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Mackworth-Young CRS, Charashika P, Larsson L, Wilding-Davies OJ, Simpson N, Kydd AS, Chinyanga TT, Ferrand RA, Mangombe A, Webb K, Doyle AM. Digital Intervention to Improve Health Services for Young People in Zimbabwe: Process Evaluation of 'Zvatinoda!' (What We Want) Using the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) Framework. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e53034. [PMID: 39316784 PMCID: PMC11462134 DOI: 10.2196/53034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth in Southern Africa face a high burden of HIV and sexually transmitted infections, yet they exhibit low uptake of health care services. OBJECTIVE The Zvatinoda! intervention, co-designed with youth, aims to increase the demand for and utilization of health services among 18-24-year-olds in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. METHODS The intervention utilized mobile phone-based discussion groups, complemented by "ask the expert" sessions. Peer facilitators, supported by an "Auntie," led youth in anonymous online chats on health topics prioritized by the participants. Feedback on youth needs was compiled and shared with health care providers. The intervention was tested in a 12-week feasibility study involving 4 groups of 7 youth each, totaling 28 participants (n=14, 50%, female participants), to evaluate feasibility and acceptability. Mixed methods process evaluation data included pre- and postintervention questionnaires (n=28), in-depth interviews with participants (n=15) and peer facilitators (n=4), content from discussion group chats and expert guest sessions (n=24), facilitators' debrief meetings (n=12), and a log of technical challenges. Descriptive quantitative analysis and thematic qualitative analysis were conducted. The RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) framework was adapted to analyze and present findings on (1) reach, (2) potential efficacy, (3) adoption, (4) implementation, and (5) maintenance. RESULTS Mobile delivery facilitated engagement with diverse groups, even during COVID-19 lockdowns (reach). Health knowledge scores improved from pre- to postintervention across 9 measures. Preintervention scores varied from 14% (4/28) for contraception to 86% (24/28) for HIV knowledge. After the intervention, all knowledge scores reached 100% (28/28). Improvements were observed across 10 sexual and reproductive health (SRH) self-efficacy measures. The most notable changes were in the ability to start a conversation about SRH with older adults in the family, which increased from 50% (14/28) preintervention to 86% (24/28) postintervention. Similarly, the ability to use SRH services even if a partner does not agree rose from 57% (16/28) preintervention to 89% (25/28) postintervention. Self-reported attendance at a health center in the past 3 months improved from 32% (9/28) preintervention to 86% (24/28) postintervention (potential efficacy). Chat participation varied, largely due to network challenges and school/work commitments. The key factors facilitating peer learning were interaction with other youth, the support of an older, knowledgeable "Auntie," and the anonymity of the platform. As a result of COVID-19 restrictions, regular feedback to providers was not feasible. Instead, youth conveyed their needs to stakeholders through summaries of key themes from chat groups and a music video presented at a final in-person workshop (adoption and implementation). Participation in discussions decreased over time. To maintain engagement, introducing an in-person element was suggested (maintenance). CONCLUSIONS The Zvatinoda! intervention proved both acceptable and feasible, showing promise for enhancing young people's knowledge and health-seeking behavior. Potential improvements include introducing in-person discussions once the virtual group has established rapport and enhancing feedback and dialog with service providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Ruth Sina Mackworth-Young
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Leyla Larsson
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Nikita Simpson
- Department of Anthropology and Sociology, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- The SHM Foundation, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Rashida Abbas Ferrand
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karen Webb
- Organization for Public Health Interventions and Development, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Aoife Margaret Doyle
- The Health Research Unit Zimbabwe, Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
- International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Xie Y, Gao S, Wang Q, Cai M, Feng S, Huang Z, Huang Y, Hong Y, Tan X, Li J, Yuan L, Liu F, Jiang H. Multilevel factors associated with HIV-related stigma among women living with HIV in Guangdong Province, China: a social-ecological model-informed study. Arch Public Health 2024; 82:160. [PMID: 39294812 PMCID: PMC11409580 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-024-01382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-related stigma continues to hinder optimal HIV care, and its determinants should be understood at multiple levels. Based on the social-ecological model, this study aimed to explore factors associated with HIV-related stigma among women living with HIV in Guangdong Province, China. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to August 2022 to recruit newly reported women living with HIV with a history of pregnancy or current pregnancy in 2021 in 21 cities in Guangdong Province. HIV-related stigma was assessed using an abbreviated Chinese version of Berger's HIV Stigma Scale. Univariate and multivariable hierarchical regression analyses based on the social-ecological model were conducted to explore factors associated with HIV-related stigma and its four dimensions (personalized stigma, disclosure concerns, negative self-image and concerns about public attitudes) at the community/hospital, interpersonal, and individual levels. RESULTS A moderate level of HIV-related stigma was found among the 360 participants included, with a mean score of 45.26. Multivariable hierarchical regression analysis showed that at the community/hospital-level, individuals were more likely to experience high levels of HIV-related stigma if they had experienced the discriminatory behaviors from health care workers (aOR = 2.34, 95%CI: 1.48-3.70) and if they rated serostatus disclosure services as less helpful (aOR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.48-0.98). At the interpersonal-level, individuals with an HIV-positive partner (aOR = 1.71, 95%CI: 1.01-2.90) were more likely to experience high levels of HIV-related stigma than those with an HIV-negative or unknown partner. Individuals with high resilience (aOR = 0.22, 95%CI: 0.13-0.35) had lower levels of HIV-related stigma at the individual-level. In addition, ever experiencing discriminatory behaviors from health care workers, thinking serostatus disclosure services helpful, having ever seen publicity about personal interest protection services and complaint channels for people living with HIV(PLHIV), knowing about care and support services for PLHIV from social organizations at the community/hospital-level, partner notification and support at the interpersonal-level, and violations of personal interests, resilience at the individual-level were also associated with different dimensions of HIV-related stigma. CONCLUSIONS HIV-related stigma was moderate among women living with HIV. The social-ecological model can facilitate a better understanding of factors associated with HIV-related stigma. Multilevel intervention strategies need to be tailored to reduce HIV-related stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Haizhu District, No. 283 Jianghai Road, Guangzhou, 510310, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Women Healthcare, Center for Women and Children Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Min Cai
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Shuaixin Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Haizhu District, No. 283 Jianghai Road, Guangzhou, 510310, China
| | - Zhaoqian Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Haizhu District, No. 283 Jianghai Road, Guangzhou, 510310, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Haizhu District, No. 283 Jianghai Road, Guangzhou, 510310, China
| | - Yeting Hong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Haizhu District, No. 283 Jianghai Road, Guangzhou, 510310, China
| | - Xiaoxia Tan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Haizhu District, No. 283 Jianghai Road, Guangzhou, 510310, China
| | - Jinbin Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Haizhu District, No. 283 Jianghai Road, Guangzhou, 510310, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Fenghua Liu
- Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, 511400, China.
| | - Hongbo Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Haizhu District, No. 283 Jianghai Road, Guangzhou, 510310, China.
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Knox O, Parker D, Johnson D, Dombrowski SU, Thomson G, Clarke J, Hoddinott P, Jolly K, Ingram J. Text message conversations between peer supporters and women to deliver infant feeding support using behaviour change techniques: A qualitative analysis. Midwifery 2023; 127:103838. [PMID: 37839159 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2023.103838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse text message conversations between peer supporters (called Infant Feeding Helpers - IFHs) and new mothers using qualitative methods to understand how peer support can influence and support women's feeding experiences. DESIGN Qualitative analysis of text messages conversations using both inductive thematic and deductive content approaches to coding. Thematic analysis of the text message transcripts and deductive content analysis was used to code if Behaviour Change Techniques (BCTs) were employed by IFHs in their interactions with women. BCTs coded in text messages were then compared with those tabulated from antenatal meeting recordings and documented in interview transcripts. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 18 primiparous women and 7 Infant Feeding Helpers from one community site in South-West England. FINDINGS Three key themes were identified in the18 text message conversations (1679 texts): 'breastfeeding challenges', 'mother-centred conversations', and 'emotional and practical support'. The core BCTs of 'social support' and 'changing the social environment' were found at least once in 17 (94 %) and 18 (100 %) text message conversations respectively. Meanwhile, 'instruction to perform the behaviour' was used at least once in over 50 % of conversations. Generally, the use of BCTs was greatest between birth and two weeks during a period of daily texts when women reported many feeding challenges. The number and range of BCTs used in text messages were similar to those documented in audio-recorded meetings and interview accounts. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Infant Feeding Helpers were able to provide engaging and successful breastfeeding peer support through text messages. Messaging was shown to be an appropriate and accessible method of delivering BCTs focussing on 'social support' and 'changing the social environment'. Peer supporters delivering BCTs via text messages is acceptable and appropriate to use if in-person support is limited due to unforeseen circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Knox
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol UK
| | - Denise Parker
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol UK
| | - Debbie Johnson
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol UK
| | | | - Gill Thomson
- School of Community Health & Midwifery, University of Central Lancashire, UK
| | - Joanne Clarke
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Pat Hoddinott
- Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health Professionals Research Unit, University of Stirling, UK
| | - Kate Jolly
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Jenny Ingram
- Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol UK.
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Laurenzi CA, Mutambo C, Mwamba C, Mupakile E, Busakhwe C, Ronan A, Toska E. Using community conversations to integrate violence screening and referrals into HIV care for young women living with HIV in Lusaka, Zambia. J Int AIDS Soc 2023; 26:e26181. [PMID: 37817651 PMCID: PMC10565377 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.26181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christina A. Laurenzi
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch UniversityTygerbergSouth Africa
| | - Chipo Mutambo
- Paediatric‐Adolescent Treatment AfricaCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Chanda Mwamba
- Centre for Social Science ResearchUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | | | - Chuma Busakhwe
- Centre for Social Science ResearchUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Agnes Ronan
- Paediatric‐Adolescent Treatment AfricaCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Elona Toska
- Centre for Social Science ResearchUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Department of Social Policy and InterventionUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Phan JM, Kim S, Linh ĐTT, Cosimi LA, Pollack TM. Telehealth Interventions for HIV in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:600-609. [PMID: 36156183 PMCID: PMC9510721 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes technology-based interventions for HIV in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We highlight potential benefits and challenges to using telehealth in LMICs and propose areas for future study. RECENT FINDINGS We identified several models for using telehealth to expand HIV health care access in LMICs, including telemedicine visits for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) services, telementoring programs for providers, and virtual peer-support groups. Emerging data support the acceptability and feasibility of these strategies. However, further investigations are needed to determine whether these models are scalable and sustainable in the face of barriers related to cost, infrastructure, and regulatory approval. HIV telehealth interventions may be a valuable approach to addressing gaps along the HIV care cascade in LMICs. Future studies should focus on strategies for expanding existing programs to scale and for assessing long-term clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Đoàn Thị Thùy Linh
- Vietnam Administration of HIV/AIDS Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lisa A. Cosimi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Todd M. Pollack
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 110 Francis St. Suite GB, Boston, MA 02215 USA
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Costa-Cordella S, Grasso-Cladera A, Rossi A, Duarte J, Guiñazu F, Cortes CP. Internet-based peer support interventions for people living with HIV: A scoping review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269332. [PMID: 36040950 PMCID: PMC9426879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peer support interventions for people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) are effective, but their associated time and material costs for the recipient and the health system make them reachable for only a small proportion of PLWHA. Internet-based interventions are an effective alternative for delivering psychosocial interventions for PLWHA as they are more accessible. Currently, no reviews are focusing on internet-based interventions with peer support components. This scoping review aims to map the existing literature on psychosocial interventions for PLWHA based on peer support and delivered through the internet. We conducted a systematic scoping review of academic literature following methodological guidelines for scoping reviews, and 28 articles met our criteria. We summarized the main characteristics of the digital peer support interventions for PLWHA and how they implemented peer support in a virtual environment. Overall the reported outcomes appeared promising, but more robust evidence is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanella Costa-Cordella
- Centro de Estudios en Psicología Clínica y Psicoterapia (CEPPS), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio Depresión y Personalidad (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología (CENHN), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aitana Grasso-Cladera
- Centro de Estudios en Psicología Clínica y Psicoterapia (CEPPS), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología (CENHN), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Rossi
- Centro de Estudios en Neurociencia Humana y Neuropsicología (CENHN), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Duarte
- Centro de Estudios en Psicología Clínica y Psicoterapia (CEPPS), Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio Depresión y Personalidad (MIDAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Flavia Guiñazu
- Web Intelligence Centre, Facultad de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia P. Cortes
- Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriarán & Fundación Arriarán, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Cornelius JB, Smoot JM. The Impact of Technology on Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Needs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148684. [PMID: 35886536 PMCID: PMC9321257 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The call for articles for the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Special Issue "Using mobile technology to promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH)" was proposed to identify efforts to provide adolescent SRH services during the COVID-19 pandemic [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Bacchus Cornelius
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaleesa Marshay Smoot
- Program in Public Health: Epidemiology and Health Informatics and Analytics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA;
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Sakamoto JL, Carandang RR, Kharel M, Shibanuma A, Yarotskaya E, Basargina M, Jimba M. Effects of mHealth on the psychosocial health of pregnant women and mothers: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e056807. [PMID: 35168981 PMCID: PMC8852716 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the roles of mobile health, or mHealth, in the psychosocial health of pregnant women and mothers. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in databases and grey literature including MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Academic Search Complete, SocINDEX, Central Register of Controlled Trials, The Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, NHS Economic Evaluation Database, Health Technology Assessment, UNICEF and WHO databases. Two searches were conducted to include original research articles published in English until 15 November 2021. Several tools were used to assess the risk of bias: revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised trials, Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute quality assessment tool for cohort and cross-sectional studies, Critical Appraisal Skills Program checklist for qualitative studies and Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool for mixed-methods studies. Certainty of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Due to the high heterogeneity and variability of the included studies, data synthesis was conducted narratively. RESULTS 44 studies were included among 11 999 identified articles. Most studies reported mixed findings on the roles of mHealth interventions in the psychosocial health of pregnant women and mothers; mHealth improved self-management, acceptance of pregnancy/motherhood and social support, while mixed results were observed for anxiety and depressive symptoms, perceived stress, mental well-being, coping and self-efficacy. Furthermore, pregnant women and mothers from vulnerable populations benefited from the use of mHealth to improve their psychosocial health. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that mHealth has the potential to improve self-management, acceptance of pregnancy/motherhood and social support. mHealth can also be a useful tool to reach vulnerable pregnant women and mothers with barriers to health information and facilitate access to healthcare services. However, the high heterogeneity limited the certainty of evidence of these findings. Therefore, future studies should identify the context under which mHealth could be more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lisa Sakamoto
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rogie Royce Carandang
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madhu Kharel
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shibanuma
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ekaterina Yarotskaya
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I.Kulakov of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Milana Basargina
- Department of Neonatal Pathology, National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Masamine Jimba
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Simpson N, Kydd A, Phiri M, Mbewe M, Sigande L, Gachie T, Ngobeni M, Monese T, Figerova Z, Schlesinger H, Bond V, Belemu S, Simwinga M, Schaap A, Biriotti M, Fidler S, Ayles H. Correction to: Insaka: mobile phone support groups for adolescent pregnant women living with HIV. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:803. [PMID: 34856933 PMCID: PMC8638207 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Simpson
- Department of Anthropology, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK. .,SHM Foundation, 20-22 Bedford Row, London, UK.
| | - Anna Kydd
- SHM Foundation, 20-22 Bedford Row, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Virginia Bond
- Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Helen Ayles
- Zambart, Lusaka, Zambia.,Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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