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Zhang M, Huang Z, Jayavanth P, Luo Z, Zhou H, Huang C, Ou S, Liu F, Zheng J. Esterification of black bean anthocyanins with unsaturated oleic acid, and application characteristics of the product. Food Chem 2024; 448:139079. [PMID: 38520989 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Esterification of anthocyanins with saturated fatty acids have been widely investigated, while that with unsaturated fatty acids is little understood. In this study, crude extract (purity ∼ 35 %) of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) from black bean seed coat was utilized as reaction substrate, and enzymatically acylated with unsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid). Optimization of various reaction parameters finally resulted in the highest acylation rate of 54.3 %. HPLC-MS/MS and NMR analyses elucidated the structure of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside-oleic acid ester (C3G-OA) to be cyanidin-3-O-(6″-octadecene)-glucoside. Introduction of oleic acid into C3G improved the lipophilicity, antioxidant ability, and antibacterial activity. Further, the color and substance stability analyses showed that the susceptibility of C3G and C3G-OA to different thermal, peroxidative, and illuminant treatments were highly pH dependent, which suggested individual application guidelines. Moreover, C3G-OA showed lower toxicity to normal cell (QSG-7701) and better inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HepG2 cells than C3G, which indicated its potential anti-tumor bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianzhang Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zixin Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pallavi Jayavanth
- International College, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziming Luo
- Zhongshan Riwei Food Company, LTD., 528400 Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Caihuan Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou College of Technology and Business, 510580 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Innovation Platform for the Safety of Bakery Products, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Jin J, Li L, Fan D, Du Y, Jia H, Yang L, Jia W, Hao Q. Budding mutation reprogrammed flavonoid biosynthesis in jujube by deploying MYB41 and bHLH93. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108665. [PMID: 38735155 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Budding mutations are known to cause metabolic changes in new jujube varieties; however, the mechanisms underlying these changes are still unclear. Here, we performed muti-omics analysis to decipher the detailed metabolic landscape of "Saimisu 1" (S1) and its budding mutation line "Saimisu 2" (S2) at all fruit stages. We found that the genes involved in the biosyntheses of flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and amino acids were upregulated in S2 fruits at all stages, especially PAL and DFR, resulting in increased accumulation of related compounds in S2 mature fruits. Further co-expression regulatory network analysis showed that the transcription factors MYB41 and bHLH93 potentially regulated the expression of PAL and DFR, respectively, by directly binding to their promoters. Moreover, the overexpression of MYB41 or bHLH93 induced their expression levels to redirect the flux of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, eventually leading to high levels of related compounds in S2 fruits. Overall, this study revealed the metabolic variations between S1 and S2 and contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying budding mutation-mediated metabolic variations in plants, eventually providing the basis for breeding excellent jujube varieties using budding mutation lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, China.
| | - Lili Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, China.
| | - Dingyu Fan
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, China.
| | - Youwei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Hongchen Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, China.
| | - Wensuo Jia
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Qing Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation of Crop Resistance in Arid Desert Regions (Preparation), Key Laboratory of Genome Research and Genetic Improvement of Xinjiang Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables, Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, China.
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Wang X, Chen J, Luo D, Ba L. Advances in the Understanding of Postharvest Physiological Changes and the Storage and Preservation of Pitaya. Foods 2024; 13:1307. [PMID: 38731681 PMCID: PMC11083964 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly prized for its unique taste and appearance, pitaya is a tasty, low-calorie fruit. It has a high-water content, a high metabolism, and a high susceptibility to pathogens, resulting in an irreversible process of tissue degeneration or quality degradation and eventual loss of commercial value, leading to economic loss. High quality fruits are a key guarantee for the healthy development of economic advantages. However, the understanding of postharvest conservation technology and the regulation of maturation, and senescence of pitaya are lacking. To better understand the means of postharvest storage of pitaya, extend the shelf life of pitaya fruit and prospect the postharvest storage technology, this paper analyzes and compares the postharvest quality changes of pitaya fruit, preservation technology, and senescence regulation mechanisms. This study provides research directions for the development of postharvest storage and preservation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China;
| | - Jianye Chen
- College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Donglan Luo
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China;
| | - Liangjie Ba
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China;
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Yang R, Huang T, Song W, An Z, Lai Z, Liu S. Identification of WRKY gene family members in amaranth based on a transcriptome database and functional analysis of AtrWRKY42-2 in betalain metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1300522. [PMID: 38130485 PMCID: PMC10734031 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1300522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction WRKY TFs (WRKY transcription factors) contribute to the synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. Betalains are natural pigments that do not coexist with anthocyanins within the same plant. Amaranthus tricolor ('Suxian No.1') is an important leaf vegetable rich in betalains. However, the WRKY family members in amaranth and their roles in betalain synthesis and metabolism are still unclear. Methods To elucidate the molecular characteristics of the amaranth WRKY gene family and its role in betalain synthesis, WRKY gene family members were screened and identified using amaranth transcriptome data, and their physicochemical properties, conserved domains, phylogenetic relationships, and conserved motifs were analyzed using bioinformatics methods. Results In total, 72 WRKY family members were identified from the amaranth transcriptome. Three WRKY genes involved in betalain synthesis were screened in the phylogenetic analysis of WRKY TFs. RT-qPCR showed that the expression levels of these three genes in red amaranth 'Suxian No.1' were higher than those in green amaranth 'Suxian No.2' and also showed that the expression level of AtrWRKY42 gene short-spliced transcript AtrWRKY42-2 in Amaranth 'Suxian No.1' was higher than that of the complete sequence AtrWRKY42-1, so the short-spliced transcript AtrWRKY42-2 was mainly expressed in 'Suxian No.2' amaranth. Moreover, the total expression levels of AtrWRKY42-1 and AtrWRKY42-2 were down-regulated after GA3 treatment, so AtrWRKY42-2 was identified as a candidate gene. Therefore, the short splice variant AtrWRKY42-2 cDNA sequence, gDNA sequence, and promoter sequence of AtrWRKY42 were cloned, and the PRI 101-AN-AtrWRKY42-2-EGFP vector was constructed to evaluate subcellular localization, revealing that AtrWRKY42-2 is located in the nucleus. The overexpression vector pRI 101-AN-AtrWRKY42-2-EGFP and VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing) vector pTRV2-AtrWRKY42-2 were transferred into leaves of 'Suxian No.1' by an Agrobacterium-mediated method. The results showed that AtrWRKY42-2 overexpression could promote the expression of AtrCYP76AD1 and increase betalain synthesis. A yeast one-hybrid assay demonstrated that AtrWRKY42-2 could bind to the AtrCYP76AD1 promoter to regulate betalain synthesis. Discussion This study lays a foundation for further exploring the function of AtrWRKY42-2 in betalain metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shengcai Liu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Younis IY, Ibrahim RM, El-Halawany A, Hegazy MEF, Efferth T, Mohsen E. Chemometric discrimination of Hylocereus undulatus from different geographical origins via their metabolic profiling and antidiabetic activity. Food Chem 2023; 404:134650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Karami S, Sabzalian MR, Basaki T, Ghaderi F, Jamshidi Goharrizi K. Phylogenetic relationship and sequence diversity of candidate genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in Carthamus species with contrasting seed coat colors. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:349-360. [PMID: 37033761 PMCID: PMC10073368 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The morphological structure of seed such as coat color can be considered as effective parameters in the evaluation of resistance to pests. The present study is aimed at achieving these goals: first, to determine the phylogenetic relationship of different species of safflower with different seed coat colors based on three candidate genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway that encode the early steps (PAL: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and CHS: chalcone synthase) and the final step (UFGT: flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase); second, based on our previous study on the absence of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cyd-3-glu) in white/brown-seeded genotypes, it can be determined whether the lack of production is related to the absence of genes or the lack of expression. In general, the detection of Cyd-3-glu upstream compounds in all studied safflower genotypes, regardless of the color of the seed coat, can be interpreted as the expression of genes responsible for the synthesis of these compounds in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway. In addition, these findings indicated that the accumulation pattern of the mentioned secondary metabolites could be varied in safflower genotypes according to the seed coat color pattern. Regarding the UFGT gene, the evidence showed that this gene is expressed in safflower genotypes with two different seed coat color patterns, but in each genotype the tendency to produce secondary metabolites is different. Consequently, it seems that UFGT may not only regulate Cyd-3-glu biosynthesis but also involved in biosynthesis of flavonol glucoside in black safflower. Additionally, UFGT only affected flavonol glycosides biosynthesis and had no effect on Cyd-3-glu biosynthesis in white- seeded safflower genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Karami
- Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, 19395-4697 Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sabzalian
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111 Iran
| | - Tayebeh Basaki
- Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, 19395-4697 Iran
| | - Fariba Ghaderi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasuj, Iran
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Li X, Tang Y, Li L, Liang G, Li J, Liu C, He X, Sun J. Comparative transcriptomic profiling in the pulp and peel of pitaya fruit uncovers the gene networks regulating pulp color formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:968925. [PMID: 35991450 PMCID: PMC9382024 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pitaya (genus Hylocereus) is a popular fruit. To develop pitaya fruit with greater marketability and high nutritional value, it is important to elucidate the roles of candidate genes and key metabolites that contribute to the coloration of the pitaya pulp and peel. By combining transcriptome and biochemical analyses, we compared and analyzed the dynamic changes in the peel and pulp of H. undatus (white pulp) and H. polyrhizus (red pulp) fruits at four key time points during ripening. Differential expression analysis and temporal analysis revealed the difference regulation in pathways of plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and betalain biosynthesis. Our results suggest that color formation of purple-red peel and pulp of pitaya is influenced by betalains. Increased tyrosine content and fluctuation in acylated betalain content may be responsible for pulp color formation, while some of the key genes in this network showed differential expression patterns during ripening between white pulp and red pulp fruits. The data and analysis results of this study provide theoretical basis for the red color formation mechanism of pitaya, which will facilitate future work to improve pitaya fruit physical appearance and marketability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Li
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Yayuan Tang
- Agro-food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-processing Technology, Nanning, China
| | - Li Li
- Agro-food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-processing Technology, Nanning, China
| | - Guidong Liang
- Horticultural Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Chaoan Liu
- Horticultural Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xuemei He
- Agro-food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Storage-processing Technology, Nanning, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
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Teng H, Mi Y, Cao H, Chen L. Enzymatic acylation of raspberry anthocyanin: Evaluations on its stability and oxidative stress prevention. Food Chem 2022; 372:130766. [PMID: 34600197 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Raspberry anthocyanins were isolated and purified by XAD-7HP macroporous resin and silica gel column chromatography. Anthocyanins were then acylated with methyl salicylate as catalyzed by lipase under reduced pressure, and the conversion rate was 84.26%. LC-MS and NMR were used to identify the structure, and the stability, antioxidant capacity and protective ability of the acylated anthocyanins against oxidative damage were determined. The results showed that cyanindin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) was the primary anthocyanin in raspberry, and the binding site of acylation was on the glucoside C-6, and the product was cyanidin-3-(6-salicyloyl) glucoside (C3-6(S) G). After acylation, its stability in light, heat and oxidation environments could be significantly improved, and acylated ACN showed insignificant changes in antioxidant capacities to scavenge DPPH and ABTS free radicals, as well as oxygen free radical absorptive capacity (ORAC). And it could also effectively prevent the release of ROS caused by oxidative damage and alleviate oxidative stress damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Teng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yani Mi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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Teneva D, Pencheva D, Petrova A, Ognyanov M, Georgiev Y, Denev P. Addition of Medicinal Plants Increases Antioxidant Activity, Color, and Anthocyanin Stability of Black Chokeberry ( Aronia melanocarpa) Functional Beverages. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030243. [PMID: 35161223 PMCID: PMC8838913 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the effect of the addition of medicinal plants, such as lady's mantle, lavender, rosehip, and meadowsweet, on the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and color intensity of ready-to-drink aronia nectar during pasteurization and long-term storage. Pasteurization caused a significant decrease in anthocyanin content of aronia nectar, which reduced to 20% of the initial value after four months of storage. Herbs provided different protection to aronia anthocyanins that degraded more slowly during the four-month storage compared to pasteurized control without herbs. The addition of medicinal plants enriched aronia nectar with phenolic compounds and increased its antioxidant activity by up to 52% in meadowsweet-aronia nectar. Moreover, it was accompanied by a color intensity magnification due to co-pigmentation of aronia anthocyanins and herbal phenolics. In contrast to anthocyanins, which constantly degraded during the whole period, color intensity began to stabilize after 30 days, demonstrating that co-pigmentation was progressively established during the time and rosehip provided the best stabilization of aronia nectar color. Current research demonstrates for the first time that medicinal plants such as lady's mantle, rosehip, and especially meadowsweet can be used to increase antioxidant activity, color, and anthocyanin stability of black chokeberry functional beverages.
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Pucker B, Singh HB, Kumari M, Khan MI, Brockington SF. The report of anthocyanins in the betalain-pigmented genus Hylocereus is not well evidenced and is not a strong basis to refute the mutual exclusion paradigm. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:297. [PMID: 34187352 PMCID: PMC8240293 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Here we respond to the paper entitled "Contribution of anthocyanin pathways to fruit flesh coloration in pitayas" (Fan et al., BMC Plant Biol 20:361, 2020). In this paper Fan et al. 2020 propose that the anthocyanins can be detected in the betalain-pigmented genus Hylocereus, and suggest they are responsible for the colouration of the fruit flesh. We are open to the idea that, given the evolutionary maintenance of fully functional anthocyanin synthesis genes in betalain-pigmented species, anthocyanin pigmentation might co-occur with betalain pigments, as yet undetected, in some species. However, in absence of the LC-MS/MS spectra and co-elution/fragmentation of the authentic standard comparison, the findings of Fan et al. 2020 are not credible. Furthermore, our close examination of the paper, and re-analysis of datasets that have been made available, indicate numerous additional problems. Namely, the failure to detect betalains in an untargeted metabolite analysis, accumulation of reported anthocyanins that does not correlate with the colour of the fruit, absence of key anthocyanin synthesis genes from qPCR data, likely mis-identification of key anthocyanin genes, unreproducible patterns of correlated RNAseq data, lack of gene expression correlation with pigmentation accumulation, and putative transcription factors that are weak candidates for transcriptional up-regulation of the anthocyanin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boas Pucker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Hidam Bishworjit Singh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, 781014, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Monika Kumari
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, 781014, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mohammad Imtiyaj Khan
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, 781014, Guwahati, Assam, India.
| | - Samuel F Brockington
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
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11
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Fu M, Yang X, Zheng J, Wang L, Yang X, Tu Y, Ye J, Zhang W, Liao Y, Cheng S, Xu F. Unraveling the Regulatory Mechanism of Color Diversity in Camellia japonica Petals by Integrative Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:685136. [PMID: 34178004 PMCID: PMC8226227 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.685136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Camellia japonica petals are colorful, rich in anthocyanins, and possess important ornamental, edible, and medicinal value. However, the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in C. japonica is still unclear. In this study, an integrative analysis of the metabolome and transcriptome was conducted in five C. japonica cultivars with different petal colors. Overall, a total of 187 flavonoids were identified (including 25 anthocyanins), and 11 anthocyanins were markedly differentially accumulated among these petals, contributing to the different petal colors in C. japonica. Moreover, cyanidin-3-O-(6″-O-malonyl) glucoside was confirmed as the main contributor to the red petal phenotype, while cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside were responsible for the deep coloration of the C. japonica petals. Furthermore, a total of 12,531 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and overlapping DEGs (634 DEGs) were identified by RNA sequencing, and the correlation between the expression level of the DEGs and the anthocyanin content was explored. The candidate genes regulating anthocyanin accumulation in the C. japonica petals were identified and included 37 structural genes (especially CjANS and Cj4CL), 18 keys differentially expressed transcription factors (such as GATA, MYB, bHLH, WRKY, and NAC), and 16 other regulators (mainly including transporter proteins, zinc-finger proteins, and others). Our results provide new insights for elucidating the function of anthocyanins in C. japonica petal color expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Fu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Forestry Ecology, Hubei Ecology Polytechnic College, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiarui Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ling Wang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yi Tu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jiabao Ye
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yongling Liao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- National R&D Center for Se-Rich Agricultural Products Processing, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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12
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Saenjum C, Pattananandecha T, Nakagawa K. Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals and Related Stable Paramagnetic Species in Different Parts of Dragon Fruit. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123565. [PMID: 34200974 PMCID: PMC8230633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals and paramagnetic species in dragon fruit using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). HPLC analysis demonstrated that dragon fruit is enriched with bioactive phytochemicals, with significant variations between each part of the fruit. Anthocyanins namely, cyanidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3-glucoside were detected in the dragon fruit peel and fresh red pulp. Epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, caffeine, and gallic acid were found in the dragon fruit seed. Additionally, 25–100 mg × L−1 of dragon fruit pulp and peel extracts containing enrichment of cyanidin 3-glucoside were found to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in cell-based studies without exerted cytotoxicity. EPR primarily detected two paramagnetic species in the red samples. These two different radical species were assigned as stable radicals and Mn2+ (paramagnetic species) based on the g-values and hyperfine components. In addition, the broad EPR line width of the white peel can be correlated to a unique moiety in dragon fruit. Our EPR and HPLC results provide new insight regarding the phytochemicals and related stable intermediates found in various parts of dragon fruit. Thus, we suggest here that there is the potential to use dragon fruit peel, which contains anthocyanins, as a natural active pharmaceutical ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalermpong Saenjum
- Cluster of Excellence on Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (K.N.); Tel.: +66-53-94-4312 (C.S.); +81-172-39-5921 (K.N.)
| | - Thanawat Pattananandecha
- Cluster of Excellence on Biodiversity-Based Economic and Society (B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kouichi Nakagawa
- Division of Regional Innovation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-Cho, Hirosaki 036-8564, Japan
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (K.N.); Tel.: +66-53-94-4312 (C.S.); +81-172-39-5921 (K.N.)
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