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Zhong Y, Chen Y, Pan M, Li X, Hebelstrup K, Cai J, Zhou Q, Dai T, Cao W, Jiang D. Transport and spatio-temporal conversion of sugar facilitate the formation of spatial gradients of starch in wheat caryopses. Commun Biol 2024; 7:928. [PMID: 39090206 PMCID: PMC11294588 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Wheat grain starch content displays large variations within different pearling fractions, which affecting the processing quality of corresponding flour, while the underlying mechanism on starch gradient formation is unclear. Here, we show that wheat caryopses acquire sugar through the transfer of cells (TCs), inner endosperm (IE), outer endosperm (OE), and finally aleurone (AL) via micro positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT). To obtain integrated information on spatial transcript distributions, developing caryopses are laser microdissected into AL, OE, IE, and TC. Most genes encoding carbohydrate transporters are upregulated or specifically expressed, and sugar metabolites are more highly enriched in the TC group than in the AL group, in line with the PET-CT results. Genes encoding enzymes in sucrose metabolism, such as sucrose synthase, beta-fructofuranosidase, glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase show significantly lower expression in AL than in OE and IE, indicating that substrate supply is crucial for the formation of starch gradients. Furthermore, the low expressions of gene encoding starch synthase contribute to low starch content in AL. Our results imply that transcriptional regulation represents an important means of impacting starch distribution in wheat grains and suggests breeding targets for enhancing specially pearled wheat with higher quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhong
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Mingsheng Pan
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiangnan Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kim Hebelstrup
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Jian Cai
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Qin Zhou
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Tingbo Dai
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Weixing Cao
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Dong Jiang
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China.
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Hinz C, Jahnke S, Metzner R, Pflugfelder D, Scheins J, Streun M, Koller R. Setup and characterisation according to NEMA NU 4 of the phenoPET scanner, a PET system dedicated for plant sciences. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:055019. [PMID: 38271724 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad22a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Objective.ThephenoPET system is a plant dedicated positron emission tomography (PET) scanner consisting of fully digital photo multipliers with lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystals and located inside a custom climate chamber. Here, we present the setup ofphenoPET, its data processing and image reconstruction together with its performance.Approach.The performance characterization follows the national electrical manufacturers association (NEMA) standard for small animal PET systems with a number of adoptions due to the vertical oriented bore of a PET for plant sciences. In addition temperature stability and spatial resolution with a hot rod phantom are addressed.Main results.The spatial resolution for a22Na point source at a radial distance of 5 mm to the center of the field-of-view (FOV) is 1.45 mm, 0.82 mm and 1.88 mm with filtered back projection in radial, tangential and axial direction, respectively. A hot rod phantom with18F gives a spatial resolution of up to 1.6 mm. The peak noise-equivalent count rates are 550 kcps @ 35.08 MBq, 308 kcps @ 33 MBq and 45 kcps @ 40.60 MBq for the mouse, rat and monkey size scatter phantoms, respectively. The scatter fractions for these phantoms are 12.63%, 22.64% and 55.90%. We observe a peak sensitivity of up to 3.6% and a total sensitivity of up toSA,tot= 2.17%. For the NEMA image quality phantom we observe a uniformity of %STD= 4.22% with ordinary Poisson maximum likelihood expectation-maximization with 52 iterations. Here, recovery coefficients of 0.12, 0.64, 0.89, 0.93 and 0.91 for 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm rods are obtained and spill-over ratios of 0.08 and 0.14 for the water-filled and air-filled inserts, respectively.Significance.ThephenoPET and its laboratory are now in routine operation for the administration of [11C]CO2and non-invasive measurement of transport and allocation of11C-labelled photoassimilates in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Hinz
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Siegfried Jahnke
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., D-52425 Jülich, Germany
- Biodiversity, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Ralf Metzner
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Daniel Pflugfelder
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheins
- INM-4: Medical Imaging Physics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Matthias Streun
- ZEA-2: Electronic Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Robert Koller
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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Zhong Y, Chen Y, Pan M, Wang H, Sun J, Chen Y, Cai J, Zhou Q, Wang X, Jiang D. Insights into the Functional Components in Wheat Grain: Spatial Pattern, Underlying Mechanism and Cultivation Regulation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112192. [PMID: 37299171 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is a staple crop; its production must achieve both high yield and good quality due to worldwide demands for food security and better quality of life. It has been found that the grain qualities vary greatly within the different layers of wheat kernels. In this paper, the spatial distributions of protein and its components, starch, dietary fiber, and microelements are summarized in detail. The underlying mechanisms regarding the formation of protein and starch, as well as spatial distribution, are discussed from the views of substrate supply and the protein and starch synthesis capacity. The regulating effects of cultivation practices on gradients in composition are identified. Finally, breakthrough solutions for exploring the underlying mechanisms of the spatial gradients of functional components are presented. This paper will provide research perspectives for producing wheat that is both high in yield and of good quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhong
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuhua Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingsheng Pan
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hengtong Wang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiayu Sun
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yang Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Cai
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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4
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Zhao B, Luo Z, Zhang H, Zhang H. Imaging tools for plant nanobiotechnology. Front Genome Ed 2022; 4:1029944. [PMID: 36569338 PMCID: PMC9772283 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.1029944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful application of nanobiotechnology in biomedicine has greatly changed the traditional way of diagnosis and treating of disease, and is promising for revolutionizing the traditional plant nanobiotechnology. Over the past few years, nanobiotechnology has increasingly expanded into plant research area. Nanomaterials can be designed as vectors for targeted delivery and controlled release of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, nucleotides, proteins, etc. Interestingly, nanomaterials with unique physical and chemical properties can directly affect plant growth and development; improve plant resistance to disease and stress; design as sensors in plant biology; and even be used for plant genetic engineering. Similarly, there have been concerns about the potential biological toxicity of nanomaterials. Selecting appropriate characterization methods will help understand how nanomaterials interact with plants and promote advances in plant nanobiotechnology. However, there are relatively few reviews of tools for characterizing nanomaterials in plant nanobiotechnology. In this review, we present relevant imaging tools that have been used in plant nanobiotechnology to monitor nanomaterial migration, interaction with and internalization into plants at three-dimensional lengths. Including: 1) Migration of nanomaterial into plant organs 2) Penetration of nanomaterial into plant tissues (iii)Internalization of nanomaterials by plant cells and interactions with plant subcellular structures. We compare the advantages and disadvantages of current characterization tools and propose future optimal characterization methods for plant nanobiotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongxu Luo
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honglu Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou International Campus, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Honglu Zhang, ; Huan Zhang,
| | - Huan Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Honglu Zhang, ; Huan Zhang,
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5
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D'Ascenzo N, Xie Q, Antonecchia E, Ciardiello M, Pagnani G, Pisante M. Kinetically Consistent Data Assimilation for Plant PET Sparse Time Activity Curve Signals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:882382. [PMID: 35941942 PMCID: PMC9356293 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.882382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Time activity curve (TAC) signal processing in plant positron emission tomography (PET) is a frontier nuclear science technique to bring out the quantitative fluid dynamic (FD) flow parameters of the plant vascular system and generate knowledge on crops and their sustainable management, facing the accelerating global climate change. The sparse space-time sampling of the TAC signal impairs the extraction of the FD variables, which can be determined only as averaged values with existing techniques. A data-driven approach based on a reliable FD model has never been formulated. A novel sparse data assimilation digital signal processing method is proposed, with the unique capability of a direct computation of the dynamic evolution of noise correlations between estimated and measured variables, by taking into explicit account the numerical diffusion due to the sparse sampling. The sequential time-stepping procedure estimates the spatial profile of the velocity, the diffusion coefficient and the compartmental exchange rates along the plant stem from the TAC signals. To illustrate the performance of the method, we report an example of the measurement of transport mechanisms in zucchini sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola D'Ascenzo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Qingguo Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Emanuele Antonecchia
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Ciardiello
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Pagnani
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Michele Pisante
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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6
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Metzner R, Chlubek A, Bühler J, Pflugfelder D, Schurr U, Huber G, Koller R, Jahnke S. In Vivo Imaging and Quantification of Carbon Tracer Dynamics in Nodulated Root Systems of Pea Plants. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11050632. [PMID: 35270102 PMCID: PMC8912644 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Legumes associate with root colonizing rhizobia that provide fixed nitrogen to its plant host in exchange for recently fixed carbon. There is a lack of understanding of how individual plants modulate carbon allocation to a nodulated root system as a dynamic response to abiotic stimuli. One reason is that most approaches are based on destructive sampling, making quantification of localised carbon allocation dynamics in the root system difficult. We established an experimental workflow for routinely using non-invasive Positron Emission Tomography (PET) to follow the allocation of leaf-supplied 11C tracer towards individual nodules in a three-dimensional (3D) root system of pea (Pisum sativum). Nitrate was used for triggering a reduction of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), which was expected to rapidly affect carbon allocation dynamics in the root-nodule system. The nitrate treatment led to a decrease in 11C tracer allocation to nodules by 40% to 47% in 5 treated plants while the variation in control plants was less than 11%. The established experimental pipeline enabled for the first time that several plants could consistently be labelled and measured using 11C tracers in a PET approach to quantify C-allocation to individual nodules following a BNF reduction. Our study demonstrates the strength of using 11C tracers in a PET approach for non-invasive quantification of dynamic carbon allocation in several growing plants over several days. A major advantage of the approach is the possibility to investigate carbon dynamics in small regions of interest in a 3D system such as nodules in comparison to whole plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Metzner
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Julich, Germany; (A.C.); (J.B.); (D.P.); (U.S.); (G.H.); (R.K.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-24-6161-3256
| | - Antonia Chlubek
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Julich, Germany; (A.C.); (J.B.); (D.P.); (U.S.); (G.H.); (R.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Jonas Bühler
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Julich, Germany; (A.C.); (J.B.); (D.P.); (U.S.); (G.H.); (R.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Daniel Pflugfelder
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Julich, Germany; (A.C.); (J.B.); (D.P.); (U.S.); (G.H.); (R.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Ulrich Schurr
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Julich, Germany; (A.C.); (J.B.); (D.P.); (U.S.); (G.H.); (R.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Gregor Huber
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Julich, Germany; (A.C.); (J.B.); (D.P.); (U.S.); (G.H.); (R.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Robert Koller
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Julich, Germany; (A.C.); (J.B.); (D.P.); (U.S.); (G.H.); (R.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Siegfried Jahnke
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Julich, Germany; (A.C.); (J.B.); (D.P.); (U.S.); (G.H.); (R.K.); (S.J.)
- Biodiversity, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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7
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Babst BA, Braun DM, Karve AA, Frank Baker R, Tran TM, Kenny DJ, Rohlhill J, Knoblauch J, Knoblauch M, Lohaus G, Tappero R, Scherzer S, Hedrich R, Jensen KH. Sugar loading is not required for phloem sap flow in maize plants. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:171-180. [PMID: 35194203 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phloem transport of photoassimilates from leaves to non-photosynthetic organs, such as the root and shoot apices and reproductive organs, is crucial to plant growth and yield. For nearly 90 years, evidence has been generally consistent with the theory of a pressure-flow mechanism of phloem transport. Central to this hypothesis is the loading of osmolytes, principally sugars, into the phloem to generate the osmotic pressure that propels bulk flow. Here we used genetic and light manipulations to test whether sugar import into the phloem is required as the driving force for phloem sap flow. Using carbon-11 radiotracer, we show that a maize sucrose transporter1 (sut1) loss-of-function mutant has severely reduced export of carbon from photosynthetic leaves (only ~4% of the wild type level). Yet, the mutant remarkably maintains phloem pressure at ~100% and sap flow speeds at ~50-75% of those of wild type. Potassium (K+) abundance in the phloem was elevated in sut1 mutant leaves. Fluid dynamic modelling supports the conclusion that increased K+ loading compensated for decreased sucrose loading to maintain phloem pressure, and thereby maintained phloem transport via the pressure-flow mechanism. Furthermore, these results suggest that sap flow and transport of other phloem-mobile nutrients and signalling molecules could be regulated independently of sugar loading into the phloem, potentially influencing carbon-nutrient homoeostasis and the distribution of signalling molecules in plants encountering different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Babst
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
- Arkansas Forest Resources Center, University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR, USA.
| | - David M Braun
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Abhijit A Karve
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Office of Technology Commercialization, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R Frank Baker
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thu M Tran
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Douglas J Kenny
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia Rohlhill
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jan Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Department of Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Sönke Scherzer
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Antonecchia E, Bäcker M, Cafolla D, Ciardiello M, Kühl C, Pagnani G, Wang J, Wang S, Zhou F, D'Ascenzo N, Gialanella L, Pisante M, Rose G, Xie Q. Design Study of a Novel Positron Emission Tomography System for Plant Imaging. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:736221. [PMID: 35116047 PMCID: PMC8805640 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.736221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Positron Emission Tomography is a non-disruptive and high-sensitive digital imaging technique which allows to measure in-vivo and non invasively the changes of metabolic and transport mechanisms in plants. When it comes to the early assessment of stress-induced alterations of plant functions, plant PET has the potential of a major breakthrough. The development of dedicated plant PET systems faces a series of technological and experimental difficulties, which make conventional clinical and preclinical PET systems not fully suitable to agronomy. First, the functional and metabolic mechanisms of plants depend on environmental conditions, which can be controlled during the experiment if the scanner is transported into the growing chamber. Second, plants need to be imaged vertically, thus requiring a proper Field Of View. Third, the transverse Field of View needs to adapt to the different plant shapes, according to the species and the experimental protocols. In this paper, we perform a simulation study, proposing a novel design of dedicated plant PET scanners specifically conceived to address these agronomic issues. We estimate their expected sensitivity, count rate performance and spatial resolution, and we identify these specific features, which need to be investigated when realizing a plant PET scanner. Finally, we propose a novel approach to the measurement and verification of the performance of plant PET systems, including the design of dedicated plant phantoms, in order to provide a standard evaluation procedure for this emerging digital imaging agronomic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Antonecchia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, NEUROMED I.R.C.C.S, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Markus Bäcker
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Research Campus STIMULATE, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniele Cafolla
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, NEUROMED I.R.C.C.S, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Charlotte Kühl
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Research Campus STIMULATE, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Giancarlo Pagnani
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Jiale Wang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, Quzhou, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, Quzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nicola D'Ascenzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, NEUROMED I.R.C.C.S, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Lucio Gialanella
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Michele Pisante
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Georg Rose
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Research Campus STIMULATE, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Qingguo Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, NEUROMED I.R.C.C.S, Pozzilli, Italy
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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9
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Babst BA, Karve A, Sementilli A, Dweikat I, Braun DM. Physiology and whole-plant carbon partitioning during stem sugar accumulation in sweet dwarf sorghum. PLANTA 2021; 254:80. [PMID: 34546416 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03718-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A greater rate of phloem unloading and storage in the stem, not a higher rate of sugar production by photosynthesis or sugar export from leaves, is the main factor that results in sugar accumulation in sweet dwarf sorghum compared to grain sorghum. At maturity, the stem internodes of sweet sorghum varieties accumulate high concentrations of fermentable sugars and represent an efficient feedstock for bioethanol production. Although stem sugar accumulation is a heritable trait, additional factors that drive sugar accumulation in sorghum have not been identified. To identify the constraints on stem sugar accumulation in sweet sorghum, we used a combination of carbon-11 (11C) radiotracer, physiological and biochemical approaches, and compared a grain sorghum and sweet dwarf sorghum line that have similar growth characteristics including height. Photosynthesis did not increase during development or differ between the sorghum lines. During the developmental transition to the reproductive stage, export of 11C from leaves approximately doubled in both sorghum lines, but 11C export in the sweet dwarf line did not exceed that of the grain sorghum. Defoliation to manipulate relative sink demand did not result in increased photosynthetic rates, indicating that the combined accumulation of C by all sink tissues was limited by the maximum photosynthetic capacity of source leaves. Nearly 3/4 of the 11C exported from leaves was transported to the lower stem in sweet sorghum within 2 h, whereas in grain sorghum nearly 3/4 of the 11C was in the panicle. Accordingly, the transcripts of several sucrose transporter (SUT) genes were more abundant in the stem internodes of the sweet dwarf line compared to the grain sorghum. Overall, these results indicate that sugar accumulation in sweet sorghum stems is influenced by the interplay of different sink tissues for the same sugars, but is likely driven by elevated sugar phloem unloading and uptake capacity in mature stem internodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Babst
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA.
- Arkansas Forest Resources Center, and College of Forestry, Ag. and Natural Resources, University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR, 71656, USA.
| | - Abhijit Karve
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
- Purdue Research Foundation, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Anthony Sementilli
- Biological, Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA
- Department of Physical Sciences, St Joseph's College, Patchogue, NY, 11772, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ismail Dweikat
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0915, USA
| | - David M Braun
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Mincke J, Courtyn J, Vanhove C, Vandenberghe S, Steppe K. Guide to Plant-PET Imaging Using 11CO 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:602550. [PMID: 34149742 PMCID: PMC8206809 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.602550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to its high sensitivity and specificity for tumor detection, positron emission tomography (PET) has become a standard and widely used molecular imaging technique. Given the popularity of PET, both clinically and preclinically, its use has been extended to study plants. However, only a limited number of research groups worldwide report PET-based studies, while we believe that this technique has much more potential and could contribute extensively to plant science. The limited application of PET may be related to the complexity of putting together methodological developments from multiple disciplines, such as radio-pharmacology, physics, mathematics and engineering, which may form an obstacle for some research groups. By means of this manuscript, we want to encourage researchers to study plants using PET. The main goal is to provide a clear description on how to design and execute PET scans, process the resulting data and fully explore its potential by quantification via compartmental modeling. The different steps that need to be taken will be discussed as well as the related challenges. Hereby, the main focus will be on, although not limited to, tracing 11CO2 to study plant carbon dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Mincke
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- MEDISIP - INFINITY - IBiTech, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Courtyn
- Medical Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Vanhove
- MEDISIP - INFINITY - IBiTech, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Vandenberghe
- MEDISIP - INFINITY - IBiTech, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Ruwanpathirana GP, Plett DC, Williams RC, Davey CE, Johnston LA, Kronzucker HJ. Continuous monitoring of plant sodium transport dynamics using clinical PET. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:8. [PMID: 33468197 PMCID: PMC7814562 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The absorption, translocation, accumulation and excretion of substances are fundamental processes in all organisms including plants, and have been successfully studied using radiotracers labelled with 11C, 13N, 14C and 22Na since 1939. Sodium is one of the most damaging ions to the growth and productivity of crops. Due to the significance of understanding sodium transport in plants, a significant number of studies have been carried out to examine sodium influx, compartmentation, and efflux using 22Na- or 24Na-labeled salts. Notably, however, most of these studies employed destructive methods, which has limited our understanding of sodium flux and distribution characteristics in real time, in live plants. Positron emission tomography (PET) has been used successfully in medical research and diagnosis for decades. Due to its ability to visualise and assess physiological and metabolic function, PET imaging has also begun to be employed in plant research. Here, we report the use of a clinical PET scanner with a 22Na tracer to examine 22Na-influx dynamics in barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. spp. Vulgare-cultivar Bass) under variable nutrient levels, alterations in the day/night light cycle, and the presence of sodium channel inhibitors. RESULTS 3D dynamic PET images of whole plants show readily visible 22Na translocation from roots to shoots in each examined plant, with rates influenced by both nutrient status and channel inhibition. PET images show that plants cultivated in low-nutrient media transport more 22Na than plants cultivated in high-nutrient media, and that 22Na uptake is suppressed in the presence of a cation-channel inhibitor. A distinct diurnal pattern of 22Na influx was discernible in curves displaying rates of change of relative radioactivity. Plants were found to absorb more 22Na during the light period, and anticipate the change in the light/dark cycle by adjusting the sodium influx rate downward in the dark period, an effect not previously described experimentally. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the utility of clinical PET/CT scanners for real-time monitoring of the temporal dynamics of sodium transport in plants. The effects of nutrient deprivation and of ion channel inhibition on sodium influx into barley plants are shown in two proof-of-concept experiments, along with the first-ever 3D-imaging of the light and dark sodium uptake cycles in plants. This method carries significant potential for plant biology research and, in particular, in the context of genetic and treatment effects on sodium acquisition and toxicity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gihan P Ruwanpathirana
- Melbourne Brain Centre Imaging Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Darren C Plett
- Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The Plant Accelerator, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Robert C Williams
- Melbourne Brain Centre Imaging Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine E Davey
- Melbourne Brain Centre Imaging Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leigh A Johnston
- Melbourne Brain Centre Imaging Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Sciences, School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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12
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Schmidt MP, Mamet SD, Ferrieri RA, Peak D, Siciliano SD. From the Outside in: An Overview of Positron Imaging of Plant and Soil Processes. Mol Imaging 2020; 19:1536012120966405. [PMID: 33119419 PMCID: PMC7605056 DOI: 10.1177/1536012120966405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron-emitting nuclides have long been used as imaging agents in medical science to spatially trace processes non-invasively, allowing for real-time molecular imaging using low tracer concentrations. This ability to non-destructively visualize processes in real time also makes positron imaging uniquely suitable for probing various processes in plants and porous environmental media, such as soils and sediments. Here, we provide an overview of historical and current applications of positron imaging in environmental research. We highlight plant physiological research, where positron imaging has been used extensively to image dynamics of macronutrients, signalling molecules, trace elements, and contaminant metals under various conditions and perturbations. We describe how positron imaging is used in porous soils and sediments to visualize transport, flow, and microbial metabolic processes. We also address the interface between positron imaging and other imaging approaches, and present accompanying chemical analysis of labelled compounds for reviewed topics, highlighting the bridge between positron imaging and complementary techniques across scales. Finally, we discuss possible future applications of positron imaging and its potential as a nexus of interdisciplinary biogeochemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Schmidt
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Steven D Mamet
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Richard A Ferrieri
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Division of Plant Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Missouri Research Reactor Center, 14716University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Derek Peak
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Steven D Siciliano
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 7235University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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13
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Niu HL, Peng CY, Zhu XD, Dong YY, Li YY, Tang LL, Wan XC, Cai HM. Positron-emitting tracer imaging of fluoride transport and distribution in tea plant. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:3554-3559. [PMID: 32124449 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is a hyper-accumulator of fluoride (F). To understand F uptake and distribution in living plants, we visually evaluated the real-time transport of F absorbed by roots and leaves using a positron-emitting (18 F) fluoride tracer and a positron-emitting tracer imaging system. RESULTS F arrived at an aerial plant part about 1.5 h after absorption by roots, suggesting that tea roots had a retention effect on F, and then was transported upward mainly via the xylem and little via the phloem along the tea stem, but no F was observed in the leaves within the initial 8 h. F absorbed via a cut petiole (leaf 4) was mainly transported downward along the stem within the initial 2 h. Although F was first detected in the top and ipsilateral leaves, it was not detected in tea roots by the end of the monitoring. During the monitoring time, F principally accumulated in the node. CONCLUSION F uptake by the petiole of excised leaf and root system was realized in different ways. The nodes indicated that they may play pivotal roles in the transport of F in tea plants. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Liang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuan-Yi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhu
- College of Science Isotope Lab, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang-Yang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ye-Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | | | - Xiao-Chun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui-Mei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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14
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Samarah LZ, Tran TH, Stacey G, Vertes A. In Vivo Chemical Analysis of Plant Sap from the Xylem and Single Parenchymal Cells by Capillary Microsampling Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7299-7306. [PMID: 32343130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In plants, long-distance transport of chemicals from source to sink takes place through the transfer of sap inside complex trafficking systems. Access to this information provides insight into the physiological responses that result from the interactions between the organism and its environment. In vivo analysis offers minimal perturbation to the physiology of the organism, thus providing information that represents the native physiological state more accurately. Here we describe capillary microsampling with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for the in vivo analysis of xylem sap directly from plants. Initially, fast MS profiling was performed by ESI from the whole sap exuding from wounds of living plants in their native environment. This sap, however, originated from the xylem and phloem and included the cytosol of damaged cells. Combining capillary microsampling with ESI-MS enabled targeted sampling of the xylem sap and single parenchymal cells in the pith, thereby differentiating their chemical compositions. With this method we analyzed soybean plants infected by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and uninfected plants to investigate the effects of symbiosis on chemical transport through the sap. Infected plants exhibited higher abundances for certain nitrogen-containing metabolites in their sap, namely allantoin, allantoic acid, hydroxymethylglutamate, and methylene glutamate, compared to uninfected plants. Using capillary microsampling, we localized these compounds to the xylem, which indicated their transport from the roots to the upper parts of the plant. Differences between metabolite levels in sap from the infected and uninfected plants indicated that the transport of nitrogen-containing and other metabolites is regulated depending on the source of nitrogen supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Z Samarah
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Tina H Tran
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
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15
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Clark NM, Van den Broeck L, Guichard M, Stager A, Tanner HG, Blilou I, Grossmann G, Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, Maizel A, Sparks EE, Sozzani R. Novel Imaging Modalities Shedding Light on Plant Biology: Start Small and Grow Big. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:789-816. [PMID: 32119794 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of quantitative information on plant development across a range of temporal and spatial scales is essential to understand the mechanisms of plant growth. Recent years have shown the emergence of imaging methodologies that enable the capture and analysis of plant growth, from the dynamics of molecules within cells to the measurement of morphometricand physiological traits in field-grown plants. In some instances, these imaging methods can be parallelized across multiple samples to increase throughput. When high throughput is combined with high temporal and spatial resolution, the resulting image-derived data sets could be combined with molecular large-scale data sets to enable unprecedented systems-level computational modeling. Such image-driven functional genomics studies may be expected to appear at an accelerating rate in the near future given the early success of the foundational efforts reviewed here. We present new imaging modalities and review how they have enabled a better understanding of plant growth from the microscopic to the macroscopic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Clark
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA; ,
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA;
| | - Lisa Van den Broeck
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA; ,
| | - Marjorie Guichard
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; , ,
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adam Stager
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA; ,
| | - Herbert G Tanner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA; ,
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Department of Plant Cell and Developmental Biology, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; , ,
- CellNetworks Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anjali S Iyer-Pascuzzi
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; , ,
| | - Erin E Sparks
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and the Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA;
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA; ,
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16
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Babst BA, Ferrieri R, Schueller M. Detecting Rapid Changes in Carbon Transport and Partitioning with Carbon-11 ( 11C). Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2014:163-176. [PMID: 31197795 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive techniques to measure phloem transport of carbon will be crucial to efforts to engineer improved crop yields, which are highly dependent on carbon partitioning. Phloem, which is buried in the interior of the plant, is highly sensitive to tissue damage. Here we describe nondestructive methods using carbon-11, fed to leaves as 11CO2, as a tracer to track export of recently fixed carbon from leaves, transport speed through the phloem, and distribution or partitioning throughout the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Babst
- Arkansas Forest Resources Center, Monticello, AR, USA. .,University of Arkansas at Monticello, College of Forestry, Agriculture, and Natural Resources, Monticello, AR, USA.
| | - Richard Ferrieri
- Missouri Research Reactor Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michael Schueller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Missouri Research Reactor Center, Columbia, MO, USA
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17
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Babst BA, Coleman GD. Seasonal nitrogen cycling in temperate trees: Transport and regulatory mechanisms are key missing links. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 270:268-277. [PMID: 29576080 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient accumulation, one of the major ecosystem services provided by forests, is largely due to the accumulation and retention of nutrients in trees. This review focuses on seasonal cycling of nitrogen (N), often the most limiting nutrient in terrestrial ecosystems. When leaves are shed during autumn, much of the N may be resorbed and stored in the stem over winter, and then used for new stem and leaf growth in spring. A framework exists for understanding the metabolism and transport of N in leaves and stems during winter dormancy, but many of the underlying genes remain to be identified and/or verified. Transport of N during seasonal N cycling is a particularly weak link, since the physical pathways for loading and unloading of amino N to and from the phloem are poorly understood. Short-day photoperiod followed by decreasing temperatures are the environmental cues that stimulate dormancy induction, and nutrient remobilization and storage. However, beyond the involvement of phytochrome, very little is known about the signal transduction mechanisms that link environmental cues to nutrient remobilization and storage. We propose a model whereby nutrient transport and sensing plays a major role in source-sink transitions of leaves and stems during seasonal N cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Babst
- Arkansas Forest Resources Center, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Monticello, AR 71656, USA; School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR 71656, USA.
| | - Gary D Coleman
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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18
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Yadav UP, Khadilkar AS, Shaikh MA, Turgeon R, Ayre BG. Quantifying the Capacity of Phloem Loading in Leaf Disks with [ 14C]Sucrose. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2658. [PMID: 34595318 PMCID: PMC8438435 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phloem loading and transport of photoassimilate from photoautotrophic source leaves to heterotrophic sink organs are essential physiological processes that help the disparate organs of a plant function as a single, unified organism. We present three protocols we routinely use in combination with each other to assess (1) the relative rates of sucrose (Suc) loading into the phloem vascular system of mature leaves (this protocol), (2) the relative rates of carbon loading and transport through the phloem ( Yadav et al., 2017a ), and (3) the relative rates of carbon unloading into heterotrophic sink organs, specifically roots, after long-distance transport ( Yadav et al., 2017b ). We propose that conducting all three protocols on experimental and control plants provides a reliable comparison of whole-plant carbon partitioning, and minimizes ambiguities associated with a single protocol conducted in isolation ( Dasgupta et al., 2014 ; Khadilkar et al., 2016 ). In this protocol, Arabidopsis leaf disks isolated from mature rosette leaves are infiltrated with a buffered solution containing [14C]Suc. Suc transporters (SUCs or SUTs) load Suc into the phloem and excess, unloaded Suc in the leaf disk is then washed away. Loading of labeled Suc into the veins is visualized by autoradiography of lyophilized leaf disks and quantified by scintillation counting. Results are expressed as disintegration per minute per unit of leaf disk fresh weight or area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh P Yadav
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Aswad S Khadilkar
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
- University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Mearaj A Shaikh
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brian G Ayre
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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19
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Perez-Sanz F, Navarro PJ, Egea-Cortines M. Plant phenomics: an overview of image acquisition technologies and image data analysis algorithms. Gigascience 2017; 6:1-18. [PMID: 29048559 PMCID: PMC5737281 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/gix092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of phenomes or phenomics has been a central part of biology. The field of automatic phenotype acquisition technologies based on images has seen an important advance in the last years. As with other high-throughput technologies, it addresses a common set of problems, including data acquisition and analysis. In this review, we give an overview of the main systems developed to acquire images. We give an in-depth analysis of image processing with its major issues and the algorithms that are being used or emerging as useful to obtain data out of images in an automatic fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Perez-Sanz
- Genetics, ETSIA, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Pedro J Navarro
- Genetics, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, s/n, Cartagena 30202, Spain
| | - Marcos Egea-Cortines
- Genetics, ETSIA, Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
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20
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Tran TM, Hampton CS, Brossard TW, Harmata M, Robertson JD, Jurisson SS, Braun DM. In vivo transport of three radioactive [ 18F]-fluorinated deoxysucrose analogs by the maize sucrose transporter ZmSUT1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:1-11. [PMID: 28300727 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose transporter (SUT) proteins translocate sucrose across cell membranes; however, mechanistic aspects of sucrose binding by SUTs are not well resolved. Specific hydroxyl groups in sucrose participate in hydrogen bonding with SUT proteins. We previously reported that substituting a radioactive fluorine-18 [18F] at the C-6' position within the fructosyl moiety of sucrose did not affect sucrose transport by the maize (Zea mays) ZmSUT1 protein. To determine how 18F substitution of hydroxyl groups at two other positions within sucrose, the C-1' in the fructosyl moiety or the C-6 in the glucosyl moiety, impact sucrose transport, we synthesized 1'-[F18]fluoro-1'-deoxysucrose and 6-[F18]fluoro-6-deoxysucrose ([18F]FDS) analogs. Each [18F]FDS derivative was independently introduced into wild-type or sut1 mutant plants, which are defective in sucrose phloem loading. All three (1'-, 6'-, and 6-) [18F]FDS derivatives were efficiently and equally translocated, similarly to carbon-14 [14C]-labeled sucrose. Hence, individually replacing the hydroxyl groups at these positions within sucrose does not interfere with substrate recognition, binding, or membrane transport processes, and hydroxyl groups at these three positions are not essential for hydrogen bonding between sucrose and ZmSUT1. [18F]FDS imaging afforded several advantages compared to [14C]-sucrose detection. We calculated that 1'-[18F]FDS was transported at approximately a rate of 0.90 ± 0.15 m.h-1 in wild-type leaves, and at 0.68 ± 0.25 m.h-1 in sut1 mutant leaves. Collectively, our data indicated that [18F]FDS analogs are valuable tools to probe sucrose-SUT interactions and to monitor sucrose transport in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu M Tran
- Plant Imaging Consortium, United States; Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Carissa S Hampton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Tom W Brossard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Michael Harmata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - J David Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Silvia S Jurisson
- Plant Imaging Consortium, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - David M Braun
- Plant Imaging Consortium, United States; Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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21
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Partelová D, Horník M, Lesný J, Rajec P, Kováč P, Hostin S. Imaging and analysis of thin structures using positron emission tomography: Thin phantoms and in vivo tobacco leaves study. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 115:87-96. [PMID: 27344004 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel approach utilizing the designed phantoms imitating the plant tissues was applied for the evaluation of the relationships between the parameters of the prepared phantoms and/or quantitative variables obtained within the PET analysis. The microPET system developed for animal objects and approaches used made it possible to obtain the quantitative data in the form of (18)F radioactivity as well as the glucose (in µg) accumulated in leaf tissues within the dynamic in vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Partelová
- Department of Ecochemistry and Radioecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-917 01 Trnava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Miroslav Horník
- Department of Ecochemistry and Radioecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-917 01 Trnava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Juraj Lesný
- Department of Ecochemistry and Radioecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-917 01 Trnava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Pavol Rajec
- BIONT Inc., Karloveská 63, SK-842 29 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Peter Kováč
- BIONT Inc., Karloveská 63, SK-842 29 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Stanislav Hostin
- Department of Ecochemistry and Radioecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-917 01 Trnava, Slovak Republic.
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22
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Topp CN, Bray AL, Ellis NA, Liu Z. How can we harness quantitative genetic variation in crop root systems for agricultural improvement? JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:213-25. [PMID: 26911925 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Root systems are a black box obscuring a comprehensive understanding of plant function, from the ecosystem scale down to the individual. In particular, a lack of knowledge about the genetic mechanisms and environmental effects that condition root system growth hinders our ability to develop the next generation of crop plants for improved agricultural productivity and sustainability. We discuss how the methods and metrics we use to quantify root systems can affect our ability to understand them, how we can bridge knowledge gaps and accelerate the derivation of structure-function relationships for roots, and why a detailed mechanistic understanding of root growth and function will be important for future agricultural gains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam L Bray
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Nathanael A Ellis
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Zhengbin Liu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
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23
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Mudgil Y, Karve A, Teixeira PJPL, Jiang K, Tunc-Ozdemir M, Jones AM. Photosynthate Regulation of the Root System Architecture Mediated by the Heterotrimeric G Protein Complex in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1255. [PMID: 27610112 PMCID: PMC4997095 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Assimilate partitioning to the root system is a desirable developmental trait to control but little is known of the signaling pathway underlying partitioning. A null mutation in the gene encoding the Gβ subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein complex, a nexus for a variety of signaling pathways, confers altered sugar partitioning in roots. While fixed carbon rapidly reached the roots of wild type and agb1-2 mutant seedlings, agb1 roots had more of this fixed carbon in the form of glucose, fructose, and sucrose which manifested as a higher lateral root density. Upon glucose treatment, the agb1-2 mutant had abnormal gene expression in the root tip validated by transcriptome analysis. In addition, PIN2 membrane localization was altered in the agb1-2 mutant. The heterotrimeric G protein complex integrates photosynthesis-derived sugar signaling incorporating both membrane-and transcriptional-based mechanisms. The time constants for these signaling mechanisms are in the same range as photosynthate delivery to the root, raising the possibility that root cells are able to use changes in carbon fixation in real time to adjust growth behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashwanti Mudgil
- Department of Botany, University of DelhiDelhi, India
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel HillNC, USA
- *Correspondence: Yashwanti Mudgil,
| | | | | | - Kun Jiang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel HillNC, USA
| | - Meral Tunc-Ozdemir
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel HillNC, USA
| | - Alan M. Jones
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel HillNC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel HillNC, USA
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