Seroprevalence and risk factors for HIV, HCV, HBV and syphilis among blood donors in Mali

Relative contribution of hepatitis B and C viruses in primary liver cancer in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

China, which has the largest number of patients with primary liver cancer (PLCs), lacks data on the overall prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in PLCs. We aimed to comprehensively assess the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV among PLCs in China.

METHODS

We included and pooled observational studies reporting seroprevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies among PLCs in China by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and CBM. Multivariate meta-regression and subgroup analyses were used to explore sources of heterogeneity, and publication bias was assessed by funnel plots and Egger's test. PROSPERO registration number is CRD42023450382.

RESULTS

A total of 217 eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. The estimated seroprevalence of HBV and HCV in PLCs was 75.09% (95% CI 73.12-77.02) and 11.82% (95% CI 9.79-14.00), respectively. After stratifying and analysing subgroups by region and study period, we found geographic differences in HBV and HCV prevalence among PLCs, with an overall increasing trend in the proportion of HBV and a decreasing trend in the proportion of HCV as well as co-infections in the last 40 years.

CONCLUSIONS

HBV and HCV infections still account for a high proportion of PLCs in China.

Prevalence and molecular characteristics of occult hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors in Huzhou City, eastern China

Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) is a significant challenge for HBV prevention and control. We investigated the prevalence and surface (S) gene mutations of OBI among blood donors in Huzhou City, eastern China. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was routinely screened among 44,256 blood donors. HBV-DNA was detected using the Roche cobas®system. Serum samples that were HBsAg negative and HBV-DNA positive were selected, and the HBV S gene was amplified and sequenced. HBV genotype and S gene mutations were analyzed. The OBI rate in these blood donors was 0.070 % (31/44,256). Among the blood donors with OBI, only two cases (2/31, 6.5 %) were anti-HBc negative. The S gene sequences of 28 samples were successfully obtained, and we found that HBV genotype C (21/28, 70 %) was predominant among blood donors with OBI. Most S gene mutations were associated with OBI, and the high frequency mutations included N40S, G44E, Q51R/P, T113A/S,T118K/M, P120Q/S/T, and Y161F/S. Notably, amino acid substitutions at some sites differed from those reported previously, such as Y72F, G102V, P127L, Q129P, and S143T. Additionally, six novel mutations (S31I/N/R, P46L, S58C, C76Y, Y200F/C, and I208T) that may be associated with OBI were found. OBI was detected in a certain proportion of blood donors in Huzhou City. S gene mutations play an important role in OBI development. Further research is required to explore the functions of novel S gene mutants in OBI pathogenesis. The findings of this study may provide important insights to prevent HBV transmission through blood transfusions.

Seroprevalence and co-infection of HBV, HCV, and HIV among patients visiting selected hospitals in Anyigba, Kogi State

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remain a public health challenge globally. This study determined the prevalence and coinfection of HBV, HCV, and HIV among patients visiting Maria Goretti Hospital, Grimard Catholic Hospital, and Good News Hospital Anyigba, Kogi State. In a cross-sectional study, sera samples collected from 400 consenting patients were screened for HBV, HCV, and HIV using commercial immunodiagnostic test kits. Of the 400 subjects, 12 (3.0%), 4 (1.0%), and 16 (4.0%) were infected with HBV, HCV, and HIV, respectively. One participant was co-infected with HCV and HIV, while none was simultaneously infected with HBV and HIV. Participants aged 11-20 years had higher hepatitis B-surface antigenemia, while ages 21-30 years and 31-40 years had higher prevalence of HCV and HIV, respectively. Contrary to HBV and HCV positivity, HIV seropositivity was significantly predicted by the ages of exposure (p = 0.002). Males and females were equally infected with HBV (3.0% each), while more males than females were infected with HCV (1.5%) and HIV (4.6%). However, the difference between the occurrence of viral infections and patients' sex was not significant (p > 0.05). The single participants were more predisposed to HBV while the married subjects had more HCV and HIV mono-infection. However, neither the occurrence of HBV nor HCV or HIV was significantly predicted by the marital status of the individuals (p > 0.05). Subjects with no formal education had a higher positivity rate of HCV and HIV compared to other levels of education, while the tertiary level of education had higher exposure to HBsAg. Occupationally, students were more predisposed to HBV and HCV, while the unemployed participants were more predisposed to HIV. However, neither education nor the occupation of participants was significantly related to any of the viral infections (p > 0.05). Lack of knowledge of disease prevention significantly influenced the occurrence of HBV (p = 0.02), HCV (p = 0.04), and HIV (p = 0.04). Conclusively, the status of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection is low compared with findings of previous epidemiological studies in the area. However, the continuous circulation of the three viral infections and the high disease occurrence in the poorly informed participants suggest the need for increased public health education about infection control and prevention strategies in the area.

Transfusion transmitted infections among blood donors of Kamenge Teaching Hospital blood bank in Burundi

Background

The current risk of contracting a transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) is unknown in Burundi.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess sociodemographic profiles of blood bank donors at Kamenge Teaching Hospital, the prevalence and associated risk factors of HIV, syphilis, HBV and HCV from 2015 to 2020.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study including all blood donors of Kamenge Teaching Hospital blood bank. During this study, 1370 blood samples were screened for HIV, Syphilis, HBV and HCV. We calculated prevalence of TTIs and performed logistic regression to know associated risk factors.

Results

Blood donors were males at 77% and 23% females. They were mostly students (54.2%). On screening, 83 blood samples (6.06%) were seropositive for at least one TTI. The overall prevalence rate of HIV, Syphilis, HBV and HCV among blood donors was 1.3%, 0.2% ,1.6%, 2.9% respectively. There was difference in distribution of the four TTIs among blood donors which is statistically significant (x2=33.997, ϱ-value<0.001). Private donors were associated with a high risk of syphilis and being a first-time donor was associated with a high HBV risk factor.

Conclusion

The prevalence of TTIs found still to be high; mandatory and continuous screening is necessary.

Characteristics of Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and Syphilis Coinfection in People With HIV/AIDS Contracted Through Different Sources: Retrospective Study

BACKGROUND

The burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and syphilis coinfections remains disproportionately high among people living with HIV/AIDS. Hubei province is located in central China, where there are distinct regional characteristics of the distribution of people living with HIV/AIDS acquired via diverse transmission routes and the AIDS epidemic itself.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to estimate the magnitude of HBV, HCV, or syphilis coinfections among people living with HIV/AIDS with blood-borne transmission, which includes former paid blood donors, contaminated blood recipients, and intravenous drug users, as well as among people with sex-borne HIV transmission (including heterosexual people and men who have sex with men) and people with mother-to-child HIV transmission.

METHODS

From January 2010 to December 2020, people living with HIV/AIDS were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), HCV antibodies, and syphilis-specific antibodies. The positive patients were further tested for HBV markers, HBV DNA, and HCV RNA, and received a rapid plasma reagin circle card test. All people living with HIV/AIDS were first divided into transmission groups (blood, sex, and mother-to-child); then, people with blood-borne HIV transmission were divided into former paid blood donors, contaminated blood recipients, and intravenous drug users, while people with sex-borne HIV transmission were divided into heterosexual people and men who have sex with men.

RESULTS

Among 6623 people living with HIV/AIDS, rates of chronic HCV infection were 80.3% (590/735) in former paid blood donors, 73.3% (247/337) in intravenous drug users, 57.1% (444/777) in contaminated blood recipients, 19.4% (21/108) in people with mother-to-child HIV transmission, 8.1% (240/2975) in heterosexual people, and 1.2% (21/1691) in men who have sex with men. Chronic HBV infection rates were similar among all people with blood-borne HIV transmission. However, compared to heterosexual people, the chronic HBV infection rate was greater in men who have sex with men (213/1691, 12.6% vs 308/2975, 10.4%; χ21=5.469; P=.02), although HBV exposure was less common (827/1691, 48.9% vs 1662/2975, 55.9%; χ21=20.982; P<.001). Interestingly, the combination of HBsAg and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) was found in 11 patients with sex-borne HIV transmission, but in 0 people with blood-borne HIV transmission (11/196, 5.6% vs 0/521, 0%; χ21=29.695, P<.001). In people with sex-borne HIV transmission, the proportions of patients with a syphilis titer ≥1:16 and neurosyphilis were 8.6% (105/1227) and 7.8% (37/473), respectively, whereas these values were 0 in people with blood-borne HIV transmission.

CONCLUSIONS

In people living with HIV/AIDS, HCV transmission intensity was significantly associated with specific exposure modes of blood or sexual contact. The rate of chronic HBV infection among men who have sex with men was higher than in any other population. Attention should be paid to the high prevalence of neurosyphilis in people living with HIV/AIDS who contract HIV by sexual intercourse.

Seroprevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and Hepatitis B Virus Among Blood Donors in Sidi Bel Abbes, West Algeria

Introduction Blood transfusions can transmit various viruses. Among them, the most common are hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These viruses can cause fatal and life-threatening diseases. Worldwide, many people are infected with these viruses. Blood safety has made major progress in recent years. Yet, blood-borne viruses continue to be a major concern for patients, physicians, and policymakers. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in blood donors. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed to assess HIV, HBV, and HCV seropositivity in blood donors. This research was carried out at the blood bank of Sidi Bel Abbes University Hospital. This was a retrospective study based on records of blood donors. All data of 10,386 donors were analyzed from January 2015 to December 2015. Biological screening was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using antibodies and/or antigens. The combined HCV and HIV antigen and antibody ELISA test was utilized. To confirm the results, the blood bank and the virology laboratory used the same technique in duplicate. Results The overall seroprevalence of blood-borne viral infections (HIV, HBV, and HCV) in blood donors was 0.8%. The prevalence of HIV was found to be 0.1%, while the prevalence of HBV and HCV was 0.4%. Coinfection was rare with only one case of HBV with HIV. There was a significant difference in seroprevalence rates among blood donors compared to the general population. Significant variations were observed between the prevalence of this study and those conducted in West, East, Central, and South African countries but not with those of neighboring North African countries. The study found no association between seropositivity in blood donors and factors like age, gender, donor status, type of donation, or site. Besides, HIV, HBV, or HCV prevalence was not influenced by ABO and Rhesus blood group. Conclusion The study showed that blood donors in Algeria have a lower prevalence of blood-borne viral infections than the general population. The seropositivity rate of viral markers was similar throughout North African countries. This rate remained low compared to other African countries. Residual risk of infection persists. There is a need to increase blood safety for recipients. This report is the first comprehensive overview of blood-borne viruses among Algerian blood donors. There is a need for further nationwide studies to get a whole picture of the situation.

Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence, testing, and treatment capacity in public health facilities in Ghana, 2016-2021; A multi-centre cross-sectional study

The current burden of Hepatitis C virus infection and the availability of HCV-related services in Ghana are not well described. Previous estimates on HCV seroprevalence in the country are outdated. This study investigated the HCV seroprevalence and testing and treatment capacity in Ghana. A multi-centre cross-sectional study was conducted in which laboratory and blood bank registers from 17 public healthcare institutions in Ghana were reviewed. A survey on cost and availability of HCV-related testing and treatment was also performed. Crude and pooled estimates of HCV seroprevalence, frequency and median cost of available diagnostic tests and medicines were described. The crude HCV seroprevalence was 2.62% (95% CI 2.53-2.72) and the pooled estimate was 4.58% (95% CI 4.06-5.11) among 103,609 persons tested in laboratories. Age (OR 1.02 95% CI 1.01-1.02) and male sex (OR 1.26 95% CI 1.08-1.48) were predictors of a positive anti-HCV RDT test. Northern administrative regions in Ghana had the highest HCV seroprevalence ranging from 8.3-14.4%. Among 55, 458 potential blood donors, crude HCV seroprevalence was 3.57% (95% CI 3.42-3.72). Testing was through Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kits in most facilities, and only 2 of 17 centres were performing HCV RNA testing. The median cost of an anti-HCV RDT test was $0.97 (0-1.61) and $3.23 (1.61-7.58) for persons with and without government health insurance respectively. The median cost of a 12-week course of the pan-genotypic direct-acting antiviral therapy sofosbuvir-daclatasvir was $887.70. In conclusion, there are significant regional differences in HCV burden across Ghana. Limited access to and cost of HCV RNA and DAA therapy hinders testing and treatment capability, and consequently HCV elimination efforts. A national HCV program supported with a sustainable financing plan is required to accelerate HCV elimination in Ghana.

Demographic Factors Among HIV Confirmed Blood Donors from 2013 to 2021 in Shenzhen

Background

New HIV (Human immune deficiency virus) infections are continuously increasing in China and it remains a huge challenge to blood donation. As access to health services has affected by COVID-19 (Corona virus disease 2019) pandemic, a drop in new diagnoses (especially HIV) was observed worldwide.

Methods

During 2013-2021, 735,247 specimens from unpaid blood donors collected by Shenzhen Blood Center underwent ELISA (Enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay) and NAT (Nucleic acid test). Samples with reactivity results were sent to the Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention for WB (Western blot). All data were statistically analyzed by the Chi-Square test.

Results

From 2013 to 2021, the prevalence of HIV among male blood donors was higher than in females (P < 0.01). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of HIV among repeat blood donors decreased significantly compared to 2019 (P < 0.05), and the characteristics of blood donors changed in 2020 compared to 2019 and 2021.

Conclusion

The high proportion of female blood donors would help prevent HIV from getting into the blood supply. The COVID-19 pandemic affected the demographics of blood donors as well as the prevalence of HIV among repeat blood donors. An increased number of repeat blood donors can help decrease the risk of HIV transfusion transmission during the epidemic.

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) among Blood Donors from Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Background. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a highly contagious virus, is a circular partial double-stranded DNA virus. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus with a major blood-borne infection worldwide. Infection of HBV and HCV among blood donors is an important public health problem. Objective. To assess the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viruses and associated factors among blood donors at Bahir Dar Blood Bank, Northwest Ethiopia. Method. Institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Bahir Dar Blood Bank from May 18, 2020 to July 27, 2020. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 426 participants. Variables having a $p$ value of <0.05 with 95% CI and AOR were considered statistically significant. Results. From 426 proposed participants, 418 (98.1%) of them completed the face-to-face interview. The seroprevalence of HBV and HCV among study participants was 4.07% and 0.48%, respectively. Having multiple sexual partners (AOR = 10.356: 95% CI: (2.277–47.099)), having a family history of hepatitis (AOR = 8.106: 95% CI: (1.278–51.403)), and having sharp materials sharing experience (AOR = 11.313, 95% CI: (1.144–111.864)) have a significant association with HBV infection. No risk factors were found for HCV infectious markers. Conclusion and Recommendations. This study showed that the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV infections confirmed with positive tests among voluntary blood donors in Bahir Dar Blood Bank was 4.07% and 0.48%, respectively. HBV seroprevalence among blood donors in this study has remained stable when compared to a study done in 2013 in the same population. Strict donor selection, safe sex practice, using proper safety precautions when offering care to a family member, and immunization of people at risk could constitute an important package of a prevention program.

Frequency of Hepatitis B, C, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Blood Donors

Introduction: Blood donation is considered an important source of infection transmitted through transfusion, especially in developing countries like Pakistan.

Objective: To find out the frequency of seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among blood donors in the blood bank.

Methods: A prospective cohort study was carried out on blood donors at the National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplant, Karachi, during the period of January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020. The descriptive statistical analysis to find out the percentages and frequencies was implemented using SPSS version 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY).

Results: During the study duration, a total of 23,656 blood donors visited and donated blood, including 12,234 blood donors in the year 2019 and 11,422 blood donors in the year 2020. According to the analysis, only 1.4% of patients with HBV, 1.5% with HCV, and 0.03% were seropositive in the year 2020. In 2019, 1.6% HBV, 2.07% HCV, and 0.09% HIV blood donors were seropositive with a significant 0.00 p-value.

Conclusion: It is concluded that hepatitis C is the most commonly occurring in donors compared to HBV and HIV. HBV vaccines are available in Pakistan, which is why cases are fewer than HCV.

Incidence of Infectious Diseases in the Military Went to the Mali Operations Theater

Soldiers on missions are at risk of contracting major infectious diseases. Some of the most common food or water-borne diseases include diarrhea (bacterial and protozoan), hepatitis A, and typhoid fever, all of which pose serious threats to communities.

The studied group consists of 13 people who performed missions in the theater of operations in Mali between December 2020 and June 2021. The analyzes were performed in the medical analysis laboratory of the Military Emergency Hospital. The group consists of males with an average age of 35-45 years, most with hypercholesterolemia

Analyzes were performed in the fields of microbiology, virology and biochemistry. before and after the mission, they left with antimalarial treatment. Pharyngeal, nasal and digestive tract microbiota showed no noticeable changes. Only in 2 cases of coproparasitological examination were positive on return for Blastocyst hominis (which is not an endemic parasite, being found in drinking water from unsafe sources)

Following the analyzes performed, we came to the conclusion that the protection measures taken in the theaters of operations are effective, as there is no contamination on the studied group with endemic germs of the area.

Transfusion Transmissible Infections in Blood Donors in the Province of Bié, Angola, during a 15-Year Follow-Up, Imply the Need for Pathogen Reduction Technologies

Transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs), caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunode-ficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and syphilis, have a high global impact, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. We evaluated the trend of these infections over time in blood donors in Angola. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among blood donors in Angola from 2005 to 2020. Additionally, frozen samples obtained from blood donors in 2007 were investigated to identify chronic HCV carriers and possible occult HBV infection (OBI). The overall prevalence of HBV, HCV, HIV, and syphilis was 8.5, 3, 2.1, and 4.4%, respectively, among 57,979 blood donors. HBV was predominant among male donors, while the remaining TTIs were predominant among women. Donors >50 years had a significantly high prevalence for all TTIs. Chronic HCV infection was ab-sent in 500 samples tested and OBI was present in 3%. Our results show the continued high prev-alence of TTIs among blood donors in Angola. Most infections showed a significantly low preva-lence in years with campaigns seeking voluntary blood donors, thus, reinforcing the importance of this type of donor to ensure safe blood. Africa, with a high prevalence of diverse pathogens, should consider cost-effective pathogen reduction technologies, once they are commercially accessible, to increase the availability of safe blood.

Seroprevalence of the Serological Markers of Transfusion-Transmissible Infections among Volunteer Blood Donors of Kosti Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital

Background: Transfusion-transmissible infections are well-known global health challenges. The present study is proposed to investigate the seropositivity of anti-HIV1/2, anti-HCV, HBsAg, and anti-T.pallidum among volunteer blood donors of Kosti Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital. Methods: Our study was conducted in a cross-sectional retrospective manner. The data of donors who attended Kosti Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital throughout 2016 to 2018 were reviewed and retrieved manually from blood bank records. Results: Out of 8139 donors, 22.52% were seropositive for serological markers of TTIs and 1.67% were seropositive for at least two serological markers of TTIs. The overall seropositivity rate of anti-HIV1/2, HBsAg, anti-HCV, and anti-T.pallidum was 1.77%, 6.07%, 1.14%, and 11.87%, respectively (p < 0.000). Anti-T.pallidum was the most frequently detected (p < 0.05) marker across all study variables. TTIs seroprevalence was significantly (p < 0.05) varied according to the age, residence, occupations, and blood groups. Notably, there was a rising trend in the rate of anti-HIV1/2 and seropositivity for more than one marker with age (p < 0.000). Regionally, rural area residents had a higher rate of anti-HIV1/2 (2.20%), HBsAg (6.31%), anti-HCV (1.42%), anti-T.pallidum (18.38%), and multiple markers seropositivity (2.28%) compared to urban areas. Between occupations, the highest rate of anti-HIV1/2 (p = 0.483), HBsAg (p = 0.003), anti-HCV (p = 0.408), anti-T.pallidum (p < 0.000), and multiple markers seropositivity (p < 0.000) were detected in farmers. Regarding the screening, we also found that the frequency of anti-T.pallidum was significantly (p = 0.003) higher in donors who carry the AB+ve blood group, whereas anti-HCV (1.83%) was more frequent in donors carry O−ve blood group (p = 0.255). As seen, anti-T.pallidum+HBsAg was the most frequently (1.22%) co-occurring markers. In contrast, anti-T.pallidum+anti-HIV1/2+HBsAg was the lowest frequency one (p < 0.000). Conclusions: The study showed an alarming rate of TTIs, which suggests the requirement for comprehensive surveillance and health education programs.

Comparative analysis of hematological parameters of first-time and repeat blood donors: Experience of a blood bank in southern Nigeria

Introduction

The safety of a blood transfusion practice is anchored on safe blood from a healthy donor, while further protecting the donor from future harm. This study aimed to evaluate the hematological parameters of blood donors in view of their donor category to aid in assessing the safety threshold in terms of donation frequency.

Methods

This study made use of the descriptive cross-sectional design. The blood donors were bled and their samples analyzed using a hematology autoanalyzer.

Results

A total of 178 male blood donors were recruited. Most of the donors were aged 18 to 39 years and were mostly students. A greater part of them were repeat donors who had donated blood more than four times. First- and second-time donors constituted the majority of the voluntary donors. While the total red cell count was significantly lower in repeat third-time donors, the hemoglobin and hematocrit of the first-time donors were significantly higher than those of the repeat fourth-time donors. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of the first-time donors were significantly higher than those of the repeat fifth-time donors. The red cell distribution width (RDW) and mean platelet volume (MPV) were significantly lower in the first-time donors from those of the sixth- and seventh-time donors, respectively. Most of the fifth-time donors have subclinical anemia. There was more subclinical anemia in commercial donors than in voluntary donors.

Conclusion

Repeat donors more than fifth-time donors are at risk of donation-induced iron deficiency anemia.

Sero-epidemiology and associated factors of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis among blood donors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs) remain a major public health problem in developing countries including Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, comprehensive information about sero-epidemiology of major TTIs is lacking at the national level. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed at providing the pooled estimate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis among blood donors in Ethiopia.

METHODS

Relevant studies published until May 31, 2019 were searched through PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, SCOPUS, HINARI, Cochrane database library, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Google. The methodological quality of articles was assessed using Joanna Brigg's Institute critical appraisal checklist for prevalence and analytical studies. The pooled sero-epidemiology of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis were determined using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity between the studies was assessed using the I² statistics. Publication bias was assessed by visual inspection of the funnel plot and Egger's statistics.

RESULTS

A total of 7921 articles were retrieved, and 7798 were screened for eligibility after duplicates removed. Forty-nine full-text articles were assessed for eligibility; of which 45 were eligible for qualitative and quantitative synthesis: categorized as 36, 34, 31 and 23 studies for estimations of HBV, HIV, HCV and syphilis, respectively. In the random-effects model, the pooled sero-epidemiology of HBV, HIV, HCV and syphilis was 5.20, 2.83, 0.93 and 1.50%, respectively. Moreover, being a male blood donor was significantly associated with HBV and syphilis infection, whereas being a replacement blood donor was significantly associated with a high burden of HIV, HBV and HCV infections.

CONCLUSION

The pooled sero-epidemiology of major TTIs among blood donors was high. Therefore, there is a need to design prevention and control strategies in a comprehensive approach to reduce the burden.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Syphilis Among Blood Donors at Western Oromia, Ethiopia

Background

Blood transfusion saves lives and improves health, but many patients requiring transfusion do not have timely access to safe blood. Human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis are the commonest transfused transmitted infections and threats to blood recipients. Proper donor selection and screening of the donated blood for major transfusion-transmitted infections evidently reduced challenge in blood safety. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the sero-prevalence HIV and syphilis infections among blood donors at East Wollega, West Ethiopia.

Patients and Methods

A five-year (from January 2015 to December 2019) retrospective study was conducted by reviewing blood donor laboratory test results from Nekemte blood bank which is serving hospitals in Western Oromia. Blood donor data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 software.

Results

The total of 17,810 individual’s blood was screened during the study period. The overall prevalence of HIV, syphilis, and their co-infection was 222 (1.25%), 142 (0.80%), and 5 (0.03%), respectively. The prevalence of HIV was associated with unmarried (AOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.5, 5.2), male (AOR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.5, 2.9), and blood donors resident in a rural area (AOR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.5, 5.9). Besides, the prevalence of syphilis was associated with education, age, marital status and residence of study participant.

Conclusion

In the current study, the sero-prevalence of HIV and syphilis among blood donors was low, when it was compared to other sub-Saharan Africa country. However, to ensure the health of all recipients screening blood using standard methods is highly recommended.

Retrospective Study of the Seroprevalence of HIV, HCV, and HBV in Blood Donors at a Blood Bank of Western Mexico

Obtaining blood which is safe for transfusions is one of the principal challenges in the health systems of developing countries. Supply of contaminated blood increases morbidity, mortality, and the costs of patient care. In Mexico, serological screening is mandatory, but only a few of the main blood banks routinely perform a nucleic acid test (NAT). Data from 80,391 blood donations processed between August 2018 and December 2019 at the Central Blood Bank of the Western National Medical Center of the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) were analyzed. All donors were screened for serological markers and NAT was performed. Reactive donors were followed-up to confirm their results. The number of reactive donors and seroprevalence rates for HIV, HCV, and HBV were 152 (18.91/10,000), 385 (47.89/10,000), and 181 (22.51/10,000), respectively; however, these rates decreased when NAT-confirmed reactive results were considered. Male donors were found to have a higher seroprevalence than females, and younger donors higher than older donors. The present study shows that HIV, HCV, and HBV seroprevalence in blood donors in Western Mexico is low. We propose that Mexico should establish future strategies, including pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs), in order to improve blood safety and reduce transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs).

Hepatitis B and syphilis prevalence and risk factors of transmission among febrile patients in a primary health facility in Kogi State, Nigeria

Hepatitis B and syphilis remained a global disease with a worrisome prevalence in Nigeria. This study was to determine their prevalence and factors associated with HBV and syphilis infection in febrile patients in Ejule metropolis, Nigeria. In a cross-sectional study, sera obtained from the patients were screened for HBsAg (HBV) and syphilis using commercial immunoassay kits. Data on patients' demographic, social, and behavioral indicators were collected using structured questionnaires. Of the 200 participants, 15 (7.5%) were HBsAg-positive, 3(1.5%) had syphilis, while 2(1.0%) had both HBV and syphilis infections. Ages 31-40 had a higher prevalence of single- and co-infection. Comparable rates of single and concurrent infection were observed in both sexes (P > .05), despite higher participating rates in females. Being single significantly influenced HBV/syphilis co-infection (p = .02), while no statistical difference in prevalence rates was observed with patients' level of education and occupational status. Intravenous drug use (p = .02), history of surgeries (p = .001), and blood transfusion (p = .01) were significantly associated with HBV infection. Also, a significant rate of syphilis was observed in an association with the history of surgeries (p = .001) and blood transfusion (p = .008). Findings from our study show an intermediate level of hepatitis B endemicity in the study area. The low rate of syphilis and co-infection with HBV shows that further strengthening of the current public health measures, including awareness of potential risk factors, could be beneficial in reducing the burden of both HBV and syphilis infection. The low frequency of individuals vaccinated against HBV suggests a need for improved vaccination services.

Changing trends in seroprevalence rates of transfusion-transmitted diseases among blood donors in Jordan

Background

Hepatitis B and C infections and transmission are a serious challenge to all healthcare systems. We studied seroprevalence rates of Transfusion Transmitted Diseases (TTD) among blood bank donors in Jordan from 2014 to 2019 as a follow-up study of our previously published work. In addition, we wanted to explore the efficacy of the mandatory vaccination of infants against hepatitis B virus (HBV) which was implemented by the Ministry of Health since 1995 for the eradication of HBV infection in Jordan.

Methods

We reviewed blood bank donors’ records at King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC) from January 1st, 2014, until December 31st, 2019. Results of seropositivity prevalence rates for HBsAg, anti-HBcore, and anti-HCV, using Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) were compared to seropositivity rates from our previously published data. In addition, our results were compared to data obtained from other blood banks in Jordan, as well as compared to published information from blood banks in neighboring countries.

Results

The prevalence rates (%) of seropositive blood donors for viral hepatitis for the years 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019, were as follows: HBsAg rates were 0.3386, 0.2108, 0.1801, 0.1898, 0.2068, and 0.2741; anti-HBcore rates were 4.1112, 3.2271, 2.9748, 2.8405, 2.6879 and 3.0986; and anti-HCV rates were 0.1129, 0.0486, 0.0548, 0.0654, 0.0782, and 0.0839, respectively. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of HBsAg, Anti-HBcore and Anti-HCV antibodies in 2019 (one sample z-score test, p < 0.00001).

Conclusions

Prevalence rates of hepatitis B and C infections among Jordanian blood bank donors showed a steady decline between 2009 and 2017, and these rates were much lower in Jordan than in neighboring countries. However, an increase in the prevalence rates of hepatitis B and C infections among blood bank donors was documented in 2019. While the reasons for this increase are not clear yet, these findings highlight the importance of renewed efforts to increase public health awareness of HBV and implement effective measures to prevent the transmission and infection with HBV, including national vaccination programs.

Changing trends in seroprevalence rates of transfusion-transmitted diseases among blood donors in Jordan

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis B and C infections and transmission are a serious challenge to all healthcare systems. We studied seroprevalence rates of Transfusion Transmitted Diseases (TTD) among blood bank donors in Jordan from 2014 to 2019 as a follow-up study of our previously published work. In addition, we wanted to explore the efficacy of the mandatory vaccination of infants against hepatitis B virus (HBV) which was implemented by the Ministry of Health since 1995 for the eradication of HBV infection in Jordan.

METHODS

We reviewed blood bank donors' records at King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC) from January 1st, 2014, until December 31st, 2019. Results of seropositivity prevalence rates for HBsAg, anti-HBcore, and anti-HCV, using Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) were compared to seropositivity rates from our previously published data. In addition, our results were compared to data obtained from other blood banks in Jordan, as well as compared to published information from blood banks in neighboring countries.

RESULTS

The prevalence rates (%) of seropositive blood donors for viral hepatitis for the years 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019, were as follows: HBsAg rates were 0.3386, 0.2108, 0.1801, 0.1898, 0.2068, and 0.2741; anti-HBcore rates were 4.1112, 3.2271, 2.9748, 2.8405, 2.6879 and 3.0986; and anti-HCV rates were 0.1129, 0.0486, 0.0548, 0.0654, 0.0782, and 0.0839, respectively. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of HBsAg, Anti-HBcore and Anti-HCV antibodies in 2019 (one sample z-score test, p < 0.00001).

CONCLUSIONS

Prevalence rates of hepatitis B and C infections among Jordanian blood bank donors showed a steady decline between 2009 and 2017, and these rates were much lower in Jordan than in neighboring countries. However, an increase in the prevalence rates of hepatitis B and C infections among blood bank donors was documented in 2019. While the reasons for this increase are not clear yet, these findings highlight the importance of renewed efforts to increase public health awareness of HBV and implement effective measures to prevent the transmission and infection with HBV, including national vaccination programs.

Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Among Blood Donors in Nekemte Blood Bank, Western Oromia, Ethiopia: Retrospective 5 Years Study

Background

Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are the greatest threats to blood safety for the recipient. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and trends of HBV and HCV infections among blood donors over a period of 5 years at Nekemte blood bank, Ethiopia.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted from January 2015 to December 2019 at Nekemte blood bank. The recorded blood donors' history and laboratory tests were reviewed by data collectors analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20 software. A p-value of less than 0.005 was considered statistically significant.

Results

A total of 17,810 consecutive blood donors were screened between January 2015 and December 2019. The seroprevalence of HBV and HCV was 3.06% and 0.64%, respectively. The prevalence of HBV was significantly associated with male (AOR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.91), unmarried (AOR: 2.81; 95% CI: 1.79, 2.51) and rural (AOR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.17, 3.05) blood donors. The prevalence of HCV was significantly associated with blood donor those were male (AOR: 3.01; 95% CI: 1.17, 3.91), within 45-65 years of age (AOR: 3.56: 95% CI: 1.14, 3.99) and unmarried (AOR: 3.14; 95% CI: 1.65, 3.96).

Conclusion

The current study shows the prevalence of hepatitis B virus was higher among study participants. However, the prevalence of HCV was low compared to the study conducted in other countries in Africa, a substantial percentage of the blood donors harbor HCV infections. Therefore, it is recommended to increase awareness of people (particularly on unmarried, male and rural resident) on modes of transmission and prevention of infection could help in reducing the burden of both HBV and HCV.

Estimation of the number of blood donors during the COVID-19 incubation period across China and analysis of prevention and control measures for blood transfusion transmission

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to estimate the number of blood donors during the COVID‐19 incubation period across China.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

In this study, we developed a predictive model to estimate the number of blood donors during the COVID‐19 incubation period among 34 provincial regions in China. Our main assumption was that blood donors of all ages in different regions have a stable blood donation intention and the same infection risk.

RESULTS

First, we estimated the number of blood donors during the COVID‐19 incubation period in Wuhan city, Hubei Province, and China, from December 31, 2019 to March 17, 2020. Second, we compared the number of blood donors during the COVID‐19 incubation period in all provinces across China. In addition, we found that if all RBCs, plasma, and cryoprecipitation were stored in isolation until the 14th day, the potential risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission through blood transfusion was reduced by at least 65.77% after the blood donor safely passed the COVID‐19 incubation period. Moreover, if the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA was carried out on all platelets, the potential risk would be reduced by 77.48%.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the risk is low, with the rapid spread of the COVID‐19 and the appearance of alarmingly high infectivity and a high fatality rate, appropriate measures should be taken by health departments to ensure the safety of clinical blood.