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Tegegne BA, Alem AZ, Amare T, Aragaw FM, Teklu RE. Multilevel modelling of factors associated with eight or more antenatal care contacts in low and middle-income countries: findings from national representative data. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:3315-3324. [PMID: 38846896 PMCID: PMC11152864 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000002034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Antenatal care (ANC) is the care provided by skilled healthcare professionals to pregnant women in order to ensure the best health conditions for both mother and baby. Antenatal care provides a platform for important healthcare functions including risk identification, prevention and management of pregnancy-related diseases. Inadequate ANC utilization is a global problem especially for low and middle-income countries. The 2016 WHO ANC model with a minimum of eight ANC visits was aimed to provide pregnant women with person specific care at every contact. However, there are limited studies that investigate the associated factors of inadequate ANC after the endorsement of the WHO 2016 guideline. Therefore, to enrich the evidence in the low and middle-income countries (LMICs), this study aimed to determine the pooled prevalence and associated with eight or more ANC contacts during pregnancy. Methods This study used data from 20 LMICs that have a recent Demographic and Health Survey. About 43 720 women aged 15-49 years who had live births within the year prior to the surveys were included. To identify associated factors of 8 or more ANC contacts, we used multilevel binary logistic regression, and four models were constructed. The results have been presented as odds ratios with 95% CIs, and P values less than 0.05 were considered significant factors for greater than or equal to 8 ANC contacts. Results In LMICs, the pooled utilization of 8 or more ANC contact was 18.11% (95% CI: 12.64, 23.58), and it ranged from 0.27% in Rwanda to 76.62% in Jordan. In the final multilevel logistic regression model, women with higher education [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=3.83, 95% CI: 3.32, 4.41], husbands with higher education (AOR=1.98, 95% CI: 1.72, 2.28), women who have access to media (AOR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.19, 1.45), women with decision-making autonomy (AOR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.39, 1.66), women aged 35-49 years (AOR=1.70, 95% CI: 1.5, 1.91), women from communities with high media access (AOR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.23, 1.53), and husbands residing in communities with high literacy (AOR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.55, 1.98) were associated with higher odds of greater than or equal to 8 ANC contacts. Conversely, women with a birth order of greater than or equal to 6 (AOR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.76), women who perceive the distance to a health facility as a significant problem (AOR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.83, 0.96), those with unwanted pregnancies (AOR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.93), delayed initiation of ANC (AOR=0.26, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.3), women from households with the richest wealth index (AOR=0.45, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.52), and rural residents (AOR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.51) were associated with lower odds of ≥8 ANC contacts. Conclusion and recommendations In compliance with the WHO guideline, the number of ANC contacts is low in LMICs. Individual-level, household-level, and community-level variables were associated with greater than or equal to 8 ANC contacts. Therefore, implementation strategies should focus on the identified factors in order to achieve the new WHO recommendation of greater than or equal to 8 ANC contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biresaw Ayen Tegegne
- Department of Anesthesia, School of medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adugnaw Zeleke Alem
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaw Amare
- Department of Health System and Policy, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Fantu Mamo Aragaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Rediet Eristu Teklu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Demissie DB, Molla G, Tiruneh Tiyare F, Badacho AS, Tadele A. Magnitude, disparity, and predictors of poor-quality antenatal care service: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med 2024; 12:20503121241248275. [PMID: 38737837 PMCID: PMC11085007 DOI: 10.1177/20503121241248275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Antenatal care is directed toward ensuring healthy pregnancy outcomes. Quality antenatal care increases the likelihood of receiving an effective intervention to maintain maternal, fetal, and neonatal well-being, while poor quality is linked to poor pregnancy outcomes. However, owing to the complex nature of quality, researchers have followed several approaches to systematically measure it. The evidence from these variable approaches appears inconsistence and poses challenges to programmers and policymakers. Hence, it is imperative to obtain a pooled estimate of the quality of antenatal care. Therefore, considering the scarcity of evidence on the quality of antenatal care, this study aimed to review, synthesize, and bring pooled estimates of accessible evidence. Objective This study aimed to estimate the pooled magnitude and predictors of quality of antenatal care services and compare regional disparity. Method We conducted a comprehensive systematic three-step approach search of published and unpublished sources from 2002 to 2022. The methodological quality of eligible studies was checked using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies. Meta-analysis was carried out using STATA version 16. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q test. In the presence of moderate heterogeneity (I2 more than 50%), sensitivity and subgroup analyses were conducted and presented in a forest plot. Effect size was reported using standardized mean difference and its 95% confidence interval. Funnel plots and Egger's regression test were used to measure publication bias at the 5% significance level. A trim-and-fill analysis was conducted to adjust for publication bias. Pooled estimates were computed using random-effects models and weighted using the inverse variance method in the presence of high heterogeneity among studies. A 95% CI and 5% significance level were considered to declare significance variables. Results The global pooled poor-quality antenatal care was 64.28% (95% CI: 59.58%-68.98%) (I2 = 99.97%, p = 0.001). The identified pooled predictors of good-quality antenatal care service were: number of antenatal care visits (fourth and above antenatal care visit) (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.37-3.84), family wealth index (AOR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.89-3.55), maternal education attainment (AOR = 3.03, 95% CI: 2.24-3.82), residence (urban dwellers) (AOR = 4.06, 95% CI: 0.95-7.17), and confidentiality antenatal care (AOR = 2.23, 95% CI: -0.36 to -4.82). Conclusions The study found regional and country-level disparities in the quality of antenatal care services for pregnant women, where poor-quality antenatal care services were provided for more than two-thirds to three-fourths of antenatal care attendants. Therefore, policymakers and health planners should put a great deal of emphasis on addressing the quality of antenatal care services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Bayissa Demissie
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gebeyaw Molla
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Firew Tiruneh Tiyare
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ashenif Tadele
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Chi H, Jung S, Subramanian SV, Kim R. Socioeconomic and geographic inequalities in antenatal and postnatal care components in India, 2016-2021. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10221. [PMID: 38702357 PMCID: PMC11068794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-known importance of high-quality care before and after delivery, not every mother and newborn in India receive appropriate antenatal and postnatal care (ANC/PNC). Using India's National Family Health Surveys (2015-2016 and 2019-2021), we quantified the socioeconomic and geographic inequalities in the utilization of ANC/PNC among women aged 15-49 years and their newborns (N = 161,225 in 2016; N = 150,611 in 2021). For each of the eighteen ANC/PNC components, we assessed absolute and relative inequalities by household wealth (poorest vs. richest), maternal education (no education vs. higher than secondary), and type of place of residence (rural vs. urban) and evaluated state-level heterogeneity. In 2021, the national prevalence of ANC/PNC components ranged from 19.8% for 8 + ANC visits to 91.6% for maternal weight measurement. Absolute inequalities were greatest for ultrasound test (33.3%-points by wealth, 30.3%-points by education) and 8 + ANC visits (13.2%-points by residence). Relative inequalities were greatest for 8 + ANC visits (1.8 ~ 4.4 times). All inequalities declined over time. State-specific estimates were overall consistent with national results. Socioeconomic and geographic inequalities in ANC/PNC varied significantly across components and by states. To optimize maternal and newborn health in India, future interventions should aim to achieve universal coverage of all ANC/PNC components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejun Chi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Jung
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - S V Subramanian
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, 9 Bow Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rockli Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Chowdhury R, Upadhyay RP, Sinha B, Taneja S, Das JK, Bhandari N. Editorial: Care during pregnancy and early childhood for growth and development in low- and middle- income countries. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1361926. [PMID: 38264194 PMCID: PMC10803586 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1361926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jai K. Das
- Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Girotra S, Malik M, Roy S, Basu S. Utilization and determinants of adequate quality antenatal care services in India: evidence from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) (2019-21). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:800. [PMID: 37978458 PMCID: PMC10657001 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-06117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy-related complications and insufficiencies in antenatal care services are leading causes of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in low-resource settings. However, there has been an undue focus on achieving a minimum number of Antenatal Care (ANC) visits without adequate focus on the factors affecting ANC service utilization. This secondary data analysis from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019-21) was conducted to estimate the coverage of adequate quality ANC service and its determinants in India. METHODS The study sample included 176,877 women aged 15-49 years who had experienced a pregnancy in the last 5 years. The primary outcome variable was the utilization of ANC services by women during their last pregnancy assessed by the frequency of ANC visits and the quality of ANC services. Quality of ANC service utilisation was categorised as adequate quality, inadequate quality and ≥ 4 ANC visits and, inadequate quality and < 4 ANC visits. We performed multinomial logistic regression and reported relative risk ratio (RRR) along with 95% confidence intervals. We adjusted for sampling weight, clustering, and stratification in the sampling design. RESULTS The median (IQR) number of ANC visits attended by a woman during her previous pregnancy was 4 (IQR 3-7). A majority (59.25%) of the women reported availing of ≥ 4 antenatal care (ANC) visits during their previous pregnancy while 6.12% of women reported availing no ANC visits in their last pregnancy. Women aged ≥ 30 years were significantly less likely (aRRR 0.73 95% CI 0.66, 0.80) to receive ANC services of inadequate quality, and < 4 ANC visits. Additionally, any exposure to mass media (aRRR 0.69 95% CI 0.66, 0.73), and having health insurance (aRRR 0.71 95% CI 0.68, 0.75) decreased their risk of receiving inadequate quality ANC services and < 4 ANC visits. Women belonging to the richest wealth quintile (aRRR 0.52 95% CI 0.47,0.58) and those with an intended pregnancy (aRRR 0.62 95% CI 0.58 ,0.66) were at significantly lower risk of utilizing inadequate quality ANC services and < 4 ANC visits. CONCLUSION Although nearly 3 in 5 women in India utilized a minimum mandated ≥ 4 ANC visits during their last pregnancy, only one in five of those received adequate quality of ANC services indicating suboptimal content. However, only one in five women utilized the WHO-mandated ≥ 8 ANC visits for a positive pregnancy experience. Furthermore, 14.3% of the women received ANC services of inadequate quality despite attending ≥ 4 ANC visits in their previous pregnancy. Our study emphasized the importance of the quality of ANC services utilised irrespective of number of ANC visits availed. Efforts should be undertaken to enhance the utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services by implementing media initiatives that aim to raise awareness, particularly among women belonging to disadvantaged population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siaa Girotra
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Mansi Malik
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Shubhanjali Roy
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurav Basu
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India.
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Tesfay N, Kebede M, Asamene N, Tadesse M, Begna D, Woldeyohannes F. Factors determining antenatal care utilization among mothers of deceased perinates in Ethiopia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1203758. [PMID: 38020089 PMCID: PMC10663362 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1203758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Receiving adequate antenatal care (ANC) had an integral role in improving maternal and child health outcomes. However, several factors influence the utilization of ANC from the individual level up to the community level factors. Thus, this study aims to investigate factors that determine ANC service utilization among mothers of deceased perinate using the proper count regression model. Method Secondary data analysis was performed on perinatal death surveillance data. A total of 3,814 mothers of deceased perinates were included in this study. Hurdle Poisson regression with a random intercept at both count-and zero-part (MHPR.ERE) model was selected as a best-fitted model. The result of the model was presented in two ways, the first part of the count segment of the model was presented using the incidence rate ratio (IRR), while the zero parts of the model utilized the adjusted odds ratio (AOR). Result This study revealed that 33.0% of mothers of deceased perinates had four ANC visits. Being in advanced maternal age [IRR = 1.03; 95CI: (1.01-1.09)], attending primary level education [IRR = 1.08; 95 CI: (1.02-1.15)], having an advanced education (secondary and above) [IRR = 1.14; 95 CI: (1.07-1.21)] and being resident of a city administration [IRR = 1.17; 95 CI: (1.05-1.31)] were associated with a significantly higher frequency of ANC visits. On the other hand, women with secondary and above education [AOR = 0.37; 95CI: (0.26-0.53)] and women who live in urban areas [AOR = 0.42; 95 CI: (0.33-0.54)] were less likely to have unbooked ANC visit, while women who resided in pastoralist regions [AOR = 2.63; 95 CI: (1.02-6.81)] were more likely to have no ANC visit. Conclusion The uptake of ANC service among mothers having a deceased perinate was determined by both individual (maternal age and educational status) and community (residence and type of region) level factors. Thus, a concerted effort is needed to improve community awareness through various means of communication by targeting younger women. Furthermore, efforts should be intensified to narrow down inequalities observed in ANC service provision due to the residence of the mothers by availing necessary personnel and improving the accessibility of service in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neamin Tesfay
- Center of Public Emergency Management, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mandefro Kebede
- Center of Public Emergency Management, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Negga Asamene
- Center of Public Emergency Management, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Muse Tadesse
- Center of Public Emergency Management, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dumesa Begna
- Center of Public Emergency Management, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsum Woldeyohannes
- Health Financing Program, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Chaudhary J, Gupta E, Singh PK, Singh S. Tobacco exposure among antenatal women in India: Challenges in tobacco screening & cessation counselling. Indian J Med Res 2023; 158:477-482. [PMID: 38088423 PMCID: PMC10878484 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_188_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Links between tobacco use and poor pregnancy outcomes are well established. Despite various tobacco control measures taken by the government, nearly 5-8 per cent of pregnant women consume tobacco in India. Antenatal check-ups are an opportunity to assess and assist women in quitting tobacco during pregnancy. This review highlights the challenges faced in identifying pregnant tobacco users and providing cessation counselling to them in a formal healthcare setup in the Indian context. For this narrative review, open access databases like PubMed and Google Scholar were searched, using the following search terms: challenges, quitting tobacco use, smokeless tobacco, pregnancy and India. Original articles published between 2010 and July 2022 were included in the English language with available free full text. Out of the thirty articles found to be eligible, seven were included in the review. Official websites of the National Health Mission and National Tobacco Control Programme were also searched to retrieve available data on health education and training material for healthcare workers: medical officers, Auxiliary Nurse and Midwives (ANMs), Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs) and list of tobacco cessation centres. This review identified the factors such as myths surrounding tobacco use, lack of targeted screening, inadequate training of healthcare workers and inaccessibility of cessation services, which are posing as challenges in controlling tobacco use in this vulnerable section of the population. Specific strategies to address these issues at the micro, meso and macro levels can prove to be vital in controlling tobacco use in pregnant women. This review also identified the vital role of gynaecologists and healthcare workers such as ANMs and ASHA in identifying and providing brief tobacco cessation counselling to pregnant users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigisha Chaudhary
- Division of Clinical Oncology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ekta Gupta
- Division of Clinical Oncology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Division of Preventive Oncology & Population Health, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- Division of Clinical Oncology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mehta BS, Alambusha R, Misra A, Mehta N, Madan A. Assessment of utilisation of government programmes and services by pregnant women in India. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285715. [PMID: 37796937 PMCID: PMC10553210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the implementation of various maternal health programs, Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) has significantly declined in India through improvements in maternal health services. However, inequality persists at the regional and socio-economic levels. In light of this, the present study aims to assess the existing regional disparities in utilising various government initiatives for safe motherhood in India. METHODS National-level datasets such as National Family and Health Surveys (NFHS-3 (2005-06); NFHS-4 (2015-16) and NFHS-5(2019-21); Health Management Information System (HMIS), 2019-20; Sample Registrar System (SRS), 2001-2018) were used in the study. In addition, composite Index and inequality measures (Range, Ratio, and Gini) were calculated to examine inequality. At the same time, the Pearson correlation was used to investigate the correlation between various components of maternal health services and Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR). RESULTS The composite index score (0.65) reflects that India is still far behind the targets of the utilisation of maternal health care services. Within the utilisation of services, the Gini coefficient reveals that the least inequality was recorded in skilled birth assistance deliveries (0.03) and institutional deliveries (0.04). In contrast, the highest inequality was recorded in receiving Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) Tablets for 100 days (0.19) and four Antenatal Care (ANC) visits (0.13) among selected states. Based on the composite score for maternal health utilisation, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Delhi were amongst the best performers, whereas Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Assam were amongst the worst performers. CONCLUSION This indicates that the government's single-minded focus on enhancing institutional deliveries and skilled health-assisted deliveries has detracted from other essential interventions related to maternal health. Therefore, the states with the utilisation of maternal services need to initiate immediate action to increase the ANC and Post-natal Care (PNC utilisation with more attention towards better implementation of existing ANC programmes by the government.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruby Alambusha
- Institute of Economic Growth, North Campus, Delhi University, Delhi, India
| | - Archa Misra
- Market Xcel Data Matrix Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India
| | | | - Aditi Madan
- Institute for Human Development, Delhi, India
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Mishra M, Parida D, Murmu J, Singh D, Rehman T, Kshatri JS, Pati S. Effectiveness of mHealth Interventions for Monitoring Antenatal Care among Pregnant Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2635. [PMID: 37830672 PMCID: PMC10572953 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11192635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antenatal care (ANC) is essential in maternal and child health since it provides care to pregnant women from conception through to labour in order to ensure a safe pregnancy and childbirth. In recent years, mobile health (mHealth) interventions have emerged as a promising solution to improve maternal and child health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials to evaluate the effectiveness of mHealth interventions to monitor prenatal care among pregnant women in LMICs. A systematic literature review was conducted using the databases CINHAL, Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO on the effectiveness of mHealth interventions in monitoring the antenatal care of pregnant women. The study selection, data extraction of the included articles, and quality appraisal were assessed. Our study included six studies considering 7886 participants. All articles were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Antenatal mothers who used a mobile health intervention were more likely (RR = 1.66, 95%CI = 1.07-2.58, I2 = 98%) to attend ANC check-ups when compared with the women who did not use any mobile health applications or did not receive any short message services. mHealth technologies are being utilised more and more to increase care accessibility and improve maternal and fetal health. Policymakers should prioritise the integration of mHealth interventions into maternal healthcare services in LMICs, ensuring that they are cost-effective, accessible, and sustainable and that healthcare workers are trained to deliver these interventions effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jaya Singh Kshatri
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar 751023, India; (M.M.); (D.P.); (J.M.); (D.S.); (T.R.)
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar 751023, India; (M.M.); (D.P.); (J.M.); (D.S.); (T.R.)
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Mondal S, Anand A, Awasthi N, Singh B, Pradhan MR. Factors affecting pregnancy registration in India: does the pregnancy intention matter? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:674. [PMID: 37726663 PMCID: PMC10507949 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-06002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy registration is one of the most critical components of women's reproductive health because it is the gateway to entering the continuum of care services such as antenatal care, institutional delivery, and postnatal care. There is a lack of studies exploring the relationship between pregnancy intention and pregnancy registration, especially in the Indian context. METHOD This study used the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21) data to explore the relationship between birth intention and failure of pregnancy registration. The bivariate and multivariate (binary logistic regression) analysis was carried out. RESULTS Adjusting the effects of socio-demographic and economic characteristics, compared with women with an intended pregnancy, the odds of failure of pregnancy registration were significantly high among women with a mistimed pregnancy (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.47-1.73) and unwanted pregnancy (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.26-1.52). The study found pregnancy intention as a significant predictor of pregnancy registration. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest strengthening the interaction of grassroots-level health workers with women, especially those with possibly lower healthcare autonomy and unintended pregnancy. Higher and earlier pregnancy registration will enhance maternal healthcare utilization and reduce adverse health consequences to mothers and children, thus ensuring better maternal and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Mondal
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400088, India
| | - Abhishek Anand
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400088, India
| | - Niharika Awasthi
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400088, India
| | - Bharti Singh
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400088, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Pradhan
- Department of Fertility and Social Demography, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400088, India.
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Parija PP, Tiwari P, Sahoo SS. How much do we follow birth preparedness? A community-based snapshot study from rural Delhi, India. J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:1901-1907. [PMID: 38024878 PMCID: PMC10657103 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1867_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Maternal healthcare remains a challenging public health problem in low and middle-income countries like India. The comprehension and services regarding practices related to birth preparedness and its complications in rural areas of India remain poor and underused. In view of this, we conducted this study to explore the preparedness of the pregnant women in the community residing in rural settlements of Delhi. Methods This cross-sectional community-based study was carried out in 165 currently pregnant women selected through proportionate sampling from rural Delhi. A semi-structured questionnaire adapted from Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness (BPCR) tool kit was used. Binary and multivariate regression analysis was applied to identify the predictors of BPCR. Results In our study, BPCR index was found to be 25.78%. Only 17.6% pregnant women were well prepared. Multigravida, literacy, and higher socioeconomic status were found significant predictors for well preparedness for child birth and complication readiness in bivariate analysis. In multivariate logistic regression, multigravida and literacy were found to be predictors for well preparedness. Conclusion The skill and knowledge level of the mother-in-laws and other women along with husband in the family needs to be improved in context of pregnancy and child birth. Frontline health workers can assist the to-be mothers and their family members in informed decision-making for better feto-maternal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyan Paramita Parija
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Vijaypur, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Poornima Tiwari
- Department of Community Medicine, Vardhaman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Kundu RN, Ghosh A, Chhetri B, Saha I, Hossain MG, Bharati P. Regional with urban-rural variation in low birth weight and its determinants of Indian children: findings from National Family Health Survey 5 data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:616. [PMID: 37641012 PMCID: PMC10464394 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05934-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low birth weight is a key indicator for child health, especially a concern in low-middle-income countries. However, health and medically-related reforms are being actively implemented in some middle-income countries like India. Identifying low birth weight (LBW) babies with their determinants across the whole country is essential to formulate regional and area-specific interventions. The objective of this study was to find out the burden and determinants of LBW on the regional and residential (rural-urban) divisions of India. METHODS The present study was based on the NFHS-5 dataset (2019-21), a nationally representative survey in India. A total of 209,223 births were included in this study. A newborn weighing less than 2500 g was considered as LBW. According to the objectives, we used frequency distribution, chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis for analysing the data. RESULTS About 18.24% of the babies were LBW in India, significantly higher in rural areas than in urban areas (18.58% vs 17.36%). Regionally prevalence was more frequent in western (20.63%) and central (20.16%) rural areas. Regarding maternal concerns, in the eastern and southern regions of India, mothers aged 25-34 were less likely to have LBW children than mothers aged 35-49 years. It was found that the risk of LBW was more likely among the children born out of unintended pregnancies in almost all regions except for eastern part. In rural India, women who delivered children at home were more likely to have LBW children in India (AOR = 1.19, CI: 1.12-1.28, p < 0.001) and its central, northern, and southern regions than those who gave birth in institutions. The study indicates that LBW coexists with lower maternal education levels and poor household wealth index across all regions. About 58% and 57% of cumulative effects of independent variables on LBW can be distinguished in urban and rural India, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Targeted-specific strategies need to be undertaken as per region and geographical variations. Then only India should be able to decline LBW as proposed by National Health Policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramendra Nath Kundu
- Former Research Fellow, Department of Anthropology, West Bengal State University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700126, India
| | - Anushka Ghosh
- Junior Research Fellow, Indian Council of Medical Research-Centre for Ageing & Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Birshikha Chhetri
- Junior Research Fellow, Indian Council of Medical Research-Centre for Ageing & Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Indranil Saha
- Scientist E, Indian Council of Medical Research-Centre for Ageing & Mental Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Md Golam Hossain
- Health Research Group, Department of Statistics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
| | - Premananda Bharati
- Former Professor and Head, Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Sharma S, Bhardwaj A, Arora K, Akhtar F, Mehra S. Assessing universal maternal health service coverage and their determinants in India: A multicentric cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:1516-1524. [PMID: 37767445 PMCID: PMC10521851 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1891_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Universal maternal health coverage (UHC) envisages access to quality healthcare services by pregnant and lactating women without any financial hardship. Our present study attempts to assess the UHC for maternal health services and their determinants, including access to quality antenatal care (ANC), quality postnatal care (PNC), and child immunization among the marginalized populations of India. Methods It was a community-based cross-sectional study across five states of India among pregnant or lactating women. Quality ANC score was calculated using four indicators, including ANC registration month, attendance of four or more ANC visits, receiving at least one tetanus toxoid injection, and consumption of 100 iron-folic acid (IFA) tablets. Similarly, quality PNC care score was calculated using four indicators, including PNC within 48 h, breastfeeding initiation time, institutional delivery, and accessing conditional maternity benefit scheme. Logistic or generalized linear regression was used to depict associations depending on the outcome variables. Results A total of 12,976 pregnant women's and 18,061 lactating mothers' data were analyzed. Illiterate women, women from below the poverty line, and rural areas had low-quality ANC and PNC scores compared with their counterparts. Marginalized women had lower odds of immunization of children and lower quality PNC scores than nonmarginalized. Conclusions Sociodemographic factors, such as caste, education of women, area of residence, and economic status, are major determinants of quality ANC and PNC scores and immunization of children. Hence, interventionists ought to design community-based interventions that address the challenges in the uptake of health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Sharma
- Department of Reproductive Maternal Child and Adolescent Health, MAMTA Health Institute for Mother and Child, B-5, Greater Kailash Enclave II, Greater Kailash, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Bhardwaj
- Department of Reproductive Maternal Child and Adolescent Health, MAMTA Health Institute for Mother and Child, B-5, Greater Kailash Enclave II, Greater Kailash, New Delhi, India
| | - Kanishtha Arora
- Department of Reproductive Maternal Child and Adolescent Health, MAMTA Health Institute for Mother and Child, B-5, Greater Kailash Enclave II, Greater Kailash, New Delhi, India
| | - Faiyaz Akhtar
- Department of Reproductive Maternal Child and Adolescent Health, MAMTA Health Institute for Mother and Child, B-5, Greater Kailash Enclave II, Greater Kailash, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Mehra
- Department of Reproductive Maternal Child and Adolescent Health, MAMTA Health Institute for Mother and Child, B-5, Greater Kailash Enclave II, Greater Kailash, New Delhi, India
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Khanal V, Bista S, Mishra SR, Lee AH. Dissecting antenatal care inequalities in western Nepal: insights from a community-based cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:521. [PMID: 37460948 PMCID: PMC10353079 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05841-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antenatal care (ANC) ensures continuity of care in maternal and foetal health. Understanding the quality and timing of antenatal care (ANC) is important to further progress maternal health in Nepal. This study aimed to investigate the proportion of and factors associated with, key ANC services in western Nepal. METHODS Data from a community-based cohort study were utilized to evaluate the major ANC service outcomes: (i) three or less ANC visits (underutilization) (ii) late initiation (≥ 4 months) and (iii) suboptimal ANC (< 8 quality indicators). Mothers were recruited and interviewed within 30 days of childbirth. The outcomes and the factors associated with them were reported using frequency distribution and multiple logistic regressions, respectively. RESULTS Only 7.5% of 735 mothers reported not attending any ANC visits. While only a quarter (23.77%) of mothers reported under-utilizing ANC, more than half of the women (55.21%) initiated ANC visits late, and one-third (33.8%) received suboptimal ANC quality. A total of seven factors were associated with the suboptimal ANC. Mothers with lower education attainment, residing in rural areas, and those who received service at home, were more likely to attain three or less ANC visits, late initiation of ANC, and report receiving suboptimal ANC. Furthermore, mothers from poor family backgrounds appeared to initiate ANC late. Mothers from disadvantaged Madhesi communities tended to receive suboptimal ANC. CONCLUSIONS Despite a high ANC attendance, a significant proportion of mothers had initiated ANC late and received suboptimal care. There is a need to tailor ANC services to better support women from Madhesi ethnic community, as well as those with poor and less educated backgrounds to reduce the inequalities in maternal health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Khanal
- Nepal Development Society, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal.
| | - Sangita Bista
- Independent Public Health Consultant, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Andy H Lee
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Kumaravel KS, Anurekha V, Palanivelraja T, Gobinathan S, Gowri M, Ramya S. The Out-of-pocket Expenditures Incurred during Neonatal Hospitalization in a Public Hospital in Tamil Nadu - A Cross-Sectional Study. Indian J Community Med 2023; 48:615-618. [PMID: 37662121 PMCID: PMC10470577 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_702_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background For effective policy making, it is important to understand out of pocket costs incurred in neonatal admissions in public hospitals. This cross sectional study was conducted with an objective to estimate out of pocket expenses expended on neonates and attenders during neonatal hospitalizations in a tertiary care referral hospital. Material and Methods The data were collected using a pretested and semi structured questionnaire in 298 neonates during July'2022. Expenditures were reported as median values with interquartile range (IQR) and compared using the Kruskal Wallis test. Result On analyzing the results, there were no direct medical costs. The median cost spent on food per day, transport during the stay, non medical expenses per day, and total expenses per day were Rs. 300 (IQR 200, 500), Rs. 1000 (500, 1500), Rs. 500 (333, 896), and Rs. 1080 (800, 1533), respectively. Higher expenses were associated with preterm, low birth weight, neonatal seizures, and longer stay (P values <0.001, 0.028, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively). About 9.39% and 1% of the families were found to be catastrophic health expenditures at 10% and 25% threshold levels, respectively. Conclusion To conclude, all the direct medical costs were borne by the caregiver. However, some non medical and indirect costs are associated with neonatal hospitalizations in public hospitals and cash benefit schemes can offset them.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S Kumaravel
- Department of Pediatrics, Govt. Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V Anurekha
- Department of Pediatrics, Govt. Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T Palanivelraja
- Department of Pediatrics, Govt. Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Gobinathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Govt. Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Gowri
- Department of Pediatrics, Govt. Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Ramya
- Department of Community Medicine, Govt. Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
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Mor N, Shukla SK. Estimating funds required for UHC within Indian States. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2023; 13:100165. [PMID: 37383553 PMCID: PMC10305866 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Background Universal Health Coverage (UHC) has been high on national and international agendas since its adoption as one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Within India, there is a wide variation in the total amounts per capita spent by each state government (Government Health Expenditure or GHE) on healthcare. Bihar, with a GHE of 556 per capita (per annum), has the lowest state government spending, but there are many states in which governments spend more than four times that amount on a per capita basis. However, despite this, no state offers UHC to its residents. This failure to provide UHC could be because even the highest amounts spent by the state governments are too low for them to offer UHC or because the cost differences between states are very high. It is also possible, however, that a poor design of the government-owned health system and the degree of waste embedded within it could account for this. It is important to understand which of these factors is responsible because it then provides a clue as to what the best path to UHC might be in each state. Methods One way to do that would be to arrive at one or more broad estimates of the amounts needed to finance UHC and to compare them with actual amounts being spent by the governments in each state. Older research provides two such estimates. In this paper, using secondary data, we add to them using four additional approaches so that we can build greater confidence in the estimation of amounts needed by each state to offer UHC to its residents. We refer to these as Outside-in, Actuarial, Normative, and Inside-Out. Findings We find that, with the exception of the approach which assumes that the current design of the government health system is optimal and only needs added investment to offer UHC (the Inside-out approach), all the other approaches give a value of between 1302 and 2703 per capita for UHC, with 2000 per capita providing a reasonable point estimate. We also find no evidence to support the view that these estimates are likely to vary between states. Interpretation These results suggest that several Indian states may have an inherent ability to offer UHC with government financing alone and that a high degree of waste and inefficiency in the manner in which government funds are currently being deployed may well be behind their apparent inability to do so already. Another implication of these results is that several states may also be further away from the goal of offering UHC than an initial analysis of their GHE as a proportion of their Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), i.e., GHE/GSDP, may suggest. Of particular concern are the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh, all of which have GHE/GSDP greater than 1%, but because their absolute levels of GHE are well below 2000, in order to reach UHC, they may need to more than triple their annual health budgets. Funding The Christian Medical College Vellore supported the second author (Sudheer Kumar Shukla) through a grant from the Infosys Foundation. Neither of these two entities had any role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, interpretation, writing of the manuscript, or the decision to submit it for publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket Mor
- Banyan Academy of Leadership in Mental Health, India
| | - Sudheer Kumar Shukla
- Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India
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Mor N, Ananth B, Ambalam V, Edassery A, Meher A, Tiwari P, Sonawane V, Mahajani A, Mathur K, Parekh A, Dharmaraju R. Evolution of community health workers: the fourth stage. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1209673. [PMID: 37333563 PMCID: PMC10270722 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1209673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Comprehensive primary care is a key component of any good health system. Designers need to incorporate the Starfield requirements of (i) a defined population, (ii) comprehensive range, (iii) continuity of services, and (iv) easy accessibility, as well as address several related issues. They also need to keep in mind that the classical British GP model, because of the severe challenges of physician availability, is all but infeasible for most developing countries. There is, therefore, an urgent need for them to find a new approach which offers comparable, possibly even superior, outcomes. The next evolutionary stage of the traditional Community health worker (CHW) model may well offer them one such approach. Methods We suggest that there are potentially four stages in the evolution of the CHW - the health messenger, the physician extender, the focused provider, and the comprehensive provider. In the latter two stages, the physician becomes much more of an adjunct figure, unlike in the first two, where the physician is at the center. We examine the comprehensive provider stage (stage 4) with the help of programs that have attempted to explore this stage, using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) developed by Ragin. Starting with the 4 Starfield principles, we first arrive at 17 potential characteristics that could be important. Based on a careful reading of the six programs, we then attempt to determine the characteristics that apply to each program. Using this data, we look across all the programs to ascertain which of these characteristics are important to the success of these six programs. Using a truth table, we then compare the programs which have more than 80% of the characteristics with those that have fewer than 80%, to identify characteristics that distinguish between them. Using these methods, we analyse two global programs and four Indian ones. Results Our analysis suggests that the global Alaskan and Iranian, and the Indian Dvara Health and Swasthya Swaraj programs incorporate more than 80% (> 14) of the 17 characteristics. Of these 17, there are 6 foundational characteristics that are present in all the six stage 4 programs discussed in this study. These include (i) close supervision of the CHW; (ii) care coordination for treatment not directly provided by the CHW; (iii) defined referral pathways to be used to guide referrals; (iv) medication management which closes the loop with patients on all the medicines that they need both immediately and on an ongoing basis (the only characteristic which needs engagement with a licensed physician); (v) proactive care: which ensures adherence to treatment plans; and (vi) cost-effectiveness in the use of scarce physician and financial resources. When comparing between programs, we find that the five essential added elements of a high-performance stage 4 program are (i) the full empanelment of a defined population; (ii) their comprehensive assessment, (iii) risk stratification so that the focus can be on the high-risk individuals, (iv) the use of carefully defined care protocols, and (v) the use of cultural wisdom both to learn from the community and to work with them to persuade them to adhere to treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiket Mor
- Banyan Academy of Leadership in Mental Health, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amishi Parekh
- Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Technology Park, Bengaluru, India
| | - Raghu Dharmaraju
- Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Technology Park, Bengaluru, India
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Singh A, Kumar V, Singh H, Chowdhury S, Sharma S. Assessing the coverage of full antenatal care among adolescent mothers from scheduled tribe and scheduled caste communities in India. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:798. [PMID: 37127687 PMCID: PMC10150462 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The persistently high rates of maternal mortality and morbidity among historically marginalised social groups, such as adolescent Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in India, can be attributed, in part, to the low utilisation of full antenatal healthcare services. Despite efforts by the Indian government, full antenatal care (ANC) usage remains low among this population. To address this issue, it is crucial to determine the factors that influence the utilisation of ANC services among adolescent SC/ST mothers. However, to date, no national-level comprehensive study in India has specifically examined this issue for this population. Our study aims to address this research gap and contribute to the understanding of how to improve the utilisation of ANC services among adolescent SC/ST mothers in India. DATA AND METHODS Data from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey 2015-16 (NFHS-4) was used. The outcome variable was full antenatal care (ANC). A pregnant mother was considered to have 'full ANC' only when she had at least four ANC visits, at least two tetanus toxoid (TT) injections, and consumed 100 or more iron-folic acid (IFA) tablets/syrup during her pregnancy. Bivariate analysis was used to examine the disparity in the coverage of full ANC. In addition, binary logistic regression was used to understand the net effect of predictor variables on the coverage of full ANC. RESULTS The utilisation of full antenatal care (ANC) among adolescent SC/ST mothers was inadequate, with only 18% receiving full ANC. Although 83% of Indian adolescent SC/ST mothers received two or more TT injections, the utilisation of the other two vital components of full ANC was low, with only 46% making four or more ANC visits and 28% consuming the recommended number of IFA tablets or equivalent amount of IFA syrup. There were statistically significant differences in the utilisation of full ANC based on the background characteristics of the participants. The statistical analysis showed that there was a significant association between the receipt of full ANC and factors such as religion (OR = 0.143, CI = 0.044-0.459), household wealth (OR = 5.505, CI = 1.804-16.800), interaction with frontline health workers (OR = 1.821, CI = 1.241-2.670), and region of residence in the Southern region (OR = 3.575, CI = 1.917-6.664). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the study highlights the low utilisation of full antenatal care services among Indian adolescent SC/ST mothers, with only a minority receiving the recommended number of ANC visits and consuming the required amount of IFA tablets/syrup. Addressing social determinants of health and recognising the role of frontline workers can be crucial in improving full ANC coverage among this vulnerable population. Furthermore, targeted interventions tailored to the unique needs of different subgroups of adolescent SC/ST mothers are necessary to achieve optimal maternal and child health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Singh
- Department of Geography, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
- External Research Collaborator, Girl Innovation, Research and Learning (GIRL) Centre, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Department of Geography, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Geography, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sourav Chowdhury
- Department of Geography, Raiganj University, Raiganj, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjana Sharma
- Department of Geography, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sharma S, Singh L, Yadav J, Gupta U, Singh KJ, Rao MVV. Impact of COVID-19 on utilization of maternal and child health services in India: Health management information system data analysis. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2023; 21:101285. [PMID: 37064822 PMCID: PMC10063524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Studies globally have documented the impact of COVID 19 on maternal and newborn health services. This study assesses the impact of COVID-19 on essential maternal and child health (MCH) services in India based on the national Health Management Information System (HMIS). Methods Present retrospective study used secondary data analysis upon the routinely collected data accessed from Health Management Information System. Microdata on maternal and newborn indicators was extracted for all states between April and June during 2019, 2020 and 2021. Relative change for each indicator were taken into consideration for the year 2020 and 2021; with respect to the outcomes in 2019. Results Compared to 2019, antenatal care registrations saw a decline in all states for both periods in 2020 and 2021 except for Sikkim, Telangana, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. Similarly, the relative changes in 2019 pertaining to the proportion of pregnant women provided with emergency obstetric care for pregnancy complications registered a decline in all states except for Himachal Pradesh, Telangana and Arunachal Pradesh. There was a decreasing trend noted in institutional deliveries in 2020 and 2021 among all major states. However, an increasing trend was seen in the number of immunization sessions held among all major states. Conclusion The study demonstrates a disruption in service delivery during the lockdown period in the first wave and the peak of the second wave. Further qualitative studies need to be undertaken to generate evidence for maintaining continuum of care during a pandemic situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Lucky Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Jeetendra Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Urvashi Gupta
- ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
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Odusina EK, Oladele OS. Is there a link between the autonomy of women and maternal healthcare utilization in Nigeria? A cross-sectional survey. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:167. [PMID: 37024823 PMCID: PMC10080757 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite legislation and intervention programmes, the rates of maternal and child mortality in Nigeria remain high. Sustainable development goals on mother and child mortality would be a mirage if this continues. The study investigated the autonomy of women (women's decision-making autonomy) and the use of maternal health-care services in Nigeria. METHODS Secondary data obtained from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, 2018 were used in this investigation. Women who indicated they gave birth in the five-year before the surveys were considered in the study. The association between autonomy of women and maternal health-care utilization was studied using binary logistic regression models. RESULTS In total, about one-fifth of the women (19.6%) indicated they had at least eight ANC visits for their most recent birth. Overall, 40.5% of the women gave birth in a health institution, and 20.1% went for postnatal checkups. The use of health-care services was significantly related to the autonomy of women. Women's and husbands/partners' educational levels, residency and ethnicity were socio-demographic characteristics that influenced women's healthcare service consumption. CONCLUSIONS For most recent childbirth, most women did not utilise the health-care services in Nigeria. To enhance the autonomy of women and, as a result, maternal health-care services use in Nigeria, effective interventions, policies, and programmes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kolawole Odusina
- Department of Demography and Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwarotimi Samuel Oladele
- Department of Demography and Social Statistics, Faculty of Social Sciences, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
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Awoke SM, Tesfaw LM, Derebe MA, Fenta HM. Spatiotemporal distribution and bivariate binary analysis of antenatal and delivery care utilizations in Ethiopia: EDHS 2000-2016. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:499. [PMID: 36922794 PMCID: PMC10015697 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antenatal care (ANC) is a maternal health care service given by skilled health professionals to pregnant women. Women may give birth at home or in health institutions. Home delivery care (DC) increases the likelihood of mortality of the mother and the newborn. Globally, each year nearly 303,000 maternal deaths occurred from complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Ethiopia alone accounted for 13,000 deaths, which disproportionately affects women living in different places of the country. Thus, this study aimed to assess the spatiotemporal patterns and associated factors of antenatal and delivery care utilization in Ethiopia. METHOD This study used the 2000 to 2016 EDHS (Ethiopian and Demographic Health Survey) data as a source. A total weighted sample of 30,762 women (7966 in 2000, 7297 in 2005, 7908 in 2011, and 7591 in 2016) was used. The separate and bivariate logistic regression analyses with and without the spatial effect were modeled using SAS version 9.4 and ArcGIS version 10.8. RESULTS The spatial distribution of ANC and DC was non-random in Ethiopia. The overall odds ratio of ANC and DC was 2.09. In 2016, 31.8% and 33.2% of women had ANC and DC respectively. The estimated odds of following ANC among mothers from middle and rich households were 1.346 and 1.679 times the estimated odds of following ANC among mothers from poor households respectively. Women who had attained higher education were 1.56 and 2.03 times more likely to have ANC and DC respectively compared to women who had no formal education. CONCLUSIONS Despite the government's report that women now have better access to maternal health care, a sizable proportion of women continue to give birth at home without going to the advised antenatal care appointment. Women and husbands with low education, having non-working partners, religion, regions of dwelling, residing in rural, lower birth order, low birth interval, unable to access mass media, low wealth status, and earlier EDHS survey years were significant predictors that hinder antenatal and delivery care utilization simultaneously in Ethiopia. Whereas the spatial variable significantly affects antenatal care and being unable to access mobile phones lead to low utilization of delivery care. We recommend that policymakers, planners, and researchers consider these variables and the spatiotemporal distribution of ANC and DC to reduce maternal mortality in Ethiopia. Besides, it is recommended that further studies use the latest EDHS survey data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lijalem Melie Tesfaw
- Departement of Statistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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22
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Moradhvaj, Samir KC. Differential impact of maternal education on under-five mortality in rural and urban India. Health Place 2023; 80:102987. [PMID: 36801652 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) differs by rural-urban place of residence and mother's education; however, the rural-urban gap in U5MR by mother's educational attainment is unclear in the existing literature. Using five rounds of the national family health surveys (NFHS I-V) conducted between 1992-93 and 2019-21 in India, this study estimated the main and interaction effects of rural-urban and maternal education on U5MR. The mixed effect Cox proportional hazard (MECPH) model was used to predict the risk of under-five mortality (U5M). The finding shows that unadjusted U5MR remained 50 per cent higher in rural areas than in urban areas across the surveys. Whereas, after controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and maternal health care predictors of U5M, the MECPH regression results indicated that urban children had a higher risk of death than their rural counterparts in NFHS I-III. However, there are no significant rural-urban differences in the last two surveys (NFHS IV -V). In addition, increasing maternal education levels were associated with lower U5M in all surveys. Though, in recent years, primary education has had no significant effect. The U5M risk was additionally lower for urban children than rural children whose mothers had secondary and higher education by NFHS-III; however, this additional urban advantage was no longer significant in recent surveys. The higher impact of secondary education on U5MR in urban areas in the past may be attributed to poor socio-economic, healthcare conditions in rural areas. Overall, maternal education, particularly secondary education, remained a protective factor for U5M in both rural and urban areas, even after controlling for predictors. Therefore, there is a need to increase the focus on secondary education for girls for a further decline in U5M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moradhvaj
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria; Vienna Institute of Demography of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, VID/OAW, WU), Vienna, Austria.
| | - K C Samir
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria; Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, VID/OAW, WU), Vienna, Austria; Asian Demographic Research Institute (ADRI) at Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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23
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Chilot D, Belay DG, Ferede TA, Shitu K, Asratie MH, Ambachew S, Shibabaw YY, Geberu DM, Deresse M, Alem AZ. Pooled prevalence and determinants of antenatal care visits in countries with high maternal mortality: A multi-country analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1035759. [PMID: 36794067 PMCID: PMC9923119 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1035759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of maternal and child deaths and disabilities, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Timely and frequent antenatal care prevents these burdens by promoting existing disease treatments, vaccination, iron supplementation, and HIV counseling and testing during pregnancy. Many factors could contribute to optimal ANC utilization remaining below targets in countries with high maternal mortality. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of optimal ANC utilization by using nationally representative surveys of countries with high maternal mortality. Methods Secondary data analysis was done using recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data of 27 countries with high maternal mortality. The multilevel binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify significantly associated factors. Variables were extracted from the individual record (IR) files of from each of the 27 countries. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value of ≤0.05 in the multivariable model were used to declare significant factors associated with optimal ANC utilization. Result The pooled prevalence of optimal ANC utilization in countries with high maternal mortality was 55.66% (95% CI: 47.48-63.85). Several determinants at the individual and community level were significantly associated with optimal ANC utilization. Mothers aged 25-34 years, mothers aged 35-49 years, mothers who had formal education, working mothers, women who are married, had media access, households of middle-wealth quintile, richest household, history of pregnancy termination, female household head, and high community education were positively associated with optimal ANC visits in countries with high maternal mortality, whereas being rural residents, unwanted pregnancy, having birth order 2-5, and birth order >5 were negatively associated. Conclusion and recommendations Optimal ANC utilization in countries with high maternal mortality was relatively low. Both individual-level factors and community-level factors were significantly associated with ANC utilization. Policymakers, stakeholders, and health professionals should give special attention and intervene by targeting rural residents, uneducated mothers, economically poor women, and other significant factors this study revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmawi Chilot
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,Department of Human Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia,*Correspondence: Dagmawi Chilot ✉
| | - Daniel Gashaneh Belay
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Health Science, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tigist Andargie Ferede
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Health Science, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Kegnie Shitu
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Hunie Asratie
- Department of Women and Family Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sintayehu Ambachew
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yadelew Yimer Shibabaw
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Demiss Mulatu Geberu
- Department of Health Systems and Policy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melkamu Deresse
- Department of Physiotherapy, St. Peter's Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugnaw Zeleke Alem
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Health Science, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Nagdev N, Ogbo FA, Dhami MV, Diallo T, Lim D, Agho KE. Factors associated with inadequate receipt of components and non-use of antenatal care services in India: a regional analysis. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:6. [PMID: 36597104 PMCID: PMC9808929 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14812-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure to use antenatal care (ANC) and inadequate receipt of components of ANC pose a significant risk for the pregnant woman and the baby. This study aimed to examine a regional analysis of factors associated with receiving no ANC and inadequate receipt of components of ANC services among Indian women. METHOD Information from 173,970 women of reproductive age 15-49 years from the 2019-21 India National Family Health Survey (NFSH-5) was analysed. Logistic regression analyses that adjusted for cluster and survey weights were conducted to assess the socio-demographic and other factors associated with receiving non-use of ANC and inadequate receipt of components of ANC, respectively, in the six regions and 28 states, and 8 union territories in India. RESULTS Across regions in India, 7% of women reported no ANC, and the prevalence of inadequate and adequate receipt of components of ANC in all six regions ranged from 67 to 89% and 8% to 24%, respectively. Of all the 36 federated entities, the prevalence of inadequate receipt of ANC components was less than two-thirds in Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andaman and the Nicobar Islands, Odisha, and Gujarat. Our analyses revealed that associated factors vary by region, state, and union territories. Women from poor households reported increased odds of receiving no ANC in North, East and North-eastern regions. Women who reported no schooling in South, East and Central regions were associated with increased odds of receiving no ANC. Women from poor households in Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh states reported significantly higher odds of inadequate components ANC than women from rich households. The receipt of inadequate components of ANC was significantly higher among women who never read magazines in Delhi, Ladakh, Karnataka, Telangana, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Mizoram states in India. CONCLUSION A better understanding of the factors associated with and incorporating them into the short- and long-term intervention strategies, including free financial support from the Indian government to encourage pregnant women from lower socioeconomic groups to use health services across all regions, states and union territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilu Nagdev
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2571 Australia
| | - Felix Akpojene Ogbo
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Narellan Road and Gilchrist Drive, Campbelltown, NSW 2560 Australia ,Riverland Academy of Clinical Excellence (RACE), Riverland Mallee Coorong Local Health Network, SA Health
- Government of South Australia, Berri, SA 5343 Australia ,Patrick Street Family Practice, 8-22 Patrick Street, PO Box 491, Stawell, VIC 3380 Australia
| | - Mansi Vijaybhai Dhami
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Narellan Road and Gilchrist Drive, Campbelltown, NSW 2560 Australia ,grid.460685.90000 0004 0640 206XBelmont Hospital, 16 Croudace Bay Road, Belmont, NSW 2280 Australia
| | - Thierno Diallo
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719Humanitarian & Development Studies, School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
| | - David Lim
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2571 Australia ,grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Narellan Road and Gilchrist Drive, Campbelltown, NSW 2560 Australia
| | - Kingsley E. Agho
- grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2571 Australia ,grid.1029.a0000 0000 9939 5719Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Narellan Road and Gilchrist Drive, Campbelltown, NSW 2560 Australia ,grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123African Vision Research Institute (AVRI), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 3629 South Africa
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Thakkar N, Alam P, Saxena D. Factors associated with underutilization of antenatal care in India: Results from 2019-2021 National Family Health Survey. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285454. [PMID: 37155665 PMCID: PMC10166529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite progress in recent years, full antenatal care utilization in India continues to be relatively low and inequitable, particularly between states and districts. In 2015-2016, for example, only 51% of women aged 15-49 in India attended antenatal care at least four times during pregnancy. Using data from the fifth iteration of India's National Family Health Survey, our study aims to explore factors related to the underutilization of antenatal care in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from the most recent live birth in the past five years among women aged 15-49 years were included in our analysis (n = 172,702). Our outcome variable was "adequate antenatal care visits", defined as four or more antenatal visits. Utilizing Andersen's behavioral model, 14 factors were identified as possible explanatory variables. We used univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression models to analyze the association between explanatory variables and adequate visits. Associations were considered statistically significant if p<0.05. RESULTS Of the 172,702 women in our sample, 40.75% (95% CI: 40.31-41.18%) had an inadequate number of antenatal care visits. In multivariate analysis, women with less formal education, from poorer households and more rural areas had higher odds of inadequate visits. Regionally, women from Northeastern and Central states had higher odds of inadequate antenatal care utilization compared to those from Southern states. Caste, birth order, and pregnancy intention were also among the variables associated with utilization of antenatal care. DISCUSSION Despite improvements in antenatal care utilization, there is cause for concern. Notably, the percentage of Indian women receiving adequate antenatal care visits is still below the global average. Our analysis also reveals a continuity in the groups of women at highest risk for inadequate visits, which may be due to structural drivers of inequality in healthcare access. To improve maternal health and access to antenatal care services, interventions aimed at poverty alleviation, infrastructure development, and education should be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandan Thakkar
- Office of Graduate Education, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Prima Alam
- Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Indian Institute of Public Health-Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Ayalew HG, Asefa KT, Liyew AM. Determinants of recommended antenatal care visits among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a generalized linear mixed-effects modeling. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:867. [PMID: 36419025 PMCID: PMC9685851 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-05213-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although antenatal care has the potential role to reduce maternal and child morbidity and mortality, utilization of a recommended number of antenatal care visits is still low in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the determinants of recommended antenatal care visits in Ethiopia. METHOD Data from the 2019 mini-Ethiopian demographic and health survey (MEDHS) was used for this study. A total of 3916 women who gave birth 5 years preceding the MEDHS were included. A generalized linear mixed-effects (mixed-effects logistic regression) model was used to identify the determinants of recommended antenatal care service utilization. Finally, the adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and random effects were reported. RESULTS In the generalized linear mixed-effects model, women with primary education (AOR = 1.55, 95%CI 1.22-2.01), secondary and above education (AOR = 5.12, 95%CI 2.80-8.16), women from the middle (AOR = 1.25, 95%CI 1.01-1.71) and rich wealth index (AOR = 1.54, 95%CI 1.12-2.25), women who were exposed to media (AOR = 1.23,95%CI 1.01-1.57) and who use contraception (AOR = 1.45 95%CI 1.25-2.03), had higher odds of recommended antenatal care service utilization. CONCLUSION In this study, factors like maternal educational status, media exposure, wealth index and history of contraceptive utilization were significantly associated with recommended ANC visits in Ethiopia. Therefore, encouraging women for contraceptive service utilization, consulting women to be exposed to media and improving women's wealth status will help to have recommended number of ANC visits by pregnant women in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwotie Getaneh Ayalew
- grid.467130.70000 0004 0515 5212Department of midwifery, school of nursing and midwifery, college of medicine and health sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Kibir Temesgen Asefa
- grid.467130.70000 0004 0515 5212Department of midwifery, school of nursing and midwifery, college of medicine and health sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Alemneh Mekuriaw Liyew
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Giri S, Sahoo S, Angadi S, Afzalpurkar S, Sundaram S, Bhrugumalla S. Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Among Pregnant Women in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:1408-1419. [PMID: 36340309 PMCID: PMC9630021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during pregnancy is associated with perinatal transmission contributing to the pool of HBV infection in the population. There is a wide variation in the reported data on the seroprevalence of HBV in pregnant patients from various parts of India. Hence, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the pooled seroprevalence of HBV and its associated demographic factors. Methods A comprehensive literature search of Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted from January 2000 to April 2022 for studies evaluating the prevalence of HBV in pregnant patients from India. Results A total of 44 studies with data on 272,595 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in pregnant women was 1.6% [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4-1.8]. Among patients with HBsAg positivity, the pooled prevalence of hepatitis B e antigen was 26.0% (95%CI 17.4-34.7). There was no significant difference in the odds of HBV seroprevalence based on the age (<25 years vs. > 25 years) [odds ratio (OR) 1.07, 95%CI 0.74-1.55], parity (primipara vs. multipara) (OR 1.09, 95%CI 0.70-1.70) or area of residence (urban vs. rural) (OR 0.88, 95%CI 0.56-1.39). However, the odds of HBV seroprevalence in those with no or primary education was higher than in those with secondary level education or higher (OR 2.29, 95%CI 1.24-4.23). Prior history of risk factors was present in 13.5-22.7% of patients indicating a vertical mode of acquisition. Conclusion There is a low endemicity of HBV among pregnant women in India. Risk factors are seen in less than 25% of the cases, indicating vertical transmission as the predominant mode of acquisition, which can be reduced by improving vaccination coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Giri
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shradhanjali Sahoo
- Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Fernandez Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sumaswi Angadi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shivaraj Afzalpurkar
- Institute of Gastrosciences and Liver, Apollo Multispecialty Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | - Sridhar Sundaram
- Department of Digestive Disease & Clinical Nutrition, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sukanya Bhrugumalla
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Child Survival Crisis Due to Maternal Undernourishment During the COVID Era. Cureus 2022; 14:e31823. [PMID: 36579224 PMCID: PMC9788799 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused a global crisis, creating the most challenging times faced by any country. The pandemic created a situation that shocked the whole world. It led to a condition of fear, and the ones to take the major hit were the vulnerable groups: children, pregnant women, and the elderly, as well as those belonging to low socio-economic groups who lost their source of daily income. It increased the pressure on already burdened healthcare and information systems and led to a situation where the well-being of even children and pregnant women could not be maintained. COVID-19 increased the risk of undernutrition in children. Though children are observed to be less affected by the virus, they are the hidden victims of the pandemic in terms of falling prey to undernutrition. Child undernutrition can also be linked to maternal malnutrition, starting from the preconception period through the postpartum period. The situation arose due to the rapid steps of mitigation taken to tackle the pandemic, leading to decreased food security, healthcare, and education. Maternal undernutrition leads to complications for the mother during childbirth and has long-term effects on both. It can lead to low birth weight (LBW) babies, postpartum complications, chronic child undernourishment, and even increased maternal and child mortality and morbidity. Because of the pandemic's disruption of immunization facilities, it appears that even preventable childhood diseases will worsen in the coming years. In these post-COVID-19 times, it has become necessary to take measures to improve the overall health status of the population, with special regard to these vulnerable groups. Proper maternal and child health should be targeted at community levels by introducing interventions that prioritize antenatal and postnatal care, nutritional education, immunization of both mother and child, and proper health and sanitation practices. The purpose of this narrative review is to create awareness about the child survival crisis that may occur in the coming years due to undernutrition and the failure of immunization.
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Raj P, Gupta N. A Review of the National Family Health Survey Data in Addressing India’s Maternal Health Situation. Public Health Rev 2022; 43:1604825. [DOI: 10.3389/phrs.2022.1604825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to understand the trend of research conducted on issues of maternal health in India considering data provided in five rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS).Methods: Systematic review of literature has been conducted using multi-stage search and review process adapted from Page et al.’s (2021) PRISMA. Initially 14,570 studies were identified and only 134 articles meeting selection criterion were considered in this study.Results: Approximately 32% studies have focused on regional and state variation of maternal health status; while 27% dealt with utilization of maternal healthcare services; and 19% the socio-economic determinants of maternal health. While few studies have discussed the place of delivery, antenatal care and post-natal care visits, only five studies focus on issues related to women’s autonomy, including their health-seeking behaviour, knowledge, attitude and practices related to maternal health.Conclusion: Non-communicable diseases and its role in maternal health still remains an unexplored domain of research on maternal health in India. Moreover, there exists geographical skewness in the number of studies conducted, focusing especially on few provinces while none on few others.
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Das M, Jana A, Muhammad T. Understanding the associations between maternal high-risk fertility behaviour and child nutrition levels in India: evidence from the National Family Health Survey 2015-2016. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17742. [PMID: 36273013 PMCID: PMC9588050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropometric markers are the most important aspect of a child's health assessment. Using large-scale nationally representative data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-2016, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between children born to women with high-risk fertility behaviours and children's health outcomes. The sample consisted of 2,55,726 children of currently married women aged 15-49 years in India. The key explanatory variable, high-risk fertility behaviour was defined by women's age at birth (below 18 or above 34 years), birth interval (less than 24 months), and higher birth orders (four and above). The key outcome variables for assessing child health outcomes were stunting, wasting, and underweight in children aged 0-59 months. We used descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square test and logistic regression models to analyse the objectives. Approximately 33% of children were born with any single high-risk condition in the last 5 years in India. The bivariate analysis showed that all three components of child health, stunting, wasting, and underweight, were higher among children born to women with high-risk fertility behaviour. The findings from the multivariable analysis suggest that children born with a high risk fertility behaviour were suffering from stunting (AOR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.27-1.33) and underweight (AOR = 1.23; 95% CI 1.20-1.27). In addition, children born to women of multiple high-risk categories had higher odds of stunting (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI 1.46-1.59) and underweight (AOR = 1.38; 95% CI 1.32-1.44) as compared to children born to women with no risk. Our findings highlight an urgent need for effective legislation to prevent child marriage that would be helpful in increasing the maternal age at birth. The government should also focus on the interventions in health education and improvement of reproductive healthcare to promote optimal birth spacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Das
- grid.419349.20000 0001 0613 2600International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, India
| | - Arup Jana
- grid.419349.20000 0001 0613 2600International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, India
| | - T. Muhammad
- grid.419349.20000 0001 0613 2600International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, India
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Datta B, Pandey A, Tiwari A. Child Marriage and Problems Accessing Healthcare in Adulthood: Evidence from India. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10101994. [PMID: 36292439 PMCID: PMC9601764 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10101994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between child marriage and the access to or utilization of maternal and antenatal healthcare has been widely studied. However, little is known about child brides' access to healthcare for illnesses later in life. Using data on 496,283 married women aged 18 to 49 years from the India National Family and Health Survey 2015-2016, we developed an 11-point composite score (ranging from 0 to 10) outlining the extent of problems accessing healthcare, as follows: (i) no/little problem (score 0 to 2), (ii) some problems (score 3 to 6), and (iii) big problems (score 7 to 10). The differences between child brides and their peers married as adults were assessed by the relative risk ratios obtained from multinomial logistic regressions. The adjusted risk of having "some problems" and "big problems" accessing healthcare relative to "no/little problem" for child brides was found to be 1.22 (95% CI: 1.20-1.25) and 1.26 (95% CI: 1.22-1.29) times that of those married as adults, respectively. These findings highlight the disproportionate barriers to healthcare access faced by women married as children compared to women married as adults and the need for further research to inform policies regarding effective public health interventions to improve healthcare access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Datta
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ajay Pandey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ashwini Tiwari
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Rai RK, Barik A, Chowdhury A. Use of antenatal and delivery care services and their association with maternal and infant mortality in rural India. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16490. [PMID: 36192467 PMCID: PMC9529891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimum use of antenatal care (ANC) and delivery care services could reduce morbidity and mortality among prospective mothers and their children. However, the role of ANC and delivery services in prevention of both maternal and child mortality is poorly understood, primarily because of dearth of prospective cohort data. Using a ten-years population-based prospective cohort data, this study examined the use of ANC and delivery services and their association with maternal and infant mortality in rural India. Descriptive statistics were estimated, and multivariable logistic regression modelling was used to attain the study objective. Findings revealed that consumption of ≥ 100 iron-and-folic acid (IFA) tablet/equivalent syrup during pregnancy had a protective association with maternal and infant mortality. Lack of maternal blood group checks during pregnancy was associated with increased odds of the death of infants. Caesarean/forceps delivery and delivery conducted by untrained personnel were associated with increased odds of maternal mortality. Findings from this study reemphasizes on increasing coverage and consumption of IFA tablets/equivalent syrup. Improved ANC and delivery services and increased uptake of all types of ANC and delivery care services are equally important for improvement in maternal and child survival in rural India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Rai
- Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany. .,Centre for Modern Indian Studies, University of Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany. .,Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, West Bengal, 731101, India. .,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Anamitra Barik
- Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, West Bengal, 731101, India.,Suri District Hospital, Suri, West Bengal, 731101, India
| | - Abhijit Chowdhury
- Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, West Bengal, 731101, India.,School of Digestive and Liver Disease, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700020, India.,John C Martin Centre for Liver Research and Innovations, Indian Institute of Liver and Digestive Sciences, Liver Foundation West Bengal, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700150, India
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Gomindes AR, Bhakthavalsalan R, Sharma U, Johnston SL, Naushad A. Prevalence of High-Risk Pregnancy Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Camps in Primary Health Centres in Kinaye and Vantamuri and Their Sub-Centres. Cureus 2022; 14:e27355. [PMID: 36046327 PMCID: PMC9417325 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Identifying pregnancy-related complications and high-risk pregnancies early on and effectively managing care for these pregnant women through a holistic approach guided by the main objectives of antenatal care (ANC) and efficient, good-quality health care through ANC services can reduce the risk of pregnancy-related complications, being favourable for both mother and child. This study was intended to identify the percentage of pregnant women in high-risk groups attending ANC clinics. Objective This study’s aim was to understand the prevalence of high-risk pregnancies in women attending ANC camps in Kinaye and Vantamuri villages in Belagavi, India. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in a primary healthcare (PHC) setting that included all pregnant women attending antenatal camps and residing in the same areas. With a total study sample size of 200, consisting of pregnant women attending ANC camps in Kinaye and Vantamuri PHC, the data were collected using a pre-tested, pre-designed questionnaire after obtaining written informed consent from the participating pregnant women. Results The data were analysed using a chi-square test to uncover the relationship between socio-demographics, obstetric history, medical variables, and high-risk pregnancy. The results demonstrated that 48.5% of women attending ANC clinics were in the high-risk pregnancy group. Conclusion Pregnancy outcomes are greatly affected by a woman’s socio-demographic, obstetric, and medical variables. The WHO recommends a minimum of four ANC visits to safely identify and mitigate the risks and complications of high-risk pregnancy to ensure positive outcomes for both mothers and children.
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Krishnamoorthy Y, Rehman T. Impact of antenatal care visits on childhood immunization: a propensity score-matched analysis using nationally representative survey. Fam Pract 2022; 39:603-609. [PMID: 34564727 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence has suggested a relationship between antenatal care (ANC) visits and childhood immunization coverage. However, evaluating its impact using observational data suffers from the problem of selection bias. Hence, we adopted propensity score-matched (PSM) analysis for studying the impact of ANC visits on childhood immunization. METHODS Data regarding ANC visits and childhood immunization were collected from a nationally representative survey, National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4). We performed PSM analysis with logit model using the psmatch2 command package in STATA to find the average treatment effect on the population (ATE), treated (ATT), and untreated (ATU). RESULTS In total, 5,430 participants were included in the analysis. Radius matching with caliper width of 0.01 was used to match the groups. The ATT values in the intervention and control groups were 0.71 and 0.47, respectively, indicating that the immunization coverage was increased by 24% because of ANC visits. The ATU values in the intervention and control groups were 0.40 and 0.65, respectively. This indicates that for the women who did not make the ANC visits, the chance of getting their children immunized would have increased by 25% if they had made four or more visits. The final ATE estimate was 0.25 among the study participants. Quality of matching was good with no significant difference in characteristics between the two groups. CONCLUSION Findings from our study imply that policymakers in India should focus on further improving the ANC coverage as it has a significant impact on improving childhood immunization coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College & PGIMSR, K.K. Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tanveer Rehman
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Scaria L, Soman B, George B, Ahamed Z, Hariharan S, Jeemon P. Determinants of very low birth weight in India: The National Family Health Survey – 4. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:20. [PMID: 35694198 PMCID: PMC9171295 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17463.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Low birth weight (LBW) is susceptible to neonatal complications, chronic medical conditions, and neurodevelopmental disabilities. We aim to describe the determinants of very low birth weight (VLBW) in India and compare it with the determinants of LBW based on the National Family Health Survey – 4 (NHFS-4)
Methods
Data from the NFHS-4 on birthweight and other socio-demographic characteristics for the youngest child born in the family during the five years preceding the survey were used. Data of 147,762 infant–mother pairs were included. Multiple logistic regression models were employed to delineate the independent predictors of VLBW (birth weight<1500 g) or LBW (birth weight: 1500-2499 g).
Results
Of the 147,762 children included in the study, VLBW and LBW were observed in 1.2% and 15.8% of children, respectively. The odds of VLBW were higher in female children (aOR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.15–1.60), among mothers aged 13–19 years (aOR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.22–2.07), mothers with severe or moderate anaemia (aOR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.34–1.94), mothers without recommended antenatal care (aOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.31–1.90), maternal height less than 150 cm (aOR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.29–1.85) and among mothers with multiple pregnancy (aOR: 21.34, 95% CI: 14.70–30.96) in comparison to their corresponding counterparts. In addition to the variables associated with VLBW, educational status of mothers (no education; aOR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02–1.15 and primary education; aOR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08–1.25), caste of the children (scheduled tribe; aOR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03–1.24), and wealthiness of the family (poorest wealth quintiles; aOR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.03–1.19) were associated with LBW.
Conclusions
Interventions targeting improvements in antenatal care access, maternal health, and nutritional status may reduce the number of VLBW infants. Social determinants of LBW require further detailed study to understand the high propensity of low birth-weight phenotypes in the disadvantaged communities in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liss Scaria
- AMCHSS, Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Biju Soman
- AMCHSS, Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Babu George
- Child Development Centre, Government Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Zulfikar Ahamed
- Child Development Centre, Government Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Sankar Hariharan
- Pediatrics, Government Medical College, SAT Hospital, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India
| | - Panniyammakal Jeemon
- AMCHSS, Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, 695011, India
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Choorakuttil RM, Rajalingam B, Satarkar SR, Sharma LK, Gupta A, Baghel A, Jain N, Palanisamy D, Shenoy R, Senthilvel K, Dhankar S, Aneja K, Dwivedi S, Nagar S, Soni SK, Chhajer G, Pradeep S, Onkar PM, Skandhan AK, Rajput E, Sharma R, Shentar S, Saboo S, Antony A, Nair MB, Patekar TY, Ahuja B, Patel H, Kunnumal M, Sodani RK, Rao MK, Bhatele P, Kavthale S, Patkar D, Singh R, Chelladurai A, Nirmalan PK. Reducing Perinatal Mortality in India: Two-Years Results of the IRIA Fetal Radiology Samrakshan Program. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2022; 32:30-37. [PMID: 35722649 PMCID: PMC9200467 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1741087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aim The aim of the study is to determine improvements in perinatal mortality at the end of the first 2 years from the initiation of the Samrakshan program of the Indian Radiological and Imaging Association.
Methods Samrakshan is a screening program of pregnant women that uses trimester-specific risk assessment protocols including maternal demographics, mean arterial pressure, and fetal Doppler studies to classify women as high risk or low risk for preterm preeclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). Low dose aspirin 150 mg daily once at bedtime was started for pregnant women identified as high risk in the 11–136/7 weeks screening. The third-trimester screening focused on the staging of FGR and protocol-based management for childbirth and risk assessment for PE. Outcomes of childbirth including gestational age at delivery, development of PE, and perinatal mortality outcomes were collected.
Results Radiologists from 38 districts of 16 states of India participated in the Samrakshan program that screened 2,816 first trimester, 3,267 second trimester, and 3,272 third trimester pregnant women, respectively. At 2 years, preterm PE was identified in 2.76%, preterm births in 19.28%, abnormal Doppler study in 25.76% of third trimester pregnancies, and 75.32% of stage 1 FGR delivered at term. The neonatal mortality rate was 9.86/1,000 live births, perinatal mortality rate was 18.97/1,000 childbirths, and maternal mortality was 58/100,000 live births compared with 29.5, 36, and 113, respectively in 2016.
Conclusion Fetal Doppler integrated antenatal ultrasound studies in Samrakshan led to a significant reduction in preterm PE rates, preterm birth rates, and a significant improvement in mean birth weights. Perinatal, neonatal, and maternal mortality rates are significantly better than the targets for 2030 set by the Sustainable Development Goals-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijo M. Choorakuttil
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, AMMA Center for Diagnosis and Preventive Medicine Pvt Ltd, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Bavaharan Rajalingam
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Fetocare Magnum Imaging and Diagnostics, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shilpa R. Satarkar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Antarang Sonography and Colour Doppler Center, Satarkar Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lalit K. Sharma
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Raj Sonography & X-Ray Clinic, Baiju Choraha, Nayapura, Guna, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anjali Gupta
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Anjali Ultrasound and Colour Doppler Centre, 2nd floor, Shanti Madhuban Plaza, Delhi Gate, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akanksha Baghel
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Baghel Sonography Center, Harda, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam Jain
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Jain Ultrasound Centre, Sonari, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
| | - Devarajan Palanisamy
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Nethra Scans and Genetic Clinic, Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramesh Shenoy
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Consultant Radiologist, Lisie Hospital, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| | | | - Sandhya Dhankar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Faith Diagnostic Center, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kavita Aneja
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Images Ultrasound Center, Naveda Healthcare Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Somya Dwivedi
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Qura Diagnostics & Research Center, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Nagar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Dr. Shweta Nagar's Ultrasound Clinic & Imaging Centre, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sonali Kimmatkar Soni
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Navya Diagnostic Center, Near Nissan Motors, Walmiki statue, Gawal mandi, Putlighar, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Gulab Chhajer
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Kushal Imaging & Diagnostic Center, Sumerpur, Pali, Rajasthan, India
| | | | | | | | - Eesha Rajput
- Department of Radiology, INHS Dhanvantari, Minnie Bay, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Renu Sharma
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Dr Renu's Diagnostic Center, Sikar, Rajasthan, India
| | - Srinivas Shentar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Delta Diagnostic Services, Basavanagudi, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Suresh Saboo
- Department of Radiology, JIJU, IIMS Medical College, Jalna, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amel Antony
- Department of Radiology, Lisie Hospital, Kochi, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| | | | - Tejashree Y. Patekar
- Department of Radiology, Innovision Sonography and Imaging Center, Gangapur, Nashik, India
| | - Bhupendra Ahuja
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Dr. Ahuja Ultrasonography and Colour Doppler Center, Delhi Gate, Agra, (Dr. Sarkar Market), Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Patel
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Gujarat Imaging Center, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Mohanan Kunnumal
- Vice Chancellor, Kerala University of Health Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Rajendra K. Sodani
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sampurna Sodani Diagnostic Clinic, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - M.V. Kameswar Rao
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, MKCG Medical College, Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Pushparaj Bhatele
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, MRI Centre, NSCB Medical College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Kavthale
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Indian Radiological and Imaging Association (IRIA), India & Vision Diagnostic Center, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Patkar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Nanavati Super Speciality Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Radiodiagnosis, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Amarnath Chelladurai
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Stanley Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Praveen K. Nirmalan
- Department of Research, AMMA Education and Research Foundation, AMMA Healthcare Research Gurukul, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Hannah W, Bhavadharini B, Beks H, Deepa M, Anjana RM, Uma R, Martin E, McNamara K, Versace V, Saravanan P, Mohan V. Global burden of early pregnancy gestational diabetes mellitus (eGDM): A systematic review. Acta Diabetol 2022; 59:403-427. [PMID: 34743219 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-021-01800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosed during the first trimester of pregnancy is called 'early pregnancy Gestational Diabetes Mellitus' (eGDM). The burden of eGDM has only been studied sporadically. This review aims to understand the global burden of eGDM in terms of prevalence, risk factors, pregnancy outcomes, treatment and postpartum dysglycemia. METHODS: A review of epidemiologic studies reporting on early GDM screening as per Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for prevalence reviews was conducted. A customized search strategy was used to search electronic databases namely, PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, MEDLINE, Ovid, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Three independent reviewers reviewed studies using Covidence software. Observational studies irrespective of study design and regardless of diagnostic criteria were included. Quality of evidence was appraised, and findings were synthesized. RESULTS Of 58 included studies, 41 reported a prevalence of eGDM, ranging from 0.7 to 36.8%. Body mass index (BMI), previous history of GDM, family history of diabetes and multiparity were reported as eGDM risk factors. Adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with eGDM were macrosomia, caesarean delivery, induction of labour, hypertension, preterm delivery, and shoulder dystocia. The incidence of postpartum dysglycemia and the need for insulin was higher in women with eGDM. The risk of bias was moderate. Heterogeneity of studies is a limitation. Meta-analysis was not performed. CONCLUSIONS There is heterogeneity in the prevalence of eGDM and intrapartum and postpartum ill effects for the mother and the offspring. There is a need to develop a universal screening protocol for eGDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Hannah
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation - ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Diabetes and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, No 4, Conran Smith Road, Gopalapuram, Chennai, 600 086, India
- Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | | | - Mohan Deepa
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation - ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Diabetes and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, No 4, Conran Smith Road, Gopalapuram, Chennai, 600 086, India
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation - ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Diabetes and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, No 4, Conran Smith Road, Gopalapuram, Chennai, 600 086, India
| | - Ram Uma
- Seethapathy Clinic & Hospital, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | - Ponnusamy Saravanan
- Populations, Evidence and Technologies, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill, Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, George Eliot Hospital NHS Trust, Nunetaon, UK
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation - ICMR Center for Advanced Research on Diabetes and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, No 4, Conran Smith Road, Gopalapuram, Chennai, 600 086, India.
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Sk MIK, Ali B, Biswas MM, Saha MK. Disparities in three critical maternal health indicators amongst Muslims: Vis-a-vis the results reflected on National Health Mission. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:266. [PMID: 35139830 PMCID: PMC8830117 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The post national health mission era has been recognized for India’s accelerating improvement in maternal health care utilization. Concurrent investigations with the purview of examining inequalities in maternal care utilisation have rigorously examined across various socio-economic groups, focusing on Muslim women. The present study examined socio-economic differentials in maternal health care utilisation among Muslims and the delineated factors which are contributing for these inequalities. Methods Study used the data from National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted in 2005-06 and 2015-16. the present study applied concentration index and Wagstaff-type decomposition analysis to measure and decompose the inequality in maternal health services. Results This study found that utilisation of full antenatal care (full ANC), skilled attendants at birth (SBAs) and postnatal care was increased during 2005-06 to 2015-16. However, the least improvement was observed in full antenatal care whereas substantial improvement was achieved in utilising skilled attendants at birth. Further, the poor and non-poor gap in maternal health care utilisation mostly prevailed among the educated, urban resident, other backward castes among Muslims. The inequality has been declined largely in SBA utilisation compared to full ANC and PNC, especially in the southern India. Higher education, mass media exposure, higher birth order and urban residence contribute and explain most of these inequalities in maternal care among Muslim women Conclusions Despite the fact that free and cash benefitted health programmes, wealth, mass media exposure and education etc welfare programs benefitted a large number of citizens, it also produced most of the inequalities among Muslims in India. The results focus on the significance of wealth, education, and mass media exposure in bridging the socioeconomic gap in maternal health care utilization among Muslims.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balhasan Ali
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India.
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Scaria L, Soman B, George B, Ahamed Z, Hariharan S, Jeemon P. Determinants of very low birth weight in India: The National Family Health Survey – 4. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:20. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17463.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low birth weight (LBW) is susceptible to neonatal complications, chronic medical conditions, and neurodevelopmental disabilities. We aim to describe the determinants of very low birth weight (VLBW) in India based on the National Family Health Survey – 4 (NHFS-4). Methods Data from the NFHS 4 on birthweight and other socio-demographic characteristics for the youngest child born in the family during the five years preceding the survey were used. Data of 147,762 infant–mother pairs were included. Multiple logistic regression models were employed to delineate the independent predictors of VLBW (birth weight<1500 g) or LBW (birth weight <2500 g). Results Of the 147,762 children included in the study, VLBW and LBW were observed in 1.2% and 15.8% of children, respectively. The odds of VLBW were higher in female children (aOR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.15–1.60), among mothers aged 13–19 years (aOR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.22–2.07), mothers with severe or moderate anaemia (aOR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.34–1.94), mothers without recommended antenatal care (aOR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.31–1.90), maternal height less than 150 cm (aOR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.29–1.85) and among mothers with multiple pregnancy (aOR: 21.34, 95% CI: 14.70–30.96) in comparison to their corresponding counterparts. In addition to the variables associated with VLBW, educational status of mothers (no education; aOR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02–1.15 and primary education; aOR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08–1.25), caste of the children (scheduled tribe; aOR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03–1.24), and wealthiness of the family (poorest wealth quintiles; aOR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.03–1.19) were associated with LBW. Conclusions Interventions targeting improvements in antenatal care access, maternal health, and nutritional status may reduce the number of VLBW infants. Social determinants of LBW require further detailed study to understand the high propensity of low birth-weight phenotypes in the disadvantaged communities in India.
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Burger O, Hashmi F, Dańko MJ, Akhauri S, Chaudhuri I, Little E, Lunkenheimer HG, Mondal S, Mor N, Saldanha N, Schooley J, Singh P, Johnson T, Legare CH. Facilitating behavioral change: A comparative assessment of ASHA efficacy in rural Bihar. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000756. [PMID: 36962814 PMCID: PMC10021476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Community health worker (CHW) programs are essential for expanding health services to many areas of the world and improving uptake of recommended behaviors. One of these programs, called Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA), was initiated by the government of India in 2005 and now has a workforce of about 1 million. ASHAs primarily focus on improving maternal and child health but also support other health initiatives. Evaluations of ASHA efficacy have found a range of results, from negative, to mixed, to positive. Clarity in forming a general impression of ASHA efficacy is hindered by the use of a wide range of evaluation criteria across studies, a lack of comparison to other sources of behavioral influence, and a focus on a small number of behaviors per study. We analyze survey data for 1,166 mothers from Bihar, India, to assess the influence of ASHAs and eight other health influencers on the uptake of 12 perinatal health behaviors. We find that ASHAs are highly effective at increasing the probability that women self-report having practiced biomedically-recommended behaviors. The ASHA's overall positive effect is larger than any of the nine health influencer categories in our study (covering public, private, and community sources), but their reach needs to be more widely extended to mothers who lack sufficient contact with ASHAs. We conclude that interactions between ASHAs and mothers positively impact the uptake of recommended perinatal health behaviors. ASHA training and program evaluation need to distinguish between individual-level and program-level factors in seeking ways to remove barriers that affect the reach of ASHA services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Burger
- Center for Applied Cognitive Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Faiz Hashmi
- Center for Applied Cognitive Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maciej J Dańko
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | - Emily Little
- Nurturely, Bend, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hannah G Lunkenheimer
- Center for Applied Cognitive Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Nachiket Mor
- Banyan Academy of Leadership in Mental Health at Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Neela Saldanha
- Yale Research Initiative on Innovation and Scale, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Janine Schooley
- Project Concern International, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Tracy Johnson
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cristine H Legare
- Center for Applied Cognitive Science, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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Gebeyehu FG, Geremew BM, Belew AK, Zemene MA. Number of antenatal care visits and associated factors among reproductive age women in Sub-Saharan Africa using recent demographic and health survey data from 2008-2019: A multilevel negative binomial regression model. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0001180. [PMID: 36962803 PMCID: PMC10022079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antenatal care is one of the best strategies for maternal and neonatal mortality reduction. There is a paucity of evidence on the mean number of ANC visits and associated factors in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study aimed to investigate the mean number of ANC visits and associated factors among reproductive-age women in Sub-Saharan Africa using the Demographic and Health Survey conducted from 2008 to 2019. METHOD A total of 256,425 weighted numbers of women who gave birth five years before the survey were included. We used STATA version 14 for data management and analysis. A multilevel negative binomial regression model was fitted. Finally, the Adjusted Incident Rate Ratio (AIRR) with its 95% CI confidence interval was reported. Statistical significance was declared at P-value < 0.05. RESULTS The mean number of ANC visits among women who gave birth five years before the survey in SSA was 3.83 (95% CI = 3.82, 3.84) Individual-level factors such as being aged 36-49 years (AIRR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.18,1.21), having secondary education &above (AIRR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.42, 1.45), having rich wealth status (AIRR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.09), media exposure (AIRR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.09,1.11), and grand multiparity (AIRR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.89, 0.91) were significantly associated with the number of ANC visits. Furthermore, rural residence (AIRR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.89, 0.91), Western SSA region (AIRR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.18, 1.20) and being from a middle-income country (AIRR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.08, 1.10) were community-level factors that had a significant association with the number of ANC visits. CONCLUSION The mean number of ANC visits in SSA approximates the minimum recommended number of ANC visits by the World Health Organization. Women's educational status, women's age, media exposure, parity, planned pregnancy, wealth status, residence, country's income, and region of SSA had a significant association with the frequency of ANC visits. This study suggests that addressing geographical disparities and socio-economic inequalities will help to alleviate the reduced utilization of ANC services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bisrat Misganaw Geremew
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Aysheshim Kassahun Belew
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Melkamu Aderajew Zemene
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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Faria APV, da Silva TPR, Vieira EWR, Lachtim SAF, Rezende EM, Matozinhos FP. Factors associated with tetanus vaccination in pregnant women living in Minas Gerais State, Brazil: A cross-sectional study. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2021; 2:100203. [PMID: 36101608 PMCID: PMC9461510 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2021.100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aim Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Vieira Faria
- Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenue Alfredo Balena, 190 – Campus Saúde – Bairro Santa Efigênia, CEP 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thales Philipe Rodrigues da Silva
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences - Child and Adolescent Health, Medical School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenue Alfredo Balena, 190 – Campus Saúde – Bairro Santa Efigênia, CEP 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ed Wilson Rodrigues Vieira
- Department of Maternal Nursing and Public Health, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenue Alfredo Balena, 190 – Campus Saúde – Bairro Santa Efigênia, CEP 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sheila Aparecida Ferreira Lachtim
- Department of Maternal Nursing and Public Health, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenue Alfredo Balena, 190 – Campus Saúde – Bairro Santa Efigênia, CEP 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edna Maria Rezende
- Department of Maternal Nursing and Public Health, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenue Alfredo Balena, 190 – Campus Saúde – Bairro Santa Efigênia, CEP 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- State Secretariat of Health of Minas Gerais - Technical Reference of the Tuberculosis Program at the Regional Superintendence os Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Penido Matozinhos
- Department of Maternal Nursing and Public Health, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenue Alfredo Balena, 190 – Campus Saúde – Bairro Santa Efigênia, CEP 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
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Kothavale A, Meher T. Level of completion along continuum of care for maternal, newborn and child health services and factors associated with it among women in India: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:731. [PMID: 34706680 PMCID: PMC8554854 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04198-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background India, being a developing country, presents a disquiet picture of maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. The majority of maternal and neonatal mortality could be avoided if the continuum of care (CoC) is provided in a structured pathway from pregnancy to the postpartum period. Therefore, this article attempted to address the following research questions: What is the level of completion along CoC for MNCH services? At which stage of care do women discontinue taking services? and what are the factors affecting the continuation in receiving maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) services among women in India? Methods The study utilized the data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted during 2015–16 in India. The analysis was limited to 107,016 women aged 15–49 who had given a live birth in the last 5 years preceding the survey and whose children had completed 1 year. Four sequential fixed effect logit regression models were fitted to identify the predictors of completion of CoC. Results Nearly 39% of women in India had completed CoC for maternal and child health by receiving all four types of service (antenatal care, institutional delivery, post-natal care and full immunization of their child), with substantial regional variation ranging from 12 to 81%. The highest number of dropouts in CoC were observed at the first stage with a loss of nearly 38%. Further, education, wealth index, and health insurance coverage emerged as significant factors associated with CoC completion. Conclusion The major barrier in achieving CoC for maternal and child health is the low utilization of ANC services in the first stage of the continuum and hence should be addressed for increasing CoC completion rate in the country. The gaps across all the levels of CoC indicate a need for increased focus on the CoC approach in India. A strategy should be developed that will connect all the components of MNCH avoiding dropouts and the MNCH provision should be standardized to provide services to every woman and child. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-021-04198-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajinkya Kothavale
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, Deonar, 400088, India.
| | - Trupti Meher
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, Deonar, 400088, India.
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Bhattacharjya H, Paul DP, Rakshit AK. Teenage pregnancies, practices, and utilization of RCH services by the tribal and nontribal population of West and South Tripura districts: A mixed method study. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:3034-3039. [PMID: 34660443 PMCID: PMC8483111 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_399_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As per NFHS III, 4.5% of the teen aged women of Tripura were pregnant, 18.5% have begun childbearing, and 14% have given live births. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of teenage pregnancies among tribal and nontribal population of West and South districts of Tripura, to study the social practice of care during these pregnancies, and to assess the utilization of RCH services by them. Methods: A community-based mixed method study was conducted from 5th September 2014 to 4th September 2015 among 2108 tribal and nontribal women aged 15 to ≤18 years residing in the undivided West and South districts of Tripura chosen by multistage sampling. Result: Among the study women, 93.5% were married, 6.3% were unmarried, and 0.2% was either divorced or widowed. Out of total, 21.35% were pregnant and 57.92% had already delivered. ASHA services were received by 59.73% and 72.13% in West and South districts and by 68.09% and 63.69% of the tribal and nontribal, respectively. JSY registration was 53.99% and 83.43% in West and South districts and 71.56% and 66.91% among tribal and nontribal, respectively. Antenatal check-up was received by 96.26% and 90.79% in West and South districts and 89.39% and 97.66% among tribal and nontribal ever pregnant women, respectively. Home deliveries were higher among tribal and they had inadequate postnatal check-up. Practice of isolated confinement following childbirth was fewer and these rooms were unclean and ill-ventilated though normal clothing was used. Qualitative component revealed that underutilization of RCH services was mainly due to poor quality of services, ignorance, and economic constraints to reach health facility. Conclusion: Teenage pregnancy is prevalent in Tripura and more among tribal. Ignorance of the women and poor quality of RCH services at primary health care level are responsible for its underutilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Bhattacharjya
- Department of Community Medicine, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Dhruba Prasad Paul
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Rakshit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala, Tripura, India
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Choudhury A, Asan O, Choudhury MM. Mobile health technology to improve maternal health awareness in tribal populations: mobile for mothers. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2021; 28:2467-2474. [PMID: 34459478 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile health (mHealth) applications have the potential to improve health awareness. This study reports a quasi-controlled intervention to augment maternal health awareness among tribal pregnant mothers through the mHealth application. Households from 2 independent villages with similar socio-demographics in tribal regions of India were selected as intervention (Village A) and control group (Village B). The control group received government mandated programs through traditional means (orally), whereas the intervention group received the same education through mHealth utilization. Postintervention, awareness about tetanus injections and consumption of iron tablets was significantly (P < .001) improved in the intervention group by 55% and 58%, respectively. Awareness about hygiene significantly (P < .001) increased by 57.1%. In addition, mothers in the intervention group who recognized vaginal bleeding, severe abdominal pain, severe blurring of vision, or convulsions as danger signs during pregnancy significantly (P < .001) increased by 18.30%, 23.2%, 20.0%, and 4.90%, respectively. Our study indicates that despite the low literacy of users, mHealth intervention can improve maternal health awareness among tribal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Choudhury
- School of Systems and Enterprises, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Onur Asan
- School of Systems and Enterprises, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
| | - Murari M Choudhury
- Network for Enterprise Enhancement and Development Support (NEEDS), Deoghar, Jharkhand, India
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Rustagi R, Basu S, Garg S, Singh MM, Mala YM. Utilization of antenatal care services and its sociodemographic correlates in urban and rural areas in Delhi, India. Eur J Midwifery 2021; 5:40. [PMID: 34585106 PMCID: PMC8431095 DOI: 10.18332/ejm/140459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Timely and quality antenatal care (ANC) is an essential element of universal health coverage and a key determinant for the prevention of maternal mortality. Nevertheless, evidence from large-scale health surveys in developing countries highlight a lack of access and utilization of antenatal care especially among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. METHODS A total of 200 women were recruited from urban and rural primary care service provision areas of a government medical college in Delhi during April 2016-2017. Women with infants were interviewed to assess the antenatal care received by them during their recently concluded pregnancy. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of the participants was 25.6 (3.9) years. A total of 63 (31.5%) participants were primigravida, and 137 (68.5%) were multigravida. The knowledge of ANC was significantly higher in the participants that were more educated (p<0.001) but it was similar in both the urban and rural sites. Only 107 (53%) participants reported receiving comprehensive antenatal care defined as early registration of pregnancy (within 12 weeks), at least four ANC visits, two doses of tetanus toxoid, and at least 100 days of iron/folic acid supplementation (IFAS). The participants lacking knowledge of ANC had three times higher odds of suboptimal ANC utilization during their previous pregnancy (p=0.018). Furthermore, the ANC content was adequate in terms of medical service provision but deficient in terms of educational and counseling services. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of suboptimal ANC utilization was observed despite the availability of government-funded primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchir Rustagi
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurav Basu
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Suneela Garg
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Mongjam M Singh
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Y M Mala
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
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Mustafa A, Shekhar C. Contrast in utilization of maternal and child health services between Himalayan region and rest of India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey (2015-16). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:606. [PMID: 34482825 PMCID: PMC8419927 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal and child health services, like antenatal care, skilled birth attendance and postnatal care, are crucial to improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Numerous studies have been conducted on the distribution of utilization of maternal and child healthcare (MCH) services in India with respect to socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. But no study has analyzed the utilization of MCH services with a focus on the topography of a given region (hilly/plain). The present study analyzes the utilization of MCH services in the hilly-Himalayan region of India in comparison to the rest of the country. Methods Data from India’s National Family Health Survey-4 (2015–16), on 190,898 women, was utilized for analysis in the present study. The association between the utilization of MCH services and the topography of the region of residence (hilly/plain) was analyzed by calculating adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) and predicted probabilities using a two-level random intercept logistic regression model. Results It was found that the utilization of MCH services was significantly lower in the hilly regions compared to the plain regions. Women living in hilly areas (AOR: 0.42, 95%CI: 0.39–0.45) had 58% lower odds of receiving skilled birth attendance (SBA) than those living in plain areas. Similarly, the odds of receiving PNC, ANC, and full immunization were also lower in the hilly regions compared to the plain regions. The utilization of MCH services was alarmingly low in the rural-hilly regions. The odds of receiving two tetanus injections before birth were 71% lower for women in the rural-hilly areas (AOR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.36–43) than those in the rural-plain areas. Predicted probabilities also showed that women in the hilly regions were less likely to receive MCH services compared to their counterparts in the plain regions. Conclusion Except for the consumption of Iron Folic Acid (IFA) and the utilization of AWC services/ICDS (Integrated Child and Development Services), all other MCH services were significantly underutilized in the hilly regions compared to the plain regions. This calls for the attention of and concentrated efforts by policy makers and stakeholders, with a special focus on the rural-hilly regions. We firmly believe that the results of the present study have important policy implications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-021-04081-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akif Mustafa
- Research Fellow, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, 400088, India.
| | - Chander Shekhar
- Department of Fertility Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, India
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Singh J, Dalal P, Gathwala G, Rohilla R. Transport characteristics and predictors of mortality among neonates referred to a tertiary care centre in North India: a prospective observational study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044625. [PMID: 34230014 PMCID: PMC8261888 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The paucity of specialised care in the peripheral areas of developing countries necessitates the referral of sick neonates to higher centres. Organised interhospital transport services provided by a skilled and well-equipped team can significantly improve the outcome. The present study evaluated the transport characteristics and predictors of mortality among neonates referred to a tertiary care centre in North India. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTINGS Tertiary care teaching hospital in North India. PATIENTS 1013 neonates referred from peripheral health units. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mortality among referred neonates on admission to our centre. RESULTS Of the 1013 enrolled neonates, 83% were transferred through national ambulance services, 13.7% through private hospital ambulances and 3.3% through personal vehicles. Major transfer indications were prematurity (35%), requirement for ventilation (32%), birth asphyxia (28%) and hyperbilirubinaemia (19%). Hypothermia (32.5%, 330 of 1013), shock (19%, 192 of 1013) and requirement for immediate cardiorespiratory support (ICRS) (10.4%, 106 of 1013) on arrival were the major complications observed during transfer. A total of 305 (30.1%, N=1013) deaths occurred. Of these, 52% (n=160) died within 24 hours of arrival. On multivariate logistic analysis, unsupervised pregnancy (<4 antenatal visits; p=0.037), antenatal complications (p<0.001), prematurity ≤30 weeks (p=0.005), shock (p=0.001), hypothermia (p<0.001), requirement for ICRS on arrival (p<0.001), birth asphyxia (p=0.004), travel time >2 hours (p=0.005) and absence of trained staff during transfer (p<0.001) were found to be significant predictors of mortality. CONCLUSION The present study depicts high mortality among infants referred to our centre. Adequate training of peripheral health personnel and availability of pre-referral stabilisation and dedicated interhospital transport teams for sick neonate transfers may prove valuable interventions for improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasbir Singh
- Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Pediatrics, Pt BD Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Poonam Dalal
- Pediatrics, Pt BD Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Geeta Gathwala
- Pediatrics, Pt BD Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Ravi Rohilla
- Community Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
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Magnitude and Determinants of Antenatal Care Utilization in Kandahar City, Afghanistan. Obstet Gynecol Int 2021; 2021:5201682. [PMID: 34306092 PMCID: PMC8272656 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5201682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women's and children's health is a crucial public health concern that epitomizes the universal platform for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Appropriate and timely care during pregnancy can improve maternal and child health. Objectives The present study aimed at determining the magnitude and determinants of antenatal care services' utilization in Kandahar city. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study involving 850 women with at least one delivery in the last 2 years was carried out in Kandahar city from January to February 2021. Questionnaires to record information on sociodemographic, reproductive, and antenatal care- (ANC-) related characteristics were administered. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.00 statistical software. We used descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages to present the data. Determinants of antenatal care services' utilization were determined using a multivariable logistic regression model. Results Among all study participants, 589 (69.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 66.0%-72.4%) of study participants utilized antenatal care services at least once. However, only 22% of the women were utilizing the recommended ≥4 ANC visits. Factors that remained significantly associated with antenatal care services' utilization in multivariable analysis included women's educational status (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.0-4.3), pregnancy intention (AOR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.1-3.4), and place of residence (AOR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1-2.6). Conclusion This study has found high rates (vs. the national level) of antenatal care services' utilization among women who had at least one delivery in the last 2 years. However, the rate of recommended ≥4 ANC visits was low. Factors determining antenatal care utilization such as educational status of the mother, pregnancy intention, and place of residence hold the key to address the issue of ANC services lower utilization and consequently improve maternal and fetal health.
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Woldeamanuel BT, Aga MA. Trends, regional inequalities and determinants in the utilization of prenatal care and skilled birth attendant in Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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