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Chang SC, Karmakar Saldivar R, Kao MR, Xing X, Yeh CH, Shie JJ, Abbott DW, Harris PJ, Hsieh YSY. Two glycosyl transferase 2 genes from the gram-positive bacterium Clostridium ventriculi encode (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthases. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 342:122394. [PMID: 39048231 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The exopolysaccharides of the Gram-positive bacterium Romboutsia ilealis have recently been shown to include (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans. In the present study, we examined another Clostridia bacterium Clostridium ventriculi that has long been considered to contain abundant amounts of cellulose in its exopolysaccharides. We treated alcohol insoluble residues of C. ventriculi that include the exopolysaccharides with the enzyme lichenase that specifically hydrolyses (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans, and examined the oligosaccharides released. This showed the presence of (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans, which may have previously been mistaken for cellulose. Through genomic analysis, we identified the two family 2 glycosyltransferase genes CvGT2-1 and CvGT2-2 as possible genes encoding (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthases. Gain-of-function experiments in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrated that both of these genes do indeed encode (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chieh Chang
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Rebecka Karmakar Saldivar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Rong Kao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Chun-Hong Yeh
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Jie Shie
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Philip J Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Chernova T, Ageeva M, Ivanov O, Lev-Yadun S, Gorshkova T. Characterization of the fiber-like cortical cells in moss gametophytes. PLANTA 2024; 259:92. [PMID: 38504021 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Fiber-like cells with thickened cell walls of specific structure and polymer composition that includes (1 → 4)-β-galactans develop in the outer stem cortex of several moss species gametophytes. The early land plants evolved several specialized cell types and tissues that did not exist in their aquatic ancestors. Of these, water-conducting elements and reproductive organs have received most of the research attention. The evolution of tissues specialized to fulfill a mechanical function is by far less studied despite their wide distribution in land plants. For vascular plants following a homoiohydric trajectory, the evolutionary emergence of mechanical tissues is mainly discussed starting with the fern-like plants with their hypodermal sterome or sclerified fibers that have xylan and lignin-based cell walls. However, mechanical challenges were also faced by bryophytes, which lack lignified cell-walls. To characterize mechanical tissues in the bryophyte lineage, following a poikilohydric trajectory, we used six wild moss species (Polytrichum juniperinum, Dicranum sp., Rhodobryum roseum, Eurhynchiadelphus sp., Climacium dendroides, and Hylocomium splendens) and analyzed the structure and composition of their cell walls. In all of them, the outer stem cortex of the leafy gametophytic generation had fiber-like cells with a thickened but non-lignified cell wall. Such cells have a spindle-like shape with pointed tips. The additional thick cell wall layer in those fiber-like cells is composed of sublayers with structural evidence for different cellulose microfibril orientation, and with specific polymer composition that includes (1 → 4)-β-galactans. Thus, the basic cellular characters of the cells that provide mechanical support in vascular plant taxa (elongated cell shape, location at the periphery of a primary organ, the thickened cell wall and its peculiar composition and structure) also exist in mosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Chernova
- The Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Microscopy Cabinet, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oleg Ivanov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, 36006, Tivon, Israel
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- The Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
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Chang SC, Kao MR, Saldivar RK, Díaz-Moreno SM, Xing X, Furlanetto V, Yayo J, Divne C, Vilaplana F, Abbott DW, Hsieh YSY. The Gram-positive bacterium Romboutsia ilealis harbors a polysaccharide synthase that can produce (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4526. [PMID: 37500617 PMCID: PMC10374906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1,3;1,4)-β-D-Glucans are widely distributed in the cell walls of grasses (family Poaceae) and closely related families, as well as some other vascular plants. Additionally, they have been found in other organisms, including fungi, lichens, brown algae, charophycean green algae, and the bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. Only three members of the Cellulose Synthase-Like (CSL) genes in the families CSLF, CSLH, and CSLJ are implicated in (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan biosynthesis in grasses. Little is known about the enzymes responsible for synthesizing (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans outside the grasses. In the present study, we report the presence of (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans in the exopolysaccharides of the Gram-positive bacterium Romboutsia ilealis CRIBT. We also report that RiGT2 is the candidate gene of R. ilealis that encodes (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthase. RiGT2 has conserved glycosyltransferase family 2 (GT2) motifs, including D, D, D, QXXRW, and a C-terminal PilZ domain that resembles the C-terminal domain of bacteria cellulose synthase, BcsA. Using a direct gain-of-function approach, we insert RiGT2 into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans are produced with structures similar to those of the (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans of the lichen Cetraria islandica. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that putative (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucan synthase candidate genes in several other bacterial species support the finding of (1,3;1,4)-β-D-glucans in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chieh Chang
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Rong Kao
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Rebecka Karmakar Saldivar
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sara M Díaz-Moreno
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Valentina Furlanetto
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Johannes Yayo
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Christina Divne
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE10691, Sweden.
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Burian M, Podgórska A, Ostaszewska-Bugajska M, Kryzheuskaya K, Dziewit K, Wdowiak A, Laszczka M, Szal B. A prospective study of short-term apoplastic responses to ammonium treatment. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 286:154008. [PMID: 37245458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The integration of external stimuli into plant cells has been extensively studied. Ammonium is a metabolic trigger because it affects plant nutrition status; on the contrary, it is also a stress factor inducing oxidative changes. Plants, upon quick reaction to the presence of ammonium, can avoid the development of toxicity symptoms, but their primary ammonium sensing mechanisms remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the different signaling routes available in the extracellular space in response to supplying ammonium to plants. During short-term (30 min-24 h) ammonium treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings, no indication of oxidative stress development or cell wall modifications was observed. However, specific changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox status were observed in the apoplast, consequently leading to the activation of several ROS (RBOH, NQR), redox (MPK, OXI), and cell-wall (WAK, FER, THE, HERK) related genes. Therefore, it is expected that immediately after ammonium supply, a defense signaling route is initiated in the extracellular space. To conclude, the presence of ammonium is primarily perceived as a typical immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Burian
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Podgórska
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ostaszewska-Bugajska
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katsiaryna Kryzheuskaya
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kacper Dziewit
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Wdowiak
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Laszczka
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Szal
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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Mueller KK, Pfeifer L, Schuldt L, Szövényi P, de Vries S, de Vries J, Johnson KL, Classen B. Fern cell walls and the evolution of arabinogalactan proteins in streptophytes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:875-894. [PMID: 36891885 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Significant changes have occurred in plant cell wall composition during evolution and diversification of tracheophytes. As the sister lineage to seed plants, knowledge on the cell wall of ferns is key to track evolutionary changes across tracheophytes and to understand seed plant-specific evolutionary innovations. Fern cell wall composition is not fully understood, including limited knowledge of glycoproteins such as the fern arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). Here, we characterize the AGPs from the leptosporangiate fern genera Azolla, Salvinia, and Ceratopteris. The carbohydrate moiety of seed plant AGPs consists of a galactan backbone including mainly 1,3- and 1,3,6-linked pyranosidic galactose, which is conserved across the investigated fern AGPs. Yet, unlike AGPs of angiosperms, those of ferns contained the unusual sugar 3-O-methylrhamnose. Besides terminal furanosidic arabinose, Ara (Araf), the main linkage type of Araf in the ferns was 1,2-linked Araf, whereas in seed plants 1,5-linked Araf is often dominating. Antibodies directed against carbohydrate epitopes of AGPs supported the structural differences between AGPs of ferns and seed plants. Comparison of AGP linkage types across the streptophyte lineage showed that angiosperms have rather conserved monosaccharide linkage types; by contrast bryophytes, ferns, and gymnosperms showed more variability. Phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferases involved in AGP biosynthesis and bioinformatic search for AGP protein backbones revealed a versatile genetic toolkit for AGP complexity in ferns. Our data reveal important differences across AGP diversity of which the functional significance is unknown. This diversity sheds light on the evolution of the hallmark feature of tracheophytes: their elaborate cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Kristine Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lina Schuldt
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center (PSC), ETH Zürich, Tannenstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Goldschmidtsr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Goettingen, Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kim L Johnson
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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Review: Tertiary cell wall of plant fibers as a source of inspiration in material design. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Burian M, Podgórska A, Ostaszewska-Bugajska M, Szal B. Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog D as a Modulating Component of Oxidative Response under Ammonium Toxicity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040703. [PMID: 35453389 PMCID: PMC9031508 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed growth, a visible phenotypic component of the so-called ammonium syndrome, occurs when ammonium is the sole inorganic nitrogen source. Previously, we have shown that modification of apoplastic reactive oxygen species (apROS) metabolism is a key factor contributing to plant growth retardation under ammonium nutrition. Here, we further analyzed the changes in apROS metabolism in transgenic plants with disruption of the D isoform of the respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) that is responsible for apROS production. Ammonium-grown Arabidopsisrbohd plants are characterized by up to 50% lower contents of apoplastic superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. apROS sensing markers such as OZF1 and AIR12 were downregulated, and the ROS-responsive signaling pathway, including MPK3, was also downregulated in rbohd plants cultivated using ammonium as the sole nitrogen source. Additionally, the expression of the cell-wall-integrity marker FER and peroxidases 33 and 34 was decreased. These modifications may contribute to phenomenon wherein ammonium inhibited the growth of transgenic plants to a greater extent than that of wild-type plants. Overall, this study indicated that due to disruption of apROS metabolism, rbohd plants cannot adjust to ammonium toxicity and are more sensitive to these conditions.
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Franková L, Fry SC. Hemicellulose-remodelling transglycanase activities from charophytes: towards the evolution of the land-plant cell wall. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:7-28. [PMID: 34547150 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transglycanases remodel cell-wall polymers, having a critical impact on many physiological processes. Unlike xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity, widely studied in land plants, very little is known about charophyte wall-modifying enzymes - information that would promote our understanding of the 'primordial' wall, revealing how the wall matrix is remodelled in the closest living algal relatives of land plants, and what changed during terrestrialisation. We conducted various in-vitro assays for wall-remodelling transglycosylases, monitoring either (a) polysaccharide-to-[3 H]oligosaccharide transglycosylation or (b) non-radioactive oligosaccharide-to-oligosaccharide transglycosylation. We screened a wide collection of enzyme extracts from charophytes (and early-diverging land plants for comparison) and discovered several homo- and hetero-transglycanase activities. In contrast to most land plants, charophytes possess high trans-β-1,4-mannanase activity, suggesting that land plants' algal ancestors prioritised mannan remodelling. Trans-β-1,4-xylanase activity was also found, most abundantly in Chara, Nitella and Klebsormidium. Exo-acting transglycosidase activities (trans-β-1,4-xylosidase and trans-β-1,4-mannosidase) were also detected. In addition, charophytes exhibited homo- and hetero-trans-β-glucanase activities (XET, mixed-linkage glucan [MLG]:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase and cellulose:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase) despite the paucity or lack of land-plant-like xyloglucan and MLG as potential donor substrates in their cell walls. However, trans-α-xylosidase activity (which remodels xyloglucan in angiosperms) was absent in charophytes and early-diverging land plants. Transglycanase action was also found in situ, acting on endogenous algal polysaccharides as donor substrates and fluorescent xyloglucan oligosaccharides as acceptor substrates. We conclude that trans-β-mannanase and trans-β-xylanase activities are present and thus may play key roles in charophyte walls (most of which possess little or no xyloglucan and MLG, but often contain abundant β-mannans and β-xylans), comparable to the roles of XET in xyloglucan-rich land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
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9
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Chavan RR, Singh AP, Azizan A, Harris PJ. Heteromannans are the predominant hemicelluloses in the gametophytic stem of the umbrella moss Hypnodendron menziesii and occur in the walls of all cell types. PLANTA 2021; 254:2. [PMID: 34085144 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heteromannans are the predominant hemicelluloses in the gametophytic stem of the moss Hypnodendron menziesii and occur in the walls of all cell types Little is known about the cell-wall polysaccharides of mosses. Monosaccharide analysis of cell walls isolated from the stem of the umbrella moss Hypnodendron menziesii was consistent with heteromannans, probably galactoglucomannans, being the predominant hemicellulosic polysaccharides in the walls. Immunofluorescence and immunogold microscopy with the monoclonal antibody LM21, specific for heteromannans, showed that these polysaccharides were present in the walls of all stem cell types. These cell types, except the hydroids, have secondary walls. Experiments in which sections were pre-treated with 0.1 M sodium carbonate and with the enzyme pectate lyase indicated that the heteromannans have O-acetyl groups that limit LM21 binding and the cell walls contain pectic homogalacturonan that masks detection of heteromannans using LM21. Therefore, to fully detect heteromannans in the cell walls, it was essential to use these pre-treatments to remove the O-acetyl groups from the heteromannans and pectic homogalacturonan from the cell walls. Fluorescence microscopy experiments with a second monoclonal antibody, LM22, also specific for heteromannans, showed similar results, but the binding was considerably weaker than with LM21, possibly as a result of subtle structural differences in the epitopes of the two antibodies. Although heteromannans occur abundantly in the cell walls of many species in basal lineages of tracheophytes, prior to the present study, research on the distribution of these polysaccharides in the walls of different cell types in mosses was confined to the model species Physcomitrium patens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh R Chavan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adya P Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Awanis Azizan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Philip J Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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Cardoso AA, Visel D, Kane CN, Batz TA, García Sánchez C, Kaack L, Lamarque LJ, Wagner Y, King A, Torres-Ruiz JM, Corso D, Burlett R, Badel E, Cochard H, Delzon S, Jansen S, McAdam SAM. Drought-induced lacuna formation in the stem causes hydraulic conductance to decline before xylem embolism in Selaginella. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1804-1817. [PMID: 32386326 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lycophytes are the earliest diverging extant lineage of vascular plants, sister to all other vascular plants. Given that most species are adapted to ever-wet environments, it has been hypothesized that lycophytes, and by extension the common ancestor of all vascular plants, have few adaptations to drought. We investigated the responses to drought of key fitness-related traits such as stomatal regulation, shoot hydraulic conductance (Kshoot ) and stem xylem embolism resistance in Selaginella haematodes and S. pulcherrima, both native to tropical understory. During drought stomata in both species were found to close before declines in Kshoot , with a 50% loss of Kshoot occurring at -1.7 and -2.5 MPa in S. haematodes and S. pulcherrima, respectively. Direct observational methods revealed that the xylem of both species was resistant to embolism formation, with 50% of embolized xylem area occurring at -3.0 and -4.6 MPa in S. haematodes and S. pulcherrima, respectively. X-ray microcomputed tomography images of stems revealed that the decline in Kshoot occurred with the formation of an air-filled lacuna, disconnecting the central vascular cylinder from the cortex. We propose that embolism-resistant xylem and large capacitance, provided by collapsing inner cortical cells, is essential for Selaginella survival during water deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Cardoso
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Dominik Visel
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Cade N Kane
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Timothy A Batz
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Clara García Sánchez
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | | | - Yael Wagner
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Andrew King
- Synchrotron Source Optimisée de Lumière d'Energie Intermédiaire du LURE, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - José M Torres-Ruiz
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Déborah Corso
- INRAE, BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Régis Burlett
- INRAE, BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Eric Badel
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRAE, BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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11
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Kováč J, Lux A, Soukup M, Weidinger M, Gruber D, Lichtscheidl I, Vaculík M. A new insight on structural and some functional aspects of peri-endodermal thickenings, a specific layer in Noccaea caerulescens roots. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:423-434. [PMID: 32296831 PMCID: PMC7424770 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cell walls of the peri-endodermis, a layer adjacent to the endodermis in alpine pennycress (Noccaea caerulescens) roots, form C-shaped peri-endodermal thickenings (PETs). Despite its specific position close to the endodermis, the assumed similarity of PETs to phi thickenings in many other species, and the fact that N. caerulescens is a well-studied heavy-metal-hyperaccumulating plant, the PET as a root trait is still not understood. METHODS Here, we characterized PET cell walls by histochemical techniques, Raman spectroscopy, immunolabelling and electron microscopy. Moreover, a role of PETs in solute transport was tested and compared with Arabidopsis thaliana plants, which do not form PETs in roots. KEY RESULTS Cell walls with PETs have a structured relief mainly composed of cellulose and lignin. Suberin, typical of endodermal cells, is missing but pectins are present on the inner surface of the PET. Penetrating dyes are not able to cross PETs either by the apoplasmic or the symplasmic pathway, and a significantly higher content of metals is found in root tissues outside of PETs than in innermost tissues. CONCLUSIONS Based on their development and chemical composition, PETs are different from the endodermis and closely resemble phi thickenings. Contrarily, the different structure and dye impermeability of PETs, not known in the case of phi thickenings, point to an additional barrier function which makes the peri-endodermis with PETs a unique and rare layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kováč
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia and
| | - Alexander Lux
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Soukup
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marieluise Weidinger
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Gruber
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Lichtscheidl
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marek Vaculík
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia and
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12
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Shtein I, Koyfman A, Schwartz A, Popper ZA, Bar-On B. Solanales Stem Biomechanical Properties Are Primarily Determined by Morphology Rather Than Internal Structural Anatomy and Cell Wall Composition. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E678. [PMID: 32471114 PMCID: PMC7356250 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-supporting plants and climbers exhibit differences in their structural and biomechanical properties. We hypothesized that such fundamental differences originate at the level of the material properties. In this study, we compared three non-woody members of the Solanales exhibiting different growth habits: (1) a self-supporting plant (potato, Solanum tuberosum), (2) a trailing plant (sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas), and (3) a twining climber (morning glory, Ipomoea tricolor). The mechanical properties investigated by materials analyses were combined with structural, biochemical, and immunohistochemical analyses. Generally, the plants exhibited large morphological differences, but possessed relatively similar anatomy and cell wall composition. The cell walls were primarily composed of hemicelluloses (~60%), with α-cellulose and pectins constituting ~25% and 5%-8%, respectively. Immunohistochemistry of specific cell wall components suggested only minor variation in the occurrence and localization between the species, although some differences in hemicellulose distribution were observed. According to tensile and flexural tests, potato stems were the stiffest by a significant amount and the morning glory stems were the most compliant and showed differences in two- and three-orders of magnitude; the differences between their effective Young's (Elastic) modulus values (geometry-independent parameter), on the other hand, were substantially lower (at the same order of magnitude) and sometimes not even significantly different. Therefore, although variability exists in the internal anatomy and cell wall composition between the different species, the largest differences were seen in the morphology, which appears to be the primary determinant of biomechanical function. Although this does not exclude the possibility of different mechanisms in other plant groups, there is apparently less constraint to modifying stem morphology than anatomy and cell wall composition within the Solanales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Koyfman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel;
- Nuclear Research Center-Negev, O. Box 9001, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel
| | - Amnon Schwartz
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Zoë A. Popper
- Botany and Plant Science, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland;
| | - Benny Bar-On
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel;
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13
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Chernova T, Ageeva M, Mikshina P, Trofimova O, Kozlova L, Lev-Yadun S, Gorshkova T. The Living Fossil Psilotum nudum Has Cortical Fibers With Mannan-Based Cell Wall Matrix. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:488. [PMID: 32411161 PMCID: PMC7199214 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall thickening and development of secondary cell walls was a major step in plant terrestrialization that provided the mechanical support, effective functioning of water-conducting elements and fortification of the surface tissues. Despite its importance, the diversity, emergence and evolution of secondary cell walls in early land plants have been characterized quite poorly. Secondary cell walls can be present in different cell types with fibers being among the major ones. The necessity for mechanical support upon increasing plant height is widely recognized; however, identification of fibers in land plants of early taxa is quite limited. In an effort to partially fill this gap, we studied the fibers and the composition of cell walls in stems of the sporophyte of the living fossil Psilotum nudum. Various types of light microscopy, combined with partial tissue maceration demonstrated that this perennial, rootless, fern-like vascular plant, has abundant fibers located in the middle cortex. Extensive immunodetection of cell wall polymers together with various staining and monosaccharide analysis of cell wall constituents revealed that in P. nudum, the secondary cell wall of its cortical fibers is distinct from that of its tracheids. Primary cell walls of all tissues in P. nudum shoots are based on mannan, which is also common in other extant early land plants. Besides, the primary cell wall contains epitope for LM15 specific for xyloglucan and JIM7 that binds methylesterified homogalacturonans, two polymers common in the primary cell walls of higher plants. Xylan and lignin were detected as the major polymers in the secondary cell walls of P. nudum tracheids. However, the secondary cell wall in its cortical fibers is quite similar to their primary cell walls, i.e., enriched in mannan. The innermost secondary cell wall layer of its fibers but not its tracheids has epitope to bind the LM15, LM6, and LM5 antibodies recognizing, respectively, xyloglucan, arabinan and galactan. Together, our data provide the first description of a mannan-based cell wall in sclerenchyma fibers, and demonstrate in detail that the composition and structure of secondary cell wall in early land plants are not uniform in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Chernova
- The Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Microscopy Cabinet, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Polina Mikshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oksana Trofimova
- The Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Liudmila Kozlova
- The Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon, Israel
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- The Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
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14
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Tierney ML, Sun L, Domozych DS. Rapid Assessment of Cell Wall Polymer Distribution and Surface Topology of Arabidopsis Seedlings. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2149:315-325. [PMID: 32617942 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0621-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The deposition and modulation of constituent polymers of plant cell walls are profoundly important events during plant development. Identification of specific polymers within assembled walls during morphogenesis and in response to stress conditions represents a major goal of plant cell biologists. Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism that has become central to research focused on fundamental plant processes including those related to plant wall dynamics. Its fast life cycle and easy access to a variety of mutants and ecotypes of Arabidopsis have stimulated the need for rapid assessment tools to probe its wall organization at the cellular and subcellular levels. We describe two rapid assessment techniques that allow for elucidation of the cell wall polymers of root hairs and high-resolution analysis of surface features of various vegetative organs. Live organism immunolabeling of cell wall polymers employing light microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy can be effectively performed using a large microplate-based screening strategy (see Figs. 1 and 2). Rapid cryofixation and imaging of variable pressure scanning electron microscopy also allows for imaging of surface features of all portions of the plant as clearly seen in Fig. 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Tierney
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA.
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Dana Science Center, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA.
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15
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Evolutionary origin of O-acetyltransferases responsible for glucomannan acetylation in land plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:466-479. [PMID: 31183872 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mannans are an abundant cell wall polysaccharide in bryophytes, seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms. A previous study has shown that mannan acetylation in Arabidopsis and konjac is mediated by mannan O-acetyltransferases belonging to the Domain of Unknown Function (DUF) 231 family. However, little is known about the acetylation patterns of mannans in bryophytes and seedless vascular plants, and the evolutionary origin of mannan O-acetyltransferases in land plants has not yet been studied. Phylogenetic analysis of the DUF231 family revealed that DUF231 members were present in the charophycean green algae and evolved to form overlapped and divergent phylogenetic groups in different taxa of land plants. Acetyltransferase activity assays of recombinant proteins demonstrated that a number of group II DUF231 members from moss, Selaginella, pine, spruce, rice and poplar were mannan 2-O- and 3-O-acetyltransferases, whereas the two group I DUF231 members from the alga Klebsormidium nitens were not. Structural analysis of mannans from moss and Selaginella showed they were composed of mannosyl and glucosyl residues and the mannosyl residues were acetylated at O-2 and O-3. These findings indicate that although the DUF231 genes originated in algae, their recruitment as mannan O-acetyltransferases probably occurred in bryophytes, and the biochemical functions of these O-acetyltransferases are evolutionarily conserved throughout land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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16
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Anasontzis GE, Lebrun MH, Haon M, Champion C, Kohler A, Lenfant N, Martin F, O'Connell RJ, Riley R, Grigoriev IV, Henrissat B, Berrin JG, Rosso MN. Broad-specificity GH131 β-glucanases are a hallmark of fungi and oomycetes that colonize plants. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:2724-2739. [PMID: 30887618 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant-tissue-colonizing fungi fine-tune the deconstruction of plant-cell walls (PCW) using different sets of enzymes according to their lifestyle. However, some of these enzymes are conserved among fungi with dissimilar lifestyles. We identified genes from Glycoside Hydrolase family GH131 as commonly expressed during plant-tissue colonization by saprobic, pathogenic and symbiotic fungi. By searching all the publicly available genomes, we found that GH131-coding genes were widely distributed in the Dikarya subkingdom, except in Taphrinomycotina and Saccharomycotina, and in phytopathogenic Oomycetes, but neither other eukaryotes nor prokaryotes. The presence of GH131 in a species was correlated with its association with plants as symbiont, pathogen or saprobe. We propose that GH131-family expansions and horizontal-gene transfers contributed to this adaptation. We analysed the biochemical activities of GH131 enzymes whose genes were upregulated during plant-tissue colonization in a saprobe (Pycnoporus sanguineus), a plant symbiont (Laccaria bicolor) and three hemibiotrophic-plant pathogens (Colletotrichum higginsianum, C. graminicola, Zymoseptoria tritici). These enzymes were all active on substrates with β-1,4, β-1,3 and mixed β-1,4/1,3 glucosidic linkages. Combined with a cellobiohydrolase, GH131 enzymes enhanced cellulose degradation. We propose that secreted GH131 enzymes unlock the PCW barrier and allow further deconstruction by other enzymes during plant tissue colonization by symbionts, pathogens and saprobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Anasontzis
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, BBF, Marseille, France.,CNRS, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, Marseille, France
| | - Marc-Henri Lebrun
- INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, BBF, Marseille, France
| | - Charlotte Champion
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, BBF, Marseille, France
| | - Annegret Kohler
- INRA, University of Lorraine, Laboratory of Excellence Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems (ARBRE), UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
| | - Nicolas Lenfant
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, Marseille, France
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA, University of Lorraine, Laboratory of Excellence Advanced Research on the Biology of Tree and Forest Ecosystems (ARBRE), UMR 1136, Champenoux, France
| | - Richard J O'Connell
- INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Robert Riley
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, Marseille, France.,INRA, USC 1408, AFMB, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, BBF, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Rosso
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, BBF, Marseille, France
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17
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Classen B, Baumann A, Utermoehlen J. Arabinogalactan-proteins in spore-producing land plants. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 210:215-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Wilkop T, Pattathil S, Ren G, Davis DJ, Bao W, Duan D, Peralta AG, Domozych DS, Hahn MG, Drakakaki G. A Hybrid Approach Enabling Large-Scale Glycomic Analysis of Post-Golgi Vesicles Reveals a Transport Route for Polysaccharides. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:627-644. [PMID: 30760563 PMCID: PMC6482635 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The plant endomembrane system facilitates the transport of polysaccharides, associated enzymes, and glycoproteins through its dynamic pathways. Although enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis have been identified, little is known about the endomembrane-based transport of glycan components. This is partially attributed to technical challenges in biochemically determining polysaccharide cargo in specific vesicles. Here, we introduce a hybrid approach addressing this limitation. By combining vesicle isolation with a large-scale carbohydrate antibody arraying technique, we charted an initial large-scale map describing the glycome profile of the SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS61 (SYP61) trans-Golgi network compartment in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). A library of antibodies recognizing specific noncellulosic carbohydrate epitopes allowed us to identify a range of diverse glycans, including pectins, xyloglucans (XyGs), and arabinogalactan proteins in isolated vesicles. Changes in XyG- and pectin-specific epitopes in the cell wall of an Arabidopsis SYP61 mutant corroborate our findings. Our data provide evidence that SYP61 vesicles are involved in the transport and deposition of structural polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Adaptation of our methodology can enable studies characterizing the glycome profiles of various vesicle populations in plant and animal systems and their respective roles in glycan transport defined by subcellular markers, developmental stages, or environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wilkop
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Light Microscopy Core, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
| | - Guangxi Ren
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Destiny J Davis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Wenlong Bao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Dechao Duan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Angelo G Peralta
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
| | - David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 12866
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-4712
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7271
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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19
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Patova OA, Smirnov VV, Golovchenko VV, Vityazev FV, Shashkov AS, Popov SV. Structural, rheological and antioxidant properties of pectins from Equisetum arvense L. and Equisetum sylvaticum L. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 209:239-249. [PMID: 30732805 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pectins were isolated from sterile stems of E. arvense (EA, yield 5.9%) and E. sylvaticum (ES, yield 4.8%) (Equisetaceae) using ammonium oxalate extraction after preliminary treatment with dilute HCl (рH 4.0). The pectins possessed high molecular weight (Mw, 340-360 kDa), high GalA content (ca. 85%), low degrees of methyl-esterification (14-16%) and acetylation (3-8%). NMR analysis indicated extensive regions of partially methyl-etherified and 3-O-acetylated HG and minor regions of low branched RG in the fragment isolated after hydrolysis of pectin EA by pectinase. Pectin EA produced a higher viscosity solution, formed a stronger and more rigid ionotropic hydrogel than pectin ES. The pectins scavenged DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, but not the superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide. Phenolic compounds (0.11 and 0.23%) associated with polysaccharide moieties were apparently responsible for the differences in the anti-DPPH scavenging activity of pectins EA and ES (63 and 49%). The findings suggested that pectin from E. arvense should be more perspective than pectin from E. sylvaticum on their use as components of wound healing remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Patova
- Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Centre, The Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 50, Pervomaiskaya str., Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia.
| | - V V Smirnov
- Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Centre, The Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 50, Pervomaiskaya str., Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia
| | - V V Golovchenko
- Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Centre, The Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 50, Pervomaiskaya str., Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia
| | - F V Vityazev
- Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Centre, The Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 50, Pervomaiskaya str., Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia
| | - A S Shashkov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - S V Popov
- Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Centre, The Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 50, Pervomaiskaya str., Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia
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20
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Roberts AW, Lahnstein J, Hsieh YSY, Xing X, Yap K, Chaves AM, Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Dimitroff G, Lonsdale A, Roberts E, Bulone V, Fincher GB, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Burton RA. Functional Characterization of a Glycosyltransferase from the Moss Physcomitrella patens Involved in the Biosynthesis of a Novel Cell Wall Arabinoglucan. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:1293-1308. [PMID: 29674386 PMCID: PMC6048786 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan (MLG), an abundant cell wall polysaccharide in the Poaceae, has been detected in ascomycetes, algae, and seedless vascular plants, but not in eudicots. Although MLG has not been reported in bryophytes, a predicted glycosyltransferase from the moss Physcomitrella patens (Pp3c12_24670) is similar to a bona fide ascomycete MLG synthase. We tested whether Pp3c12_24670 encodes an MLG synthase by expressing it in wild tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and testing for release of diagnostic oligosaccharides from the cell walls by either lichenase or (1,4)-β-glucan endohydrolase. Lichenase, an MLG-specific endohydrolase, showed no activity against cell walls from transformed N. benthamiana, but (1,4)-β-glucan endohydrolase released oligosaccharides that were distinct from oligosaccharides released from MLG by this enzyme. Further analysis revealed that these oligosaccharides were derived from a novel unbranched, unsubstituted arabinoglucan (AGlc) polysaccharide. We identified sequences similar to the P. patens AGlc synthase from algae, bryophytes, lycophytes, and monilophytes, raising the possibility that other early divergent plants synthesize AGlc. Similarity of P. patens AGlc synthase to MLG synthases from ascomycetes, but not those from Poaceae, suggests that AGlc and MLG have a common evolutionary history that includes loss in seed plants, followed by a more recent independent origin of MLG within the monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison W Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Kuok Yap
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Arielle M Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - Tess R Scavuzzo-Duggan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - George Dimitroff
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Andrew Lonsdale
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric Roberts
- Biology Department, Rhode Island College, Providence, Rhode Island 02908
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
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21
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Leroux O, Eder M, Saxe F, Dunlop JWC, Popper ZA, Viane RLL, Knox JP. Comparative in situ analysis reveals the dynamic nature of sclerenchyma cell walls of the fern Asplenium rutifolium. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:345-358. [PMID: 29293865 PMCID: PMC5808801 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims A key structural adaptation of vascular plants was the evolution of specialized vascular and mechanical tissues, innovations likely to have generated novel cell wall architectures. While collenchyma is a strengthening tissue typically found in growing organs of angiosperms, a similar tissue occurs in the petiole of the fern Asplenium rutifolium. Methods The in situ cell wall (ultra)structure and composition of this tissue was investigated and characterized mechanically as well as structurally through nano-indentation and wide-angle X-ray diffraction, respectively. Key Results Structurally the mechanical tissue resembles sclerenchyma, while its biomechanical properties and molecular composition both share more characteristics with angiosperm collenchyma. Cell wall thickening only occurs late during cell expansion or after cell expansion has ceased. Conclusions If the term collenchyma is reserved for walls that thicken during expansive growth, the mechanical tissue in A. rutifolium represents sclerenchyma that mimics the properties of collenchyma and has the ability to modify its mechanical properties through sclerification. These results support the view that collenchyma does not occur in ferns and most probably evolved in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Leroux
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Gent, Belgium
| | - Michaela Eder
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Muhlenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Friederike Saxe
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Muhlenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - John W C Dunlop
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Wissenschaftspark Golm, Am Muhlenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zoë A Popper
- Botany and Plant Science and The Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ronald L L Viane
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, Gent, Belgium
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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22
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Rydahl MG, Hansen AR, Kračun SK, Mravec J. Report on the Current Inventory of the Toolbox for Plant Cell Wall Analysis: Proteinaceous and Small Molecular Probes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:581. [PMID: 29774041 PMCID: PMC5943554 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are highly complex structures composed of diverse classes of polysaccharides, proteoglycans, and polyphenolics, which have numerous roles throughout the life of a plant. Significant research efforts aim to understand the biology of this cellular organelle and to facilitate cell-wall-based industrial applications. To accomplish this, researchers need to be provided with a variety of sensitive and specific detection methods for separate cell wall components, and their various molecular characteristics in vitro as well as in situ. Cell wall component-directed molecular detection probes (in short: cell wall probes, CWPs) are an essential asset to the plant glycobiology toolbox. To date, a relatively large set of CWPs has been produced-mainly consisting of monoclonal antibodies, carbohydrate-binding modules, synthetic antibodies produced by phage display, and small molecular probes. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge about these CWPs; their classification and their advantages and disadvantages in different applications. In particular, we elaborate on the recent advances in non-conventional approaches to the generation of novel CWPs, and identify the remaining gaps in terms of target recognition. This report also highlights the addition of new "compartments" to the probing toolbox, which is filled with novel chemical biology tools, such as metabolic labeling reagents and oligosaccharide conjugates. In the end, we also forecast future developments in this dynamic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja G. Rydahl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Aleksander R. Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stjepan K. Kračun
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- GlycoSpot IVS, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jozef Mravec
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23
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Rasool B, McGowan J, Pastok D, Marcus SE, Morris JA, Verrall SR, Hedley PE, Hancock RD, Foyer CH. Redox Control of Aphid Resistance through Altered Cell Wall Composition and Nutritional Quality. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:259-271. [PMID: 28743764 PMCID: PMC5580759 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underpinning plant perception of phloem-feeding insects, particularly aphids, remain poorly characterized. Therefore, the role of apoplastic redox state in controlling aphid infestation was explored using transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants that have either high (PAO) or low (TAO) ascorbate oxidase (AO) activities relative to the wild type. Only a small number of leaf transcripts and metabolites were changed in response to genotype, and cell wall composition was largely unaffected. Aphid fecundity was decreased significantly in TAO plants compared with other lines. Leaf sugar levels were increased and maximum extractable AO activities were decreased in response to aphids in all genotypes. Transcripts encoding the Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog F, signaling components involved in ethylene and other hormone-mediated pathways, photosynthetic electron transport components, sugar, amino acid, and cell wall metabolism, were increased significantly in the TAO plants in response to aphid perception relative to other lines. The levels of galactosylated xyloglucan were decreased significantly in response to aphid feeding in all the lines, the effect being the least in the TAO plants. Similarly, all lines exhibited increases in tightly bound (1→4)-β-galactan. Taken together, these findings identify AO-dependent mechanisms that limit aphid infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brwa Rasool
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jack McGowan
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Daria Pastok
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Sue E Marcus
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny A Morris
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Susan R Verrall
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E Hedley
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D Hancock
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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24
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Bartels D, Classen B. Structural investigations on arabinogalactan-proteins from a lycophyte and different monilophytes (ferns) in the evolutionary context. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 172:342-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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25
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Simmons TJ, Fry SC. Bonds broken and formed during the mixed-linkage glucan : xyloglucan endotransglucosylase reaction catalysed by Equisetum hetero-trans-β-glucanase. Biochem J 2017; 474:1055-1070. [PMID: 28108640 PMCID: PMC5341106 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-linkage glucan∶xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (MXE) is one of the three activities of the recently characterised hetero-trans-β-glucanase (HTG), which among land plants is known only from Equisetum species. The biochemical details of the MXE reaction were incompletely understood - details that would promote understanding of MXE's role in vivo and enable its full technological exploitation. We investigated HTG's site of attack on one of its donor substrates, mixed-linkage (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-glucan (MLG), with radioactive oligosaccharides of xyloglucan as the acceptor substrate. Comparing three different MLG preparations, we showed that the enzyme favours those with a high content of cellotetraose blocks. The reaction products were analysed by enzymic digestion, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gel-permeation chromatography (GPC). Equisetum HTG consistently cleaved the MLG at the third consecutive β-(1→4)-bond following (towards the reducing terminus) a β-(1→3)-bond. It then formed a β-(1→4)-bond between the MLG and the non-reducing terminal glucose residue of the xyloglucan oligosaccharide, consistent with its xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase subfamily membership. Using size-homogeneous barley MLG as the donor substrate, we showed that HTG does not favour any particular region of the MLG chain relative to the polysaccharide's reducing and non-reducing termini; rather, it selects its target cellotetraosyl unit stochastically along the MLG molecule. This work improves our understanding of how enzymes can exhibit promiscuous substrate specificities and provides the foundations to explore strategies for engineering novel substrate specificities into transglycanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Simmons
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K.
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26
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Verhertbruggen Y, Walker JL, Guillon F, Scheller HV. A Comparative Study of Sample Preparation for Staining and Immunodetection of Plant Cell Walls by Light Microscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1505. [PMID: 28900439 PMCID: PMC5581911 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Staining and immunodetection by light microscopy are methods widely used to investigate plant cell walls. The two techniques have been crucial to study the cell wall architecture in planta, its deconstruction by chemicals or cell wall-degrading enzymes. They have been instrumental in detecting the presence of cell types, in deciphering plant cell wall evolution and in characterizing plant mutants and transformants. The success of immunolabeling relies on how plant materials are embedded and sectioned. Agarose coating, wax and resin embedding are, respectively, associated with vibratome, microtome and ultramicrotome sectioning. Here, we have systematically carried out a comparative analysis of these three methods of sample preparation when they are applied for cell wall staining and cell wall immunomicroscopy. In order to help the plant community in understanding and selecting adequate methods of embedding and sectioning for cell wall immunodetection, we review in this article the advantages and limitations of these three methods. Moreover, we offer detailed protocols of embedding for studying plant materials through microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Verhertbruggen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryEmeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA, United States
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 1268Nantes, France
- *Correspondence: Yves Verhertbruggen
| | - Jesse L. Walker
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryEmeryville, CA, United States
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Fabienne Guillon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 1268Nantes, France
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryEmeryville, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
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27
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Giannoutsou E, Apostolakos P, Galatis B. Spatio-temporal diversification of the cell wall matrix materials in the developing stomatal complexes of Zea mays. PLANTA 2016; 244:1125-1143. [PMID: 27460945 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The matrix cell wall materials, in developing Zea mays stomatal complexes are asymmetrically distributed, a phenomenon appearing related to the local cell wall expansion and deformation, the establishment of cell polarity, and determination of the cell division plane. In cells of developing Zea mays stomatal complexes, definite cell wall regions expand determinately and become locally deformed. This differential cell wall behavior is obvious in the guard cell mother cells (GMCs) and the subsidiary cell mother cells (SMCs) that locally protrude towards the adjacent GMCs. The latter, emitting a morphogenetic stimulus, induce polarization/asymmetrical division in SMCs. Examination of immunolabeled specimens revealed that homogalacturonans (HGAs) with a high degree of de-esterification (2F4- and JIM5-HGA epitopes) and arabinogalactan proteins are selectively distributed in the extending and deformed cell wall regions, while their margins are enriched with rhamnogalacturonans (RGAs) containing highly branched arabinans (LM6-RGA epitope). In SMCs, the local cell wall matrix differentiation constitutes the first structural event, indicating the establishment of cell polarity. Moreover, in the premitotic GMCs and SMCs, non-esterified HGAs (2F4-HGA epitope) are preferentially localized in the cell wall areas outlining the cytoplasm where the preprophase band is formed. In these areas, the forthcoming cell plate fuses with the parent cell walls. These data suggest that the described heterogeneity in matrix cell wall materials is probably involved in: (a) local cell wall expansion and deformation, (b) the transduction of the inductive GMC stimulus, and
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giannoutsou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - P Apostolakos
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - B Galatis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Athens, Greece.
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28
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Lin F, Manisseri C, Fagerström A, Peck ML, Vega-Sánchez ME, Williams B, Chiniquy DM, Saha P, Pattathil S, Conlin B, Zhu L, Hahn MG, Willats WGT, Scheller HV, Ronald PC, Bartley LE. Cell Wall Composition and Candidate Biosynthesis Gene Expression During Rice Development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2058-2075. [PMID: 27481893 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls of grasses, including cereal crops and biofuel grasses, comprise the majority of plant biomass and intimately influence plant growth, development and physiology. However, the functions of many cell wall synthesis genes, and the relationships among and the functions of cell wall components remain obscure. To better understand the patterns of cell wall accumulation and identify genes that act in grass cell wall biosynthesis, we characterized 30 samples from aerial organs of rice (Oryza sativa cv. Kitaake) at 10 developmental time points, 3-100 d post-germination. Within these samples, we measured 15 cell wall chemical components, enzymatic digestibility and 18 cell wall polysaccharide epitopes/ligands. We also used quantitative reverse transcription-PCR to measure expression of 50 glycosyltransferases, 15 acyltransferases and eight phenylpropanoid genes, many of which had previously been identified as being highly expressed in rice. Most cell wall components vary significantly during development, and correlations among them support current understanding of cell walls. We identified 92 significant correlations between cell wall components and gene expression and establish nine strong hypotheses for genes that synthesize xylans, mixed linkage glucan and pectin components. This work provides an extensive analysis of cell wall composition throughout rice development, identifies genes likely to synthesize grass cell walls, and provides a framework for development of genetically improved grasses for use in lignocellulosic biofuel production and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Chithra Manisseri
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexandra Fagerström
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Matthew L Peck
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Miguel E Vega-Sánchez
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Monsanto Company, Chesterfield Village Campus, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
| | - Brian Williams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dawn M Chiniquy
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Prasenjit Saha
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Bioenergy Science Center, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Brian Conlin
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lan Zhu
- Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Bioenergy Science Center, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pamela C Ronald
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Laura E Bartley
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
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29
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Costa THF, Vega-Sánchez ME, Milagres AMF, Scheller HV, Ferraz A. Tissue-specific distribution of hemicelluloses in six different sugarcane hybrids as related to cell wall recalcitrance. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:99. [PMID: 27148403 PMCID: PMC4855430 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grasses are lignocellulosic materials useful to supply the billion-tons annual requirement for renewable resources that aim to produce transportation fuels and a variety of chemicals. However, the polysaccharides contained in grass cell walls are built in a recalcitrant composite. Deconstruction of these cell walls is still a challenge for the energy-efficient and economically viable transformation of lignocellulosic materials. The varied tissue-specific distribution of cell wall components adds complexity to the origins of cell wall recalcitrance in grasses. This complexity usually led to empirically developed pretreatment processes to overcome recalcitrance. A further complication is that efficient pretreatment procedures generally treat the less recalcitrant tissues more than necessary, which results in the generation of undesirable biomass degradation products. RESULTS Six different sugarcane hybrids were used as model grasses to evaluate the tissue-specific distribution of hemicelluloses and the role of these components in cell wall recalcitrance. Acetylated glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) occurs in all tissues. Mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) was relevant in the innermost regions of the sugarcane internodes (up to 15.4 % w/w), especially in the low-lignin content hybrids. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that xylans predominated in vascular bundles, whereas MLG occurred mostly in the parenchyma cell walls from the pith region of the hybrids with low-lignin content. Evaluation of the digestibility of sugarcane polysaccharides by commercial enzymes indicated that the cell wall recalcitrance varied considerably along the internode regions and in the sugarcane hybrids. Pith regions of the hybrids with high MLG and low-lignin contents reached up to 85 % cellulose conversion after 72 h of hydrolysis, without any pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS The collective characteristics of the internode regions were related to the varied recalcitrance found in the samples. Components such as lignin and GAX were critical for the increased recalcitrance, but low cellulose crystallinity index, high MLG contents, and highly substituted GAX contributed to the generation of a less recalcitrant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales H. F. Costa
- />Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, SP 12602-810 Brazil
| | - Miguel E. Vega-Sánchez
- />The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- />Monsanto Company, 800N. Lindbergh Blvd., Creve Coeur (St. Louis), MO 63141 USA
| | - Adriane M. F. Milagres
- />Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, SP 12602-810 Brazil
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- />The Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - André Ferraz
- />Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, SP 12602-810 Brazil
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30
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Pauly M, Keegstra K. Biosynthesis of the Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Xyloglucan. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:235-59. [PMID: 26927904 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is a matrix polysaccharide that is present in the cell walls of all land plants. It consists of a β-1,4-linked glucan backbone that is further substituted with xylosyl residues. These xylosyl residues can be further substituted with other glycosyl and nonglycosyl substituents that vary depending on the plant family and specific tissue. Advances in plant mutant isolation and characterization, functional genomics, and DNA sequencing have led to the identification of nearly all transferases and synthases necessary to synthesize XyG. Thus, in terms of the molecular mechanisms of plant cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, XyG is the most well understood. However, much remains to be learned about the molecular mechanisms of polysaccharide assembly and the regulation of these processes. Knowledge of the XyG biosynthetic machinery allows the XyG structure to be tailored in planta to ascertain the functions of this polysaccharide and its substituents in plant growth and interactions with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, DOE Plant Research Laboratory, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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31
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Berry EA, Tran ML, Dimos CS, Budziszek MJ, Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Roberts AW. Immuno and Affinity Cytochemical Analysis of Cell Wall Composition in the Moss Physcomitrella patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:248. [PMID: 27014284 PMCID: PMC4781868 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to homeohydric vascular plants, mosses employ a poikilohydric strategy for surviving in the dry aerial environment. A detailed understanding of the structure, composition, and development of moss cell walls can contribute to our understanding of not only the evolution of overall cell wall complexity, but also the differences that have evolved in response to selection for different survival strategies. The model moss species Physcomitrella patens has a predominantly haploid lifecycle consisting of protonemal filaments that regenerate from protoplasts and enlarge by tip growth, and leafy gametophores composed of cells that enlarge by diffuse growth and differentiate into several different types. Advantages for genetic studies include methods for efficient targeted gene modification and extensive genomic resources. Immuno and affinity cytochemical labeling were used to examine the distribution of polysaccharides and proteins in regenerated protoplasts, protonemal filaments, rhizoids, and sectioned gametophores of P. patens. The cell wall composition of regenerated protoplasts was also characterized by flow cytometry. Crystalline cellulose was abundant in the cell walls of regenerating protoplasts and protonemal cells that developed on media of high osmolarity, whereas homogalactuonan was detected in the walls of protonemal cells that developed on low osmolarity media and not in regenerating protoplasts. Mannan was the major hemicellulose detected in all tissues tested. Arabinogalactan proteins were detected in different cell types by different probes, consistent with structural heterogneity. The results reveal developmental and cell type specific differences in cell wall composition and provide a basis for analyzing cell wall phenotypes in knockout mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode IslandKingston, RI, USA
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Simmons TJ, Mohler KE, Holland C, Goubet F, Franková L, Houston DR, Hudson AD, Meulewaeter F, Fry SC. Hetero-trans-β-glucanase, an enzyme unique to Equisetum plants, functionalizes cellulose. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:753-69. [PMID: 26185964 PMCID: PMC4950035 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are metabolically active components of plant cells. They contain diverse enzymes, including transglycanases (endotransglycosylases), enzymes that 'cut and paste' certain structural polysaccharide molecules and thus potentially remodel the wall during growth and development. Known transglycanase activities modify several cell-wall polysaccharides (xyloglucan, mannans, mixed-linkage β-glucan and xylans); however, no transglycanases were known to act on cellulose, the principal polysaccharide of biomass. We now report the discovery and characterization of hetero-trans-β-glucanase (HTG), a transglycanase that targets cellulose, in horsetails (Equisetum spp., an early-diverging genus of monilophytes). HTG is also remarkable in predominantly catalysing hetero-transglycosylation: its preferred donor substrates (cellulose or mixed-linkage β-glucan) differ qualitatively from its acceptor substrate (xyloglucan). HTG thus generates stable cellulose-xyloglucan and mixed-linkage β-glucan-xyloglucan covalent bonds, and may therefore strengthen ageing Equisetum tissues by inter-linking different structural polysaccharides of the cell wall. 3D modelling suggests that only three key amino acid substitutions (Trp → Pro, Gly → Ser and Arg → Leu) are responsible for the evolution of HTG's unique specificity from the better-known xyloglucan-acting homo-transglycanases (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases; XTH). Among land plants, HTG appears to be confined to Equisetum, but its target polysaccharides are widespread, potentially offering opportunities for enhancing crop mechanical properties, such as wind resistance. In addition, by linking cellulose to xyloglucan fragments previously tagged with compounds such as dyes or indicators, HTG may be useful biotechnologically for manufacturing stably functionalized celluloses, thereby potentially offering a commercially valuable 'green' technology for industrially manipulating biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Simmons
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Kyle E Mohler
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Claire Holland
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Florence Goubet
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Lenka Franková
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Douglas R Houston
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Andrew D Hudson
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Frank Meulewaeter
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
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