CYP3A4 and CYP11A1 variants are risk factors for ischemic stroke: a case control study

Genotype-guided new approach for dose optimisation of hydroxychloroquine administration in Chinese patients with SLE

OBJECTIVES

The study aims to investigate the impact of gene polymorphisms on blood hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) concentrations in patients with SLE and provide guidelines for individualised care.

METHODS

489 Chinese patients with SLE taking HCQ for more than 3 months were collected in this study. The blood HCQ, desethylhydroxychloroquine (DHCQ) and desethylchloroquine concentrations were measured. The optimal blood concentration of HCQ was determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of metabolic enzymes involved in HCQ metabolism were genotyped and the associations with treatment effects were investigated.

RESULTS

The cut-off value of HCQ was 559.67 ng/mL, with sensitivity and specificity values of 0.51 and 0.89, respectively. The TC and CC genotypes of CYP2C8 (rs7910936) were significantly related to the increase in blood HCQ concentrations, and the CYP2C8 (rs10882521) TT genotype was associated with lower blood HCQ concentrations. The DHCQ:HCQ ratio was highest in patients with the GG genotype of the CYP2D6*10 (rs1065852) polymorphism and lowest in those with the AA genotype. Patients with the CYP2C8 (rs7910936) CC genotype were more likely to achieve the optimal blood concentration (p=0.030) in HCQ 200 mg/day group and patients with the CYP2D6*10 (rs1065852) GG genotype were more likely to reach the optimal blood concentration (p=0.049) in 400 mg/day group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that the optimal blood concentration of HCQ measured approximately 12-18 hours after the last dosage may be between 500 and 600 ng/mL in Chinese patients with SLE. The observed variations in HCQ concentrations between individuals can potentially be attributed to genetic polymorphisms in CYP2D6*10 (rs1065852) and CYP2C8 (rs7910936 and rs10882521). Genotypical testing of patients and regular monitoring of blood levels are recommended for optimising HCQ dosage management in Chinese patients with SLE.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ChiCTR2300070628.

Mutant CYP3A4/5 Correlated with Clinical Outcomes by Affecting Rivaroxaban Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

PURPOSE

This study was designed to investigate the impact of single-nucleotide polymorphism-encoded cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP3A4/5) on clinical outcomes of rivaroxaban in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) aspects.

METHOD

A prospective study enrolling 165 rivaroxaban-treated patients with NVAF was conducted. Genotyping of CYP3A4 (rs2242480, rs2246709, rs3735451, and rs4646440) and CYP3A5 (rs776746) was performed to explore their impact on the trough plasma concentrations (Ctrough) of rivaroxaban, coagulation indicators at the Ctrough including activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and prothrombin time (PT), and clinical outcomes.

RESULTS

Patients with mutant genotype CYP3A4 (rs2242480, rs2246709, and rs3735451) and CYP3A5 (rs776746) had higher levels of rivaroxaban Ctrough, PT values than that of wild-type. Furthermore, a positive relationship was revealed between Ctrough and PT (r = 0.212, p = 0.007), while no significant correlation was found between Ctrough and APTT. Regarding the clinical outcomes, the minor allele carriers on rs3735451 and the minor allele (A) carriers on rs2246709 were associated with higher incidence of minor bleeding (p = 0.028 and p = 0.038, respectively) and were identified as the independent risk factors of minor bleeding treated with rivaroxaban (p = 0.024 and p = 0.036, respectively), with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve validated (AUC = 0.8956, 95% CI: 0.829-0.962).

CONCLUSION

The CYP3A4 polymorphisms (rs2242480, rs2246709, and rs3735451) and CYP3A5 rs776746 were associated with variations in rivaroxaban PK/PD. The minor allele (C) carriers on rs3735451 and the minor allele (A) carriers on rs2246709 were correlated with clinical outcomes.

Association Between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (rs1484215 and rs6495096) in CYP11A1 Gene in Iranian Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Background

Genetic factors are significantly have important role in the etiology of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study examined the possible relation of rs1484215 and rs6495096 polymorphisms of CYP11A1 gene in Iranian women with PCOS.

Methods

The population of the case-control research included 100 women presenting with PCOS and 100 women as a control group who were referred to Infertility Center in Qom, Iran. The genotypes of rs1484215 and rs6495096 polymorphisms in CYP11A1 gene were detected with the tetra-ARMS PCR method. The independent segregation of alleles was tested for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Differences in quantitative traits were assessed between each group with a single PCOS feature and control group using Mann-Whitney U test for categorical variables and student's t-test for continuous variables. Statistical analysis of allele and genotype frequencies between women with PCOS and control was performed using the chi-square test. Significance level was defined as p<0.05.

Results

There was a significant association of C with G alleles in rs6495096 polymorphism and susceptibility to PCOS (p=0.001), but no significant relation was found between C and T alleles in rs1484215 polymorphism and susceptibility to PCOS. Also, GG genotype of rs6495096 was significantly associated with the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and infertility duration compared to CG and CC (p<0.01). However, rs1484215 showed no association with these variables.

Conclusion

The results from the research indicated that rs6495096 polymorphism of CYP11A1 gene is related to the PCOS risk in Iranians women.

Interplay of Vitamin D and CYP3A4 Polymorphisms in Endocrine Disorders and Cancer

Vitamin D has received considerable optimistic attention as a potentially important factor in many pathological states over the past few decades. However, the proportion of the active form of vitamin D metabolites responsible for biological activity is highly questionable in disease states due to flexible alterations in the enzymes responsible for their metabolism. For instance, CYP3A4 plays a crucial role in the biotransformation of vitamin D and other drug substances. Food-drug and/or drug-drug interactions, the disease state, genetic polymorphism, age, sex, diet, and environmental factors all influence CYP3A4 activity. Genetic polymorphisms in CYP450-encoding genes have received considerable attention in the past few decades due to their extensive impact on the pharmacokinetic and dynamic properties of drugs and endogenous substances. In this review, we focused on CYP3A4 polymorphisms and their interplay with vitamin D metabolism and summarized the role of vitamin D in calcium homeostasis, bone diseases, diabetes, cancer, other diseases, and drug substances. We also reviewed clinical observations pertaining to CYP3A4 polymorphisms among the aforementioned disease conditions. In addition, we highlighted the future perspectives of studying the pharmacogenetics of CYP3A4, which may have potential clinical significance for developing novel diagnostic genetic markers that will ascertain disease risk and progression.

In Silico Identification and Mechanism Exploration of Active Ingredients against Stroke from An-Gong-Niu-Huang-Wan (AGNHW) Formula

An-Gong-Niu-Huang-Wan (AGNHW) is a well-known formula for treating cerebrovascular diseases, with roles including clearing away heat, detoxification, and wake-up consciousness. In recent years, AGNHW has been commonly used for the treatment of ischemic stroke, but the mechanism by which AGNHW relieves stroke has not been clearly elucidated. In the current study, we developed a multiple systems pharmacology-based framework to identify the potential antistroke ingredients in AGNHW and explore the underlying mechanisms of action (MOA) of AGNHW against stroke from a holistic perspective. Specifically, we performed a network-based method to identify the potential antistroke ingredients in AGNHW by integrating the drug-target network and stroke-associated genes. Furthermore, the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model was used to validate the anti-inflammatory effects of the key ingredients by determining the levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The antiapoptotic effects of the key ingredients were also confirmed in vitro. Integrated pathway analysis of AGNHW revealed that it might regulate three biological signaling pathways, including IL-17, TNF, and PI3K-AKT, to play a protective role in stroke. Moreover, 30 key antistroke ingredients in AGNHW were identified via network-based in silico prediction and were confirmed to have known neuroprotective effects. After drug-like property evaluation and pharmacological validation in vitro, scutellarein (SCU) and caprylic acid (CA) were selected for further antistroke investigation. Finally, systems pharmacology-based analysis of CA and SCU indicated that they might exert antistroke effects via the apoptotic signaling pathway and inflammatory response, which was further validated in an in vitro stroke model. Overall, the current study proposes an integrative systems pharmacology approach to identify antistroke ingredients and demonstrate the underlying pharmacological MOA of AGNHW in stroke, which provides an alternative strategy to investigate novel traditional Chinese medicine formulas for complex diseases.

LncRNA SERPINB9P1 expression and polymorphisms are associated with ischemic stroke in a Chinese Han population

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were reported to play important roles in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke (IS). Our study aimed to investigate the role of lncRNA SERPINB9P1 expression in ischemic stroke and the association between SERPINB9P1 polymorphisms and IS risk, as well as examine the correlation of SERPINB9P1 expression and variants with clinical parameters of IS. The SERPINB9P1 levels in human participants and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated human A172 cells were measured by qRT-PCR. The SERPINB9P1 polymorphisms (rs375556 and rs318429) were genotyped by the MassARRAY platform. We found that the SERPINB9P1 expression was significantly downregulated in patients with IS compared with that in healthy controls. On the 14th day in the hospital, the SERPINB9P1 level in patients with moderate and severe stroke was significantly downregulated compared with the normal group. After stratification by gender, the rs375556 polymorphism was significantly associated with susceptibility to female IS in the recessive model, and the significant association remained after adjusting for age. After adjusting for gender and age, rs318429 was significantly associated with FPG and D-D levels, and rs375556 was significantly associated with INR and PTA levels in IS cases. Besides, the lncRNA SERPINB9P1 expressed downregulated in OGD/reoxygenation-treated human A172 cells. In conclusion, the lncRNA SERPINB9P1 may protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and neurological impairment after IS. The SERPINB9P1 rs375556 polymorphism was associated with susceptibility to female IS, and SERPINB9P1 polymorphisms may influence the metabolism of blood glucose and regulation of coagulation function in patients with IS.

Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: the emerging role of 20-HETE

The accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated τ proteins in the brain are the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Much of the research into the pathogenesis of AD has focused on the amyloid or τ hypothesis. These hypotheses propose that Aβ or τ aggregation is the inciting event in AD that leads to downstream neurodegeneration, inflammation, brain atrophy and cognitive impairment. Multiple drugs have been developed and are effective in preventing the accumulation and/or clearing of Aβ or τ proteins. However, clinical trials examining these therapeutic agents have failed to show efficacy in preventing or slowing the progression of the disease. Thus, there is a need for fresh perspectives and the evaluation of alternative therapeutic targets in this field. Epidemiology studies have revealed significant overlap between cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis and stroke to the development of cognitive impairment. This strong correlation has given birth to a renewed focus on vascular contributions to AD and related dementias. However, few genes and mechanisms have been identified. 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is a potent vasoconstrictor that plays a complex role in hypertension, autoregulation of cerebral blood flow and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Multiple human genome-wide association studies have linked mutations in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4A (CYP4A) genes that produce 20-HETE to hypertension and stroke. Most recently, genetic variants in the enzymes that produce 20-HETE have also been linked to AD in human population studies. This review examines the emerging role of 20-HETE in AD and related dementias.

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Oxidative Stress-Related Genes and the Risk of a Stroke in a Polish Population-A Preliminary Study

The present preliminary case-control study was undertaken to detect the potential association of six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in oxidative stress-related genes: SOD2 (c.47T > C; rs4880), CAT (c.-89A > T; rs7943316), GPX4 (c.660T > A; rs713041), NOS1 (g.117803515C > T; rs1879417) and NOS2 (c.1823C > T; rs2297518 and c.-227G > C; rs10459953) and the occurrence of a stroke. The SNPs were determined using the TaqMan^® Allelic Discrimination Assay in 107 patients with strokes and 107 age- and sex-matched individuals who had not experienced cerebrovascular accidents. The T alleles of the rs4880 were positively correlated with a stroke (bootstrap OR 1.31; 1.07-1.59 95% CI). In the case of the rs713041, an association with the T allele was found (bootstrap OR 1.36; 1.12-1.67). In addition, the occurrence of a stroke was associated with the presence of the C allele of the rs1879417 (bootstrap OR 1.32; 1.09-1.61). We also found that the C/C genotype and C allele of the rs2297518 increased the risk of a stroke (bootstrap ORs 7.00; 4.34-11.29 and 4.96; 3.88-6.34, respectively). Moreover, the C allele of the rs10459953 was associated with an increased occurrence of this disease (bootstrap OR 1.31; 1.08-1.60). These results indicated that genetics variants in the SOD2, GPX4, NOS1 and NOS2 might be associated with susceptibility to strokes in the Polish population.