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Sedano SA, Cantalejo MGCT, Lapitan CGAR, de Guzman AMES, Consignado JT, Tandang NA, Estacio MAC, Kerdsin A, Silva BBI. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Streptococcus suis in smallhold swine farms in the Philippines. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21178. [PMID: 38040767 PMCID: PMC10692119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the presence and characteristics of locally circulating strains of Streptococcus suis, the most important streptococcal pathogen in swine. Oral swab samples were collected from pigs from 664 representative smallhold farms across nine provinces in the Philippines. Isolates were identified and characterized using PCR assays. The study revealed an isolation rate of 15.8% (105/664, 95% CI: 13.0-18.6) among the sampled farms. Two hundred sixty-nine (269) S. suis isolates were recovered from 119 unique samples. Serotype 31 was the most prevalent (50/269, 95% CI: 13.9-23.2) among the other serotypes identified: 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 21, 27, 28, and 29. The detection of the three 'classical' S. suis virulence-associated genes showed that 90.7% (244/269, 95% CI: 87.2-94.2) were mrp-/epf-/sly-. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis further revealed 70 novel sequence types (STs). Notably, several local isolates belonging to these novel STs formed clonal complexes (CC) with S. suis strains recovered from Spain and USA, which are major pork-exporting countries to the Philippines. This study functionally marks the national baseline knowledge of S. suis in Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Sedano
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
| | - Mary Grace Concepcion T Cantalejo
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Christine Grace Angela R Lapitan
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- Ecosystem Services and Environmental Policy Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Angelo Miguel Elijah S de Guzman
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- Department of Agrarian Reform, Elliptical Road, Diliman, 1107, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jennielyn T Consignado
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Nancy A Tandang
- Institute of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Maria Amelita C Estacio
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, 47000, Thailand
| | - Benji Brayan Ilagan Silva
- Veterinary Vaccines Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (BIOTECH), University of the Philippines Los Baños, 4031, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines.
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Hatrongjit R, Boueroy P, Jenjaroenpun P, Wongsurawat T, Meekhanon N, Chopjitt P, Zheng H, Fittipaldi N, Chareonsudjai S, Segura M, Gottschalk M, Kerdsin A. Genomic characterization and virulence of Streptococcus suis serotype 4 clonal complex 94 recovered from human and swine samples. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288840. [PMID: 37498866 PMCID: PMC10374156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that causes invasive infections in humans and pigs. Herein, we performed genomic analysis of seven S. suis serotype 4 strains belonging to clonal complex (CC) 94 that were recovered from a human patient or from diseased and clinically healthy pigs. Genomic exploration and comparisons, as well as in vitro cytotoxicity tests, indicated that S. suis CC94 serotype 4 strains are potentially virulent. Genomic analysis revealed that all seven strains clustered within minimum core genome group 3 (MCG-3) and had a high number of virulence-associated genes similar to those of virulent serotype 2 strains. Cytotoxicity assays showed that both the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line and HeLa cells rapidly lost viability following incubation for 4 h with the strains at a concentration of 106 bacterial cells. The human serotype 4 strain (ID36054) decreased cell viability profoundly and similarly to the control serotype 2 strain P1/7. In addition, strain ST1689 (ID34572), isolated from a clinically healthy pig, presented similar behaviour in an adenocarcinoma cell line and HeLa cells. The antimicrobial resistance genes tet(O) and ermB that confer resistance to tetracyclines, macrolides, and lincosamides were commonly found in the strains. However, aminoglycoside and streptothricin resistance genes were found only in certain strains in this study. Our results indicate that S. suis CC94 serotype 4 strains are potentially pathogenic and virulent and should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujirat Hatrongjit
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of General Sciences, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Parichart Boueroy
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Department of Research and Development, Division of Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Department of Research and Development, Division of Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattakan Meekhanon
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peechanika Chopjitt
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Han Zheng
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sorujsiri Chareonsudjai
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Mariela Segura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
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3
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Hatrongjit R, Fittipaldi N, Jenjaroenpun P, Wongsurawat T, Visetnan S, Zheng H, Gottschalk M, Kerdsin A. Genomic comparison of two Streptococcus suis serotype 1 strains recovered from porcine and human disease cases. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5380. [PMID: 37009816 PMCID: PMC10068604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that causes invasive infections in humans and pigs. Although S. suis serotype 2 strains are most prevalent worldwide, other serotypes are also occasionally detected. Herein, we investigated the genomes of two S. suis serotype 1 strains belonging to the clonal complex 1, which were recovered from a human patient and an asymptomatic pig, respectively. The genomes differed in pathotype, virulence-associated gene (VAG) profile, minimum core genome (MCG) typing, and antimicrobial resistance gene content. The porcine serotype 1 strain was sequence type (ST) 237 and MCG1, whereas the human serotype 1 strain was ST105 and MCG ungroupable. Both strains were susceptible to several antibiotics consisting of β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, and chloramphenicol. Resistance to tetracycline, macrolides, and clindamycin was observed, which was attributed to the genes tet(O) and erm(B). Analysis of 99 VAG revealed Hhly3, NisK, NisR, salK/salR, srtG, virB4, and virD4 were absent in both serotype 1. However, the porcine strain lacked sadP (Streptococcal adhesin P), whereas the human strain harbored sadP1. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that human S. suis ST105 strains from Vietnam were genetically the closest to the human serotype 1 strain, whereas porcine S. suis ST11 strains from China and Thailand were genetically the closest to the porcine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujirat Hatrongjit
- Department of General Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, 47000, Thailand.
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- GREMIP, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Division of Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Division of Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suwattana Visetnan
- Department of General Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, 47000, Thailand
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- GREMIP, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, 47000, Thailand.
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Establishment and Application of an Indirect ELISA for the Detection of Antibodies to Porcine Streptococcus suis Based on a Recombinant GMD Protein. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040719. [PMID: 36830506 PMCID: PMC9952749 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
S. suis is an important zoonotic pathogen from sick and recessive carrier pigs that poses a serious threat to animal husbandry production and public health. It usually causes horizontal transmission among pigs. The morbidity and mortality of this disease are very high. Human infection is caused through direct or indirect contact with sick pigs. The two large-scale outbreaks in China were due to the outbreak of S. suis on pig farms, which spread to human infection; thus, detecting S. suis in pig herds is crucial. At present, the commercial S. suis ELISA type 2 kits on the market can only detect single serotypes, high probabilities of interaction reactions, and biosafety risks when using inactivated S. suis as an antigen. Phosphate-3-glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (GAPDH), muramidase-released protein (MRP), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) are important S. suis type 2, S. suis type 7, and S. suis type 9 protective antigens. This study purified the GMD protein (B-cell-dominant epitopes of GAPDH, MRP, and DLDH antigens) and used a diverse combination of dominant epitopes of the multiple different antigens as coated antigens, improving the sensitivity and safety of the indirect ELISA experiments. An indirect ELISA method (GMD-ELISA) was developed for detecting S. suis antibodies. The antigen-antibody response was optimized using checkerboard titration. The results of testing using ELISA for Salmonella enterica (S. enterica), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) were all negative, indicating that this method had strong specificity. The results were still positive when the dilution ratio of S. suis-positive serum reached 1:6, 400, thus indicating that the method had high sensitivity. The results of the reproducibility assay for indirect ELISA showed that the intra-assay coefficient of variation and the inter-assay coefficient of variation were less than 10%, indicating that the method had good repeatability. We investigated the seroprevalence of S. suis in 167 serum samples collected in East China, and 33.5% of the samples were positive for antibodies against S. suis, indicating that the prevalence of S. suis is high in pig farms in Eastern China. The novel GMD-ELISA is a convenient, sensitive, and specific diagnostic method that provides technical support for rapid diagnosis and epidemiological investigation.
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Brizuela J, Kajeekul R, Roodsant TJ, Riwload A, Boueroy P, Pattanapongpaibool A, Thaipadungpanit J, Jenjaroenpun P, Wongsurawat T, Batty EM, van der Putten BCL, Schultsz C, Kerdsin A. Streptococcus suis outbreak caused by an emerging zoonotic strain with acquired multi-drug resistance in Thailand. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen000952. [PMID: 36790403 PMCID: PMC9997742 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic swine pathogen which can cause severe infections in humans. In March 2021, an outbreak of S. suis infections with 19 confirmed cases of septicemia and meningitis leading to two deaths, occurred in Nakhon Ratchasima province, Thailand. We characterized the outbreak through an epidemiological investigation combined with Illumina and Nanopore whole genome sequencing (WGS). The source of the outbreak was traced back to a raw pork dish prepared from a single pig during a Buddhist ceremony attended by 241 people. WGS analysis revealed that a single S. suis serotype 2 strain belonging to a novel sequence type (ST) of the emergent Thai zoonotic clade CC233/379, was responsible for the infections. The outbreak clone grouped together with other Thai zoonotic strains from CC233/379 and CC104 in a global S. suis phylogeny and capsule switching events between serotype 2 zoonotic strains and serotype 7 porcine strains were identified. The outbreak strain showed reduced susceptibility to penicillin corresponding with mutations in key residues in the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). Furthermore, the outbreak strain was resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, linezolid and chloramphenicol, having acquired an integrative and conjugative element (ICE) carrying resistance genes tetO and ermB, as well as a transposon from the IS1216 family carrying optrA and ermA. This investigation demonstrates that multi-drug resistant zoonotic lineages of S. suis which pose a threat to human health continue to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Brizuela
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Paasheuvelweg 25, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rattagan Kajeekul
- Department of Medicine, Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Thomas J Roodsant
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Paasheuvelweg 25, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Athita Riwload
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Technology, Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Parichart Boueroy
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | | | - Janjira Thaipadungpanit
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Division of Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Division of Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elizabeth M Batty
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Boas C L van der Putten
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Paasheuvelweg 25, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Constance Schultsz
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Paasheuvelweg 25, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
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Kerdsin A. Human Streptococcus suis Infections in Thailand: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Genotypes, and Susceptibility. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:359. [PMID: 36355901 PMCID: PMC9695567 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen causing substantial economic losses to the pig industry, as well as being a human health burden due to infections worldwide, especially in Southeast Asia. In Thailand, there was high cumulative incidence in humans during 1987-2021, mostly in males. At least five large outbreaks have been documented after the largest outbreak in China in 2005, which was related to the consumption of raw pork or dishes containing pig's blood. The major clinical features are sepsis or meningitis, with hearing loss a major complication of S. suis disease. Thai human S. suis isolates have shown diversity in serotypes and sequence types (STs), with serotype 2 and STs 1 and 104 being major genotypes. β-Lactam antibiotics can be used in empirical treatment for human S. suis infections; however, intermediate resistance to penicillin has been reported. Reducing S. suis incidence in Thailand requires a multidimensional approach, with combined efforts from the government and public health sectors through policy, regulations, education, and active surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
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Kerdsin A, Segura M, Fittipaldi N, Gottschalk M. Sociocultural Factors Influencing Human Streptococcus suis Disease in Southeast Asia. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091190. [PMID: 35563913 PMCID: PMC9102869 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The public health systems of Southeast Asian countries are financially challenged by a comparatively higher incidence of human S. suis infections than other geographical areas. Efforts to improve practices in production settings, including improved meat inspection regulations, prevention of the slaughtering of non-healthy pigs, and enhanced hygiene practices at processing facilities, along with improvements in the pork supply chain, all appear promising for reducing food cross-contamination with S. suis. However, opportunities for intervention at the societal level are also needed to effect changes, as population behaviors such as the consumption of raw pork, blood, and offal products are important contributors to the increased incidence of human S. suis disease in Southeast Asia. A plethora of factors are associated with the consumption of these high-risk dishes, including traditional culture and knowledge, shared beliefs, socio-economic level, and personal attitudes associated with gender and/or marital status. Education and intervention in behavioral attitudes that are sensible to cultural practices and traditions may provide additional means to reduce the burden of S. suis human disease in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-42-725-023
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (M.S.); (N.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (M.S.); (N.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (M.S.); (N.F.); (M.G.)
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Kerdsin A, Hatrongjit R, Wongsurawat T, Jenjaroenpun P, Chopjitt P, Boueroy P, Fittipaldi N, Zheng H, Gottschalk M. Genomic Characterization of Streptococcus suis Serotype 24 Clonal Complex 221/234 From Human Patients. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:812436. [PMID: 35003043 PMCID: PMC8733411 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.812436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that causes invasive infections in humans and pigs. Although S. suis serotype 2 is prevalent among patient and swine infections, other serotypes are occasionally detected in humans. Of these, serotype 24 clonal complex (CC) 221/234 are recognized as emerging clones of human infection. Genomic exploration of three S. suis serotype 24 CC221/234 strains revealed antimicrobial resistance genes, pathotyping, virulence-associated gene (VAG) profiles, minimum core genome (MCG) typing, and comparison of the genomes. Based on these analyzes, all three serotype 24 strains were MCG7-3 and should be classified in the intermediate/weakly virulent (I/WV) group. All selected serotype 24 strains were susceptible to several antibiotics including β-lactam, fluoroquinolone, and chloramphenicol. Resistance to tetracycline, macrolide, and clindamycin was observed and attributed to the genes tet(O) and erm(B). Genomic comparison revealed the strains S12X, LSS66, LS0L, LS0E, 92–4,172, and IMT40201 that had phylogenetic affinity with serotype 24 CC221/234. Analysis of 80 virulence-associated genes (VAG) showed that all three serotype 24 strains lacked 24 genes consisting of adhesin P, epf, hyl, ihk, irr, mrp, nadR, neuB, NisK/R, ofs, permease (SSU0835), rgg, revS, salK/R, sao, sly, spyM3_0908, srtBCD, srtF, srtG, SSU05_0473, virA, virB4, and virD4. Eleven specific sequences were identified in the 3 serotype 24 genomes that differed from the genomes of the representative strains of epidemic (E; SC84), highly virulent (HV; P1/7), I/WV (89–1,591), and avirulent (T15 and 05HAS68).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Rujirat Hatrongjit
- Department of General Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Division of Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Division of Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Peechanika Chopjitt
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Parichart Boueroy
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, QC, Canada
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Bamphensin N, Chopjitt P, Hatrongjit R, Boueroy P, Fittipaldi N, Gottschalk M, Kerdsin A. Non-Penicillin-Susceptible Streptococcus suis Isolated from Humans. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091178. [PMID: 34578210 PMCID: PMC8471365 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a pathogen that causes invasive infections in humans and pigs. In this study, 448 S. suis isolates recovered from human infections in Thailand were characterized with regard to their antimicrobial susceptibility and antimicrobial resistance genes, including, for non-penicillin-susceptible isolates, sequence analyses of five genes encoding penicillin-binding proteins (pbp1a, pbp1b, pbp2a, pbp2b, and pbp2x). All 448 isolates were susceptible to cefepime and ceftriaxone, whereas 99.6%, 91.7%, and 72.9% of the isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin, penicillin, and chloramphenicol, respectively. Almost all isolates were resistant to tetracycline (98.2%), clindamycin (94%), erythromycin (92.4%), and azithromycin (82.6%). Genes tet(O) and ermB were the predominant resistance genes detected among macrolide- and tetracycline-resistant isolates. A total of 37 out of 448 isolates (8.2%) showed intermediately resistance to penicillin. Most of these isolates (59.5%) belonged to serotype 2-ST233. Comparison of the predicted translated sequences of five PBP proteins of a penicillin-susceptible isolate (strain P1/7) to the respective PBP sequences of ten non-penicillin-susceptible isolates revealed multiple amino acid substitutions. Isolates of CC221/234 showed highly variable amino acid substitutions in all PBP proteins. An ST104 isolate had a higher number of amino acid substitutions in PBP2X. Isolates belonging to CC233/379 had numerous substitutions in PBP2B and PBP2X. ST25 isolates exhibited fewer amino acid substitutions than isolates of other STs in all five PBPs. The antimicrobial resistance of S. suis is increasing worldwide; therefore, restrictions on antimicrobial use, continuous control, and the surveillance of this bacterium throughout the pork supply chain are crucial for ensuring public health and must be a priority concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichari Bamphensin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand; (N.B.); (P.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Peechanika Chopjitt
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand; (N.B.); (P.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Rujirat Hatrongjit
- Department of General Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand;
| | - Parichart Boueroy
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand; (N.B.); (P.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- GREMIP, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (N.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- GREMIP, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (N.F.); (M.G.)
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand; (N.B.); (P.C.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-42-725-025
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10
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Direct Detection of Streptococcus suis from Cerebrospinal Fluid, Positive Hemoculture, and Simultaneous Differentiation of Serotypes 1, 1/2, 2, and 14 within Single Reaction. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080996. [PMID: 34451460 PMCID: PMC8401787 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic bacterium causing septicemia and meningitis in humans. Due to rapid disease progression, high mortality rate, and many underdiagnosed cases by time-consuming routine identification methods, alternative diagnostic testing is essential. Among 29 broadly accepted S. suis serotypes, serotypes 2 and 14 are high prevalent; however, many PCR assays showed an inability to differentiate serotype 2 from 1/2, and 1 from 14. In this study, we developed and validated a new multiplex PCR assay that facilitates the identification of only the 29 true serotypes of S. suis and simultaneously differentiates serotypes 1, 1/2, 2, and 14 within a single reaction. Importantly, the multiplex PCR could detect S. suis directly from positive hemocultures and CSF. The results revealed high sensitivity, specificity, and 100% accuracy with almost perfect agreement (κ = 1.0) compared to culture and serotyping methods. Direct detection enables a decrease in overall diagnosis time, rapid and efficient treatment, reduced fatality rates, and proficient disease control. This multiplex PCR offers a rapid, easy, and cost-effective method that can be applied in a routine laboratory. Furthermore, it is promising for developing point-of-care testing (POCT) for S. suis detection in the future.
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11
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Zhou Y, Yan K, Sun C, Liu F, Peng W, Chen H, Yuan F, Bei W, Li J. Binding of Plasminogen to Streptococcus suis Protein Endopeptidase O Facilitates Evasion of Innate Immunity in Streptococcus suis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:694103. [PMID: 34305859 PMCID: PMC8297593 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.694103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterial species Streptococcus suis is an important porcine and human pathogen that causes severe life-threatening diseases associated with high mortality rates. However, the mechanisms by which S. suis evades host innate immunity remain elusive, so identifying novel virulence factors involved in immune evasion is crucial to gain control over this threatening pathogen. Our previous work has shown that S. suis protein endopeptidase O (SsPepO) is a novel fibronectin-binding protein. Here, we identified that recombinant SsPepO binds human plasminogen in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the binding of SsPepO and plasminogen, upon the activation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, generated plasmin, which could cleave complement C3b, thus playing an important role in complement control. Additionally, a SspepO-deficient mutant showed impaired adherence to plasminogen as well as impaired adherence to and invasion of rat brain microvascular endothelial cells compared with the wildtype strain. We further found that the SspepO-deficient mutant was efficiently killed by human serum and blood. We also confirmed that the SspepO-deficient mutant had a lower mortality rate than the wildtype strain in a mouse model. In conclusion, these results indicate that SsPepO is a novel plasminogen-binding protein that contributes to S. suis immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengfeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Wang X, Sun J, Bian C, Wang J, Liang Z, Shen Y, Yao H, Huang J, Wang L, Zheng H, Wu Z. The population structure, antimicrobial resistance, and pathogenicity of Streptococcus suis cps31. Vet Microbiol 2021; 259:109149. [PMID: 34147764 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause invasive infections in humans and pigs. The S. suis cps31 strains (SS31) were frequently isolated from healthy or diseased pigs and one human infection case caused by SS31 was reported in Thailand in 2015. However, except for a few epidemiologic studies, little information is available for SS31. To characterize SS31, a total of 75 SS31 strains were analyzed, including 52 strains that were isolated from healthy or diseased pigs and 23 strains whose information was accessed from NCBI. The MLST analysis showed that SS31 exhibited high heterogeneity. The phylogenetic analysis and minimum core-genome (MCG) classification revealed that 75 strains were clustered into 3 lineages. Strains from NCBI mainly at Lineage 2 belong to MCG7-3, and most of strains from China at Lineage 3 belong to MCG7-2. This finding indicated that their evolutionary path was different. All SS31 strains were resistant to more than three classes of antimicrobial agents, and major antimicrobial resistance genes for strains from Lineage 3 were carried by prophages. This observation is different from the previous observation that integrative conjugative elements and integrative and mobilizable elements are major vehicles of antimicrobial resistance genes for S. suis. In addition to strains isolated from diseased pigs, seven of 47 strains isolated from clinically healthy pigs were also pathogenic in a zebrafish infection model. These findings reveal unique characteristics of SS31 and contribute to establishing public health surveillance for SS31 and clarifying the diversity of S. suis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junjie Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chen Bian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zijing Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanling Shen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinhu Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liping Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Zongfu Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, China; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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13
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Glajzner P, Szewczyk EM, Szemraj M. Pathogenicity and drug resistance of animal streptococci responsible for human infections. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33750514 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Streptococcus, earlier considered typically animal, currently have also been causing infections in humans. It is necessary to make clinicians aware of the emergence of new species that may cause the development of human diseases. There is an increasing frequency of isolation of streptococci such as S. suis, S. dysgalactiae, S. iniae and S. equi from people. Isolation of Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex bacteria has also been reported. The streptococcal species described in this review are gaining new properties and virulence factors by which they can thrive in new environments. It shows the potential of these bacteria to changes in the genome and the settlement of new hosts. Information is presented on clinical cases that concern streptococcus species belonging to the groups Bovis, Pyogenic and Suis. We also present the antibiotic resistance profiles of these bacteria. The emerging resistance to β-lactams has been reported. In this review, the classification, clinical characteristics and antibiotic resistance of groups and species of streptococci considered as animal pathogens are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Glajzner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Eligia Maria Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szemraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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14
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Meningitis due to Streptococcus suis in Two Patients with Occupational Exposure from Northeastern Brazil. Case Rep Infect Dis 2021; 2021:5512303. [PMID: 33680522 PMCID: PMC7929646 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5512303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic agent that causes bacterial meningitis. S. suis is an encapsulated Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium. This infection usually manifests in humans as meningitis, endocarditis, septicemia, and/or arthritis. The primary groups at risk for S. suis infection are individuals occupationally exposed to pigs and/or pork, for example, farmers, butchers, and hunters. Herein, we report two cases of meningitis related to S. suis with occupational exposure from the Ceará state, northeastern Brazil.
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15
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Wang S, Zhang D, Jiang C, He H, Cui C, Duan W, Hu S, Wang J, Cai X. Strain Characterization of Streptococcus suis Serotypes 28 and 31, Which Harbor the Resistance Genes optrA and ant(6)-Ia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020213. [PMID: 33669225 PMCID: PMC7919788 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis causes disease in pigs and is implicated increasingly in human disease worldwide. Although most clinical cases are associated with serotype 2, infections by other serotypes have sometimes been reported. Here, we sequenced the genome of a multidrug-resistant S. suis serotype 28 (strain 11313) and a multidrug-resistant S. suis serotype 31 (strain 11LB5). Strain 11313 was apathogenic in mouse infection models, whereas strain 11LB5 displayed ganglion demyelination, meningeal thickening, congestion, mononuclear cell infiltration, massive proliferation of cortical glial cells, and bacteria (>104 CFU/g) in the spinal cord and ganglia in mice. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry found that the heavily infiltrated glial cells were astrocytes. Strain 11313 harbored the resistance genes ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), optrA, tet(l), tet(o), and strain 11LB5 harbored the resistance genes ant(6)-Ia, erm(B), tet(40), tet(o/w/32/o), aac(6′)-aph(2″). Mouse studies showed that strain 11LB5 exhibited a similar virulence to serotype 2 strain 700794, highlighting the need for surveillance of the other serotype S. suis isolates, in addition to serotype 2, in farms. This is the first report of the aminoglycoside resistance gene ant(6)-Ia in S. suis from animals. This suggests that S. suis might serve as an antibiotic resistance reservoir, which spreads the resistance gene ant(6)-Ia or optrA to other streptococcal pathogens on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.J.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (W.D.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Defu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China;
| | - Chenggang Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.J.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (W.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Haijuan He
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.J.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (W.D.); (S.H.)
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Chenchen Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.J.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (W.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Weitong Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.J.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (W.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Shouping Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.J.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (W.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Xuehui Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China; (C.J.); (H.H.); (C.C.); (W.D.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (X.C.)
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16
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Streptococcus suis Research: Progress and Challenges. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090707. [PMID: 32867188 PMCID: PMC7557840 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is considered among the top bacterial pathogens leading to important economic losses to the swine industry, with the incidence of disease increasing as the prophylactic use of antimicrobial is being vanished worldwide. S. suis is also a zoonotic agent afflicting people in close contact with infected pigs or pork meat. Besides, in some Asian countries, it is considered a major public health concern for the general population as well. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most important global health challenges, and in the absence of preventive measures (such as effective vaccines), S. suis remains a risk for increased antimicrobial resistance and transmission of resistance genes to other bacteria beyond the host animal species. The studies in this Special Issue have evidenced the importance of swine population demographics and management on disease control, progress in molecular tools to better understand the epidemiology of S. suis infections in swine and humans, and the mechanisms involved in different aspects of the immuno-pathogenesis of the disease. The importance of reducing the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in livestock productions and the development of alternative control measures, including vaccination, are herein discussed.
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17
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Gajdács M, Németh A, Knausz M, Barrak I, Stájer A, Mestyán G, Melegh S, Nyul A, Tóth Á, Ágoston Z, Urbán E. Streptococcus suis: An Underestimated Emerging Pathogen in Hungary? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091292. [PMID: 32847011 PMCID: PMC7570012 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, demonstrated as an etiological agent in human infections in increasing frequency, including diseases like purulent meningitis, sepsis, uveitis-endophtalmitis and arthritis. Due to the increased availability and utility of novel diagnostic technologies in clinical microbiology, more studies have been published on the epidemiology of S. suis, both in veterinary and human medicine; however, there are no comprehensive data available regarding human S. suis infections from East-Central European countries. As a part of our study, data were collected from the National Bacteriological Surveillance (NBS) system on patients who had at least one positive microbiological result for S. suis, corresponding to an 18-year study period (2002-2019). n = 74 S. suis strains were isolated from invasive human infections, corresponding to 34 patients. The number of affected patients was 1.89 ± 1.53/year (range: 0-5). Most isolates originated from blood culture (63.5%) and cerebrospinal fluid (18.9%) samples. Additionally, we present detailed documentation of three instructive cases from three regions of the country and with three distinctly different outcomes. Hungary has traditional agriculture, the significant portion of which includes the production and consumption of pork meat, with characteristic preparation and consumption customs and unfavorable epidemiological characteristics (alcohol consumption, prevalence of malignant diseases or diabetes), which have all been described as important predisposing factors for the development of serious infections. Clinicians and microbiologist need to be vigilant even in nonendemic areas, especially if the patients have a history of occupational hazards or having close contact with infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márió Gajdács
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6., 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +36-62-341-330
| | - Anita Németh
- Microbiology Laboratory, Petz Aladár County Teaching Hospital, Vasvári Pál utca 2–4., 9023 Győr, Hungary; (A.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Márta Knausz
- Microbiology Laboratory, Petz Aladár County Teaching Hospital, Vasvári Pál utca 2–4., 9023 Győr, Hungary; (A.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Ibrahim Barrak
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tiszta Lajos körút 62–64., 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Anette Stájer
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, Tiszta Lajos körút 62–64, 6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Gyula Mestyán
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.M.); (S.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Szilvia Melegh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.M.); (S.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Adrienn Nyul
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (G.M.); (S.M.); (A.N.)
| | - Ákos Tóth
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Parasitology, National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2–6., 1097 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zsuzsanna Ágoston
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis utca 6., 6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Edit Urbán
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
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18
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Auger JP, Benoit-Biancamano MO, Bédard C, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Differential role of MyD88 signaling in Streptococcus suis serotype 2-induced systemic and central nervous system diseases. Int Immunol 2020; 31:697-714. [PMID: 30944920 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important porcine bacterial pathogen and a zoonotic agent responsible for sudden death, septic shock and meningitis, with exacerbated inflammation being a hallmark of the systemic and central nervous system (CNS) infections. However, S. suis serotype 2 strains are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous, being composed of a multitude of sequence types (STs) whose virulence greatly varies. Yet, most studies have used 'classical' virulent Eurasian ST1 or ST7 strains, even though ST25 and ST28 strains account for most isolates in North America. While recognition of S. suis by innate immune cells has been associated with the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-dependent Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway in vitro, particularly surface-associated TLR2, little information is available regarding its role in vivo. This study demonstrates for the first time a differential role of MyD88 signaling in S. suis-induced systemic and CNS diseases, regardless of strain background diversity. The MyD88-dependent pathway is critical for the development of systemic disease via its role in inflammation, which subsequently controls bacterial burden. However, and differently from what has been described in vitro, TLR2 and TLR4 individually do not contribute to systemic disease, suggesting possible compensation in their absence and/or a collaborative role with other MyD88-dependent TLRs. On the other hand, CNS disease does not necessarily require MyD88 signaling and, consequently, neither TLR2 nor TLR4, suggesting a partial implication of other pathways. Finally, regardless of its notable heterogeneity, recognition of S. suis serotype 2 appears to be similar, indicating that recognized components are conserved motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Auger
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Odile Benoit-Biancamano
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Bédard
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Disease Research Center (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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19
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Human infection caused by Streptococcus suis serotype 2 in China: report of two cases and epidemic distribution based on sequence type. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:223. [PMID: 32171281 PMCID: PMC7071708 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that causes serious systemic infections in pigs and occupation-related infections in humans who contact with pigs or pork products. In China, it has caused two outbreaks of human infection and surveillance for S.suis has been ongoing since last time. Case presentation Two cases of meningitis and sepsis caused by S. suis were reported in this study. Both patients work in relation to the pork trade, a risk factor for S. suis infection. The outcome was favorable after a prolonged ceftriaxone therapy but one patient was left with mild hearing loss. Two isolates were identified as sequencing type (ST) 7, S. suis serotype 2 (SS2), which is one the most prevalent and cause two outbreaks in China. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that a high degree identity was noted in the genome organizations and sequences between two sporadic ST7 SS2 isolates in this study and representative epidemic virulent isolates. Major differences among them are two sporadic ST7 SS2 isolates lacked a virulence factor called agglutinin receptor and an 89 K pathogenicity island (PAI), which plays important role in the pathogenesis of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS). A summary about STs of human infection with S. suis in China was completed. The result showed ST1 and ST7 were still the major STs and several novel STs were successfully discovered in different provinces. Conclusions Our results enhanced the understanding of the ability to cause life-threatening infections in humans and the distribution and evolution of the S. suis in China.
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20
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Tools for Molecular Epidemiology of Streptococcus suis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020081. [PMID: 32012668 PMCID: PMC7168656 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by Streptococcus suis are a significant economic and welfare concern in pigs as well as in humans. Several molecular methods have been applied to investigate S. suis strain diversity and identify phylogenetic groups. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), commonly used to differentiate between S. suis strains, has been instrumental in identifying that the species is genetically highly diverse. Recent advances in whole-genome analysis have resulted in schemes permitting the classification of S. suis populations as pathogenic or non-pathogenic, or disease-associated or non-disease associated. Here, we review these and other molecular approaches that can be used for surveillance, outbreak tracking, preventative health management, effective treatment and control, as well as vaccine development, including PCR based-assays that are easy to apply in modest diagnostic settings and which allow for the rapid screening of a large number of isolates at relatively low cost, granting the identification of several major clonal complexes of the S. suis population.
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21
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Genotypic Comparison between Streptococcus suis Isolated from Pigs and Humans in Thailand. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010050. [PMID: 31936553 PMCID: PMC7168618 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen of economic significance to the swine industry. The number of infected cases is increasing in humans worldwide. In this study, we determined the prevalence and diversity of S. suis carriage in slaughterhouse pigs in Phayao province, Thailand, where an outbreak occurred in 2007. The overall S. suis carriage rate was 35.2% among slaughterhouse pigs. The prevalence rates of serotypes 2 and 14 (the major serotypes infected in humans) were 6.7% and 2.6%, respectively. In both serotypes, 70.4% of isolates of serotypes 2 and 14 revealed sequence types and pulsotypes identical to human isolates in Thailand. It is suggested that pathogenic strains of S. suis are a risk factor for occupational exposure to pigs or the consumption of raw pork products. Food safety, hygiene, and health education should be encouraged to reduce the risk group.
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22
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Susilawathi NM, Tarini NMA, Fatmawati NND, Mayura PIB, Suryapraba AAA, Subrata M, Sudewi AAR, Mahardika GN. Streptococcus suis-Associated Meningitis, Bali, Indonesia, 2014-2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:2235-2242. [PMID: 31742523 PMCID: PMC6874276 DOI: 10.3201/eid2512.181709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging agent of zoonotic bacterial meningitis in Asia. We describe the epidemiology of S. suis cases and clinical signs and microbiological findings in persons with meningitis in Bali, Indonesia, using patient data and bacterial cultures of cerebrospinal fluid collected during 2014-2017. We conducted microbiological assays using the fully automatic VITEK 2 COMPACT system. We amplified and sequenced gene fragments of glutamate dehydrogenase and recombination/repair protein and conducted PCR serotyping to confirm some serotypes. Of 71 cases, 44 were confirmed as S. suis; 29 isolates were serotype 2. The average patient age was 48.1 years, and 89% of patients were male. Seventy-seven percent of patients with confirmed cases recovered without complications; 11% recovered with septic shock, 7% with deafness, and 2% with deafness and arthritis. The case-fatality rate was 11%. Awareness of S. suis infection risk must be increased in health promotion activities in Bali.
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23
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Liu F, Li J, Yan K, Li H, Sun C, Zhang S, Yuan F, Wang X, Tan C, Chen H, Bei W. Binding of Fibronectin to SsPepO Facilitates the Development of Streptococcus suis Meningitis. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:973-982. [PMID: 29253192 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SsPepO is an important virulence in Streptococcus suis. Methods In this study, we showed that SsPepO contributes to the human fibronectin-mediated adherence ability of S. suis to human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Results The addition of an antifibronectin antibody or an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide that blocks fibronectin binding to integrins significantly reduced adherence of the wild-type but not the SspepO mutant strain, indicating the importance of the SsPepO-fibronectin-integrin interaction for S. suis cellular adherence. Conclusions By analyzing Evans blue extravasation in vivo, we showed that the interaction between SsPepO and human fibronectin significantly increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, the SspepO mutant caused lower bacterial loads in the brain than wild-type S. suis in models of meningitis. These data demonstrate that SsPepO is a fibronectin-binding protein, which plays a contributing role in the development of S. suis meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chengfeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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24
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Dai J, Lai L, Tang H, Wang W, Wang S, Lu C, Yao H, Fan H, Wu Z. Streptococcus suis synthesizes deoxyadenosine and adenosine by 5'-nucleotidase to dampen host immune responses. Virulence 2019; 9:1509-1520. [PMID: 30221577 PMCID: PMC6177238 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1520544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major porcine bacterial pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent. S. suis 5ʹ-nucleotidase is able to convert adenosine monophosphate to adenosine, resulting in inhibiting neutrophil functions in vitro and it is an important virulence factor. Here, we show that S. suis 5ʹ-nucleotidase not only enables producing 2ʹ-deoxyadenosine from 2ʹ-deoxyadenosine monophosphate by the enzymatic assay and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis in vitro, but also synthesizes both 2ʹ-deoxyadenosine and adenosine in mouse blood in vivo by RP-HPLC and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analyses. Cellular cytotoxicity assay and Western blot analysis indicated that the production of 2ʹ-deoxyadenosine by 5ʹ-nucleotidase triggered the death of mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 in a caspase-3-dependent way. The in vivo infection experiment showed that 2ʹ-deoxyadenosine synthesized by 5ʹ-nucleotidase caused monocytopenia in mouse blood. The in vivo transcriptome analysis in mouse blood showed the inhibitory effect of 5ʹ-nucleotidase on neutrophil functions and immune responses probably mediated through the generation of adenosine. Taken together, these findings indicate that S. suis synthesizes 2ʹ-deoxyadenosine and adenosine by 5ʹ-nucleotidase to dampen host immune responses, which represents a new mechanism of S. suis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Dai
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
| | - Liying Lai
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
| | - Huanyu Tang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
| | - Weixue Wang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
| | - Shuoyue Wang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
| | - Chengping Lu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
| | - Huochun Yao
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,d Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Zongfu Wu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,b Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture , Nanjing , China.,c OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis , Nanjing , China
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25
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Abstract
The genus Streptococcus includes Gram-positive organisms shaped in cocci and organized in chains. They are commensals, pathogens, and opportunistic pathogens for humans and animals. Most Streptococcus species of veterinary relevance have a specific ecological niche, such as S. uberis, which is almost exclusively an environmental pathogen causing bovine mastitis. In contrast, S. suis can be considered as a true zoonotic pathogen, causing specific diseases in humans after contact with infected animals or derived food products. Finally, Streptococcus species such as S. agalactiae can be sporadically zoonotic, even though they are pathogens of both humans and animals independently. For clarification, a short taxonomical overview will be given here to highlight the diversity of streptococci that infect animals. Several families of antibiotics are used to treat animals for streptococcal infections. First-line treatments are penicillins (alone or in combination with aminoglycosides), macrolides and lincosamides, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines. Because of the selecting role of antibiotics, resistance phenotypes have been reported in streptococci isolated from animals worldwide. Globally, the dynamic of resistance acquisition in streptococci is slower than what is experienced in Enterobacteriaceae, probably due to the much more limited horizontal spread of resistance genes. Nonetheless, transposons or integrative and conjugative elements can disseminate resistance determinants among streptococci. Besides providing key elements on the prevalence of resistance in streptococci from animals, this article will also largely consider the mechanisms and molecular epidemiology of the major types of resistance to antimicrobials encountered in the most important streptococcal species in veterinary medicine.
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26
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Zhang S, Gao X, Xiao G, Lu C, Yao H, Fan H, Wu Z. Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30010655 DOI: 10.3791/57658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is not only a major bacterial pathogen of pigs worldwide but also an emerging zoonotic agent. In humans and pigs, meningitis is a major manifestation of S. suis infections. A suitable infection model is an essential tool to understand the mechanisms of diseases caused by pathogens. Several routes of infection in mice have been developed to study the pathogenesis of S. suis infection. However, the intraperitoneal, intranasal, and intravenous routes of infection are not suitable for studying the roles of S. suis surface components in meningitis directly in the brain, such as the extracellular matrix from biofilms. Although intracisternal inoculation has been used for S. suis infection, the precise injection site has not been described. Here, the intracranial subarachnoidal route of infection was described in a mouse model to investigate the roles of biofilms in S. suis meningitis. S. suis planktonic cells or biofilm state cells were directly injected into the subarachnoid space of mice through the injection site located 3.5 mm rostral from the bregma. Histopathological analysis and increased mRNA expression of TLR2 and cytokines of the brain tissue from mice injected with biofilm state cells clearly indicated that S. suis biofilm plays definitive roles in S. suis meningitis. This route of infection has obvious advantages over other routes of infection, allowing the study of the host-bacterium interaction. Furthermore, it permits the effect of bacterial components on host immune responses directly in the brain to be assessed, and mimics bacterial entrance into the central nervous system. This route of infection can be extended for investigating the mechanisms of meningitis caused by other bacteria. In addition, it can also be used to test the efficacy of drugs against bacterial meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis
| | - Xueping Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis
| | - Genhui Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University
| | - Chengping Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis
| | - Huochun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis
| | - Hongjie Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses
| | - Zongfu Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture; OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis;
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27
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Sun L, Grenier D, Yi L. The LuxS/AI-2 system of Streptococcus suis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7231-7238. [PMID: 29938319 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS) is an important protective mechanism that allows bacteria to adapt to its environment. A limited number of signal molecules play the key role of transmitting information in this mechanism. Signals are transmitted between individual bacterium through QS systems, resulting in the expression of specific genes. QS plays an important role in a variety of bacterial processes, including drug resistance, biofilm formation, motility, adherence, and virulence. Most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria possess QS systems, mainly the LuxS/AI-2-mediated QS system. Evidence has been brought that LuxS/AI-2 system controls major virulence determinants in Streptococcus suis and, as such, the ability of this bacterial species to cause infections in humans and pigs. Understanding the S. suis LuxS/AI-2 system may open up novel avenues for decreasing the drug resistance and infectivity of S. suis. This article focuses on the progress made to date on the S. suis LuxS/AI-2-mediated QS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
| | - Yuxin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Liyun Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Li Yi
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale (GREB), Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada. .,College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China.
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28
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Effects of Environmental and Management-Associated Factors on Prevalence and Diversity of Streptococcus suis in Clinically Healthy Pig Herds in China and the United Kingdom. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.02590-17. [PMID: 29427423 PMCID: PMC5881051 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02590-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, a global zoonosis of pigs, shows regional differences in the prevalence of human-associated disease for Asian and non-Asian countries. The isolation rates and diversities of S. suis on tonsils of healthy slaughter pigs in China and the United Kingdom were studied for effects of geography, temperature, pig age, and farm type. Isolates underwent analysis of molecular serotype and multilocus sequence type and virulence-associated genotyping. Although we found no significant difference in positive isolation rates between Chinese and UK farms, the prevalences of serotypes previously associated with human disease were significantly greater in the Chinese collection (P = 0.003). A significant effect of temperature was found on the positive isolation rate of the Chinese samples and the prevalence of human disease-associated serotypes in the UK S. suis population (China, P = 0.004; United Kingdom, P = 0.024) and on the prevalence of isolates carrying key virulence genes in China (P = 0.044). Finally, we found marked diversity among S. suis isolates, with statistically significant temperature effects on detection of multiple strain types within individual pigs. This study highlighted the high carriage prevalence and diversity of S. suis among clinically healthy pig herds of China and the United Kingdom. The significant effect of temperature on prevalence of isolation, human disease-associated serotypes, and diversity carried by individual pigs may shed new light on geographic variations in human S. suis-associated disease.IMPORTANCEStreptococcus suis is a global zoonotic pathogen and also a normal colonizer mainly carried on the tonsil of pigs. Thus, it is important to study the effect of environmental and management-associated factors on the S. suis populations in clinically healthy pigs. In this research, we investigated the similarities and differences between the S. suis populations obtained from different pig ages, seasons, and farm management systems and discovered the relationship between high climatic temperature and the prevalence of S. suis.
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29
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Vötsch D, Willenborg M, Weldearegay YB, Valentin-Weigand P. Streptococcus suis - The "Two Faces" of a Pathobiont in the Porcine Respiratory Tract. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:480. [PMID: 29599763 PMCID: PMC5862822 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus (S.) suis is a frequent early colonizer of the upper respiratory tract of pigs. In fact, it is difficult to find S. suis-free animals under natural conditions, showing the successful adaptation of this pathogen to its porcine reservoir host. On the other hand, S. suis can cause life-threatening diseases and represents the most important bacterial cause of meningitis in pigs worldwide. Notably, S. suis can also cause zoonotic infections, such as meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, and other diseases in humans. In Asia, it is classified as an emerging zoonotic pathogen and currently considered as one of the most important causes of bacterial meningitis in adults. The “two faces” of S. suis, one of a colonizing microbe and the other of a highly invasive pathogen, have raised many questions concerning the interpretation of diagnostic detection and the definition of virulence. Thus, one major research challenge is the identification of virulence-markers which allow differentiation of commensal and virulent strains. This is complicated by the high phenotypic and genotypic diversity of S. suis, as reflected by the occurrence of (at least) 33 capsular serotypes. In this review, we present current knowledge in the context of S. suis as a highly diverse pathobiont in the porcine respiratory tract that can exploit disrupted host homeostasis to flourish and promote inflammatory processes and invasive diseases in pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Vötsch
- Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Willenborg
- Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yenehiwot B Weldearegay
- Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, Center for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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30
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Kerdsin A, Akeda Y, Takeuchi D, Dejsirilert S, Gottschalk M, Oishi K. Genotypic diversity of Streptococcus suis strains isolated from humans in Thailand. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:917-925. [PMID: 29417311 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to characterize Streptococcus suis isolates recovered from human infections regarding serotype distribution, genotypic profile, clinical manifestations, and epidemiology. A total of 668 S. suis isolates recovered from human infections in Thailand were characterized based on serotyping by multiplex PCR and co-agglutination, genotypic profiles by multilocus sequence typing, and PCR for virulence-associated genes, as well as review of medical records. Serotype 2 (94.6%) was predominant, followed by serotype 14 (4.5%), 24 (0.45%), 5 (0.3%), and 4 (0.15%). Multilocus sequence typing analyses revealed seven clonal complexes (CC): CC1 (56.43%), CC104 (31.74%), CC233/379 (5.4%), CC25 (4.5%), CC28 (0.9%), CC221/234 (0.6%), CC94 (0.15%), and two singletons. The CC1 group contained serotype 2 and 14 isolates, while CC25, 28, 104, and 233/379 consisted of serotype 2 isolates only. CC221/234 contained serotype 5 and 24 isolates, whereas the single serotype 4 isolate belonged to CC94. Two singletons contained serotype 5 (ST235) and 2 (ST236) isolates. Our data showed that ST1 isolates were more associated with meningitis than those of other STs (p < 0.001). The major route of infection was shown to be close contact with infected pigs or contaminated raw pork-derived products, including occupational exposure and recent consumption of raw pork products. This study revealed a relatively large number of CCs of S. suis causing human infection in Thailand. Among them, CC1 followed by CC104, with serotype 2 isolates, are predominant. Food safety campaigns and public health interventions would be important for controlling the S. suis infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, 47000, Thailand.
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Dan Takeuchi
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Surang Dejsirilert
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | | | - Kazunori Oishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Kerdsin A, Gottschalk M, Hatrongjit R, Hamada S, Akeda Y, Oishi K. Fatal Septic Meningitis in Child Caused by Streptococcus suis Serotype 24. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1519-20. [PMID: 27439179 PMCID: PMC4982174 DOI: 10.3201/eid2208.160452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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32
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Hatrongjit R, Akeda Y, Hamada S, Gottschalk M, Kerdsin A. Multiplex PCR for identification of six clinically relevant streptococci. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1590-1595. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rujirat Hatrongjit
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Osaka University Hospital, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Hamada
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
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33
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Rieckmann K, Müller K, Moter A, Baums CG, Seydel A. Streptococcus suis serotype 9 endocarditis and subsequent severe meningitis in a growing pig despite specific bactericidal humoral immunity. JMM Case Rep 2017; 4:e005093. [PMID: 29026620 PMCID: PMC5630962 DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION . Meningitis and endocarditis are common pathologies of Streptococcussuis infections in pigs and humans. S. suis serotype 9 strains contribute substantially to health problems in European pig production, and immune prophylaxis against this serotype is very difficult. CASE PRESENTATION . We report the clinical course and histopathological picture of a 10-week-old growing pig following experimental intravenous infection with S. suis serotype 9. The piglet showed rapid onset of severe clinical signs of meningitis 11 days post-intravenous challenge following prime-booster vaccination. Histopathological findings revealed a diffuse fibrinosuppurative leptomeningitis. Additionally, a polyphasic endocarditis valvularis thromboticans with numerous bacterial colonies was diagnosed. Bacteriological culture of the brain and the mitral valve confirmed association with the challenge strain. However, virulent serotype 2 and 9 strains were killed in the blood of this piglet ex vivo prior experimental infection. CONCLUSION . Endocarditis induced by S. suis infection might develop and persist despite the presence of high specific bactericidal activity in the blood. Severe leptomeningitis is a putative sequela of such an endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Rieckmann
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Müller
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette Moter
- Biofilmcenter, German Heart Institute Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Seydel
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Germany
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Potentially hazardous Streptococcus suis strains latent in asymptomatic pigs in a major swine production area of Thailand. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:662-669. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Xia XJ, Wang L, Shen ZQ, Qin W, Hu J, Jiang SJ, Li SG. Development of an Indirect Dot-PPA-ELISA using glutamate dehydrogenase as a diagnostic antigen for the rapid and specific detection of Streptococcus suis and its application to clinical specimens. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 110:585-592. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0825-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang H, Zhang C, Wang H, Yan YX, Sun J. A novel prophage lysin Ply5218 with extended lytic activity and stability against Streptococcus suis infection. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016; 363:fnw186. [PMID: 27481700 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnw186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an emerging zoonotic agent that exhibits high level resistance to classic antibiotics and a heavy burden in the swine industry. Therefore alternative antibacterial agents need to be developed. A novel endolysin derived from the S. suis temperate phage phi5218, termed Ply5218, was identified. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ply5218 was 2.5 μg ml(-1) against S. suis strain HA9801, an activity many times greater than the lysins reported previously (MIC of LY7917 and Ply30 against HA9801 were 80 and 64 μg ml(-1), respectively). Ply5218 at 10 μg ml(-1) in vitro exerted broad antibacterial activities against S. suis strains with OD600 ratios decreased from 1 to <0.2 within 1 h. Moreover, Ply5218 showed favorable thermal stability. It was stable at 50°C >30 min, 4°C >30 days, -80°C >7 months, and >60% of the enzyme activity remained after 5 min pre-incubation at 70°C. In vivo, a 0.2 mg dose of Ply5218 protected 90% (9/10) of mice after infection with S. suis HA9801. Finally, Ply5218 maintained high antibacterial activity in some bio-matrices, such as culture media and milk. The data indicate that Ply5218 has all the characteristics to be an effective therapeutic agent against multiple S. suis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Agriculture and Biology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanpeng Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Agriculture and Biology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengan Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Agriculture and Biology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Xian Yan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Agriculture and Biology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Agriculture and Biology, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
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Zheng C, Xu J, Shi G, Zhao X, Ren S, Li J, Chen H, Bei W. Formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase is involved in the virulence of Streptococcus suis serotype 2. Microb Pathog 2016; 98:149-54. [PMID: 27427088 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes severe infections in pigs and humans. However, the pathogenesis of S. suis remains unclear. The present study targeted a putative virulence-associated factor (fhs, encoding the formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase) of S. suis. To investigate the role of fhs in the virulence potential of S. suis serotype 2, an fhs deletion mutant (Δfhs) and the corresponding complementation strain (CΔfhs) were generated. The Δfhs mutant displayed similar growth compared to that of the wild-type and complementation strains. Using murine and pig infection models, we demonstrated for the first time that the formate-tetrahydrofolate ligase is required for the full virulence of S. suis 2. Our findings provide a new insight into the pathogenesis of S. suis 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiali Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guolin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xigong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sujing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinquan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Willemse N, Howell KJ, Weinert LA, Heuvelink A, Pannekoek Y, Wagenaar JA, Smith HE, van der Ende A, Schultsz C. An emerging zoonotic clone in the Netherlands provides clues to virulence and zoonotic potential of Streptococcus suis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28984. [PMID: 27381348 PMCID: PMC4933891 DOI: 10.1038/srep28984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic swine pathogen and a major public health concern in Asia, where it emerged as an important cause of bacterial meningitis in adults. While associated with food-borne transmission in Asia, zoonotic S. suis infections are mainly occupational hazards elsewhere. To identify genomic differences that can explain zoonotic potential, we compared whole genomes of 98 S. suis isolates from human patients and pigs with invasive disease in the Netherlands, and validated our observations with 18 complete and publicly available sequences. Zoonotic isolates have smaller genomes than non-zoonotic isolates, but contain more virulence factors. We identified a zoonotic S. suis clone that diverged from a non-zoonotic clone by means of gene loss, a capsule switch, and acquisition of a two-component signalling system in the late 19th century, when foreign pig breeds were introduced. Our results indicate that zoonotic potential of S. suis results from gene loss, recombination and horizontal gene transfer events.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Willemse
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Global Health-Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K. J. Howell
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - L. A. Weinert
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - A. Heuvelink
- GD Animal Health, 7400 AA Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Y. Pannekoek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. A. Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - H. E. Smith
- Central Veterinary Institute part of Wageningen UR, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - A. van der Ende
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- National Reference Laboratory of Bacterial Meningitis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C. Schultsz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Global Health-Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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