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Sherman DW, Alfano AR, Alfonso F, Duque CR, Eiroa D, Marrero Y, Muñecas T, Radcliffe-Henry E, Rodriguez A, Sommer CL. A Systematic Review of the Relationship between Social Isolation and Physical Health in Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1135. [PMID: 38891210 PMCID: PMC11171827 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12111135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: According to the World Health Organization, social isolation, particularly of older adults, is a public health issue endangering the well-being of individuals, families, and communities. Social isolation affects health through biological, behavioral, and psychological pathways and is associated with physical and psychological/emotional well-being, increases morbidity and mortality rates, and lowers quality of life. Purpose: This systematic review examined the relationship between social isolation and physical health, including subjective and objective dimensions, and factors that influence this relationship in adults. Methods: This systematic review examined six electronic databases covering the field of health and human services and included results from 1 January 2017 to 10 March 2023 with key terms including adult social connection or social isolation coupled with health, physical, psychological, emotional, mental, or behavioral. The initial search yielded 925 research articles across all databases and was narrowed to 710 when the decision was made to focus on social isolation and physical health. Covidence was used throughout the retrieval and appraisal process, as provided in a PRISMA flow diagram. Twenty-four studies that scored 90 or above in the appraisal process were included in the systematic review. Results: The studies represented included seven studies conducted in the United States and seventeen studies conducted internationally. Regarding study design, twenty-three studies were quantitative, one was qualitative, and one was mixed methods. The majority of quantitative studies were correlational in design with nine being longitudinal. The majority of studies were based on large national data sets representing in total 298,653 participants aged 50 and older. The results indicate that social isolation is related to increases in inflammatory biomarkers associated with diseases, all-cause mortality, lower expectations of longevity, and frailty. In addition, social isolation was associated with cognitive decline and disruptions in sleep. Poor oral health increased social isolation. The results further indicated that decreased physical performance/function and a decline in physical activity were associated with social isolation, as well as decreased overall physical health, poor health behaviors, and self-care, and decreased health-related quality of life. Further research is warranted to examine the possible bidirectionality of these relationships and possible mediating, moderating, or confounding variables. Implications: Future research is needed to explore the biological and behavioral pathways in which social isolation negatively impacts physical health. Going forward, studies are needed that move beyond descriptive, exploratory methods and integrate data from qualitative and mixed-method designs that will inform the development and testing of a conceptual framework related to social isolation and health. By advancing the science behind social isolation, comprehensive interventions can be identified and tested with implications at the individual, family, community, and societal levels to reduce social isolation, particularly among adults, and improve health and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Witt Sherman
- Department of Graduate Nursing, Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Alliete Rodriguez Alfano
- Department of Communication and Science Disorders, Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.R.A.); (C.L.S.)
| | - Fernando Alfonso
- Department of Nurse Anesthesiology, Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Carmen R. Duque
- Department of Undergraduate Nursing, Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Daniella Eiroa
- Department of Athletic Training Services, Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Yamile Marrero
- Department of Health Services Administration, Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Teresa Muñecas
- Department of Clinical Education, Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Erica Radcliffe-Henry
- Department of Physical Assistant, Hubert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Chelsea L. Sommer
- Department of Communication and Science Disorders, Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (A.R.A.); (C.L.S.)
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Ruan YX, Cheung MC. Systematic review of factors influencing loneliness in older-adult migrants. Aging Ment Health 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38613512 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2024.2340736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Older-adult migrants constitute a proportion of the global population, and loneliness hinders their adaptation to host areas. However, review studies on risk factors for loneliness target general older-adults without focusing on older-adult migrants. Therefore, this study systematically reviews and synthesizes the factors influencing the loneliness of older-adult migrants. METHOD Five databases were searched and screened for quantitative studies investigating the relationship between risk factors and loneliness among older-adult migrants (over age 50). Finally, 35 articles were included. RESULTS Factors related to loneliness in older-adult migrants were synthesized into sociodemographic, physical health, psychological, interpersonal, and acculturation-related factors. Consistent significant relationships with loneliness were found for a few risk factors, including not having spouses, low subjective financial status, poor self-rated health, poor psychological status, few non-kin ties, low quality of kin and non-kin ties, and a weak sense of belonging to either one's ethnic group or that of the host areas. CONCLUSION This review discusses the unique findings on the risk factors for loneliness in older-adult migrants. Additionally, the current literature on loneliness in older-adult migrants has some research gaps, calling for longitudinal studies with a rigorous design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xin Ruan
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Mei-Chun Cheung
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Wang Y, Li S, Zou X, Ni Y, Xu L, Liao S, Cao L, Bao J, Li Y, Xi Y. Exploration of subgroups and predictors of loneliness among older adults in rural China: A latent profile analysis. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:195. [PMID: 38408957 PMCID: PMC10898013 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04812-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loneliness is a negative emotional state that can lead to physical and mental health problems. This study's objective was to acquire an in-depth understanding of the heterogeneity and the predictors of loneliness among older adults in rural China and provide valuable references for practical interventions. METHODS Older rural adults in China (N = 680) were recruited between January and April 2023. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was employed to identify subgroups of loneliness among participants. Single-factor and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate predictors of loneliness. RESULTS The loneliness of rural older adults could be divided into three subgroups: low interaction loneliness group (55.0%), moderate emotional loneliness group (31.8%), and high loneliness group (13.2%). The subgroup predictors included age, gender, religious beliefs, marital status, living alone, number of chronic diseases, and smartphone use (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study identified a classification pattern for loneliness among older adults in rural areas of China, revealed the characteristics of different demographic variables in loneliness categories, and highlighted the heterogeneity of loneliness in this population. It serves as a theoretical reference for formulating intervention plans aimed at addressing various loneliness categories for local rural older adults. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR2300071591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecong Wang
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Second Ring Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Second Ring Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China.
| | - Xiaoyue Zou
- Department of Personnel, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, No.158, Back Square Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Yingyuan Ni
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Second Ring Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Lijun Xu
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Second Ring Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Shufang Liao
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Second Ring Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Lijun Cao
- Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, No.158, Back Square Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Jianyi Bao
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Second Ring Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Second Ring Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Yingxue Xi
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Second Ring Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
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Tang F, Li K, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Jiang Y. Social Disconnectedness, Perceived Loneliness, and Cognitive Functioning: The Role of Neighborhood Environment. Innov Aging 2024; 8:igae009. [PMID: 38500713 PMCID: PMC10946307 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Social disconnectedness and loneliness pose significant challenges for older Chinese immigrants. Yet, it remains unclear whether they are associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline in this population. This study aimed to investigate the association of social disconnectedness and loneliness with cognitive functioning and examine the moderation role of neighborhood contexts. Research Design and Methods This longitudinal analysis examined a sample of individuals aged 60 years and older from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (N = 2,044). Global cognition was assessed using the averaged z-scores of cognitive performance tests. Social disconnectedness was constructed using 5 indicators about structural aspects of social relationships. Loneliness was assessed with the R-UCLA loneliness scale. Neighborhood socioeconomic status (NSES) and neighborhood segregation index were constructed using 2010-2014 American Community Survey data at the census tract level. Individual perceptions about neighborhood environments were used to construct neighborhood cohesion index and neighborhood disorder index (NDI). Latent growth curve models with adjusted cluster robust standard errors were estimated. Results More loneliness was associated with a higher level of initial cognitive functioning (B = 0.030, p < .01), but also with a faster decline rate over time (B = -0.007, p < .01) after adjusting for covariates. High NSES and less neighborhood segregation buffered the negative effects of loneliness on cognitive decline, respectively. High NDI amplified the positive relationship between loneliness and initial functioning, but accelerated the rate of cognitive decline associated with loneliness. Discussion and Implications The study revealed that perceived loneliness, but not social disconnectedness, is a risk factor for cognitive decline among older Chinese immigrants. Living in a neighborhood with low socioeconomic status, more segregation, and high disorder elevated the detrimental effect of loneliness on long-term cognitive decline. Further research needs to investigate the complex interplay between social relationships, neighborhood environment, and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Tang
- School of Social Work, Univeristy of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ke Li
- School of Social Work, Univeristy of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Social Work, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Yuyang Zhu
- School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Xu J, Liu G, Li H, Jiang X, Zhou S, Wang J, Pang M, Li S, Kong F. Association between social integration and loneliness among the female migrant older adults with children: the mediating effect of social support. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:4. [PMID: 38172722 PMCID: PMC10763376 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of migrant older adults with children (MOAC) in China has been increasing in recent years, and most of them are women. This study aimed to explore the mediating effect of social support between social integration and loneliness among the female MOAC in Jinan, China. METHODS In this study, 418 female MOAC were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling in Jinan, Shandong Province, China. Loneliness was measured by the eight-item version of the University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (ULS-8), and social support was measured by The Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS). Descriptive analyses, t-tests, ANOVA, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to illustrate the relationship between social integration, social support, and loneliness. RESULTS The average scores of ULS-8 and SSRS were 12.9 ± 4.0 and 39.4 ± 5.9 among female MOAC in this study. Social integration and social support were found to be negatively related to loneliness, and the standardized direct effect was -0.20 [95% CI: -0.343 to -0.068] and -0.39 [95% CI: -0.230 to -0.033], respectively. Social support mediated the relationship between social integration and loneliness, and the indirect effect was -0.16 [95% CI: -0.252 to -0.100]. CONCLUSION The female MOAC's loneliness was at a relatively lower level in this study. It was found that social integration was negatively associated with loneliness, and social support mediated the relationship between them. Helping female MOAC integrate into the inflow city and improving their social support could be beneficial for alleviating their loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Department of Medical Administration, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, China
- Institute of Health and Elderly Care, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guangwen Liu
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Health and Elderly Care, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hexian Li
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Health and Elderly Care, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoxu Jiang
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Health and Elderly Care, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shengyu Zhou
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Health and Elderly Care, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jieru Wang
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Health and Elderly Care, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingli Pang
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Health and Elderly Care, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shixue Li
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
- Institute of Health and Elderly Care, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fanlei Kong
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
- NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
- Institute of Health and Elderly Care, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Qiu-Qiang Z, Bo-Lin L, Wei-Wei Y, Yu Z, Qi-Zhe Z. Analysis of initial sandplay characteristics among university students with different levels of loneliness. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:930. [PMID: 38082408 PMCID: PMC10712052 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Loneliness is detrimental to mental health, with university students at higher risk of feeling lonely than other population groups. The mental health of college students is a hot topic at present. Despite numerous studies exploring interventions for loneliness among university students. However, little research has explored early psychological manifestations of university students with different levels of loneliness. Despite numerous studies exploring interventions for loneliness among university students, little research has explored early psychological manifestations of university students with different levels of loneliness. Initial sandplay is a good tool to reveal psychological activity. Therefore, our study aims to explore the characteristics of initial sandplay application among university students with different levels of loneliness. METHODS We recruited 60 volunteers from a university to perform a sandplay experiment from January to April 2021. The UCLA Loneliness Scale measured the levels of loneliness. These 60 participants were divided into the experimental group (n = 30) and control group (n = 30) according to their levels of loneliness. The experimental group included participants with a scale score of more than 44. Other participants with a scale score of less than 44 belong to the control group. We recorded their sandplay artwork and statistically analyzed it by the Sandplay Process Record Form. Group comparisons were performed using the t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables, and the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. The logistic regression analysis by forward stepwise method was conducted to analyze the sandplay theme features for loneliness. RESULTS Regarding the sandplay tools, the experimental group used fewer transportation tools (t=-3.608, p < 0.01) and more natural elements (t = 2.176, p < 0.05) than the control group. Moreover, the experimental group created more natural scenes (χ2 = 4.310, p < 0.05) and used less of the lower left (χ2 = 4.593, p < 0.05) and lower right (χ2 = 5.934, p < 0.05) spaces. With regards to sand changes, the experimental group was less likely than the control group to make substantial changes (χ2 = 5.711, p < 0.05) and more likely to make almost no changes (χ2 = 4.022, p < 0.05). In terms of the themes, the experimental group was more likely to exhibit sandplay artwork themes of emptiness (χ2 = 8.864, p < 0.05) and neglect (χ2 = 6.667, p < 0.05), and less likely to show themes of energy (χ2 = 5.079, p < 0.05). In the logistic regression analysis of the sandplay themes, emptiness (OR = 5.714, 95%CI: 1.724-18.944, p = 0.003) and neglect (OR = 7.000, 95%CI: 1.381-35.479, p = 0.010) were demonstrated a nominal association with high levels of loneliness among both groups (F = 16.091, p < 0.01, ΔR2 = 0.193), but failed to pass the Bonferroni testing correction (p threshold < 0.0025). CONCLUSION University students with higher degree of loneliness do not like to drastic changes and prefer to use natural elements in element selection, while the control group likes to drastic changes and prefers to use transportation tools in element selection. Regression analysis of sandplay theme features revealed emptines and neglect may as significant associated factors for loneliness. We propose sandplay characteristics can help identify university students with different levels of loneliness during psychological evaluations. Therefore, it is important that the school and healthcare systems assist college students in identifying the loneliness through initial sandplay and carrying on the necessary psychological counseling to the lonely student population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qiu-Qiang
- School of Education Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou, China.
- Institute of Analytical Psychology, City University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China.
| | - Li Bo-Lin
- School of Education, Beijing Normal University Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yang Wei-Wei
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Beijing Normal University Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- School of Education, Beijing Normal University Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhang Qi-Zhe
- Institute of Analytical Psychology, City University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Huizhou University, Huizhou, China
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Teshale AB, Htun HL, Hu J, Dalli LL, Lim MH, Neves BB, Baker JR, Phyo AZZ, Reid CM, Ryan J, Owen AJ, Fitzgerald SM, Freak-Poli R. The relationship between social isolation, social support, and loneliness with cardiovascular disease and shared risk factors: A narrative review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 111:105008. [PMID: 37003026 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the greatest contributor to global morbidity and mortality. Poor social health plays a critical role in CVD incidence. Additionally, the relationship between social health and CVD may be mediated through CVD risk factors. However, the underlying mechanisms between social health and CVD are poorly understood. Certain social health constructs (social isolation, low social support and loneliness) have complicated the characterisation of a causal relationship between social health and CVD. AIM To provide an overview of the relationship between social health and CVD (and its shared risk factors). METHOD In this narrative review, we examined published literature on the relationship between three social health constructs (social isolation, social support, and loneliness) and CVD. Evidence was synthesised in a narrative format, focusing on the potential ways in which social health affects CVD, including shared risk factors. RESULTS The current literature highlights an established relationship between social health and CVD with a likelihood for bi-directionality. However, there is speculation and varied evidence regarding how these relationships may be mediated through CVD risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Social health can be considered an established risk factor for CVD. However, the potential bi-directional pathways of social health with CVD risk factors are less established. Further research is needed to understand whether targeting certain constructs of social health may directly improve the management of CVD risk factors. Given the health and economic burdens of poor social health and CVD, improvements to addressing or preventing these interrelated health conditions would have societal benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Htet Lin Htun
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jessie Hu
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lachlan L Dalli
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Michelle H Lim
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | - J R Baker
- School of Health, Southern Cross University, Australia; Primary & Community Care Limited, Australia.
| | - Aung Zaw Zaw Phyo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Christopher M Reid
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Joanne Ryan
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Alice J Owen
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sharyn M Fitzgerald
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rosanne Freak-Poli
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Cardona M, Andrés P. Are social isolation and loneliness associated with cognitive decline in ageing? Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1075563. [PMID: 36909946 PMCID: PMC9995915 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1075563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Social isolation and loneliness are associated with poor health (immunity, inflammation, etc.) in ageing. The purpose of this scoping review was to investigate the link between social isolation, loneliness (as distinct constructs, in contrast to previous published work) and cognition in cognitively healthy older adults. Method We followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Our search, conducted between January 2017 and April 2021, yielded 2,673 articles, of which, twelve longitudinal studies were finally identified as meeting the inclusion criteria. Multiple cognitive functions (short-term and episodic memory, attention, and global cognitive functioning) were measured. Results The results showed that both social isolation and loneliness were associated with poor cognition in ageing, with depression as a possible mediator between loneliness and poor cognition. Some studies also suggested that the link between social isolation, loneliness and cognitive decline may be bidirectional. Conclusion We conclude that both social isolation and loneliness may have a different impact on cognition. While depression may be an important mediator between loneliness and cognitive decline, the lack of cognitive stimulation may be a greater mediator between social isolation and cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Cardona
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pilar Andrés
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Association between loneliness and its components and cognitive function among older Chinese adults living in nursing homes: A mediation of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and sleep disturbances. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:959. [PMID: 36514018 PMCID: PMC9746079 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the associations between loneliness and its components and cognitive function among older Chinese adults living in nursing homes and to test whether depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and sleep disturbances mediate these associations. METHODS The sample comprised 228 Chinese individuals aged ≥ 65 years living in nursing homes who were free of dementia and psychiatric or serious somatic diseases. Loneliness was evaluated using the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Global cognitive function was assessed using the Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between loneliness and its components and global cognitive function. A mediation analysis was used to test the potential mediating effects of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and sleep disturbances. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of the participants was 80.8 (6.3) years, and 58.3% were women. Compared with the lowest quartile of loneliness degree, the multivariable-adjusted beta coefficient (95% confidence interval [95% CI]) for the highest quartile was -1.32 (-2.61 to -0.02) (P for trend = 0.03). Loneliness components, personal feelings of isolation and the lack of relational connectedness but not the lack of collective connectedness, were also inversely associated with cognitive function. Significant indirect effects on cognitive function were observed for loneliness and its two components (personal feelings of isolation and the lack of relational connectedness) in mediating pathways via depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and sleep disturbances (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A higher degree of loneliness and its two components, personal feelings of isolation and the lack of relational connectedness, are associated with worse cognitive function among Chinese residents in nursing homes. Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and sleep disturbances may at least partially mediate these associations.
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Pai N, Vella SL. The physical and mental health consequences of social isolation and loneliness in the context of COVID-19. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2022; 35:305-310. [PMID: 35787541 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Social isolation and loneliness are known contributors to all-cause mortality as well as a range of physical and mental health conditions. Therefore, this article reviews current literature pertaining to the effects of social isolation and loneliness on physical and mental health during the current COVID-19 pandemic. RECENT FINDINGS Social isolation and loneliness contribute to a myriad of physical and mental health conditions. Specifically social isolation and loneliness contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. However, most research indicated that poor lifestyle factors explained most of the association. Social isolation and loneliness are also associated with cognitive problems including dementia, immune system problems, and mental health conditions. Further social isolation and loneliness also spur behavioral issues that significantly affect physical and mental health. SUMMARY Evidence suggests that social isolation and loneliness have significant consequences on the physical and mental health of the individual and that the move toward ending all protections against COVID-19 has significant implications for the vulnerable. Further the similarities between the effects of social isolation and loneliness are compared to some of the conditions evident in long-COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh Pai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Shae-Leigh Vella
- Graduate School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong
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Revealing the Role of Social Support on Cognitive Deficits in Fibromyalgia Syndrome. Behav Neurol 2022; 2022:3852746. [PMID: 36091221 PMCID: PMC9458397 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3852746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the relevance of cognitive deficits in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and the attempts to elucidate the influence of the disorder symptoms in the cognitive decline reported by patients, no studies have explored the specific role of social support on cognition in FMS. Social support has been shown to be an essential modulator factor on cognitive performance in other diseases. Sixty-four women with FMS and 32 healthy women participated in the study and completed questionnaires pertaining to anxiety, depression, fatigue, insomnia, clinical pain, and social support, along with a neuropsychological battery assessing verbal memory, organization, strategic and planning abilities, self-regulation, processing speed, attention, and cognitive flexibility. Results showed that FMS patients exhibited lower values in all social support dimensions in comparison with healthy individuals, especially in the socializing dimension. Despite the lower social support observed in FMS, all social support dimensions showed a positive impact on verbal memory, organization and planning abilities, strategic planning, self-regulation, processing speed, attention, and cognitive flexibility in these patients. In fact, social support was associated with greater correct responses and processing speed and minor number of errors in all the neuropsychological battery tests. Socializing was the main predictor of organization and planning abilities, strategic planning, and self-regulation. In sum, results suggest that social support may be a key factor in buffering the cognitive decline observed in FMS. Designing psychoeducation programs and intervention programs directed not only to FMS patients but also relatives, health care workers, and the general population might be essential to improve the social support of FMS patients and positively impact on patient's cognitive status.
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Song Y, Ryan GW, Lee D, Kim H, Martin JL, Kramer BJ, Hays RD, Choi SE. Experiences of Sleep Problems Among Older Korean Immigrants. Res Gerontol Nurs 2022; 15:193-202. [PMID: 35609258 PMCID: PMC9355790 DOI: 10.3928/19404921-20220518-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite poor sleep among older adults, little is known about the sleep habits of older immigrants living in the United States. The current pragmatic qualitative descriptive study explored sleep among older Korean immigrants, using a focus group with six participants and individual phone interviews with 22 Korean immigrants aged ≥60 years. Transcripts were coded to identify underlying themes. Several thematic categories were identified under six domains: daytime function, getting ready for bed, falling asleep, awakenings during sleep, going back to sleep, and seeking advice from peers. Unhealthy sleep behaviors were found during daytime and bedtime, particularly among those who were retired/unemployed or living alone. Seeking advice from peers was common but none of the advice helped participants sleep. Sleep education programs in Korean-speaking communities can be used to target those who are socially isolated and may benefit older Korean immigrants with sleep difficulties. [Research in Gerontological Nursing, xx(x), xx-xx.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonsu Song
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, California
| | - Gery W. Ryan
- Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Diane Lee
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Jennifer L. Martin
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, California
| | - B Josea Kramer
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, California
| | - Ron D. Hays
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, California
| | - Sarah E. Choi
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, California
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Menze I, Mueller P, Mueller NG, Schmicker M. Age-related cognitive effects of the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and associated mental health changes in Germans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8172. [PMID: 35581297 PMCID: PMC9112263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Restrictive means to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic have not only imposed broad challenges on mental health but might also affect cognitive health. Here we asked how restriction-related changes influence cognitive performance and how age, perceived loneliness, depressiveness and affectedness by restrictions contribute to these effects. 51 Germans completed three assessments of an online based study during the first lockdown in Germany (April 2020), a month later, and during the beginning of the second lockdown (November 2020). Participants completed nine online cognitive tasks of the MyBrainTraining and online questionnaires about their perceived strain and impact on lifestyle factors by the situation (affectedness), perceived loneliness, depressiveness as well as subjective cognitive performance. The results suggested a possible negative impact of depressiveness and affectedness on objective cognitive performance within the course of the lockdown. The younger the participants, the more pronounced these effects were. Loneliness and depressiveness moreover contributed to a worse evaluation of subjective cognition. In addition, especially younger individuals reported increased distress. As important educational and social input has partly been scarce during this pandemic and mental health problems have increased, future research should also assess cognitive long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Menze
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Patrick Mueller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Mueller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marlen Schmicker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
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