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Luo G, Kumar H, Alridge K, Rieger S, Han E, Jiang E, Chan E, Soliman A, Mahdi H, Letterio JJ. A core NRF2 gene set defined through comprehensive transcriptomic analysis predicts selective drug resistance and poor multi-cancer prognosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024. [PMID: 39028025 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The NRF2-KEAP1 pathway plays an important role in the cellular response to oxidative stress but may also contribute to metabolic changes and drug resistance in cancer. However, despite its pervasiveness and important role, most of NRF2 target genes are defined in context specific experiments and analysis, making it difficult to translate from one situation to another. Our study investigates whether a core NRF2 gene signature can be derived and used to represent NRF2 in various contexts, allowing better reproducibility and understanding of NRF2 activation. RESULTS We define a core set of 14 upregulated NRF2 target genes from seven RNA-sequencing datasets that we generated and analyzed. This NRF2 gene signature was validated using analyses of published datasets and gene sets. An NRF2 activity score based on expression of these core target genes correlates with resistance to drugs such as PX-12 and necrosulfonamide but not to paclitaxel or bardoxolone methyl. We validated these findings in our KEAP1 knockout cancer cell lines. Finally, our NRF2 score is prognostic for cancer survival and validated in additional independent cohorts for lung adenocarcinoma and also novel cancers types not associated with NRF2-KEAP1 mutations such as clear cell renal carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and acute myeloid leukemia. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSIONS These analyses define a core NRF2 gene signature that is robust, versatile, and useful for evaluating NRF2 activity and for predicting drug resistance and cancer prognosis. Using this gene signature, we uncover novel selective drug resistance and cancer prognosis associated with NRF2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Luo
- Case Western Reserve University, Pathology, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, Ohio, United States, 44106-7078;
| | - Harshita Kumar
- Case Western Reserve University, Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio, United States;
| | - Kristin Alridge
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States;
| | - Stevie Rieger
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States;
| | - Eunhyang Han
- Case Western Reserve University, Pathology, Cleveland, Ohio, United States;
| | - Ethan Jiang
- University of Chicago Booth School of Business, Chicago, Illinois, United States;
| | - Ernest Chan
- Case Western Reserve University, Institute for Computational Biology, Cleveland, Ohio, United States;
| | - Ahmed Soliman
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Pediatrics, New York City, New York, United States;
| | - Haider Mahdi
- Magee Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - John J Letterio
- Case Western Reserve University, Pediatrics, 44106, Ohio, United States;
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2
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Kotulkar M, Paine-Cabrera D, Apte U. Role of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 Alpha in Liver Cancer. Semin Liver Dis 2024. [PMID: 38901435 DOI: 10.1055/a-2349-7236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent primary liver cancer and the incidence of HCC is on the rise. Liver cancers in general and HCC in particular do not respond to chemotherapy. Radiological ablation, surgical resection, and liver transplantation are the only medical therapies currently available. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 α (HNF4α) is an orphan nuclear receptor expressed only in hepatocytes in the liver. HNF4α is considered the master regulator of hepatic differentiation because it regulates a significant number of genes involved in various liver-specific functions. In addition to maintaining hepatic differentiation, HNF4α also acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting hepatocyte proliferation by suppressing the expression of promitogenic genes and inhibiting epithelial to mesenchymal transition in hepatocytes. Loss of HNF4α expression and function is associated with rapid progression of chronic liver diseases that ultimately lead to liver cirrhosis and HCC, including metabolism-associated steatohepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease, and hepatitis virus infection. This review summarizes the role of HNF4α in liver cancer pathogenesis and highlights its potential as a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Kotulkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Diego Paine-Cabrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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3
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Heidari-Kalvani N, Alizadeh-Fanalou S, Yarahmadi S, Fallah S, Alipourfard I, Farahmandian N, Barjesteh F, Bahreini E. Investigation of the effects of catharanthine and Q10 on Nrf2 and its association with MMP-9, MRP1, and Bcl-2 and apoptosis in a model of hepatocellular carcinoma. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2507-2522. [PMID: 37855932 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Since the role of Nrf2 in cancer cell survival has been highlighted, the pharmacological modulation of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway may provide new opportunities for cancer treatment. This study purposed to use ubiquinone (Q10) as an antioxidant and catharanthine alkaloid as a cAMP inducer suppressing HepG2 cells by reducing Nrf2 level. The effects of Q10 and catharanthine on HepG2 cells in terms of viability were analyzed by MTT test. MTT results were used to determine the effective concentration of both drugs for the subsequent treatment and analysis. Subsequently, the effects of Q10 and catharanthine in a single and combined manner on oxidant/antioxidant status, apoptosis, metastasis, and drug resistance of HepG2 cells were investigated by related methods. Both Q10 and catharanthine decreased the level of oxidative stress products and increased antioxidant capacity in HepG2 cells. Nrf2 gene expression decreased by Q10, but catharanthine unexpectedly increased it. Following Nrf2 alterations, the expression levels of MMP-9 and MRP1 involved in metastasis and drug resistance were significantly and dose-dependently decreased by Q10, while catharanthine slightly increased both. However, both drugs increased caspase 3/7 activity and apoptosis rate, and the effect of Q10 on apoptosis was stronger than that of catharanthine. Most of the effects of the combination treatments were similar to those of the Q10 single treatment and indicated the dominant effect over the catharanthine component. Despite the antioxidant and apoptotic properties of both agents, Q10 was better than catharanthine in inducing apoptosis, counteracting drug resistance, and metastasis in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Heidari-Kalvani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Alizadeh-Fanalou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sahar Yarahmadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sudabeh Fallah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Alipourfard
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Navid Farahmandian
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Barjesteh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Bahreini
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Liaghat M, Yaghoubzad-Maleki M, Nabi-Afjadi M, Fathi Z, Zalpoor H, Heidari N, Bahreini E. A Review of the Potential Role of CoQ10 in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:575-593. [PMID: 37632587 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The coenzyme ubiquinone-10 (CoQ10) is not only an important part of the electron transport chain of the mitochondrial inner membrane but also has complex biological functions beyond mitochondrial respiration. It is a natural nutrient that is not only produced by the body but is also found in foods, such as meat, eggs, fish, and vegetable oils. Because some types of cancer reduce CoQ10 blood levels, the use of CoQ10 supplements is recommended for the treatment of cancer patients. The anti-cancer effects of CoQ10 supplementation have been reported in several cancers, including colon and breast cancer. CoQ10 scavenges free radicals to reduce oxidative stress and minimize tissue damage. CoQ10 protects the body from damage caused by chemotherapy drugs by reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory factors. Recent studies suggest that CoQ10 may be a supplement to pharmacotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. This article examines the effects of CoQ10 in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Liaghat
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yaghoubzad-Maleki
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Fathi
- Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Heidari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614525, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Bahreini
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1449614525, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Feng Q, Xu X, Zhang S. Nrf2 protein in melanoma progression, as a new means of treatment. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2024; 37:247-258. [PMID: 37777339 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a potentially lethal form of skin cancer resulting from the unlimited proliferation of melanocytes. Melanocytic lineage appears to have a greater rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, possibly as a result of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and the production of melanin. It has been established that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) serves as a master regulator of the cellular response to oxidative stresses. Recent research has shown that the Nrf2 and its critical negative regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) are misregulated in melanoma, and the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway has emerged as a promising new target for treating and preventing melanoma. In melanoma, Nrf2 may either limit tumor growth or promote its development. This review covers a wide range of topics, including the dual functions played by the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway in melanoma and the most recent targeting techniques of the Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Feng
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130017, China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Cardiology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shoulin Zhang
- Nephrology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
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Lee DH, Bae WH, Ha H, Kim WR, Park EG, Lee YJ, Kim JM, Shin HJ, Kim HS. The human PTGR1 gene expression is controlled by TE-derived Z-DNA forming sequence cooperating with miR-6867-5p. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4723. [PMID: 38413664 PMCID: PMC10899170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Z-DNA, a well-known non-canonical form of DNA involved in gene regulation, is often found in gene promoters. Transposable elements (TEs), which make up 45% of the human genome, can move from one location to another within the genome. TEs play various biological roles in host organisms, and like Z-DNA, can influence transcriptional regulation near promoter regions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNA molecules that play a critical role in the regulation of gene expression. Although TEs can generate Z-DNA and miRNAs can bind to Z-DNA, how these factors affect gene transcription has yet to be elucidated. Here, we identified potential Z-DNA forming sequence (ZFS), including TE-derived ZFS, in the promoter of prostaglandin reductase 1 (PTGR1) by data analysis. The transcriptional activity of these ZFS in PTGR1 was confirmed using dual-luciferase reporter assays. In addition, we discovered a novel ZFS-binding miRNA (miR-6867-5p) that suppressed PTGR1 expression by targeting to ZFS. In conclusion, these findings suggest that ZFS, including TE-derived ZFS, can regulate PTGR1 gene expression and that miR-6867-5p can suppress PTGR1 by interacting with ZFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Hyeong Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hyeon Bae
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongseok Ha
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ryung Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Gyung Park
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ju Lee
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Shin
- Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Li X, Zheng C, Liu Y, Sun H, Qian Y, Fan H. Co-overexpression of BRD4 and CDK7 promotes cell proliferation and predicts poor prognosis in HCC. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24389. [PMID: 38293462 PMCID: PMC10826729 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of critical components of the trans-acting super-enhancers (SE) complex contributes to the continuous and robust transcription of oncogenes in human cancers. Small-molecule inhibitors targeting core-transcriptional components such as transcriptional bromodomain protein 4 (BRD4) and cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) have been developed and are currently undergoing preclinical and clinical testing in several malignant cancers. By analysis of TCGA data and clinical specimens, we demonstrated that BRD4 and CDK7 were frequently overexpressed in human HCCs and were associated with the poor prognosis. Shorter survival and poorly differentiated histology were linked to high BRD4 or CDK7 expression levels. Interestingly, co-overexpression of BRD4 and CDK7 was a more unfavorable prognostic factor in HCC. Treatment with JQ1 or THZ1 alone exhibited an inhibitory impact on the proliferation of HCC cells, while JQ1 synergized with THZ1 showed a more pronounced suppression. Concurrently, a combined JQ1 and THZ1 treatment abolished the transcription of oncogenes ETV4, MYC, NFE2L2. Our study suggested that BRD4 and CDK7 coupled can be a valuable biomarker in HCC diagnosis and the combination of JQ1 and THZ1 can be a promising therapeutic treatment against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiu Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuqian Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyan Qian
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Bu Q, Deng Y, Wang Q, Deng R, Hu S, Pei Z, Zhang Y. STC2 is a potential biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma with its expression being upregulated in Nrf1α-deficient cells, but downregulated in Nrf2-deficient cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127575. [PMID: 37866563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Nrf1 (encoded by Nfe2l1) and Nrf2 (encoded by Nfe2l2), as two key members of the CNC-bZIP transcription factor, exhibit significant functional differences in their pathophysiology. Our previous findings demonstrated that loss of Nrf1α (i.e., a full-length isoform of Nrf1) promotes HepG2-derived tumor growth in xenograft mice, but malgrowth of the xenograft tumor is significantly suppressed by knockout of Nrf2. To gain insights into the mechanism underlying such marked distinctions in their pathologic phenotypes, we mined transcriptome data from liver cancer in the TCGA database to establish a prognostic model and calculate predicted risk scores for each cell line. The results revealed that knockout of Nrf1α markedly increased the risk score in HepG2 cells, whereas the risk score was reduced by knockout of Nrf2. Notably, stanniocalcin 2 (STC2), a biomarker associated with liver cancer, that is upexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues with a reduction in the overall survival ratio of those patients. We observed increased expression levels of STC2 in Nrf1α-/- cells but decreased expression in Nrf2-/- cells. These findings suggested that STC2 may play a role in mediating the distinction between Nrf1α-/- and Nrf2-/-. Such potential function of STC2 was further corroborated through a series of experiments combined with transcriptomic sequencing. The results revealed that STC2 functions as a dominant tumor-promoter, because the STC2-leading increases in clonogenicity of hepatoma cells and malgrowth of relevant xenograft tumor were almost completely abolished in STC2-/- cells. Together, these demonstrate that STC2 could be paved as a potential therapeutic target, albeit as a diagnostic marker, for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Bu
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China; Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, No. 725 Jiangzhou Avenue, Dingshan Street, Jiangjin District, Chongqing 402260, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yangxu Deng
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Rongzhen Deng
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shaofan Hu
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zhigang Pei
- Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, No. 725 Jiangzhou Avenue, Dingshan Street, Jiangjin District, Chongqing 402260, China
| | - Yiguo Zhang
- Chongqing University Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, No. 725 Jiangzhou Avenue, Dingshan Street, Jiangjin District, Chongqing 402260, China; The Laboratory of Cell Biochemistry and Topogenetic Regulation, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400044, China.
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9
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Gao Y, Wan L, Li M, Wang B, Ma Y. NRF2/HO-1 axis, BIRC5, and TP53 expression in ESCC and its correlation with clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis. Int J Biol Markers 2023; 38:174-184. [PMID: 37312528 DOI: 10.1177/03936155231176571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many types of cancer exhibit high nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), which is effective in resisting drugs and radiation. However, the role of NRF2 gene expression in predicting the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. METHODS The association between NRF2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), baculovirus IAP repeat 5 (BIRC5), P53 gene expression levels and their relationship to immune-infiltrating cells were assessed using the Cancer Genome Atlas dataset, the Human Protein Atlas and the TISDB database. The expression of NRF2, HO-1, BIRC5, and TP53 in 118 ESCC patients was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the relationship between their expression level and clinicopathological parameters and prognosis was analyzed. RESULTS In ESCC, NRF2 overexpression was significantly associated with Han ethnicity, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis. HO-1 overexpression was significantly associated with differentiation, advanced clinical staging, lymph node metastasis, nerve invasion, and distant metastasis. BIRC5 overexpression was significantly associated with Han ethnicity and lymph node metastasis. TP53 overexpression was significantly associated with Han ethnicity and T staging. The NRF2/HO-1 axis expression was positively correlated with BIRC5 and TP53. Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that NRF2, BIRC5, and TP53 genes co-expression was an independent prognostic risk factor. TISIDB dataset analysis showed that immune-infiltrating cells were significantly negatively correlated with NRF2 and BIRC5. CONCLUSION NRF2, BIRC5, and TP53 axis gene expressions are predictors of poor prognosis for ESCC. The overexpression of the NRF2/HO-1/BIRC5 axis may not be related to immune-infiltrating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Gao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Mengyan Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yuqing Ma
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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10
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Kalantari L, Ghotbabadi ZR, Gholipour A, Ehymayed HM, Najafiyan B, Amirlou P, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O, Emtiazi N. A state-of-the-art review on the NRF2 in Hepatitis virus-associated liver cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:318. [PMID: 37946175 PMCID: PMC10633941 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
According to a paper released and submitted to WHO by IARC scientists, there would be 905,700 new cases of liver cancer diagnosed globally in 2020, with 830,200 deaths expected as a direct result. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis D virus (HDV) all play critical roles in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), despite the rising prevalence of HCC due to non-infectious causes. Liver cirrhosis and HCC are devastating consequences of HBV and HCV infections, which are widespread worldwide. Associated with a high mortality rate, these infections cause about 1.3 million deaths annually and are the primary cause of HCC globally. In addition to causing insertional mutations due to viral gene integration, epigenetic alterations and inducing chronic immunological dysfunction are all methods by which these viruses turn hepatocytes into cancerous ones. While expanding our knowledge of the illness, identifying these pathways also give possibilities for novel diagnostic and treatment methods. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) activation is gaining popularity as a treatment option for oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and metabolic abnormalities. Numerous studies have shown that elevated Nrf2 expression is linked to HCC, providing more evidence that Nrf2 is a critical factor in HCC. This aberrant Nrf2 signaling drives cell proliferation, initiates angiogenesis and invasion, and imparts drug resistance. As a result, this master regulator may be a promising treatment target for HCC. In addition, the activation of Nrf2 is a common viral effect that contributes to the pathogenesis, development, and chronicity of virus infection. However, certain viruses suppress Nrf2 activity, which is helpful to the virus in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this paper, we discussed the influence of Nrf2 deregulation on the viral life cycle and the pathogenesis associated with HBV and HCV. We summed up the mechanisms for the modulation of Nrf2 that are deregulated by these viruses. Moreover, we describe the molecular mechanism by which Nrf2 is modulated in liver cancer, liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs), and liver cancer caused by HBV and HCV. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Kalantari
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Arsalan Gholipour
- Nanotechnology Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Behnam Najafiyan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parsa Amirlou
- Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Nikoo Emtiazi
- Department of Pathology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Xia L, Ma W, Afrashteh A, Sajadi MA, Fakheri H, Valilo M. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/p53 axis in breast cancer. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2023; 33:030504. [PMID: 37841775 PMCID: PMC10564154 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2023.030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important factors involved in the response to oxidative stress (OS) is the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates the expression of components such as antioxidative stress proteins and enzymes. Under normal conditions, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) keeps Nrf2 in the cytoplasm, thus preventing its translocation to the nucleus and inhibiting its role. It has been established that Nrf2 has a dual function; on the one hand, it promotes angiogenesis and cancer cell metastasis while causing resistance to drugs and chemotherapy. On the other hand, Nrf2 increases expression and proliferation of glutathione to protect cells against OS. p53 is a tumour suppressor that activates the apoptosis pathway in aging and cancer cells in addition to stimulating the glutaminolysis and antioxidant pathways. Cancer cells use the antioxidant ability of p53 against OS. Therefore, in the present study, we discussed function of Nrf2 and p53 in breast cancer (BC) cells to elucidate their role in protection or destruction of cancer cells as well as their drug resistance or antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xia
- Surgical oncology ward 2, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining Qinghai, China
| | - Wenbiao Ma
- Surgical oncology ward 2, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining Qinghai, China
| | - Ahmad Afrashteh
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hadi Fakheri
- Paramedical Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Valilo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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12
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To K, Okada K, Watahiki T, Suzuki H, Tsuchiya K, Tokushige K, Yamamoto M, Ariizumi S, Shoda J. Immunohistochemical expression of NRF2 is correlated with the magnitude of inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver disease. Cancer Med 2023; 12:19423-19437. [PMID: 37732511 PMCID: PMC10587934 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear factor E2-related factor 2-Kelch-like Ech-associated protein (NRF2-KEAP1) pathway is a major cellular defense mechanism against oxidative stress. However, the role of NRF2-KEAP1 signaling in the development of chronic liver disease remains unclear. METHODS Clinical liver specimens from 50 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 49 HCCs developed from chronic viral hepatitis C (CHc), and 48 liver metastases of colorectal cancer (CRC) from both tumorous and non-tumorous areas were collected during hepatic resection surgery. They were evaluated by immunohistochemical analyses of hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, NRF2, and KEAP1, and compared with clinicopathological information. RESULTS Hepatic inflammation and fibrosis were more severe in the low-intensity NRF2 group than in the high-intensity NRF2 group both between CRC and NASH (Low vs. High: inflammation; p = 0.003, fibrosis; p = 0.014), and between CRC and CHc (Low vs. High: inflammation; p = 0.031, fibrosis; p = 0.011), which could indicate that NRF2 expression in cytosol of hepatocytes was inversely correlated with liver inflammation and fibrosis in non-tumorous areas. The dense staining of NRF2 in the nuclei of non-tumor hepatocytes positively correlated with liver inflammation (CRC and NASH; R = 0.451, p < 0.001, CRC and CHc; R = 0.502, p < 0.001) and fibrosis (CRC and NASH; R = 0.566, p < 0.001, CRC and CHc; R = 0.548, p < 0.001) in both NASH and CHc, and was inversely correlated with hepatic spare ability features such as platelet count (R = -0.253, p = 0.002) and prothrombin time (R = -0.206, p = 0.012). However, KEAP1 expression was not correlated with NRF2 expression levels and nuclear staining intensity. CONCLUSIONS Nuclear translocation of NRF2 was correlated with the magnitude of liver inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver disease. These results suggest that NRF2 plays a protective role in the development of chronic liver diseases such as NASH and CHc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keii To
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Kosuke Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Division of Medical Sciences, Institute of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Takahisa Watahiki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Hideo Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Kiichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Katsutoshi Tokushige
- Institute of Gastroenterology and Internal MedicineTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Masakazu Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Institute of GastroenterologyTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Shun‐ichi Ariizumi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of GastroenterologyTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Junichi Shoda
- Division of Medical Sciences, Institute of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaIbarakiJapan
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13
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Riazi-Tabrizi N, Khalaj-Kondori M, Safaei S, Amini M, Hassanian H, Maghsoudi M, Hasani S, Baradaran B. NRF2 Suppression Enhances the Susceptibility of Pancreatic Cancer Cells, Miapaca-2 to Paclitaxel. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00872-2. [PMID: 37740817 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most deadly diseases, with a very high metastasis and low survival rate. High levels of NRF2 have been detected in numerous malignancies, including head, neck, lung, and colon cancers, promoting the expansion and survival of cancer cells and chemical resistance to stressful conditions and affecting the response to treatment. To evaluate the possibility that modulation of NRF2 expression could be effective in treating pancreatic cancer cells, we explored the effect of knockdown of the NRF2 gene by NRF2-specific siRNA and its influence in combination with paclitaxel on pancreatic cancer cells. Miapaca-2 cell line, due to the high expression of the NRF2 gene, was selected for this study. Then, Miapaca-2 cells in different groups were treated with NRF2 siRNA and paclitaxel separately and in combination. After that, cell viability was measured by MTT assay and apoptosis induction by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining test. Cell cycle and autophagy were examined by flow cytometry, and cell migration was assessed by wound-healing assay. Finally, the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, and genes related to migration pathway, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in different groups were measured using qRT-PCR. Combined use of NRF2-specific siRNA with paclitaxel significantly reduced NRF2 gene expression in pancreatic cancer cells. NRF2 siRNA transfection significantly reduced cell viability. In addition, paclitaxel combination therapy with NRF2 siRNA strengthens the anti-tumor effects, such as inhibiting cell migration and provoking apoptosis, and autophagy and the cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase. NRF2 suppression augmented the expression of Bax, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9 genes and lowered the expression of Bcl-2, MMP-2, and MMP-9 genes, which play crucial roles in the pathways of apoptosis and cell migration, respectively. NRF2 siRNA enhances the susceptibility of Miapaca-2 cells to paclitaxel in pancreatic cancer cells. Thereby, suppressing NRF2 in combination with paclitaxel can be a new and efficacious treatment approach in treating pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Riazi-Tabrizi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalaj-Kondori
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Sahar Safaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Hassanian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Maghsoudi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shima Hasani
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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14
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Allameh A, Niayesh-Mehr R, Aliarab A, Sebastiani G, Pantopoulos K. Oxidative Stress in Liver Pathophysiology and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1653. [PMID: 37759956 PMCID: PMC10525124 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is an organ that is particularly exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS), which not only arise during metabolic functions but also during the biotransformation of xenobiotics. The disruption of redox balance causes oxidative stress, which affects liver function, modulates inflammatory pathways and contributes to disease. Thus, oxidative stress is implicated in acute liver injury and in the pathogenesis of prevalent infectious or metabolic chronic liver diseases such as viral hepatitis B or C, alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Moreover, oxidative stress plays a crucial role in liver disease progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Herein, we provide an overview on the effects of oxidative stress on liver pathophysiology and the mechanisms by which oxidative stress promotes liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolamir Allameh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran; (A.A.); (R.N.-M.); (A.A.)
| | - Reyhaneh Niayesh-Mehr
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran; (A.A.); (R.N.-M.); (A.A.)
| | - Azadeh Aliarab
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran; (A.A.); (R.N.-M.); (A.A.)
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Chronic Viral Illness Services, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kostas Pantopoulos
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
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15
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Tang Z, Wang L, Chen Y, Zheng X, Wang R, Liu B, Zhang S, Wang H. Quercetin reverses 5-fluorouracil resistance in colon cancer cells by modulating the NRF2/HO-1 pathway. Eur J Histochem 2023; 67:3719. [PMID: 37548240 PMCID: PMC10476536 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2023.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin (Que) has been proven to enhance the chemosensitivity of multiple cancers, including colon cancer (CC). However, whether the combination of Que and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has a synergistic effect on drug-resistant CC cells has not previously been reported. The effect of Que (5 and 10 μg/mL) on cell vitality and apoptosis of CC and CC drug-resistant cells was examined using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry. After cells were treated with 5-FU (10, 40 μg/mL), Que (10 μM, 40 μM), or 5-FU in combination with Que, cell proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress-related factors, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway-related factors were examined by colony formation assay, flow cytometry, ELISA, ROS kit, immunofluorescence assay, and Western blot. The results showed that 5-FU reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis of CC as well as 5-FU-resistant CC cells. Que further restrained the proliferation, oxidative stress-related factors (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR), ROS production, and induced apoptosis in CC cells and 5-FU-resistant CC cells induced by 5-FU. Moreover, the combination of Que and 5-FU attenuated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway-related marker levels in CC cells and 5-FU-resistant CC cells. Therefore, our results suggest that Que reverses 5-FU resistance in CC cells via modulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhu Tang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tongde Hospital Zhejiang Provincial, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tongde Hospital Zhejiang Provincial, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
| | - Yunwang Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tongde Hospital Zhejiang Provincial, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
| | - Xiaomin Zheng
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tongde Hospital Zhejiang Provincial, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
| | - Runyu Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tongde Hospital Zhejiang Provincial, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
| | - Bingxue Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tongde Hospital Zhejiang Provincial, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tongde Hospital Zhejiang Provincial, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
| | - Huimin Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tongde Hospital Zhejiang Provincial, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.
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16
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Park JM, Kim S, Bae SU, Byun SJ, Seo I, Lee HW. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2/Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 as a Predictor of Prognosis and Radiotherapy Resistance in Patients With Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Prospective Analysis. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e200. [PMID: 37401495 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2/Keap1) signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of cellular responses to oxidative stress. Nrf2 acts as a cell protector from inflammation, cellular damage, and tumorigenesis, whereas Keap1 is a negative regulator of Nrf2. Dysregulation of the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway results in tumorigenesis and the active metabolism of tumor cells, leading to high resistance to radiotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive role of Nrf2 and Keap1 in the radiosensitivity and prognosis of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). METHODS In total, 90 patients with LARC underwent surgery after preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Endoscopic biopsies from the tumors were obtained before radiation, and the Nrf2 and Keap1 expressions were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The response to therapy was evaluated after surgery following CRT according to the pathologic tumor regression grade. The disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival rates were also documented. The association between the Nrf2 and Keap1 immunoreactivity and the clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. RESULTS The overexpression of the nuclear Nrf2 before CRT showed a significant correlation with better DFS. The cytoplasmic Nrf2 expression was associated with more residual tumors after radiotherapy and a more unfavorable DFS, indicating lower radiosensitivity. CONCLUSION CRT is an important issue in LARC and is a major aspect of treatment. Thus, the Nrf2/Keap1 expression may be a potential predictor of preoperative therapeutic resistance. The Nrf2-Keap1 modulators that interact with each other may also be effectively applicable to CRT effect in LARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Park
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Institute of Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
- Institute for Cancer Research, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung Uk Bae
- Institute of Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
- Institute for Cancer Research, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Jun Byun
- Department Radiation Oncology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Incheol Seo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Korea
- Institute for Cancer Research, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.
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17
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Rahman SO, Khan T, Iqubal A, Agarwal S, Akhtar M, Parvez S, Shah ZA, Najmi AK. Association between insulin and Nrf2 signalling pathway in Alzheimer's disease: A molecular landscape. Life Sci 2023:121899. [PMID: 37394097 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin, a well-known hormone, has been implicated as a regulator of blood glucose levels for almost a century now. Over the past few decades, the non-glycemic actions of insulin i.e. neuronal growth and proliferation have been extensively studied. In 2005, Dr. Suzanne de La Monte and her team reported that insulin might be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and thus coined a term "Type-3 diabetes" This hypothesis was supported by several subsequent studies. The nuclear factor erythroid 2- related factor 2 (Nrf2) triggers a cascade of events under the regulation of distinct mechanisms including protein stability, phosphorylation and nuclear cytoplasmic shuttling, finally leading to the protection against oxidative damage. The Nrf2 pathway has been investigated extensively in relevance to neurodegenerative disorders, particularly AD. Many studies have indicated a strong correlation between insulin and Nrf2 signalling pathways both in the periphery and the brainbut merely few of them have focused on elucidating their inter-connective role in AD. The present review emphasizes key molecular pathways that correlate the role of insulin with Nrf2 during AD. The review has also identified key unexplored areas that could be investigated in future to further establish the insulin and Nrf2 influence in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Obaidur Rahman
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Tahira Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shivani Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmad Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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18
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Luo G, Kumar H, Alridge K, Rieger S, Jiang E, Chan ER, Soliman A, Mahdi H, Letterio JJ. A core NRF2 gene set defined through comprehensive transcriptomic analysis predicts selective drug resistance and poor multi-cancer prognosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.20.537691. [PMID: 37131828 PMCID: PMC10153264 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.20.537691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The NRF2-KEAP1 pathway plays an important role in the cellular response to oxidative stress but may also contribute to metabolic changes and drug resistance in cancer. We investigated the activation of NRF2 in human cancers and fibroblast cells through KEAP1 inhibition and cancer associated KEAP1/NRF2 mutations. We define a core set of 14 upregulated NRF2 target genes from seven RNA-Sequencing databases that we generated and analyzed, which we validated this gene set through analyses of published databases and gene sets. An NRF2 activity score based on expression of these core target genes correlates with resistance to drugs such as PX-12 and necrosulfonamide but not to paclitaxel or bardoxolone methyl. We validated these findings and also found NRF2 activation led to radioresistance in cancer cell lines. Finally, our NRF2 score is prognostic for cancer survival and validated in additional independent cohorts for novel cancers types not associated with NRF2-KEAP1 mutations. These analyses define a core NRF2 gene set that is robust, versatile, and useful as a NRF2 biomarker and for predicting drug resistance and cancer prognosis.
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19
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Park SJ, Jang JW, Moon EY. Bisphenol A-induced autophagy ameliorates human B cell death through Nrf2-mediated regulation of Atg7 and Beclin1 expression by Syk activation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 260:115061. [PMID: 37257343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The widely used plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA) is known as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC). Many studies have shown that BPA contributes to diseases involving immune system alterations, but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. We previously reported that BPA at concentration of 100 μM caused human B cell death in accordance with an increase in nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2(Nrf2) expression. Autophagy is a cellular process that degraded and recycles cytoplasmic constituents. Here, we investigated whether BPA induces autophagy through Nrf2, which is associated with regulation of B cell death using human WiL2-NS lymphoblast B cells. Then, cell viability was assessed by various assays using trypan blue, MTT or Celltiter glo luminescent substrate and DAPI. When WiL2-NS cells were treated with BPA, cell viability was decreased and LC3 autophagy cargo protein/puncta was increased. BPA-induced autophagy was confirmed by the modification of LC3 puncta formation or autophagy flux turnover with the treatment of hydroxychloroquine(HCQ), NH4Cl and PI3K inhibitors including 3-methyladenine(3-MA), LY294002 and wortmannin. BPA treatment increased the expression of autophagy-related gene(Atg)7 and Beclin1 as well as Nrf2 induced by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The inhibition of autophagy with siAtg7 or siBeclin1 and Nrf2 depletion aggravated BPA-induced cell death. BPA enhanced the bound of Nrf2 to the specific region on Beclin1 and Atg7 promoter. Spleen tyrosine kinase(Syk) activity was enhanced in response to BPA treatment. Bay61-3606, Syk inhibitor, decreased LC3 and the expression of Atg7 and Beclin1, leading to the increase of BPA-induced B cell death. The results suggest that BPA-induced autophagy ameliorates human B cell death through Nrf2-mediated regulation of Atg7 and Beclin1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Jeong Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, the Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Won Jang
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, the Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, the Republic of Korea.
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20
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Liu Y, Wu Q, Zhang F, Qin X. Antioxidants-related nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 gene variants associated with HBV-related liver disease. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:72. [PMID: 37062839 PMCID: PMC10105925 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence demonstrated that nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) expression plays a crucial role in the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, research on the effect of NRF2 genetic polymorphism on the development of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), HBV-related liver cirrhosis (LC) and HCC is still missing. METHODS A total of 673 individuals were included in the study and classified into four groups: 110 CHB cases, 86 LC cases, 260 HCC cases, and 217 healthy controls. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and DNA sequencing method were used to detect rs6721961 and rs6726395 polymorphisms. RESULTS Patients carrying the T allele in rs6721961 were at a higher risk of HCC than individuals with the G allele compared to CHB patients (OR = 1.561, 95%CI: 1.003-2.430, P = 0.048). The statistically significant differences were also found in the rs6721961 GT genotype (OR = 2.298, 95% CI: 1.282-4.119, P = 0.005) and dominant model (OR = 2.039, 95% CI: 1.184-0.510, P = 0.010). Subgroup analysis also detected a significant association between the rs6721961 T allele and the development of HCC in older subjects (≥ 50 years) (OR = 2.148, 95% CI: 1.208-3.818, P = 0.009). Statistical analysis results indicated that subjects carrying haplotype G-A had a lower risk of HCC (OR = 0.700, 95% CI: 0.508-0.965, P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS For the first time, our findings provide evidence that the NRF2 gene rs6721961 variation is a potential genetic marker of susceptibility to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Guangxi Department of Education, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiulian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fuyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Guangxi Department of Education, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xue Qin
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Medicine of Guangxi Department of Education, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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21
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Tang D, Kroemer G, Kang R. Ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: from bench to bedside. Hepatology 2023; Publish Ahead of Print:01515467-990000000-00369. [PMID: 37013919 PMCID: PMC10551055 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The most widespread type of liver cancer, HCC, is associated with disabled cellular death pathways. Despite therapeutic advancements, resistance to current systemic treatments (including sorafenib) compromises the prognosis of patients with HCC, driving the search for agents that might target novel cell death pathways. Ferroptosis, a form of iron-mediated nonapoptotic cell death, has gained considerable attention as a potential target for cancer therapy, especially in HCC. The role of ferroptosis in HCC is complex and diverse. On one hand, ferroptosis can contribute to the progression of HCC through its involvement in both acute and chronic liver conditions. In contrast, having ferroptosis affect HCC cells might be desirable. This review examines the role of ferroptosis in HCC from cellular, animal, and human perspectives while examining its mechanisms, regulation, biomarkers, and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; 94800 Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP; 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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22
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Seydi H, Nouri K, Rezaei N, Tamimi A, Hassan M, Mirzaei H, Vosough M. Autophagy orchestrates resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114487. [PMID: 36963361 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment resistance is one of the major barriers for therapeutic strategies in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Many studies have indicated that chemotherapy and radiotherapy induce autophagy machinery (cell protective autophagy) in HCC cells. In addition, many experiments report a remarkable crosstalk between treatment resistance and autophagy pathways. Thus, autophagy could be one of the key factors enabling tumor cells to hinder induced cell death after medical interventions. Therefore, extensive research on the molecular pathways involved in resistance induction and autophagy have been conducted to achieve the desired therapeutic response. The key molecular pathways related to the therapy resistance are TGF-β, MAPK, NRF2, NF-κB, and non-coding RNAs. In addition, EMT, drug transports, apoptosis evasion, DNA repair, cancer stem cells, and hypoxia could have considerable impact on the hepatoma cell's response to therapies. These mechanisms protect tumor cells against various treatments and many studies have shown that each of them is connected to the molecular pathways of autophagy induction in HCC. Hence, autophagy inhibition may be an effective strategy to improve therapeutic outcome in HCC patients. In this review, we further highlight how autophagy leads to poor response during treatment through a complex molecular network and how it enhances resistance in primary liver cancer. We propose that combinational regimens of approved HCC therapeutic protocols plus autophagy inhibitors may overcome drug resistance in HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homeyra Seydi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Kosar Nouri
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Niloufar Rezaei
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Atena Tamimi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran; Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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SOCS1 Deficiency Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma via SOCS3-Dependent CDKN1A Induction and NRF2 Activation. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030905. [PMID: 36765862 PMCID: PMC9913612 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SOCS1 deficiency, which increases susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), promotes CDKN1A expression in the liver. High CDKN1A expression correlates with disease severity in many cancers. Here, we demonstrate a crucial pathogenic role of CDKN1A in diethyl nitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC in SOCS1-deficient mice. Mechanistic studies on DEN-induced genotoxic response revealed that SOCS1-deficient hepatocytes upregulate SOCS3 expression, SOCS3 promotes p53 activation, and Cdkn1a induction that were abolished by deleting either Socs3 or Tp53. Previous reports implicate CDKN1A in promoting oxidative stress response mediated by NRF2, which is required for DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. We show increased induction of NRF2 and its target genes in SOCS1-deficient livers following DEN treatment that was abrogated by the deletion of either Cdkn1a or Socs3. Loss of SOCS3 in SOCS1-deficient mice reduced the growth of DEN-induced HCC without affecting tumor incidence. In the TCGA-LIHC dataset, the SOCS1-low/SOCS3-high subgroup displayed increased CDKN1A expression, enrichment of NRF2 transcriptional signature, faster disease progression, and poor prognosis. Overall, our findings show that SOCS1 deficiency in hepatocytes promotes compensatory SOCS3 expression, p53 activation, CDKN1A induction, and NRF2 activation, which can facilitate cellular adaptation to oxidative stress and promote neoplastic growth. Thus, the NRF2 pathway represents a potential therapeutic target in SOCS1-low/SOCS3-high HCC cases.
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Akl MG, Widenmaier SB. Immunometabolic factors contributing to obesity-linked hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1089124. [PMID: 36712976 PMCID: PMC9877434 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1089124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major public health concern that is promoted by obesity and associated liver complications. Onset and progression of HCC in obesity is a multifactorial process involving complex interactions between the metabolic and immune system, in which chronic liver damage resulting from metabolic and inflammatory insults trigger carcinogenesis-promoting gene mutations and tumor metabolism. Moreover, cell growth and proliferation of the cancerous cell, after initiation, requires interactions between various immunological and metabolic pathways that provide stress defense of the cancer cell as well as strategic cell death escape mechanisms. The heterogenic nature of HCC in addition to the various metabolic risk factors underlying HCC development have led researchers to focus on examining metabolic pathways that may contribute to HCC development. In obesity-linked HCC, oncogene-induced modifications and metabolic pathways have been identified to support anabolic demands of the growing HCC cells and combat the concomitant cell stress, coinciding with altered utilization of signaling pathways and metabolic fuels involved in glucose metabolism, macromolecule synthesis, stress defense, and redox homeostasis. In this review, we discuss metabolic insults that can underlie the transition from steatosis to steatohepatitis and from steatohepatitis to HCC as well as aberrantly regulated immunometabolic pathways that enable cancer cells to survive and proliferate in the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss therapeutic modalities targeted at HCC prevention and regression. A full understanding of HCC-associated immunometabolic changes in obesity may contribute to clinical treatments that effectively target cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- May G. Akl
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Department of Physiology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Scott B. Widenmaier
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,*Correspondence: Scott B. Widenmaier,
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25
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Zheng J, Kim SJ, Saeidi S, Kim SH, Fang X, Lee YH, Guillen-Quispe YN, Ngo HKC, Kim DH, Kim D, Surh YJ. Overactivated NRF2 induces pseudohypoxia in hepatocellular carcinoma by stabilizing HIF-1α. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 194:347-356. [PMID: 36460215 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is highly expressed/activated in most hypoxic tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Another key transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), is also constitutively overactivated in HCC. In an attempt to determine whether HIF-1α and NRF2 could play complementary roles in HCC growth and progression, we investigated the crosstalk between these two transcription factors and underlying molecular mechanisms in cultured HCC cells and experimentally induced hepatocarcinogenesis as well as clinical settings. While silencing of HIF-1α in HepG2 human hepatoma cells did not alter the protein expression of NRF2, NRF2 knockdown markedly reduced the nuclear accumulation of HIF-1α without influencing its mRNA expression. In diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in wild type mice, there was elevated NRF2 expression with concomitant upregulation of HIF-1α. However, this was abolished in Nrf2 knockout mice. NRF2 and HIF-1α co-localized and physically interacted with each other as assessed by in situ proximity ligation and immunoprecipitation assays. In addition, the interaction between NRF2 and HIF-1α as well as their overexpression was found in tumor specimens obtained from HCC patients. In normoxia, HIF-1α undergoes hydroxylation by a specific HIF-prolyl hydroxylase domain protein (PHD), which facilitates ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of HIF-1α. NRF2 contributes to pseudohypoxia, by directly binding to the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domain of HIF-1α, which hampers the PHD2-mediated hydroxylation, concomitant recruitment of von-Hippel-Lindau and ubiquitination of HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Soma Saeidi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Seong Hoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Xizhu Fang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Hwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Yanymee N Guillen-Quispe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hoang Kieu Chi Ngo
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Convergence and Integrated Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16627, South Korea
| | - Doojin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon 21565, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, South Korea.
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Siswanto FM, Handayani MDN, Firmasyah RD, Oguro A, Imaoka S. Nrf2 Regulates the Expression of CYP2D6 by Inhibiting the Activity of Krüppel-Like Factor 9 (KLF9). Curr Drug Metab 2023; 24:667-681. [PMID: 37916628 DOI: 10.2174/0113892002271342231013095255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study is to gain insight into the biology of Parkinson's disease (PD) and cancer to drive translational advances enabling more effective prevention and/or potential treatments. BACKGROUND The expression of Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is correlated with various diseases such as PD and cancer; therefore, exploring its regulatory mechanism at transcriptional levels is of interest. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been known to be responsible for regulating phase II and phase III drug-metabolizing genes. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are to investigate the transcriptional regulation of CYP2D6 by Nrf2 and to analyze its role in PD and cancer. METHODS Nrf2 was transiently expressed in human hepatoma Hep3B cells, and the expression of CYP2D6 was examined by RT-qPCR. The promoter activity of CYP2D6 and the DNA binding of Nrf2 were examined by luciferase and ChIP assay, respectively. We then investigated the expression and correlation of Nrf2 and CYP2D6 in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. RESULTS In the present study, we demonstrated that Nrf2 down-regulated CYP2D6 mRNA expression in hepatoma Hep3B cells. Mechanistically, Nrf2 binds to the antioxidant responsive element (ARE) in the proximity of krüppel- like factor 9 (KLF9)-binding site within the -550/+51 of CYP2D6 promoter. The inhibition and activation of Nrf2 enhanced and suppressed KLF9 effects on CYP2D6 expression, respectively. The expression levels of Nrf2 and CYP2D6 were upregulated and downregulated in the PD patient GEO datasets compared to the healthy control tissues, and Nrf2 was negatively correlated with CYP2D6. In liver cancer patients, decreased CYP2D6 levels were apparent and associated with a lower probability of survival. CONCLUSION Our work revealed the inhibitory role of Nrf2 in regulating CYP2D6 expression. Moreover, Nrf2- dependent regulation of CYP2D6 can be used as a prognostic factor and therapeutic strategy in PD and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferbian Milas Siswanto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Maria Dara Novi Handayani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rita Dewi Firmasyah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ami Oguro
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Susumu Imaoka
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
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27
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Understanding the Contribution of Lactate Metabolism in Cancer Progress: A Perspective from Isomers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010087. [PMID: 36612084 PMCID: PMC9817756 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate mediates multiple cell-intrinsic effects in cancer metabolism in terms of development, maintenance, and metastasis and is often correlated with poor prognosis. Its functions are undertaken as an energy source for neighboring carcinoma cells and serve as a lactormone for oncogenic signaling pathways. Indeed, two isomers of lactate are produced in the Warburg effect: L-lactate and D-lactate. L-lactate is the main end-production of glycolytic fermentation which catalyzes glucose, and tiny D-lactate is fabricated through the glyoxalase system. Their production inevitably affects cancer development and therapy. Here, we systematically review the mechanisms of lactate isomers production, and highlight emerging evidence of the carcinogenic biological effects of lactate and its isomers in cancer. Accordingly, therapy that targets lactate and its metabolism is a promising approach for anticancer treatment.
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28
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Duan X, Xu W, Li H, Wang M, Wang W, Lu H, Zhang Y, Han X. Nrf2-siRNA Enhanced the Anti-Tumor Effects of As 2O 3 in 5-Fluorouracil-Resistant Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inhibiting HIF-1α/HSP70 Signaling. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2022; 9:1341-1352. [PMID: 36575732 PMCID: PMC9790171 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s388077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chemoresistance is a major factor contributing to the failure of cancer treatment. The conventional chemotherapy agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been used for cancer treatment for decades. However, its use is limited in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to acquired resistance. Nrf2 (NF-E2-related factor 2) is known to be associated with drug resistance across a wide range of cancer types. Also, since arsenic trioxide (As2O3) showed antitumor effects on HCC, the purpose of this study was to determine whether As2O3 and Nrf2-siRNA could inhibit HCC synergistically. Methods We generated two separate 5-FU-resistant HCC cell lines (SNU-387/5-FU and Hep3B/5-FU). Western blotting was used to determine protein levels. An efficient lentiviral delivery system was used to establish stable knockdown or overexpression of Nrf2 and HIF-1α. In vitro and in vivo analyses of the effects of Nrf2 gene knockdown and As2O3 on 5-FU-resistant HCC cells were conducted. Results The expression of Nrf2 was higher in the 5-FU-resistant HCC cell lines than in the parental cell lines. When coupled with Nrf2 knockdown, As2O3 treatment significantly decreased 5-FU-resistant SNU-387 and Hep3B cell viability, migration, and invasion, inactivated HIF-1α/HSP70 signaling, inhibited anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) activity, and increased the expression of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) along with caspase-3. The synergistic effect was also confirmed using a 5-FU-resistant Hep3B mouse xenograft model in vivo. Conclusion Nrf2 knockdown could improve the effect of As2O3 on reversing drug resistance in 5-FU-resistant HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhua Duan
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenze Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Manzhou Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huibin Lu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yancang Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Yancang Zhang; Xinwei Han, Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jian She Road, People’s Republic of China, 450052, Tel +86-371-66278081, Email ;
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Nrf2 Modulation in Breast Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102668. [PMID: 36289931 PMCID: PMC9599257 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are identified to control the expression and activity of various essential signaling intermediates involved in cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Indeed, ROS represents a double-edged sword in supporting cell survival and death. Many common pathological processes, including various cancer types and neurodegenerative diseases, are inflammation and oxidative stress triggers, or even initiate them. Keap1-Nrf2 is a master antioxidant pathway in cytoprotective mechanisms through Nrf2 target gene expression. Activation of the Nfr2 pathway benefits cells in the early stages and reduces the level of ROS. In contrast, hyperactivation of Keap1-Nrf2 creates a context that supports the survival of both healthy and cancerous cells, defending them against oxidative stress, chemotherapeutic drugs, and radiotherapy. Considering the dual role of Nrf2 in suppressing or expanding cancer cells, determining its inhibitory/stimulatory position and targeting can represent an impressive role in cancer treatment. This review focused on Nrf2 modulators and their roles in sensitizing breast cancer cells to chemo/radiotherapy agents.
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30
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Yang R, Ma S, Zhuo R, Xu L, Jia S, Yang P, Yao Y, Cao H, Ma L, Pan J, Wang J. Suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent autophagy enhances cynaropicrin-induced apoptosis via attenuation of the P62/Keap1/Nrf2 pathways in neuroblastoma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:977622. [PMID: 36188599 PMCID: PMC9523313 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.977622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has dual roles in cancer, resulting in cellular adaptation to promote either cell survival or cell death. Modulating autophagy can enhance the cytotoxicity of many chemotherapeutic and targeted drugs and is increasingly considered to be a promising cancer treatment approach. Cynaropicrin (CYN) is a natural compound that was isolated from an edible plant (artichoke). Previous studies have shown that CYN exhibits antitumor effects in several cancer cell lines. However, it anticancer effects against neuroblastoma (NB) and the underlying mechanisms have not yet been investigated. More specifically, the regulation of autophagy in NB cells by CYN has never been reported before. In this study, we demonstrated that CYN induced apoptosis and protective autophagy. Further mechanistic studies suggested that ER stress-induced autophagy inhibited apoptosis by activating the p62/Keap1/Nrf2 pathways. Finally, in vivo data showed that CYN inhibited tumour growth in xenografted nude mice. Overall, our findings suggested that CYN may be a promising candidate for the treatment of NB, and the combination of pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy may hold novel therapeutic potential for the treatment of NB. Our paper will contribute to the rational utility and pharmacological studies of CYN in future anticancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randong Yang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shurong Ma
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ran Zhuo
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingqi Xu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Siqi Jia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ye Yao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haibo Cao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liya Ma
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Pan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Pan, ; Jian Wang,
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Pan, ; Jian Wang,
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31
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Wang J, Yang X, Wang Z, Wang J. Role of the Glyoxalase System in Breast Cancer and Gynecological Cancer-Implications for Therapeutic Intervention: a Review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:857746. [PMID: 35898868 PMCID: PMC9309216 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.857746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyglyoxal (MGO), an essential endogenous dicarbonyl metabolite, can lead to multiple physiological problems including hyperglycemia, kidney diseases, malignant tumors, beyond its normal concentration range. The glyoxalase system, making MGO maintained at a low level, links glycation to carcinogenesis, growth, metastasis, and cancer chemotherapy. The glyoxalase system comprises glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) and glyoxalase 2 (Glo2), which is often overexpressed in various tumor tissues. However, very little is known about the glyoxalase system in breast cancer and gynecological cancer. In this review, we introduce the role of the glyoxalase system in breast cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer and cervical cancer, and highlight the potential of the glyoxalase system to be both as a marker for diagnosis and a novel target for antitumor therapy. However, the intrinsic molecular biology and mechanisms of the glyoxalase system in breast cancer and gynecological cancer need further exploration.
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Oxidative Stress, Genomic Integrity, and Liver Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103159. [PMID: 35630636 PMCID: PMC9147071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess reactive oxygen species production and free radical formation can lead to oxidative stress that can damage cells, tissues, and organs. Cellular oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between ROS production and antioxidants. This imbalance can lead to malfunction or structure modification of major cellular molecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNAs. During oxidative stress conditions, DNA and protein structure modifications can lead to various diseases. Various antioxidant-specific gene expression and signal transduction pathways are activated during oxidative stress to maintain homeostasis and to protect organs from oxidative injury and damage. The liver is more vulnerable to oxidative conditions than other organs. Antioxidants, antioxidant-specific enzymes, and the regulation of the antioxidant responsive element (ARE) genes can act against chronic oxidative stress in the liver. ARE-mediated genes can act as the target site for averting/preventing liver diseases caused by oxidative stress. Identification of these ARE genes as markers will enable the early detection of liver diseases caused by oxidative conditions and help develop new therapeutic interventions. This literature review is focused on antioxidant-specific gene expression upon oxidative stress, the factors responsible for hepatic oxidative stress, liver response to redox signaling, oxidative stress and redox signaling in various liver diseases, and future aspects.
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Guerrero-Escalera D, Alarcón-Sánchez BR, Arellanes-Robledo J, Cruz-Rangel A, Del Pozo-Yauner L, Chagoya de Sánchez V, Resendis-Antonio O, Villa-Treviño S, Torres-Mena JE, Pérez-Carreón JI. Comparative subcellular localization of NRF2 and KEAP1 during the hepatocellular carcinoma development in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119222. [PMID: 35093454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The activation of Nuclear Factor, Erythroid 2 Like 2 - Kelch Like ECH Associated Protein 1 (NRF2-KEAP1) signaling pathway plays a critical dual role by either protecting or promoting the carcinogenesis process. However, its activation or nuclear translocation during hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression has not been addressed yet. This study characterizes the subcellular localization of both NRF2 and KEAP1 during diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. NRF2-KEAP1 pathway was continuously activated along with the increased expression of its target genes, namely Nqo1, Hmox1, Gclc, and Ptgr1. Similarly, the nuclear translocation of NRF2, MAF, and KEAP1 increased in HCC cells from weeks 12 to 22 during HCC progression. Likewise, colocalization of NRF2 with KEAP1 was higher in the cell nuclei of HCC neoplastic nodules than in surrounding cells. Moreover, immunofluorescence analyses revealed that the interaction of KEAP1 with filamentous Actin was disrupted in HCC cells. This disruption may be contributing to the release and nuclear translocation of NRF2 since the cortical actin cytoskeleton serves as anchoring of KEAP1. In conclusion, this evidence indicates that NRF2 is progressively activated and promotes the progression of experimental HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brisa Rodope Alarcón-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, CDMX, Mexico; Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Jaime Arellanes-Robledo
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, CDMX, Mexico; Directorate of Cátedras, National Council of Science and Technology, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Armando Cruz-Rangel
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Luis Del Pozo-Yauner
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Saul Villa-Treviño
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, CDMX, Mexico
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Ling X, Zuo J, Pan M, Nie H, Shen J, Yang Q, Hung TC, Li G. The presence of polystyrene nanoplastics enhances the MCLR uptake in zebrafish leading to the exacerbation of oxidative liver damage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151749. [PMID: 34843796 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of diminutive plastic waste in the environment, including microplastics and nanoplastics, has threatened the health of multiple species. Nanoplastics can adsorb the pollutants from the immediate environment, and may be used as carriers for pollutants to enter organisms and bring serious ecological risk. To evaluate the toxic effects of microcystin-LR (MCLR) on the liver of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) in the presence of 70 nm polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs), zebrafish were exposed to MCLR alone (0, 0.9, 4.5 and 22.5 μg/L) and a mixture of MCLR + PSNPs (100 μg/L) for three months. The results indicated that groups with combined exposure to MCLR and PSNPs further enhanced the accumulation of MCLR in the liver when compared to groups only exposed to MCLR. Cellular swelling, fat vacuolation, and cytoarchitectonic damage were observed in zebrafish livers after exposure to MCLR, and the presence of PSNPs exacerbated these adverse effects. The results of biochemical tests showed the combined effect of MCLR + PSNPs enhanced MCLR-induced hepatotoxicity, which could be attributed to the altered levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and glutathione, and activities of catalase. The expression of genes related to antioxidant responses (p38a, p38b, ERK2, ERK3, Nrf2, HO-1, cat1, sod1, gax, JINK1, and gstr1) was further performed to study the mechanisms of MCLR combined with PSNPs aggravated oxidative stress of zebrafish. The results showed that PSNPs could improve the bioavailability of MCLR in the zebrafish liver by acting as a carrier and accelerate MCLR-induced oxidative stress by regulating the levels of corresponding enzymes and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Ling
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junli Zuo
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meiqi Pan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongyan Nie
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Guangyu Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently recognized iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) characterized by lipid peroxide accumulation to lethal levels. Cancer cells, which show an increased iron dependency to enable rapid growth, seem vulnerable to ferroptosis. There is also increasing evidence that ferroptosis might be immunogenic and therefore could synergize with immunotherapies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver tumor with a low survival rate due to frequent recurrence and limited efficacy of conventional chemotherapies, illustrating the urgent need for novel drug approaches or combinatorial strategies. Immunotherapy is a new treatment approach for advanced HCC patients. In this setting, ferroptosis inducers may have substantial clinical potential. However, there are still many questions to answer before the mystery of ferroptosis is fully unveiled. This review discusses the existing studies and our current understanding regarding the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis with the goal of enhancing response to immunotherapy of liver cancer. In addition, challenges and opportunities in clinical applications of potential candidates for ferroptosis-driven therapeutic strategies will be summarized. Unraveling the role of ferroptosis in the immune response could benefit the development of promising anti-cancer therapies that overcome drug resistance and prevent tumor metastasis.
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The Expression and Prognostic Value of Cancer Stem Cell Markers, NRF2, and Its Target Genes in TAE/TACE-Treated Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58020212. [PMID: 35208536 PMCID: PMC8879934 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Activation of NRF2, a key transcription factor of cytoprotectant against oxidative stress, and its target genes are associated with aggressive tumor progression, metastasis and poor survival. In addition, NRF2 signaling mediates cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Moreover, CSCs have been associated with HCC onset and unfavorable prognosis. Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) and/or transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), which attempt to restrict blood supply to diminish tumor growth, can create a hypoxic environment. However, its effect on NRF2 signaling and CSC marker CD133 in the context of prognosis of HCCs have not been investigated. Therefore, we studied the possible role of the expressions of NRF2, its target genes and CSC markers CD133 and EpCAM on the survival of HCC patients after TAE/TACE. Materials and Methods: RT-qPCR was performed with 120 tumor (T) and adjacent tumor (N) tissue pairs. Expression of a single marker or combination was assessed for associations with survival of HCC patients after TAE/TACE. Results: The result of multivariate Cox regression showed that vascular invasion (HR, 1.821; p = 0.015), metastasis (HR, 2.033; p = 0.049) and CD133 overexpression (HR, 2.013; p = 0.006) were associated with poor survival. In a Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, patients with high expression of CD133 had shorter overall survival (OS) than those with low expression of CD133 in post-TAE/TACE HCC (p < 0.001). In contrast, neither NRF2 nor components of its signaling pathway correlated with survival. Combination marker analysis showed that co-expression of NQO1 and CD133 was associated with poor outcome. Conclusions: This study suggests that analyzing the expression status of CD133 alone and co-expression of NQO1 and CD133 may have additional value in predicting the outcome of TAE/TACE-treated HCC patients.
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Pillai R, Hayashi M, Zavitsanou AM, Papagiannakopoulos T. NRF2: KEAPing Tumors Protected. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:625-643. [PMID: 35101864 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) pathway plays a physiologic protective role against xenobiotics and reactive oxygen species. However, activation of NRF2 provides a powerful selective advantage for tumors by rewiring metabolism to enhance proliferation, suppress various forms of stress, and promote immune evasion. Genetic, epigenetic, and posttranslational alterations that activate the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway are found in multiple solid tumors. Emerging clinical data highlight that alterations in this pathway result in resistance to multiple therapies. Here, we provide an overview of how dysregulation of the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway in cancer contributes to several hallmarks of cancer that promote tumorigenesis and lead to treatment resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: Alterations in the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway are found in multiple cancer types. Activation of NRF2 leads to metabolic rewiring of tumors that promote tumor initiation and progression. Here we present the known alterations that lead to NRF2 activation in cancer, the mechanisms in which NRF2 activation promotes tumors, and the therapeutic implications of NRF2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Pillai
- Department of Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Makiko Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Anastasia-Maria Zavitsanou
- Department of Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Thales Papagiannakopoulos
- Department of Pathology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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Atyah M, Zhou C, Zhou Q, Chen W, Weng J, Wang P, Shi Y, Dong Q, Ren N. The Age-Specific Features and Clinical Significance of NRF2 and MAPK10 Expression in HCC Patients. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:737-748. [PMID: 35082522 PMCID: PMC8786352 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s351263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) functions decline with age; however, cancer cells can hijack its pathways to ensure survival and aggressiveness. Yet, the role of NRF2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rarely investigated in an age-specific manner. This study investigates the expression of NRF2 and its activator (MAPK10) in different age groups of HCC patients, in addition to the age-specific features of NRF2 and MAPK10 interaction and their clinical significance. Methods Tumor and near-tumor tissue samples of 181 HCC patients were used to complete a protein expression analysis of NRF2 and MAPK10. Patients’ survival and clinical data were collected for clinical analysis. Global databases (TCGA, ICGC) were used to collect MAPK10 genetic mutation and mRNA expression data in patients with HCC, colorectal, stomach, and pancreatic cancers. Results Our findings revealed an increase in NRF2 protein expression but only in younger HCC patients, along with a decline in MAPK10 ability to activate NRF2 in older patients. We also found an increased MAPK10 genetic mutation rate and decreased mRNA expression in older patients. Low MAPK10 and NRF2 expression levels were associated with shorter survival and poorer prognosis due to positive correlation with microvascular invasion, tumor thrombus, elevated AFP levels, and larger tumor size. Conclusion NRF2 expression and oxidative stress mechanism in HCC patients are influenced by age. This magnifies the need to consider patients’ age in treatment strategies and guidelines and re-evaluates the application of studies’ age-standardized findings in older patients who are usually excluded from relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Atyah
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenhao Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanyong Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jialei Weng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Shi
- Biomedical Research Centre, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiongzhu Dong
- Institute of Fudan Minhang Academic Health System, and Key Laboratory of Whole-period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital & AHS, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, People’s Republic of China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
- Qiongzhu Dong, Institute of Fudan Minhang Academic Health System, and Key Laboratory of Whole-period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital & AHS, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-21- 64923400, Email
| | - Ning Ren
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Fudan Minhang Academic Health System, and Key Laboratory of Whole-period Monitoring and Precise Intervention of Digestive Cancer (SMHC), Minhang Hospital & AHS, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201199, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ning Ren, Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-21-64041990, Email
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Weitzenböck HP, Gschwendtner A, Wiesner C, Depke M, Schmidt F, Trautinger F, Hengstschläger M, Hundsberger H, Mikula M. Proteome analysis of NRF2 inhibition in melanoma reveals CD44 up-regulation and increased apoptosis resistance upon vemurafenib treatment. Cancer Med 2021; 11:956-967. [PMID: 34951143 PMCID: PMC8855890 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and NRF2 has been proposed as a main regulator of tumor cell malignancy. Still the mechanisms how NRF2 is contributing to melanoma progression are incompletely understood. Here we analyzed the effects of either NRF2 induction or depletion, and we also quantified changes on the whole cell proteome level. Our results showed that inhibition of NRF2 leads to a loss of reactive oxygen species protection, but at the same time to an induction of an epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype and an up‐regulation of the stem cell marker CD44. Additionally, cells devoid of NRF2 showed increased cell viability after treatment with a MYC and a BRAF inhibitor. Importantly, survival upon vemurafenib treatment was dependent on CD44 expression. Finally, analysis of archival melanoma patient samples confirmed a vice versa relationship of NRF2 and CD44 expression. In summary, we recorded changes in the proteome after NRF2 modulation in melanoma cells. Surprisingly, we identified that NRF2 inhibition lead to induction of an EMT phenotype and an increase in survival of cells after apoptosis induction. Therefore, we propose that it is important for future therapies targeting NRF2 to consider blocking EMT promoting pathways in order to achieve efficient tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter Weitzenböck
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Anna Gschwendtner
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Wiesner
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Maren Depke
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Schmidt
- Proteomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Franz Trautinger
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital of St. Pölten, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Pölten, Austria.,Karl Landsteiner Institute of Dermatological Research, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Hundsberger
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences, Krems, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mario Mikula
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sun H, Li Y, Quan X, Chen N, Jin X, Jin W, Jin Y, Shen X. PIAS3/SOCS1-STAT3 axis responses to oxidative stress in hepatocellular cancer cells. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:12395-12409. [PMID: 34956461 PMCID: PMC8661178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The participation of STAT3 and its upstream inhibitors, PIAS3 and SOCS1, in the oxidative response of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells was uncertain. Here, the expression of PIAS3 and SOCS1 in HCC tissues and cell lines was explored, and we sought to determine whether oxidative stress epigenetically regulated PIAS3 and SOCS1 expression and STAT3 activation in HCC cells. The expression of PIAS3 and SOCS1 was markedly decreased in HCC cell lines and tissues compared to normal hepatic cells and tissues. In HCC patients, low PIAS3 and SOCS1 expression were associated with poor survival. Oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in HepG2 cells was indicated by low antioxidant levels and high protein carbonyl content. Moreover, oxidative stress in HepG2 cells contributed to reduced proliferation but increased apoptosis, migration, and invasion capacity, which might be counteracted by antioxidants, such as tocopheryl acetate (TA). PIAS3 and SOCS1 expression was markedly decreased, while STAT3 was activated in HepG2 cells in response to H2O2 exposure. Co-treatment with antioxidant TA effectively increased the expression of PIAS3 and SOCS1, but it dephosphorylated STAT3 in H2O2-treated cells. PIAS1 or SOCS1 overexpression in HepG2 cells after H2O2 treatment restored cell viability and anti-oxidative responses and decreased apoptosis, migration, and invasion ability, and dephosphorylated STAT3 levels. Co-administration of the STAT3 activator, colivelin, partially abolished the effect of PIAS3 and SOCS1 overexpression in these processes. Therefore, oxidative stress in HCC cells may improve their migration and reduce proliferation through STAT3 activation through the repression of PIAS3 and SOCS1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghua Sun
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian UniversityYanji, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanglong Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian UniversityYanji, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianglan Quan
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian UniversityYanji, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Infection Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian UniversityYanji, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinglin Jin
- Department of General Surgert, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian UniversityYanji, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbiao Jin
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian UniversityYanji, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongmin Jin
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian UniversityYanji, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xionghu Shen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian UniversityYanji, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
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Iseda N, Itoh S, Yoshizumi T, Tomiyama T, Morinaga A, Yugawa K, Shimokawa M, Shimagaki T, Wang H, Kurihara T, Kitamura Y, Nagao Y, Toshima T, Harada N, Kohashi K, Baba S, Ishigami K, Oda Y, Mori M. Impact of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Cancer Metabolism and Immune Status. Hepatol Commun 2021; 6:665-678. [PMID: 34687175 PMCID: PMC8948647 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined phosphorylated nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (P‐NRF2) expression in surgically resected primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and investigated the association of P‐NRF2 expression with clinicopathological features and patient outcome. We also evaluated the relationship among NRF2, cancer metabolism, and programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression. In this retrospective study, immunohistochemical staining of P‐NRF2 was performed on the samples of 335 patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCC. Tomography/computed tomography using fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose was performed, and HCC cell lines after NRF2 knockdown were analyzed by array. We also analyzed the expression of PD‐L1 after hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1A) knockdown in NRF2‐overexpressing HCC cell lines. Samples from 121 patients (36.1%) were positive for P‐NRF2. Positive P‐NRF2 expression was significantly associated with high alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) expression, a high rate of poor differentiation, and microscopic intrahepatic metastasis. In addition, positive P‐NRF2 expression was an independent predictor for recurrence‐free survival and overall survival. NRF2 regulated glucose transporter 1, hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase isoenzymes L/R, and phosphoglycerate kinase 1 expression and was related to the maximum standardized uptake value. PD‐L1 protein expression levels were increased through hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α after NRF2 overexpression in HCC cells. Conclusions: Our large cohort study revealed that P‐NRF2 expression in cancer cells was associated with clinical outcome in HCC. Additionally, we found that NRF2 was located upstream of cancer metabolism and tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Iseda
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Itoh
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tomiyama
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akinari Morinaga
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yugawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shimokawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Tokyo medical and dental university, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonari Shimagaki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Huanlin Wang
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurihara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kitamura
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nagao
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeo Toshima
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noboru Harada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Baba
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kousei Ishigami
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Role of NRF2 cascade in determining the differential response of cervical cancer cells to anticancer drugs: an in vitro study. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:109-119. [PMID: 34674139 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06848-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancers are usually treatable if detected in early stages by a combination of therapies. However, the prognosis of cervical cancer patients with metastasis remains unfavorable due to the fact that most of the cervical carcinomas are either resistant to anticancer drugs or show signs of relapse after initial treatment. Therefore, it is important to control the chemoresistance as it is the key to develop effective treatment options for cervical cancer. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed at evaluating the differential responses of cervical cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs and assessed whether the differences in the expression profiles of antioxidant genes regulated by nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2), led to the variations in the sensitivities of the cancer cells to treatment. METHODOLOGY Three cervical cancer cell lines were investigated for their differences in NRF2 pathway by measuring the gene expression and enzyme activity. The differences in the sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs and variation in ROS profile was also evaluated. The addition of exogenous drugs to manipulate the intracellular ROS and its effect on NRF2 pathway genes was also investigated. RESULTS HeLa and SiHa cells were more sensitive to cisplatin and oxaliplatin treatment than C33A cells. HeLa and SiHa cells had significantly lower NRF2 gene levels, NQO1 enzyme activity and basal GSH levels than C33A cells. Levels of ROS induced were higher in HeLa than C33A cells. CONCLUSION Overall, the differences in the cellular levels of antioxidant regulatory genes led to the differential response of cervical cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs.
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Popoola TD, Guetchueng ST, Ritchie KJ, Awodele O, Dempster NM, Akinloye O, Sarker SD, Fatokun AA. Potent Nrf2-inducing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects and identification of constituents validate the anti-cancer use of Uvaria chamae and Olax subscorpioidea. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:234. [PMID: 34537049 PMCID: PMC8449903 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uvaria chamae (UC) and Olax subscorpioidea (OS) roots are included in traditional anti-cancer remedies and some studies have identified their chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic potential. This study aimed to identify some cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying such potential and the associated chemical constituents. METHODS Effect on the viability of cancer cells was assessed using the Alamar Blue assay; ability to modulate oxidative stress was assessed using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) assay; potential to modulate Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor like-2 (Nrf2) activity was assessed in the AREc32 luciferase reporter cell line; and anti-inflammatory effect was assessed using lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide release model in the RAW264.7 cells (Griess Assay). Chemical constituents were identified through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). RESULTS Extracts up to 100 μg/ml were non-toxic or mildly toxic to HeLa, AREc32, PC3 and A549 cells (IC50 > 200 μg/ml). Each extract reduced basal and peroxide-induced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HeLa cells. OS and UC activated Nrf2, with UC producing nearly four-fold induction. Both extracts demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects. Chamanetin, isochamanetin, isouvaretin, uvaricin I and other compounds were found in U. chamae root extract. CONCLUSION As Nrf-2 induction, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are closely linked with chemoprevention and chemotherapy of cancers, the roles of these plants in traditional anti-cancer remedies are further highlighted, as is their potential as sources of drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temidayo D. Popoola
- grid.411782.90000 0004 1803 1817Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria ,grid.4425.70000 0004 0368 0654Centre for Natural Products Discovery (CNPD), School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
| | - Stephanie T. Guetchueng
- grid.4425.70000 0004 0368 0654Centre for Natural Products Discovery (CNPD), School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK ,grid.500526.40000 0004 0595 6917Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, P.O. Box 13033, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kenneth J. Ritchie
- grid.4425.70000 0004 0368 0654Centre for Natural Products Discovery (CNPD), School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
| | - Olufunsho Awodele
- grid.411782.90000 0004 1803 1817Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Nicola M. Dempster
- grid.4425.70000 0004 0368 0654Centre for Natural Products Discovery (CNPD), School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
| | - Oluyemi Akinloye
- grid.411782.90000 0004 1803 1817Clinical Chemistry Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Satyajit D. Sarker
- grid.4425.70000 0004 0368 0654Centre for Natural Products Discovery (CNPD), School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
| | - Amos A. Fatokun
- grid.4425.70000 0004 0368 0654Centre for Natural Products Discovery (CNPD), School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
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Mattu S, Zavattari P, Kowalik MA, Serra M, Sulas P, Pal R, Puliga E, Sutti S, Foglia B, Parola M, Albano E, Giordano S, Perra A, Columbano A. Nrf2 Mutation/Activation Is Dispensable for the Development of Chemically Induced Mouse HCC. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:113-127. [PMID: 34530178 PMCID: PMC8593617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Activation of the kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway has been associated with metabolic reprogramming in many tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the contribution of Nrf2 mutations in this process remains elusive. Here, we investigated the occurrence of Nrf2 mutations in distinct models of mouse hepatocarcinogenesis. METHODS HCCs were generated by experimental protocols consisting of the following: (1) a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN), followed by repeated treatments with the nuclear-receptor agonist 1,4-bis-[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene; (2) repeated treatments with 1,4-bis-[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene alone; (3) a single dose of DEN followed by exposure to a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet; and (4) a single dose of DEN with no further treatment. All of these protocols led to HCC development within 28-42 weeks. Activation of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway was investigated by analyzing the presence of Nrf2 gene mutations, and the expression of Nrf2 target genes. Metabolic reprogramming was assessed by evaluating the expression of genes involved in glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and glutaminolysis. RESULTS No Nrf2 mutations were found in any of the models of hepatocarcinogenesis analyzed. Intriguingly, despite the described cooperation between β-catenin and the Nrf2 pathway, we found no evidence of Nrf2 activation in both early dysplastic nodules and HCCs, characterized by the presence of up to 80%-90% β-catenin mutations. No HCC metabolic reprogramming was observed either. CONCLUSIONS These results show that, unlike rat hepatocarcinogenesis, Nrf2 mutations do not occur in 4 distinct models of chemically induced mouse HCC. Interestingly, in the same models, metabolic reprogramming also was minimal or absent, supporting the concept that Nrf2 activation is critical for the switch from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mattu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zavattari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Biology and Genetics, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marta Anna Kowalik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marina Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pia Sulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rajesh Pal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Puliga
- Department of Oncology, Candiolo, Italy,Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione Piemonte per l'Oncologia -Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sutti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Foglia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental and Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Parola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental and Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Emanuele Albano
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Oncology, Candiolo, Italy,Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione Piemonte per l'Oncologia -Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Perra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Cagliari, Italy,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Amedeo Columbano, PhD, or Andrea Perra, MD, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SP 8, Km 0.700-09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.fax: (39) 070-666062.
| | - Amedeo Columbano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, Cagliari, Italy,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Amedeo Columbano, PhD, or Andrea Perra, MD, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Oncology and Molecular Pathology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, SP 8, Km 0.700-09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.fax: (39) 070-666062.
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Mitochondrial Metabolic Signatures in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081901. [PMID: 34440674 PMCID: PMC8391498 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. HCC progression and metastasis are closely related to altered mitochondrial metabolism, including mitochondrial stress responses, metabolic reprogramming, and mitoribosomal defects. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) defects and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction. In response to oxidative stress caused by increased ROS production, misfolded or unfolded proteins can accumulate in the mitochondrial matrix, leading to initiation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). The mitokines FGF21 and GDF15 are upregulated during UPRmt and their levels are positively correlated with liver cancer development, progression, and metastasis. In addition, mitoribosome biogenesis is important for the regulation of mitochondrial respiration, cell viability, and differentiation. Mitoribosomal defects cause OXPHOS impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased production of ROS, which are associated with HCC progression in mouse models and human HCC patients. In this paper, we focus on the role of mitochondrial metabolic signatures in the development and progression of HCC. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive review of cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous mitochondrial stress responses during HCC progression and metastasis.
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Panieri E, Saso L. Inhibition of the NRF2/KEAP1 Axis: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy to Alter Redox Balance of Cancer Cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1428-1483. [PMID: 33403898 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (NRF2/KEAP1) pathway is a crucial and highly conserved defensive system that is required to maintain or restore the intracellular homeostasis in response to oxidative, electrophilic, and other types of stress conditions. The tight control of NRF2 function is maintained by a complex network of biological interactions between positive and negative regulators that ultimately ensure context-specific activation, culminating in the NRF2-driven transcription of cytoprotective genes. Recent Advances: Recent studies indicate that deregulated NRF2 activation is a frequent event in malignant tumors, wherein it is associated with metabolic reprogramming, increased antioxidant capacity, chemoresistance, and poor clinical outcome. On the other hand, the growing interest in the modulation of the cancer cells' redox balance identified NRF2 as an ideal therapeutic target. Critical Issues: For this reason, many efforts have been made to identify potent and selective NRF2 inhibitors that might be used as single agents or adjuvants of anticancer drugs with redox disrupting properties. Despite the lack of specific NRF2 inhibitors still represents a major clinical hurdle, the researchers have exploited alternative strategies to disrupt NRF2 signaling at different levels of its biological activation. Future Directions: Given its dualistic role in tumor initiation and progression, the identification of the appropriate biological context of NRF2 activation and the specific clinicopathological features of patients cohorts wherein its inactivation is expected to have clinical benefits, will represent a major goal in the field of cancer research. In this review, we will briefly describe the structure and function of the NRF2/ KEAP1 system and some of the most promising NRF2 inhibitors, with a particular emphasis on natural compounds and drug repurposing. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1428-1483.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Panieri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Qian H, Chao X, Williams J, Fulte S, Li T, Yang L, Ding WX. Autophagy in liver diseases: A review. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 82:100973. [PMID: 34120768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a highly dynamic metabolic organ that plays critical roles in plasma protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage, cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis as well as drug/xenobiotic metabolism and detoxification. Research from the past decades indicate that autophagy, the cellular catabolic process mediated by lysosomes, plays an important role in maintaining cellular and metabolic homeostasis in the liver. Hepatic autophagy fluctuates with hormonal cues and the availability of nutrients that respond to fed and fasting states as well as circadian activities. Dysfunction of autophagy in liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells can lead to various liver diseases including non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, alcohol associated liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, cholestasis, viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, targeting autophagy may be a potential strategy for treating these various liver diseases. In this review, we will discuss the current progress on the understanding of autophagy in liver physiology. We will also discuss several forms of selective autophagy in the liver and the molecular signaling pathways in regulating autophagy of different cell types and their implications in various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jessica Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Sam Fulte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Tiangang Li
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Liu Q, Zhao S, Meng F, Wang H, Sun L, Li G, Gao F, Chen F. Nrf2 Down-Regulation by Camptothecin Favors Inhibiting Invasion, Metastasis and Angiogenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:661157. [PMID: 34178646 PMCID: PMC8219964 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.661157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher oxidant stress capacity could promote invasion and metastasis. A previous study showed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) expressed more Nrf2 than para-carcinoma tissue. The chemotherapeutics such as epirubicin (EPI) could increase Nrf2 expression, while Camptothecin (CPT) could inhibit tumor growth by down-regulating the key molecule of antioxidant stress signal—Nrf2. The role of Nrf2 in invasion and metastasis was still unclear. In this study, we use EPI and CPT to determine the invasion and metastasis in Huh7 cells, H22 and Huh7 mouse models. In Huh7 cells, Nrf2 expression and ROS level were found increased after incubation with EPI by western blot and flow cytometry assay. But with the combination of EPI and CPT, inhibition of Nrf2 could decrease proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, which were investigated by CCK8 assay, wound healing, and Transwell assays. In Huh7 and H22 mouse models, EPI promoted Nrf2 up-regulation and nucleus translocation. Tumor growth was obviously inhibited with a single application of EPI or CPT. The combination of EPI and CPT could inhibit Nrf2 expression but demonstrated more suppressing effect of tumor growth than EPI. Western blot and immunohistochemical staining study revealed that Nrf2 inhibition was beneficial in decreasing the expression of N-cadherin, MMP9, Snail as well as Twist, and increasing E-cadherin, which were associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Nrf2 down-regulation promoted lung metastasis of H22 cells in vivo. In addition, H&E staining and immunofluorescence staining of VEGFR suggested angiogenesis of Huh7 and H22 tumors was reduced. In conclusion, down-regulation of Nrf2 demonstrated inhibition of invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis of hepatoma, which may provide a potential therapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fanguang Meng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hankang Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China.,Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Guijie Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
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Sulforaphane Impact on Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Bladder Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115938. [PMID: 34073079 PMCID: PMC8197880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables that acts as a chemopreventive agent, but its mechanism of action is not clear. Due to antioxidative mechanisms being thought central in preventing cancer progression, SFN could play a role in oxidative processes. Since redox imbalance with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in the initiation and progression of bladder cancer, this mechanism might be involved when chemoresistance occurs. This review summarizes current understanding regarding the influence of SFN on ROS and ROS-related pathways and appraises a possible role of SFN in bladder cancer treatment.
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NRF2 DLG Domain Mutations Identified in Japanese Liver Cancer Patients Affect the Transcriptional Activity in HCC Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105296. [PMID: 34069882 PMCID: PMC8157386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographically, East Asia had the highest liver cancer burden in 2017. Besides this, liver cancer-related deaths were high in Japan, accounting for 3.90% of total deaths. The development of liver cancer is influenced by several factors, and genetic alteration is one of the critical factors among them. Therefore, the detailed mechanism driving the oncogenic transformation of liver cells needs to be elucidated. Recently, many researchers have focused on investigating the liver cancer genome and identified somatic mutations (MTs) of several transcription factors. In this line, next-generation sequencing of the cancer genome identified that oxidative stress-related transcription factor NRF2 (NFE2L2) is mutated in different cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we demonstrated that NRF2 DLG motif mutations (NRF2 D29A and L30F), found in Japanese liver cancer patients, upregulate the transcriptional activity of NRF2 in HCC cell lines. Moreover, the transcriptional activity of NRF2 mutations is not suppressed by KEAP1, presumably because NRF2 MTs disturb proper NRF2-KEAP1 binding and block KEAP1-mediated degradation of NRF2. Additionally, we showed that both MTs upregulate the transcriptional activity of NRF2 on the MMP9 promoter in Hepa1-6 and Huh7 cells, suggesting that MT derived gain-of-function of NRF2 may be important for liver tumor progression. We also found that ectopic overexpression of oncogenic BRAF WT and V600E increases the transcriptional activity of NRF2 WT on both the 3xARE reporter and MMP9 promoter. Interestingly, NRF2 D29A and L30F MTs with oncogenic BRAF V600E MT synergistically upregulate the transcription activity of NRF2 on the 3xARE reporter and MMP9 promoter in Hepa1-6 and Huh7 cells. In summary, our findings suggest that MTs in NRF2 have pathogenic effects, and that NRF2 MTs together with oncogenic BRAF V600E MT synergistically cause more aberrant transcriptional activity. The high activity of NRF2 MTs in HCC with BRAF MT warrants further exploration of the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic utility of this pathway in HCC.
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