E Acevedo
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Beatriz E Padilla-Hurtado
- Instituto de Investigación en Microbiología Y Biotecnología Agroindustrial, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Diana Molina
- National Coffee Research Center-CENICAFE, Manizales, Colombia
| | | | - Ricardo Acuña
- National Coffee Research Center-CENICAFE, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Jeff Stuart
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA
| | - Pablo Benavides
- National Coffee Research Center-CENICAFE, Manizales, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ni L. The Structure and Function of Ionotropic Receptors in Drosophila. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:638839. [PMID: 33597847 PMCID: PMC7882480 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.638839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionotropic receptors (IRs) are a highly divergent subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluR) and are conserved across Protostomia, a major branch of the animal kingdom that encompasses both Ecdysozoa and Lophothrochozoa. They are broadly expressed in peripheral sensory systems, concentrated in sensory dendrites, and function in chemosensation, thermosensation, and hygrosensation. As iGluRs, four IR subunits form a functional ion channel to detect environmental stimuli. Most IR receptors comprise individual stimulus-specific tuning receptors and one or two broadly expressed coreceptors. This review summarizes the discoveries of the structure of IR complexes and the expression and function of each IR, as well as discusses the future direction for IR studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ni
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yuvaraj JK, Roberts RE, Sonntag Y, Hou XQ, Grosse-Wilde E, Machara A, Zhang DD, Hansson BS, Johanson U, Löfstedt C, Andersson MN. Putative ligand binding sites of two functionally characterized bark beetle odorant receptors. BMC Biol 2021; 19:16. [PMID: 33499862 PMCID: PMC7836466 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bark beetles are major pests of conifer forests, and their behavior is primarily mediated via olfaction. Targeting the odorant receptors (ORs) may thus provide avenues towards improved pest control. Such an approach requires information on the function of ORs and their interactions with ligands, which is also essential for understanding the functional evolution of these receptors. Hence, we aimed to identify a high-quality complement of ORs from the destructive spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) and analyze their antennal expression and phylogenetic relationships with ORs from other beetles. Using 68 biologically relevant test compounds, we next aimed to functionally characterize ecologically important ORs, using two systems for heterologous expression. Our final aim was to gain insight into the ligand-OR interaction of the functionally characterized ORs, using a combination of computational and experimental methods. RESULTS We annotated 73 ORs from an antennal transcriptome of I. typographus and report the functional characterization of two ORs (ItypOR46 and ItypOR49), which are responsive to single enantiomers of the common bark beetle pheromone compounds ipsenol and ipsdienol, respectively. Their responses and antennal expression correlate with the specificities, localizations, and/or abundances of olfactory sensory neurons detecting these enantiomers. We use homology modeling and molecular docking to predict their binding sites. Our models reveal a likely binding cleft lined with residues that previously have been shown to affect the responses of insect ORs. Within this cleft, the active ligands are predicted to specifically interact with residues Tyr84 and Thr205 in ItypOR46. The suggested importance of these residues in the activation by ipsenol is experimentally supported through site-directed mutagenesis and functional testing, and hydrogen bonding appears key in pheromone binding. CONCLUSIONS The emerging insight into ligand binding in the two characterized ItypORs has a general importance for our understanding of the molecular and functional evolution of the insect OR gene family. Due to the ecological importance of the characterized receptors and widespread use of ipsenol and ipsdienol in bark beetle chemical communication, these ORs should be evaluated for their potential use in pest control and biosensors to detect bark beetle infestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jothi K Yuvaraj
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Yonathan Sonntag
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Qing Hou
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ewald Grosse-Wilde
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Present address: Faculty of Forestry & Wood Sci, Excellent Team for Mitigation, Czech University Life Sci Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 6, 16521, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Machara
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Urban Johanson
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yuvaraj JK, Roberts RE, Sonntag Y, Hou XQ, Grosse-Wilde E, Machara A, Zhang DD, Hansson BS, Johanson U, Löfstedt C, Andersson MN. Putative ligand binding sites of two functionally characterized bark beetle odorant receptors. BMC Biol 2021. [PMID: 33499862 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.07.980797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bark beetles are major pests of conifer forests, and their behavior is primarily mediated via olfaction. Targeting the odorant receptors (ORs) may thus provide avenues towards improved pest control. Such an approach requires information on the function of ORs and their interactions with ligands, which is also essential for understanding the functional evolution of these receptors. Hence, we aimed to identify a high-quality complement of ORs from the destructive spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) and analyze their antennal expression and phylogenetic relationships with ORs from other beetles. Using 68 biologically relevant test compounds, we next aimed to functionally characterize ecologically important ORs, using two systems for heterologous expression. Our final aim was to gain insight into the ligand-OR interaction of the functionally characterized ORs, using a combination of computational and experimental methods. RESULTS We annotated 73 ORs from an antennal transcriptome of I. typographus and report the functional characterization of two ORs (ItypOR46 and ItypOR49), which are responsive to single enantiomers of the common bark beetle pheromone compounds ipsenol and ipsdienol, respectively. Their responses and antennal expression correlate with the specificities, localizations, and/or abundances of olfactory sensory neurons detecting these enantiomers. We use homology modeling and molecular docking to predict their binding sites. Our models reveal a likely binding cleft lined with residues that previously have been shown to affect the responses of insect ORs. Within this cleft, the active ligands are predicted to specifically interact with residues Tyr84 and Thr205 in ItypOR46. The suggested importance of these residues in the activation by ipsenol is experimentally supported through site-directed mutagenesis and functional testing, and hydrogen bonding appears key in pheromone binding. CONCLUSIONS The emerging insight into ligand binding in the two characterized ItypORs has a general importance for our understanding of the molecular and functional evolution of the insect OR gene family. Due to the ecological importance of the characterized receptors and widespread use of ipsenol and ipsdienol in bark beetle chemical communication, these ORs should be evaluated for their potential use in pest control and biosensors to detect bark beetle infestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jothi K Yuvaraj
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Yonathan Sonntag
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Qing Hou
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ewald Grosse-Wilde
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Present address: Faculty of Forestry & Wood Sci, Excellent Team for Mitigation, Czech University Life Sci Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague 6, 16521, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Machara
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo n. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bill S Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Urban Johanson
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shen S, Fan Z, Zhang X, Kong X, Liu F, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Hu X, Zhang S. The Characteristics of Chemosensory and Opsin Genes in Newly Emerged and Sexually Mature Agrilus planipennis, an Important Quarantine Forest Beetle. Front Genet 2021; 11:604757. [PMID: 33519910 PMCID: PMC7844324 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.604757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, is a highly destructive quarantine pest. The olfactory and visual systems of A. planipennis play different but critical roles at newly emerged and sexually mature stages; however, the molecular basis underlying these differences remain unclear. Consequently, based on deep transcriptome sequencing, we evaluated the expression levels of chemosensory-related proteins and opsins at the two developmental stages of A. planipennis. We found 15 new chemosensory-related genes in our transcriptome assembly compared with the previous genome assembly, including 6 that code for odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and 9 for chemosensory proteins (CSPs). The expression of several chemosensory-related genes (OBP7, OBP10, CSP1, and CSP12) differed markedly between newly emerged and sexually mature A. planipennis. We also found that the expression of UV opsin 2 and LW opsin 1 was higher in sexually mature male A. planipennis, which may be associated with their strong visual mate detection ability. This study forms the basis for further investigation of the chemosensory and visual system of A. planipennis, and these differentially expressed genes between newly emerged and sexually mature stages may serve as targets for the management of this destructive forest pest after sexual maturity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.,College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhizhi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangbo Kong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Forest Control Station of Dawu County, Xiaogan, China
| | - Xiumei Hu
- Forest Control Station of Dawu County, Xiaogan, China
| | - Sufang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wu YM, Liu YY, Chen XS. Genomic content of chemosensory receptors in two sister blister beetles facilitates characterization of chemosensory evolution. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:589. [PMID: 32842954 PMCID: PMC7448986 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06974-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background More than 2500 species belong to the Meloidae family (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea), members of which produce the potent defensive blistering agent cantharidin and are commonly known as blister beetles or Spanishflies. Cantharidin has recently been used for cancer therapy. Hycleus cichorii and Hycleus phaleratus have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 2000 years due to their ability to biosynthesize cantharidin. To understand the role of the chemosensory system in beetle evolution, we comparatively analysed the chemosensory receptor families of both blister beetle species and compared them with those of other beetles. Results We identified 89 odorant receptors (ORs), 86 gustatory receptors (GRs), and 45 ionotropic receptors (IRs) in H. phaleratus and 149 ORs, 102 GRs and 50 IRs in H. cichorii. Nine groups of beetle ORs were recovered, and a similar pattern of ORs in Coleoptera emerged. Two evident expanded clades in Hycleus (Groups 5A and 3) were reconstructed in the phylogenetic tree. Four of eight genes with evidence of positive selection were clustered in the expanded clades of Group 5A. Three, eight and three orthologous pairs of CO2, sugar and fructose receptors, respectively, were identified in both blister beetles. Two evident expanded clades of putative bitter GRs in Hycleus were also found, and the GR in one clade had notably low divergence. Interestingly, IR41a was specifically expanded in blister beetles compared to other insects identified to date, and IR75 was also clearly expanded in both blister beetles based on our phylogenetic tree analysis. Moreover, evidence of positive selection was detected for eight ORs, three GRs and two IRs, half of which were from five duplicate clades. Conclusions We first annotated the chemosensory receptor families in a pair of sister beetle genomes (Meloidae: Hycleus), which facilitated evolutionary analysis of chemosensory receptors between sibling species in the Coleoptera group. Our analysis suggests that changes in chemosensory receptors have a possible role in chemical-based species evolution in blister beetles. Future studies should include more species to verify this correlation, which will help us understand the evolution of blister beetles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ming Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China, 550025.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China, 550025
| | - Yang-Yang Liu
- Institute of Entomology/Special Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Insect Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China, 550025
| | - Xiang-Sheng Chen
- Institute of Entomology/Special Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Insect Resources, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China, 550025.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Qian JL, Mang DZ, Lv GC, Ye J, Li ZQ, Chu B, Sun L, Liu YJ, Zhang LW. Identification and Expression Profile of Olfactory Receptor Genes Based on Apriona germari (Hope) Antennal Transcriptome. Front Physiol 2020; 11:807. [PMID: 32792974 PMCID: PMC7387575 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects’ olfactory receptor plays a central role in detecting chemosensory information from the environment. Odorant receptors (ORs) and ionotropic receptors (IRs) are two types of olfactory receptors, and they are essential for the recognition of ligands at peripheral neurons. Apriona germari (Hope) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of the most serious insect pests that cause damage to economic trees and landscaping trees, resulting in massive environmental damages and economic losses. Olfactory-based management strategy has been suggested as a promising strategy to control this wood-boring beetle. However, the olfactory perception mechanism in A. germari is now almost unknown. In the present study, RNA sequencing analysis was used to determine the transcriptomes of adult A. germari antennae. Among 36,834 unigenes derived from the antennal assembly, we identified 42 AgerORs and three AgerIRs. Based on the tissue expression pattern analysis, 27 AgerORs displayed a female-biased expression. Notably, AgerOR3, 5, 13, 33, and 40 showed a significant female-biased expression and were clustered with the pheromone receptors of Megacyllene caryae in the phylogenetic tree, suggesting that these AgerORs could be potential pheromone receptors for sensing male-produced sex pheromones in A. germari. The AgerIRs expression profile demonstrated that AgerIR2 had high expression levels in male labial palps, suggesting that this receptor may function to detect female-deposited trail-sex pheromone blend of A. germari. In addition, the phylogenetic tree showed that the Orco gene of five cerambycidae species was highly conservative. These results provide a foundation for further studies on the molecular mechanisms of olfactory chemoreception in A. germari apart from suggesting novel targets for the control of this pest in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Qian
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ding-Ze Mang
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Guo-Chang Lv
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jia Ye
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhao-Qun Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Chu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long Sun
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Jun Liu
- Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Long-Wa Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhao YJ, Li GC, Zhu JY, Liu NY. Genome-based analysis reveals a novel SNMP group of the Coleoptera and chemosensory receptors in Rhaphuma horsfieldi. Genomics 2020; 112:2713-2728. [PMID: 32145380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Through an exhaustive homology-based approach, coupled with manual efforts, we annotated and characterized 128 sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) from genomes and transcriptomes of 22 coleopteran species, with 107 novel candidates. Remarkably, we discovered, for the first time, a novel SNMP group, defined as Group 4 based on the phylogeny, sequence characteristics, gene structure and organization. The lineage-specific expansions in SNMPs occurred mainly in the family Scarabaeidae, harboring 12 representatives in Onthophagus taurus as a typical gene duplication and the most massive set of SNMPs in insects to date. Transcriptome sequencing of Rhaphuma horsfieldi resulted in the yields of approximately 611.9 million clean reads that were further assembled into 543,841 transcripts and 327,550 unigenes, respectively. From the transcriptome, 177 transcripts encoding 84 odorant (ORs), 62 gustatory (GRs), 20 ionotropic (IRs), and 11 ionotropic glutamate (iGluRs) receptors were identified. Phylogenetic analysis classified RhorORs into six groups, RhorGRs into four subfamilies, and RhorIRs into 10 conserved antennal IRs and one divergent IRs. Expression profiles revealed that over 80% of chemosensory genes were specifically or highly transcribed in antennae or tarsi, suggestive of their olfactory and/or gustatory roles. This study has greatly complemented the resources for chemosensory genes in the cerambycid beetles, and most importantly, identifies a novel group of SNMPs in Coleoptera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Gen-Ceng Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Nai-Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.
| |
Collapse
|