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Ivanova M, Ovsepian A, Leekitcharoenphon P, Seyfarth AM, Mordhorst H, Otani S, Koeberl-Jelovcan S, Milanov M, Kompes G, Liapi M, Černý T, Vester CT, Perrin-Guyomard A, Hammerl JA, Grobbel M, Valkanou E, Jánosi S, Slowey R, Alba P, Carfora V, Avsejenko J, Pereckiene A, Claude D, Zerafa R, Veldman KT, Boland C, Garcia-Graells C, Wattiau P, Butaye P, Zając M, Amaro A, Clemente L, Vaduva AM, Romascu LM, Milita NM, Mojžišová A, Zdovc I, Escribano MJZ, De Frutos Escobar C, Overesch G, Teale C, Loneragan GH, Guerra B, Beloeil PA, Brown AMV, Hendriksen RS, Bortolaia V, Kjeldgaard JS. Azithromycin resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella from food-producing animals and meat in Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:1657-1667. [PMID: 38775752 PMCID: PMC11215539 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the genetic basis of azithromycin resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella collected within the EU harmonized antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance programme in 2014-18 and the Danish AMR surveillance programme in 2016-19. METHODS WGS data of 1007 E. coli [165 azithromycin resistant (MIC > 16 mg/L)] and 269 Salmonella [29 azithromycin resistant (MIC > 16 mg/L)] were screened for acquired macrolide resistance genes and mutations in rplDV, 23S rRNA and acrB genes using ResFinder v4.0, AMRFinder Plus and custom scripts. Genotype-phenotype concordance was determined for all isolates. Transferability of mef(C)-mph(G)-carrying plasmids was assessed by conjugation experiments. RESULTS mph(A), mph(B), mef(B), erm(B) and mef(C)-mph(G) were detected in E. coli and Salmonella, whereas erm(C), erm(42), ere(A) and mph(E)-msr(E) were detected in E. coli only. The presence of macrolide resistance genes, alone or in combination, was concordant with the azithromycin-resistant phenotype in 69% of isolates. Distinct mph(A) operon structures were observed in azithromycin-susceptible (n = 50) and -resistant (n = 136) isolates. mef(C)-mph(G) were detected in porcine and bovine E. coli and in porcine Salmonella enterica serovar Derby and Salmonella enterica 1,4, [5],12:i:-, flanked downstream by ISCR2 or TnAs1 and associated with IncIγ and IncFII plasmids. CONCLUSIONS Diverse azithromycin resistance genes were detected in E. coli and Salmonella from food-producing animals and meat in Europe. Azithromycin resistance genes mef(C)-mph(G) and erm(42) appear to be emerging primarily in porcine E. coli isolates. The identification of distinct mph(A) operon structures in susceptible and resistant isolates increases the predictive power of WGS-based methods for in silico detection of azithromycin resistance in Enterobacterales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirena Ivanova
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (EURL-AR), Research Group for Global Capacity Building, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Armen Ovsepian
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (EURL-AR), Research Group for Global Capacity Building, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- DIANA-Lab, Dept. of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece
| | | | - Anne Mette Seyfarth
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (EURL-AR), Research Group for Global Capacity Building, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanne Mordhorst
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Saria Otani
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Mihail Milanov
- National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Maria Liapi
- Bacteriology Serology Laboratory, Veterinary Services, Cyprus
| | - Tomáš Černý
- State Veterinary Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Agnès Perrin-Guyomard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jens A Hammerl
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Grobbel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Szilárd Jánosi
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Patricia Alba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Carfora
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana ‘M. Aleandri’, Rome, Italy
| | - Jelena Avsejenko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia
| | - Asta Pereckiene
- National Food and Veterinary Risk Assessment Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dominique Claude
- Laboratoire de Médecine Vétérinaire de l’État, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | | | - Kees T Veldman
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Part of Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Pathobiology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | | | - Ana Amaro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lurdes Clemente
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Angela M Vaduva
- Institute for Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | | | - Irena Zdovc
- Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Gudrun Overesch
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Guy H Loneragan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Amanda M V Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Rene S Hendriksen
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (EURL-AR), Research Group for Global Capacity Building, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valeria Bortolaia
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (EURL-AR), Research Group for Global Capacity Building, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jette Sejer Kjeldgaard
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (EURL-AR), Research Group for Global Capacity Building, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Luo XW, Li PL, Zhai YJ, Pan YS, Hu GZ, He DD. Upregulation of outer membrane porin gene ompC contributed to enhancement of azithromycin susceptibility in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0391823. [PMID: 38441474 PMCID: PMC10986464 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03918-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The outer membrane (OM) in gram-negative bacteria contains proteins that regulate the passive or active uptake of small molecules for growth and cell function, as well as mediate the emergence of antibiotic resistance. This study aims to explore the potential mechanisms for restoring bacteria to azithromycin susceptibility based on transcriptome analysis of bacterial membrane-related genes. Transcriptome sequencing was performed by treating multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli T28R with azithromycin or in combination with colistin and confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Azithromycin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test, ompC gene overexpression, and molecular docking were utilized to conduct the confirmatory research of the potential mechanisms. We found that colistin combined with azithromycin led to 48 differentially expressed genes, compared to azithromycin alone, such as downregulation of tolA, eptB, lpxP, and opgE and upregulation of ompC gene. Interestingly, the addition of colistin to azithromycin differentially downregulated the mph(A) gene mediating azithromycin resistance, facilitating the intracellular accumulation of azithromycin. Also, overexpression of the ompC elevated azithromycin susceptibility, and colistin contributed to further suppression of the Mph(A) activity in the presence of azithromycin. These findings suggested that colistin firstly enhanced the permeability of bacterial OM, causing intracellular drug accumulation, and then had a repressive effect on the Mph(A) activity along with azithromycin. Our study provides a novel perspective that the improvement of azithromycin susceptibility is related not only to the downregulation of the mph(A) gene and conformational remodeling of the Mph(A) protein but also the upregulation of the membrane porin gene ompC.IMPORTANCEUsually, active efflux via efflux pumps is an important mechanism of antimicrobial resistance, such as the AcrAB-TolC complex and MdtEF. Also, bacterial porins exhibited a substantial fraction of the total number of outer membrane proteins in Enterobacteriaceae, which are involved in mediating the development of the resistance. We found that the upregulation or overexpression of the ompC gene contributed to the enhancement of resistant bacteria to azithromycin susceptibility, probably due to the augment of drug uptakes caused and the opportunity of Mph(A) function suppressed by azithromycin with colistin. Under the combination of colistin and azithromycin treatment, OmpC exhibited an increased selectivity for cationic molecules and played a key role in the restoral of the antibiotic susceptibility. Investigations on the regulation of porin expression that mediated drug resistance would be important in clinical isolates treated with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Wei Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng-Liang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya-Jun Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Shan Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gong-Zheng Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Xu C, She Y, Fu F, Xu C. Production of a new tetravalent vaccine targeting fimbriae and enterotoxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2024; 88:38-44. [PMID: 38595949 PMCID: PMC11000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important type of pathogenic bacteria that causes diarrhea in pigs. The objective of this study was to prepare a novel tetravalent vaccine to effectively prevent piglet diarrhea caused by E. coli. In order to realize the production of K88ac-K99-ST1-LTB tetravalent inactivated vaccine, the biological characteristics, stability, preservation conditions, and safety of the recombinant strain BL21(DE3) (pXKKSL4) were studied, and the vaccine efficacy and minimum immune dose were measured. The results indicated that the biological characteristics, target protein expression, and immunogenicity of the 1st to 10th generations of the strain were stable. Therefore, the basic seed generation was preliminarily set as the 1st to 10th generations. The results of the efficacy tests showed that the immune protection rate could reach 90% with 1 minimum lethal dose (MLD) virulent strain attack in mice. The immunogenicity was stable, and the minimum immune dose was 0.1 mL per mouse. Our research showed that the genetically engineered vaccine developed in this way could prevent piglet diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli through adhesin and enterotoxin. In order to realize industrial production of the vaccine as soon as possible, we conducted immunological tests and production process research on the constructed K88ac-K99-ST1-LTB tetravalent inactivated vaccine. The results of this study provide scientific experimental data for the commercial production of vaccines and lay a solid foundation for their industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChongLi Xu
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, 82 Daxuecheng Road, Chongqing 401331, PR China (Xu, She, Fu); School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, PR China (Xu)
| | - Yuhan She
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, 82 Daxuecheng Road, Chongqing 401331, PR China (Xu, She, Fu); School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, PR China (Xu)
| | - Fengyang Fu
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, 82 Daxuecheng Road, Chongqing 401331, PR China (Xu, She, Fu); School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, PR China (Xu)
| | - ChongBo Xu
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, 82 Daxuecheng Road, Chongqing 401331, PR China (Xu, She, Fu); School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, PR China (Xu)
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Wang L, Guan Y, Lin X, Wei J, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Tan J, Jiang J, Ling C, Cai L, Li X, Liang X, Wei W, Li RM. Whole-Genome Sequencing of an Escherichia coli ST69 Strain Harboring blaCTX-M-27 on a Hybrid Plasmid. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:365-375. [PMID: 38318209 PMCID: PMC10840416 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s427571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Escherichia coli is a common Gram-negative human pathogen. The emergence of E. coli with multiple-antibiotic-resistant phenotypes has become a serious health concern. This study reports the whole-genome sequences of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC-R) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli EC6868 and explores the acquired antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) as well as their genetic contexts. Methods E. coli EC6868 was isolated from a vaginal secretion sample of a pregnant patient in China. The antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed, and whole-genome sequencing was conducted. The acquired ARGs, insertion sequence (IS) elements, and integrons within the genome of E. coli EC6868 were identified, and the genetic contexts associated with the ARGs were analyzed systematically. Results E. coli EC6868 was determined to belong to ST69 and harbored a 144.9-kb IncF plasmid (pEC6868-1) with three replicons (Col156, IncFIBAP001918, and IncFII). The ESBL gene blaCTX-M-27 was located on the structure "∆ISEcp1-blaCTX-M-27-IS903B", which was widely present in the species of Enterobacteriales. Other ARGs carried by plasmid pEC6868-1 were mainly located on the 18.9-kb IS26-composite transposon (five copies of intact IS26 and one copy of truncated IS26) composing of IS26-mphA-mrx(A)-mphR(A)-IS6100, ∆TnAs3-eamA-tet(A)-tetR(A)-aph(6)-Id-aph(3")-Ib-sul2-IS26, and a class 1 integron, which was widely present on IncF plasmids of E. coli, mainly distributed in ST131, ST38, and ST405. Notably, pEC6868 in our study was the first report on a plasmid harboring the 18.9-kb structure in E. coli ST69 in China. Conclusion The 3GC-R E. coli ST69 strain with an MDR IncF plasmid carrying blaCTX-M-27 and other ARGs, conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, macrolides, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and trimethoprim, was identified in a hospital in China. Mobile genetic elements including ISEcp1, IS903B, IS26, Tn3, IS6100 and class 1 integron were found within the MDR region, which could play important roles in the global dissemination of these resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuee Guan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Limei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Tan
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caiqin Ling
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiong Liang
- Department of Obstetrics, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University (Zhuhai People’s Hospital), Zhuhai, 519000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-Man Li
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, People’s Republic of China
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Johura FT, Sultana M, Sadique A, Monira S, Sack DA, Sack RB, Alam M, Chakraborty S. The Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from Diarrheal Patients and the Environment in Two Geographically Distinct Rural Areas in Bangladesh over the Years. Microorganisms 2024; 12:301. [PMID: 38399705 PMCID: PMC10891980 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an unprecedented global health challenge, involving the transfer of bacteria and genes between humans and the environment. We simultaneously and longitudinally determined the AMR of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains isolated from diarrheal patients and an aquatic environment over two years from two geographically distinct locations, Coastal Mathbaria and Northern Chhatak in Bangladesh. A total of 60% and 72% of ETEC strains from the patients in Mathbaria and Chhatak, respectively, were multi-drug resistant (MDR) with a high proportion of ETEC resistant to nalidixic acid (80.7%), macrolides (49.1-89.7%), ampicillin (57.9-69%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (55.2%). From the surface water, 68.8% and 30% of ETEC were MDR in Mathbaria and Chhatak, respectively, with a high proportion of ETEC strains resistant to macrolides (87.5-100%), ampicillin (50-75%), ceftriaxone (62.5%), and nalidixic acid (40%). Notably, 80-100% of the ETEC strains were susceptible to tetracycline and quinolones (ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin), both in clinical and aquatic ETEC. The AMR varied by the ETEC toxin types. The patterns of excessive or limited consumption of drugs to treat diarrhea over time in Bangladesh were reflected in the ETEC AMR from the patients and the environment. The high prevalence of MDR-ETEC strains in humans and the environment is of concern, which calls for vaccines and other preventative measures against ETEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema-Tuz Johura
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (F.-T.J.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (S.M.); (M.A.)
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.A.S.); (R.B.S.)
| | - Marzia Sultana
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (F.-T.J.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (S.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Abdus Sadique
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (F.-T.J.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (S.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Shirajum Monira
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (F.-T.J.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (S.M.); (M.A.)
| | - David A. Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.A.S.); (R.B.S.)
| | - Richard Bradley Sack
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.A.S.); (R.B.S.)
| | - Munirul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (F.-T.J.); (M.S.); (A.S.); (S.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.A.S.); (R.B.S.)
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Ma A, Ferrato C, Martin I, Smyczek P, Gratrix J, Dingle TC. Use of genome sequencing to resolve differences in gradient diffusion and agar dilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing performance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Alberta, Canada. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0060623. [PMID: 37882549 PMCID: PMC10662343 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00606-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Agar dilution is the gold standard method for phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. However, this method is laborious and requires expertise, so laboratories that perform N. gonorrhoeae AST may choose alternative methods such as disk diffusion and gradient diffusion. In this study, we retrospectively compare the performance of gradient diffusion to agar dilution for 2,394 unique N. gonorrhoeae isolates identified in Alberta from 2017 to 2020 against azithromycin, cefixime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, penicillin, and tetracycline. Genome sequencing was utilized to resolve discrepancies between AST methods, detect antimicrobial resistance markers, and identify trends between error rates and sequence types (STs) of isolates. Over 90% of N. gonorrhoeae isolates were susceptible to azithromycin, cefixime, and ceftriaxone, whereas decreased susceptibility was observed for ciprofloxacin, penicillin, and tetracycline. Categorical (CA) and essential agreement (EA) was poorest between the two methods for penicillin (CA: 86.02%; EA: 77.69%) and tetracycline (CA: 47.22%; EA: 55.96%); however, the low CA was primarily attributed to minor errors. Antimicrobial agents with errors outside of acceptable limits included azithromycin (very major error: 18.42%; major error: 7.73%) and tetracycline (very major error: 6.17%). Genome sequencing on a subset of isolates resolved 30.3% of the azithromycin major errors and confirmed the azithromycin or tetracycline very major errors. Significant associations between certain STs and error types for azithromycin and tetracycline were also identified. Overall, gradient diffusion compared well to agar dilution for cefixime, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin, and genome sequencing was identified as a useful tool to arbitrate discrepant susceptibility testing results between gradient diffusion and agar dilution for N. gonorrhoeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ma
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Christina Ferrato
- Alberta Precision Laboratories—Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Petra Smyczek
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Alberta Health Services, STI Services, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Tanis C. Dingle
- Alberta Precision Laboratories—Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Ossa-Trujillo C, Taylor EA, Sarwar F, Vinasco J, Jordan ER, Buitrago JAG, Hagevoort GR, Lawhon SD, Piñeiro JM, Galloway-Peña J, Norman KN, Scott HM. Two-Dose Ceftiofur Treatment Increases Cephamycinase Gene Quantities and Fecal Microbiome Diversity in Dairy Cows Diagnosed with Metritis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2728. [PMID: 38004740 PMCID: PMC10673576 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a significant concern worldwide; meanwhile, the impact of 3rd generation cephalosporin (3GC) antibiotics on the microbial communities of cattle and resistance within these communities is largely unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of two-dose ceftiofur crystalline-free acid (2-CCFA) treatment on the fecal microbiota and on the quantities of second-and third-generation cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone, and macrolide resistance genes in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows in the southwestern United States. Across three dairy farms, 124 matched pairs of cows were enrolled in a longitudinal study. Following the product label regimen, CCFA was administered on days 0 and 3 to cows diagnosed with postpartum metritis. Healthy cows were pair-matched based on lactation number and calving date. Fecal samples were collected on days 0, 6, and 16 and pooled in groups of 4 (n = 192) by farm, day, and treatment group for community DNA extraction. The characterization of community DNA included real-time PCR (qPCR) to quantify the following antibiotic resistance genes: blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M, mphA, qnrB19, and the highly conserved 16S rRNA back-calculated to gene copies per gram of feces. Additionally, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and metagenomics analyses were used to determine differences in bacterial community composition by treatment, day, and farm. Overall, blaCMY-2 gene copies per gram of feces increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in the treated group compared to the untreated group on day 6 and remained elevated on day 16. However, blaCTX-M, mphA, and qnrB19 gene quantities did not differ significantly (p ≥ 0.05) between treatment groups, days, or farms, suggesting a cephamycinase-specific enhancement in cows on these farms. Perhaps unexpectedly, 16S rRNA amplicon metagenomic analyses showed that the fecal bacterial communities from treated animals on day 6 had significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) alpha and beta diversity than the untreated group. Two-dose ceftiofur treatment in dairy cows with metritis elevates cephamycinase gene quantities among all fecal bacteria while paradoxically increasing microbial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ossa-Trujillo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Ethan A. Taylor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (E.A.T.); (F.S.); (J.V.); (S.D.L.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Fatima Sarwar
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (E.A.T.); (F.S.); (J.V.); (S.D.L.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Javier Vinasco
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (E.A.T.); (F.S.); (J.V.); (S.D.L.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Ellen R. Jordan
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX 75252, USA;
| | - Jose A. García Buitrago
- Department of Extension Animal Sciences and Natural Resources, New Mexico State University, Clovis, NM 88101, USA; (J.A.G.B.); (G.R.H.)
| | - G. Robert Hagevoort
- Department of Extension Animal Sciences and Natural Resources, New Mexico State University, Clovis, NM 88101, USA; (J.A.G.B.); (G.R.H.)
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (E.A.T.); (F.S.); (J.V.); (S.D.L.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Juan M. Piñeiro
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA;
| | - Jessica Galloway-Peña
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (E.A.T.); (F.S.); (J.V.); (S.D.L.); (J.G.-P.)
| | - Keri N. Norman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Harvey Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (E.A.T.); (F.S.); (J.V.); (S.D.L.); (J.G.-P.)
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Ortega-Balleza JL, Guerrero A, Castro-Escarpulli G, Martínez-Vázquez AV, Cruz-Hernández MA, de Luna-Santillana EDJ, Acosta-Cruz E, Rodríguez-Sánchez IP, Rivera G, Bocanegra-García V. Genomic Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Strains Isolated in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:458. [PMID: 37888586 PMCID: PMC10610597 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The global spread of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) is a major public health concern. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are the main drivers of this spread by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Escherichia coli is widespread in various environments and serves as an indicator for monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the whole genome of multidrug-resistant E. coli strains isolated from human clinical, animal, and environmental sources. Four E. coli strains previously isolated from human urine (n = 2), retail meat (n = 1), and water from the Rio Grande River (n = 1) collected in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico, were analyzed. E. coli strains were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility, followed by whole genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Several ARGs were detected, including blaCTX-M-15, blaOXA-1, blaTEM-1B, blaCMY-2, qnrB, catB3, sul2, and sul3. Additionally, plasmid replicons (IncFIA, IncFIB, IncFII, IncY, IncR, and Col) and intact prophages were also found. Insertion sequences (ISs) were structurally linked with resistance and virulence genes. Finally, these findings indicate that E. coli strains have a large repertoire of resistance determinants, highlighting a high pathogenic potential and the need to monitor them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Ortega-Balleza
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Boulevard del Maestro SN esq. Elías Piña, Col. Narciso Mendoza, Reynosa 88710, Mexico; (J.L.O.-B.); (A.V.M.-V.); (M.A.C.-H.); (E.d.J.d.L.-S.); (G.R.)
| | - Abraham Guerrero
- CONACyT Program, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Mazatlán 82112, Mexico;
| | - Graciela Castro-Escarpulli
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico;
| | - Ana Verónica Martínez-Vázquez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Boulevard del Maestro SN esq. Elías Piña, Col. Narciso Mendoza, Reynosa 88710, Mexico; (J.L.O.-B.); (A.V.M.-V.); (M.A.C.-H.); (E.d.J.d.L.-S.); (G.R.)
| | - María Antonia Cruz-Hernández
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Boulevard del Maestro SN esq. Elías Piña, Col. Narciso Mendoza, Reynosa 88710, Mexico; (J.L.O.-B.); (A.V.M.-V.); (M.A.C.-H.); (E.d.J.d.L.-S.); (G.R.)
| | - Erick de Jesús de Luna-Santillana
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Boulevard del Maestro SN esq. Elías Piña, Col. Narciso Mendoza, Reynosa 88710, Mexico; (J.L.O.-B.); (A.V.M.-V.); (M.A.C.-H.); (E.d.J.d.L.-S.); (G.R.)
| | - Erika Acosta-Cruz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo Coahuila 25280, Mexico;
| | - Irám Pablo Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular y Estructural, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ave. Pedro de Alba s/n cruz con Ave. Manuel L. Barragán, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, Mexico;
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Boulevard del Maestro SN esq. Elías Piña, Col. Narciso Mendoza, Reynosa 88710, Mexico; (J.L.O.-B.); (A.V.M.-V.); (M.A.C.-H.); (E.d.J.d.L.-S.); (G.R.)
| | - Virgilio Bocanegra-García
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Boulevard del Maestro SN esq. Elías Piña, Col. Narciso Mendoza, Reynosa 88710, Mexico; (J.L.O.-B.); (A.V.M.-V.); (M.A.C.-H.); (E.d.J.d.L.-S.); (G.R.)
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Fatima S, Akbar A, Irfan M, Shafee M, Ali A, Ishaq Z, Raza SK, Samad A, Alshahrani MY, Hassan SS. Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli EQ101 UPEC Isolated from UTI Patient in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:7278070. [PMID: 37727279 PMCID: PMC10506881 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7278070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases have been tremendously increasing as the organisms of even normal flora become opportunistic and cause an infection, and Escherichia coli (E. coli EQ101) is one of them. Urinary tract infections are caused by various microorganisms, but Escherichia coli is the primary cause of almost 70%-90% of all UTIs. It has multiple strains, possessing diverse virulence factors, contributing to its pathogenicity. Furthermore, these virulent strains also can cause overlapping pathogenesis by sharing resistance and virulence factors among each other. The current study is aimed at analyzing the genetic variants associated with multi-drug-resistant (MDR) E. coli using the whole genome sequencing platform. The study includes 100 uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) microorganisms obtained from urine samples out of which 44% were multi-drug-resistant (MDR) E. coli. Bacteria have been isolated and antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was determined by disk diffusion method on the Mueller-Hinton agar plate as recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2020, and one isolate has been selected which shows resistance to most of the antibiotics, and that isolate has been analyzed by whole genome sequencing (WGS), accompanied by data and phylogenetic analysis, respectively. Organisms were showing resistance against ampicillin (10 μg), cefixime (5 μg), ceftriaxone (30 μg), nalidixic acid (30 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), and ofloxacin (5 μg) on antimicrobial susceptibility test. WGS were done on selected isolate which identified 25 virulence genes (air, astA, chuA, fyuA, gad, hra, iha, irp2, iss, iucC, iutA, kpsE, kpsMII_K1, lpfA, mchF, ompT, papA_F43, sat, senB, sitA, terC, traT, usp, vat, and yfcV) and seven housekeeping genes (adk, fumC, gyrB, icd, mdh, purA, and recA). Among resistance genes, seven genes (TolC, emrR, evgA, qacEdelta1, H-NS, cpxA, and mdtM) were identified to be involved in antibiotic efflux, three AMR genes (aadA5, mphA, and CTX-M-15) were involved in antibiotic inactivation, and two genes (sul1 and dfrA14) were found to be involved in antibiotic drug replacement. Our data identified antibiotic resistance and virulence genes of the isolate. We suggest further research work to establish region-based resistance profile in comparison with the global resistance pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareen Fatima
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Ali Akbar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Charbagh, 19120 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shafee
- Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology & Biotechnology (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Zaara Ishaq
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | | | - Abdul Samad
- Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology & Biotechnology (CASVAB), University of Balochistan, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Y. Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 61413, Abha 9088, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Shah Hassan
- Jamil-ur-Rahman Center for Genome Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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10
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Xu C, Peng K, She Y, Fu F, Shi Q, Lin Y, Xu C. Preparation of novel trivalent vaccine against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli for preventing newborn piglet diarrhea. Am J Vet Res 2023; 84:ajvr.22.10.0183. [PMID: 36576801 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.10.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a trivalent genetically engineered inactivated Escherichia coli vaccine (K88ac-3STa-LTB) that neutralizes the STa toxin by targeting fimbriae and entertoxins for the treatment of enterotoxigenic E coli. ANIMALS 18- to 22-g mice, rabbits, pregnant sows. PROCEDURES Using PCR, the K88ac gene and LTB gene were cloned separately from the template C83902 plasmid. At the same time, the 3 STa mutant genes were also amplified by using the gene-directed mutation technology. Immune protection experiments were performed, and the minimum immune dose was determined in mice and pregnant sows. RESULTS The ELISA test could be recognized by the STa, LTB, and K88ac antibodies. Intragastric administration in the suckling mouse confirmed that the protein had lost the toxicity of the natural STa enterotoxin. The results of the immune experiments showed that K88ac-3STa-LTB protein could stimulate rabbits to produce serum antibodies and neutralize the toxicity of natural STa enterotoxin. The efficacy test of the K88ac-3STa-LTB-inactivated vaccine showed that the immune protection rate of the newborn piglets could reach 85% on the first day after suckling. At the same time, it was determined that the minimum immunization doses for mice and pregnant sows were 0.2 and 2.5 mL, respectively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This research indicates that the K88ac-3STa-LTB trivalent genetically engineered inactivated vaccine provides a broad immune spectrum for E coli diarrhea in newborn piglets and prepares a new genetically engineered vaccine candidate strain for prevention of E coli diarrhea in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChongLi Xu
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Peng
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan She
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyang Fu
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinhong Shi
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Lin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - ChongBo Xu
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, People's Republic of China
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11
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Upadhayay A, Ling J, Pal D, Xie Y, Ping FF, Kumar A. Resistance-proof antimicrobial drug discovery to combat global antimicrobial resistance threat. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 66:100890. [PMID: 36455341 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is well-defined as a serious problem in our living world. To survive, microbes develop defense strategies against antimicrobial drugs. Drugs exhibit less or no effective results against microbes after the emergence of resistance because they are unable to cross the microbial membrane, in order to alter enzymatic systems, and/or upregulate efflux pumps, etc. Drug resistance issues can be addressed effectively if a "Resistance-Proof" or "Resistance-Resistant" antimicrobial agent is developed. This article discusses first the need for resistance-proof drugs, the imminent properties of resistance-proof drugs, current and future research progress in the discovery of resistance-proof antimicrobials, the inherent challenges, and opportunities. A molecule having imminent resistance-proof properties could target microbes efficiently, increase potency, and rule out the possibility of early resistance. This review triggers the scientific community to think about how an upsurge in drug resistance can be averted and emphasizes the discussion on the development of next-generation antimicrobials that will provide a novel effective solution to combat the global problem of drug resistance. Hence, resistance-proof drug development is not just a requirement but rather a compulsion in the drug discovery field so that resistance can be battled effectively. We discuss several properties of resistance-proof drugs which could initiate new ways of thinking about next-generation antimicrobials to resolve the drug resistance problem. This article sheds light on the issues of drug resistance and discusses solutions in terms of the resistance-proof properties of a molecule. In summary, the article is a foundation to break new ground in the development of resistance-proof therapeutics in the field of infection biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Upadhayay
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, CG, India
| | - Jingjing Ling
- Department of Good Clinical Practice, The Affiliated Wuxi Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Dharm Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, CG, India
| | - Yuhao Xie
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John's University, New York, NY 11439, USA
| | - Feng-Feng Ping
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, China.
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur 492010, CG, India.
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Shalaby A, Ismail MM, El-Sharkawy H. Isolation, Identification, and Genetic Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Species Isolated from Chicken Farms. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:6065831. [PMID: 36482931 PMCID: PMC9726267 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6065831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major cause of foodborne outbreaks. It causes gastroenteritis in humans and animals. This micro-organism causes severe illness in chickens and has a major impact on chicken productivity and the poultry industry. This study aimed to address the prevalence of Salmonella infection in broiler chicken farms in Kafrelsheikh, Gharbia, and Menofeya provinces in Egypt during 2020-2022. This work also aimed to evaluate the genetic characterization and antibiotic resistance of the isolated Salmonella strains. Clinical signs and mortalities were observed and recorded. In total, 832 samples were collected from 52 broiler flocks, including 26 from both one-week-old and 6-week-old chicken farms from different organs (liver, intestinal content, spleen, and gallbladder). The prevalence of Salmonella infections was reported in the study region to be 36.54%. Of the 26 one-week-old farms surveyed, 11 (42.31%) and 8/26 (30.77%) of the six-week-old broiler chicken farms had Salmonella infections. Recovered isolates were serotyped as 9 (47.37%) S. enteritidis O 1,9,12, ad monophasic H: g, m: -, 6 (31.58.%) S. shangani 2, (10.53%) S. gueuletapee 1, (5.26%) S. II (salamae), and 1 (5.26%) untypable. The results showed that Salmonella infection was predominant in one-week-old chicks compared to infection in six-week-old and uninfected flocks. All Salmonella isolates were resistant to ampicillin and erythromycin, while all isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, and levofloxacin. The isolates also contained 10.53% (2/19) streptomycin, 10.53% (2/21) gentamicin, 15.79% (3/19) doxycycline, and 26.32% (5/19) lincomycin and colistin. The phenotypically resistant Salmonella samples against ampicillin, erythromycin, and macrolide harbored bla TEM , bla SHV , ermB, ereA, mphA, and ermB, respectively. This baseline data on Salmonella spp. prevalence, serotyping, and antibiotic profiles are combined to define the antimicrobial resistance to this endemic disease. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying this drug resistance should be of general importance in understanding both the treatment and prevention of Salmonella infection in this part of Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Shalaby
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Ismail
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
| | - Hanem El-Sharkawy
- Department of Poultry and Rabbit Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
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13
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Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101333. [PMID: 36289991 PMCID: PMC9598397 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is an important bacterial agent for diarrhea in infants, children, and international travelers, and accounts for more than 30% of diarrheal cases in children less than 5 years old. However, the choices of antimicrobial agents are now being limited by the ineffectiveness of many first-line drugs, in relation to the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli strains. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to provide an updated prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant DEC in Asia. A comprehensive systematic search was conducted on three electronic databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus), where 40 eligible studies published between 2010 and 2022 were identified. Using meta-analysis of proportions and a random-effects model, the pooled prevalence of DEC in Asian diarrheal patients was 22.8% (95% CI: 16.5–29.2). The overall prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing DEC strains was estimated to be 66.3% (95% CI: 58.9–73.7) and 48.6% (95% CI: 35.1–62.1), respectively. Considering antimicrobial drugs for DEC, the resistance prevalence was highest for the penicillin class of antibiotics, where 80.9% of the DEC isolates were resistant to amoxicillin and 73.5% were resistant to ampicillin. In contrast, resistance to carbapenems such as imipenem (0.1%), ertapenem (2.6%), and meropenem (7.9%) was the lowest. The relatively high prevalence estimation signifies that the multidrug-resistant DEC is a public health threat. Effective antibiotic treatment strategies, which may lead to better outcomes for the control of E. coli infections in Asia, are necessary.
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Al-Marzooq F, Ghazawi A, Tariq S, Daoud L, Collyns T. Discerning the role of polymyxin B nonapeptide in restoring the antibacterial activity of azithromycin against antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:998671. [PMID: 36212888 PMCID: PMC9532765 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.998671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health threat. Antibiotic development pipeline has few new drugs; therefore, using antibiotic adjuvants has been envisioned as a successful method to preserve existing medications to fight multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. In this study, we investigated the synergistic effect of a polymyxin derivative known as polymyxin B nonapeptide (PMBN) with azithromycin (AZT). A total of 54 Escherichia coli strains were first characterized for macrolide resistance genes, and susceptibility to different antibiotics, including AZT. A subset of 24 strains was then selected for synergy testing by the checkerboard assay. PMBN was able to re-sensitize the bacteria to AZT, even in strains with high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC: 32 to ≥128 μg/ml) for AZT, and in strains resistant to the last resort drugs such as colistin and meropenem. The fractional inhibitory concentration index was lower than 0.5, demonstrating that PMBN and AZT combinations had a synergistic effect. The combinations worked efficiently in strains carrying mphA gene encoding macrolide phosphotransferase which can cause macrolide inactivation. However, the combinations were inactive in strains having an additional ermB gene encoding macrolide methylase which causes ribosomal drug target alteration. Killing kinetics study showed a significant reduction of bacterial growth after 6 h of treatment with complete killing achieved after 24 h. Transmission electron microscopy showed morphological alterations in the bacteria treated with PMBN alone or in combination with AZT, with evidence of damage to the outer membrane. These results suggested that PMBN acted by increasing the permeability of bacterial outer membrane to AZT, which was also evident using a fluorometric assay. Using multiple antimicrobial agents could therefore be a promising strategy in the eradication of MDR bacteria. PMBN is a good candidate for use with other antibiotics to potentiate their activity, but further studies are required in vivo. This will significantly contribute to resolving antimicrobial resistance crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Al-Marzooq
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Farah Al-Marzooq,
| | - Akela Ghazawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Tariq
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lana Daoud
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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15
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Heidary M, Ebrahimi Samangani A, Kargari A, Kiani Nejad A, Yashmi I, Motahar M, Taki E, Khoshnood S. Mechanism of action, resistance, synergism, and clinical implications of azithromycin. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24427. [PMID: 35447019 PMCID: PMC9169196 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Azithromycin (AZM), sold under the name Zithromax, is classified as a macrolide. It has many benefits due to its immunomodulatory, anti‐inflammatory, and antibacterial effects. This review aims to study different clinical and biochemisterial aspects and properties of this drug which has a priority based on literature published worldwide. Methods Several databases including Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus were searched to obtain the relevant studies. Results AZM mechanism of action including the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis, inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production, inhibition of neutrophil infestation, and macrophage polarization alteration, gives it the ability to act against a wide range of microorganisms. Resistant organisms are spreading and being developed because of the irrational use of the drug in the case of dose and duration. AZM shows synergistic effects with other drugs against a variety of organisms. This macrolide is considered a valuable antimicrobial agent because of its use as a treatment for a vast range of diseases such as asthma, bronchiolitis, COPD, cystic fibrosis, enteric infections, STIs, and periodontal infections. Conclusions Our study shows an increasing global prevalence of AZM resistance. Thus, synergistic combinations are recommended to treat different pathogens. Moreover, continuous monitoring of AZM resistance by registry centers and the development of more rapid diagnostic assays are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | | | - Abolfazl Kargari
- Student Research Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Kiani Nejad
- Student Research Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Ilya Yashmi
- Student Research Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Moloudsadat Motahar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elahe Taki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Khoshnood
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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16
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Increasing azithromycin resistance in
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
due to NG-MAST 12302 clonal spread in Canada, 2015-2018. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0168821. [PMID: 34978884 PMCID: PMC8923198 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01688-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives:
Azithromycin resistant (AZIR) gonorrhea has been steadily increasing in Canada over the past decade which is cause for alarm as azithromycin (AZI) has been part of the combination therapy recommended by the Canadian Guidelines on Sexually Transmitted Infections (CGSTI) since 2012.
Method:
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(NG) with AZI MICs ≥ 1 mg/L collected between 2015 and 2018 as part of the Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Program-Canada underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing, molecular typing and whole genome sequencing. Regional, demographic and clinical isolation site comparisons were made to aid in our understanding of AZI susceptibility trending.
Results:
3,447 NG with AZI MICs ≥ 1 mg/L were identified in Canada, increasing from 6.3% in 2015 to 26.5% of isolates in 2018. Central Canada had the highest proportion rising from 9.2% in 2015 to 31.2% in 2018. 273 different NG-MAST sequence types were identified among these isolates with ST-12302 the most prevalent (50.9%). Whole genome sequencing identified the
Neisseria lactamica
-like mosaic
mtr
locus as the mechanism of AZIR in isolates of ST-12302 and isolates genetically similar (differ by ≤ 5 base pairs) designated as the ST-12302 genogroup, accounting for 65.2% of study isolateswhich were originally identified in central Canada but spread to other regions by 2018.
Conclusion:
Genomic analysis indicated that AZIR in Canadian NG expanded rapidly due to clonal spread of the ST-12302 genogroup. The rapid expansion of this AZIR clonal group in all regions of Canada is of concern. CGSTI are currently under review to address the increase in AZIR in Canada.
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17
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Rahaman MM, Sarkar MMH, Rahman MS, Islam MR, Islam I, Saha O, Akter S, Banu TA, Jahan I, Habib MA, Goswami B, Bari L, Malek MA, Khan MS. Genomic characterization of the dominating Beta variant carrying vaccinated (Oxford-AstraZeneca) and non-vaccinated COVID-19 patient samples in Bangladesh: A metagenomics and whole genome approach. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1670-1688. [PMID: 34939673 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bangladesh experiences a second wave of COVID-19 since March 2021, despite the nationwide vaccination drive with ChAdOx1 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) vaccine from early February 2021. Here, we characterized 19 nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) samples from COVID-19 suspect patients using genomic and metagenomic approach. Screening for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and metagenomic sequencing revealed 17 samples of COVID-19 positive (vaccinated=10, non-vaccinated=7) and 2 samples of COVID-19 negative. We did not find any significant correlation between associated factors including vaccination status, age or sex of the patients, diversity or abundance of the co-infected organisms/pathogens, and the abundance of SARS-CoV-2. Though the first wave of the pandemic was dominated by clade 20B, Beta,V2 (South African variant) dominated the second wave (January 2021 to May 2021), while the third wave (May 2021 to September 2021) was responsible for Delta variants of the epidemic in Bangladesh including both vaccinated and unvaccinated infections. Noteworthy, the RBD region of S protein of all the isolates harbored similar substitutions including K417N, E484K and N501Y that signify the Beta, while D614G, D215G, D80A, A67V, L18F and A701V substitutions were commonly found in the non-RBD region of Spike proteins. ORF7b and ORF3a genes underwent a positive selection (dN/dS ratio 1.77 and 1.24, respectively), while the overall S protein of the Bangladeshi SARS-CoV-2 isolates underwent negative selection pressure (dN/dS=0.621). Furthermore, we found different bacterial co-infection like Streptococcus agalactiae, Neisseria meningitidis, Elizabethkingia anophelis, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Klebsiella pneumoni and Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, expressing a number of antibiotic resistance genes such as tetA and tetM. Overall, this approach provides valuable insights on the SARS-CoV-2 genomes and microbiome composition from both vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients in Bangladesh. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Murshed Hasan Sarkar
- Genomics Research Laboratory, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Shaminur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - M Rafiul Islam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Israt Islam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Otun Saha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahina Akter
- Genomics Research Laboratory, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tanjian Akhtar Banu
- Genomics Research Laboratory, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Iffat Jahan
- Genomics Research Laboratory, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ahasan Habib
- Genomics Research Laboratory, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Barna Goswami
- Genomics Research Laboratory, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Latiful Bari
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Malek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Salim Khan
- Genomics Research Laboratory, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, BCSIR, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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18
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Yang C, Li Y, Zuo L, Jiang M, Zhang X, Xie L, Luo M, She Y, Wang L, Jiang Y, Wu S, Cai R, Shi X, Cui Y, Wan C, Hu Q. Genomic Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli From Outpatients With Diarrhea in Shenzhen, China, 2015-2020. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:732068. [PMID: 34777281 PMCID: PMC8581654 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.732068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children and the most common cause of diarrhea in travelers. However, most ETEC infections in Shenzhen, China were from indigenous adults. In this study, we characterized 106 ETEC isolates from indigenous outpatients with diarrhea (77% were adults aged >20 years) in Shenzhen between 2015 and 2020 by whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Shenzhen ETEC isolates showed a remarkable high diversity, which belonged to four E. coli phylogroups (A: 71%, B1: 13%, E: 10%, and D: 6%) and 15 ETEC lineages, with L11 (25%, O159:H34/O159:H43, ST218/ST3153), novel L2/4 (21%, O6:H16, ST48), and L4 (15%, O25:H16, ST1491) being major lineages. Heat-stable toxin (ST) was most prevalent (76%, STh: 60% STp: 16%), followed by heat-labile toxin (LT, 17%) and ST + LT (7%). One or multiple colonization factors (CFs) were identified in 68 (64%) isolates, with the common CFs being CS21 (48%) and CS6 (34%). Antimicrobial resistance mutation/gene profiles of genomes were concordant with the phenotype testing results of 52 representative isolates, which revealed high resistance rate to nalidixic acid (71%), ampicillin (69%), and ampicillin/sulbactam (46%), and demonstrated that the novel L2/4 was a multidrug-resistant lineage. This study provides novel insight into the genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of ETEC infections in indigenous adults for the first time, which further improves our understanding on ETEC epidemiology and has implications for the development of vaccine and future surveillance and prevention of ETEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Le Zuo
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianglilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xie
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Miaomiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiying She
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixiang Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Cai
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
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