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Manivannan MS, Yang X, Patel N, Peters A, Johnston JB, Gibson SB. Lysosome-Disrupting Agents in Combination with Venetoclax Increase Apoptotic Response in Primary Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Cells Mediated by Lysosomal Cathepsin D Release and Inhibition of Autophagy. Cells 2024; 13:1041. [PMID: 38920669 PMCID: PMC11202145 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Venetoclax and obinutuzumab are becoming frontline therapies for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. Unfortunately, drug resistance still occurs, and the combination could be immunosuppressive. Lysosomes have previously been identified as a target for obinutuzumab cytotoxicity in CLL cells, but the mechanism remains unclear. In addition, studies have shown that lysosomotropic agents can cause synergistic cell death in vitro when combined with the BTK inhibitor, ibrutinib, in primary CLL cells. This indicates that targeting lysosomes could be a treatment strategy for CLL. In this study, we have shown that obinutuzumab induces lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP) and cathepsin D release in CLL cells. Inhibition of cathepsins reduced obinutuzumab-induced cell death in CLL cells. We further determined that the lysosomotropic agent siramesine in combination with venetoclax increased cell death in primary CLL cells through an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cathepsin release. Siramesine treatment also induced synergistic cytotoxicity when combined with venetoclax. Microenvironmental factors IL4 and CD40L or incubation with HS-5 stromal cells failed to significantly protect CLL cells from siramesine- and venetoclax-induced apoptosis. We also found that siramesine treatment inhibited autophagy through reduced autolysosomes. Finally, the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine failed to further increase siramesine-induced cell death. Taken together, lysosome-targeting drugs could be an effective strategy in combination with venetoclax to overcome drug resistance in CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Lysosomes/drug effects
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Cathepsin D/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Drug Synergism
- Cell Line, Tumor
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita S. Manivannan
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.S.M.); (X.Y.); (N.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.S.M.); (X.Y.); (N.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Nirav Patel
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.S.M.); (X.Y.); (N.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Anthea Peters
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.S.M.); (X.Y.); (N.P.); (A.P.)
- Cross Cancer Institute, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB T5J 3E4, Canada
| | - James B. Johnston
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Hematologist/Oncologist, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
| | - Spencer B. Gibson
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (M.S.M.); (X.Y.); (N.P.); (A.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, USA
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2
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Fallica AN, Ciaffaglione V, Modica MN, Pittalà V, Salerno L, Amata E, Marrazzo A, Romeo G, Intagliata S. Structure-activity relationships of mixed σ1R/σ2R ligands with antiproliferative and anticancer effects. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 73:117032. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Dependence of glucose transport on autophagy and GAPDH activity. Brain Res 2022; 1776:147747. [PMID: 34864044 PMCID: PMC8819679 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucose uptake in the brain is critically important to brain health. Using two widely used cell line model systems, we have found that siramesine, a lysosomotropic agent and ligand for the sigma-2 receptor, inhibits glucose uptake and decreases pools of the GLUT1 glucose transporter at the plasma membrane. Siramesine induces autophagy but also disrupts degradation of autophagy substrates, providing a potential mechanism for its action on glucose uptake. In other cell systems, many of the effects of siramesine can be suppressed by α -tocopherol, a type of vitamin E and potent antioxidant, and α-tocopherol also suppressed the effect of siramesine on glucose uptake, suggesting a role for reactive oxygen species and membrane maintenance. We have also identified a novel mechanism for siramesine in which it inhibited plasma membrane levels of GAPDH, a key protein in glycolysis which localizes to the plasma membrane in some cell types. Indeed, GAPDH inhibitors decreased glucose uptake, like siramesine, likely through an overlapping pathway with siramesine. GAPDH inhibitors induced autophagy but inhibited degradation of autophagy targets. Thus, we have identified novel mechanisms required for glucose uptake which may have important implications in disease.
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Zaccagna F, Grist JT, Quartuccio N, Riemer F, Fraioli F, Caracò C, Halsey R, Aldalilah Y, Cunningham CH, Massoud TF, Aloj L, Gallagher FA. Imaging and treatment of brain tumors through molecular targeting: Recent clinical advances. Eur J Radiol 2021; 142:109842. [PMID: 34274843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging techniques have rapidly progressed over recent decades providing unprecedented in vivo characterization of metabolic pathways and molecular biomarkers. Many of these new techniques have been successfully applied in the field of neuro-oncological imaging to probe tumor biology. Targeting specific signaling or metabolic pathways could help to address several unmet clinical needs that hamper the management of patients with brain tumors. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent advances in brain tumor imaging using molecular targeting with positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, as well as the role in patient management and possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Zaccagna
- Division of Neuroimaging, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - James T Grist
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Natale Quartuccio
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, A.R.N.A.S. Ospedali Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy
| | - Frank Riemer
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Francesco Fraioli
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Corradina Caracò
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Halsey
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yazeed Aldalilah
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom; Department of Radiology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Charles H Cunningham
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tarik F Massoud
- Division of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Luigi Aloj
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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Zhang ZH, Zhang RJ, Han N, Li C, Wang LL, Xing EH, Gu CH, Hao CL. [Transcription factor EB related autophagy in the treatment of multiple myeloma and its mechanism]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2021; 42:407-414. [PMID: 34218584 PMCID: PMC8292998 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To clarify the effects of bortezomib combined with or without siramesine on the proliferation of multiple myeloma cell lines, the expression changes of transcription factor EBC (TFEB) nuclear translocation and the level of autophagy, and to provide basis for further exploring the regulation mechanism of transcription factor TFEB on autophagy. Methods: The multiple myeloma cell lines RPMI8226 and U266 were cultured in vitro, and the multiple myeloma cells were treated with a certain concentration of bortezomib and siramesine. The changes of cell proliferation inhibition were detected by CCK-8 method. Real time PCR and Western blot were used to detect the relative expression of TFEB, autophagy-related factor LC3B, Beclin1, p62, LAMP1 mRNA and protein. Results: As the concentration of bortezomib increased and the duration of action increased, the proliferation inhibition rates of the two cell lines gradually increased (P<0.05) . The combination of the two drugs has a synergistic inhibitory effect on the proliferation of the above-mentioned multiple myeloma cell lines (P<0.05) . In the blank control group, single drug group, and combination drug group, the relative expression of TFEB mRNA and protein in the cytoplasm decreased sequentially (P<0.05) , and the relative expression of TFEB mRNA and protein in the nucleus increased sequentially (P<0.05) . The relative expression of autophagy-related factors LC3B, Beclin1, LAMP1 mRNA and protein increased sequentially, and the relative expression of p62 mRNA and protein decreased sequentially (P<0.05) . Conclusion: Bortezomib and siramesine can synergistically inhibit the growth of multiple myeloma cells, which is related to the increased autophagy expression in multiple myeloma cell lines and the expression of TFEB with nuclear translocation is also enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - R J Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - N Han
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - C Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - L L Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - E H Xing
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - C H Gu
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - C L Hao
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
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Li YF, Scerif F, Picker SR, Stone TJ, Pickles JC, Moulding DA, Avery A, Virasami A, Fairchild AR, Tisdall M, Harkness W, Cross JH, Hargrave D, Guillemot F, Paine SM, Yasin SA, Jacques TS. Identifying cellular signalling molecules in developmental disorders of the brain: Evidence from focal cortical dysplasia and tuberous sclerosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:781-795. [PMID: 33797808 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We understand little of the pathogenesis of developmental cortical lesions, because we understand little of the diversity of the cell types that contribute to the diseases or how those cells interact. We tested the hypothesis that cellular diversity and cell-cell interactions play an important role in these disorders by investigating the signalling molecules in the commonest cortical malformations that lead to childhood epilepsy, focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and tuberous sclerosis (TS). METHODS Transcriptional profiling clustered cases into molecularly distinct groups. Using gene expression data, we identified the secretory signalling molecules in FCD/TS and characterised the cell types expressing these molecules. We developed a functional model using organotypic cultures. RESULTS We identified 113 up-regulated secretory molecules in FCDIIB/TS. The top 12 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated by immunohistochemistry. This highlighted two molecules, Chitinase 3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) (MCP1) that were expressed in a unique population of small cells in close proximity to balloon cells (BC). We then characterised these cells and developed a functional model in organotypic slice cultures. We found that the number of CHI3L1 and CCL2 expressing cells decreased following inhibition of mTOR, the main aberrant signalling pathway in TS and FCD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight previously uncharacterised small cell populations in FCD and TS which express specific signalling molecules. These findings indicate a new level of diversity and cellular interactions in cortical malformations and provide a generalisable approach to understanding cell-cell interactions and cellular heterogeneity in developmental neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Feng Li
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Pathology Department, Tri-Service General Hospital & National Defence Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fatma Scerif
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Simon R Picker
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Thomas J Stone
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jessica C Pickles
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dale A Moulding
- ICH GOS Imaging Facility, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Aimee Avery
- Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex Virasami
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Amy R Fairchild
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Martin Tisdall
- Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - William Harkness
- Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J Helen Cross
- Neurosciences Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Darren Hargrave
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Neuro-Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Francois Guillemot
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Simon M Paine
- Department of Neuropathology, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Shireena A Yasin
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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7
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Debieu S, Solier S, Colombeau L, Versini A, Sindikubwabo F, Forrester A, Müller S, Cañeque T, Rodriguez R. Small Molecule Regulators of Ferroptosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1301:81-121. [PMID: 34370289 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-62026-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a dedicated mode of cell death involving iron, reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. Involved in processes such as glutathione metabolism, lysosomal iron retention or interference with lipid metabolism, leading either to activation or inhibition of ferroptosis. Given the implications of ferroptosis in diseases such as cancer, aging, Alzheimer and infectious diseases, new molecular mechanisms underlying ferroptosis and small molecules regulators that target those mechanisms have prompted a great deal of interest. Here, we discuss the current scenario of small molecules modulating ferroptosis and critically assess what is known about their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Debieu
- Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
- PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, CNRS UMR 3666, INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Solier
- Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
- PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, CNRS UMR 3666, INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Colombeau
- Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
- PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, CNRS UMR 3666, INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Versini
- Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
- PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, CNRS UMR 3666, INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Sindikubwabo
- Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
- PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, CNRS UMR 3666, INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Alison Forrester
- Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
- PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, CNRS UMR 3666, INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
- PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, CNRS UMR 3666, INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Cañeque
- Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
- PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, CNRS UMR 3666, INSERM U1143, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Rodriguez
- Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
- PSL Université Paris, Paris, France.
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Laboratory, CNRS UMR 3666, INSERM U1143, Paris, France.
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Silva VR, Neves SP, Santos LDS, Dias RB, Bezerra DP. Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities of Autophagy in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113461. [PMID: 33233671 PMCID: PMC7699739 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Autophagy is a physiological process characterized by the degradation of the cell components through lysosomes due to stimuli/stress. In this study, we review the challenges and therapeutic opportunities that autophagy presents in the treatment of cancer. We discussed the results of several studies that evaluated autophagy as a therapeutic strategy in cancer, both through the modulation of therapeutic resistance and the death of cancer cells. Moreover, we discussed the role of autophagy in the biology of cancer stem cells and the inhibition of this process as a strategy to overcome resistance and progression of cancer stem cells. Abstract Autophagy is a physiological cellular process that is crucial for development and can occurs in response to nutrient deprivation or metabolic disorders. Interestingly, autophagy plays a dual role in cancer cells—while in some situations, it has a cytoprotective effect that causes chemotherapy resistance, in others, it has a cytotoxic effect in which some compounds induce autophagy-mediated cell death. In this review, we summarize strategies aimed at autophagy for the treatment of cancer, including studies of drugs that can modulate autophagy-mediated resistance, and/or drugs that cause autophagy-mediated cancer cell death. In addition, the role of autophagy in the biology of cancer stem cells has also been discussed.
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Jacobs KA, Maghe C, Gavard J. Lysosomes in glioblastoma: pump up the volume. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2094-2104. [PMID: 32723137 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1796016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are acidic, dynamic organelles that supervise catabolism, integrate signaling cascades, and tune cellular trafficking. Moreover, the loss of their integrity may jeopardize cell viability. In cancer cells, lysosomes are qualitatively and quantitatively modified for the tumor's own benefit. For all these reasons, these organelles emerge as appealing intracellular targets to manipulate non-oncogene addiction. This is of particular interest for brain diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, in which stem cells are exhausted and transformed, respectively. Recent publications had demonstrated that stem cells displayed disarmed lysosomes in terms of number and functions during aging and oncogenic progression. Likewise, our laboratory identified that the arginine protease MALT1, normally dedicated to the assembly of proper NF-kB activation and processing a number of substrates, arbitrates lysosome biogenesis and mTOR signaling in glioblastoma stem-like cells. Indeed, blocking either the expression or the activity of this enzyme leads to an aberrant increase of lysosomes, alongside of the down-regulation of the mTOR signaling. This surge of lysosomes eradicates glioblastoma stem-like cells. Targeting lysosomes might thus inspire the design of new strategies to face this devastating human cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the functions of the lysosome as well as its role as a cell death initiator, to highlight the potential of lysosomal drugs for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Jacobs
- Team SOAP, CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université De Nantes, Université d'Angers , Nantes, France
| | - Clément Maghe
- Team SOAP, CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université De Nantes, Université d'Angers , Nantes, France
| | - Julie Gavard
- Team SOAP, CRCINA, Inserm, CNRS, Université De Nantes, Université d'Angers , Nantes, France.,Integrated Center for Oncology, ICO , St. Herblain, France
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10
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Cash TP, Alcalá S, Rico-Ferreira MDR, Hernández-Encinas E, García J, Albarrán MI, Valle S, Muñoz J, Martínez-González S, Blanco-Aparicio C, Pastor J, Serrano M, Sainz B. Induction of Lysosome Membrane Permeabilization as a Therapeutic Strategy to Target Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071790. [PMID: 32635473 PMCID: PMC7407272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant efforts to improve pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) clinical outcomes, overall survival remains dismal. The poor response to current therapies is partly due to the existence of pancreatic cancer stem cells (PaCSCs), which are efficient drivers of PDAC tumorigenesis, metastasis and relapse. To find new therapeutic agents that could efficiently kill PaCSCs, we screened a chemical library of 680 compounds for candidate small molecules with anti-CSC activity, and identified two compounds of a specific chemical series with potent activity in vitro and in vivo against patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cultures. The anti-CSC mechanism of action of this specific chemical series was found to rely on induction of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), which is likely associated with the increased lysosomal mass observed in PaCSCs. Using the well characterized LMP-inducer siramesine as a tool molecule, we show elimination of the PaCSC population in mice implanted with tumors from two PDX models. Collectively, our approach identified lysosomal disruption as a promising anti-CSC therapeutic strategy for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Cash
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (T.P.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Sonia Alcalá
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (S.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3—Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - María del Rosario Rico-Ferreira
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.R.R.-F.); (E.H.-E.); (J.G.); (M.I.A.); (S.M.-G.); (C.B.-A.); (J.P.)
| | - Elena Hernández-Encinas
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.R.R.-F.); (E.H.-E.); (J.G.); (M.I.A.); (S.M.-G.); (C.B.-A.); (J.P.)
| | - Jennifer García
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.R.R.-F.); (E.H.-E.); (J.G.); (M.I.A.); (S.M.-G.); (C.B.-A.); (J.P.)
| | - María Isabel Albarrán
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.R.R.-F.); (E.H.-E.); (J.G.); (M.I.A.); (S.M.-G.); (C.B.-A.); (J.P.)
| | - Sandra Valle
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (S.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3—Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Muñoz
- Proteomics Unit–ProteoRed-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sonia Martínez-González
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.R.R.-F.); (E.H.-E.); (J.G.); (M.I.A.); (S.M.-G.); (C.B.-A.); (J.P.)
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.R.R.-F.); (E.H.-E.); (J.G.); (M.I.A.); (S.M.-G.); (C.B.-A.); (J.P.)
| | - Joaquín Pastor
- Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.d.R.R.-F.); (E.H.-E.); (J.G.); (M.I.A.); (S.M.-G.); (C.B.-A.); (J.P.)
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (T.P.C.); (M.S.)
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (S.A.); (S.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Chronic Diseases and Cancer, Area 3—Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Halcrow P, Datta G, Ohm JE, Soliman ML, Chen X, Geiger JD. Role of endolysosomes and pH in the pathogenesis and treatment of glioblastoma. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 2:e1177. [PMID: 32095788 PMCID: PMC7039640 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a Grade IV astrocytoma with an aggressive disease course and a uniformly poor prognosis. Pathologically, GBM is characterized by rapid development of primary tumors, diffuse infiltration into the brain parenchyma, and robust angiogenesis. The treatment options that are limited and largely ineffective include a combination of surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with the alkylating agent temozolomide. RECENT FINDINGS Similar to many other forms of cancer, the extracellular environment near GBM tumors is acidified. Extracellular acidosis is particularly relevant to tumorgenesis and the concept of tumor cell dormancy because of findings that decreased pH reduces proliferation, increases resistance to apoptosis and autophagy, promotes tumor cell invasion, increases angiogenesis, obscures immune surveillance, and promotes resistance to drug and radio-treatment. Factors known to participate in the acidification process are nutrient starvation, oxidative stress, hypoxia and high levels of anaerobic glycolysis that lead to increases in lactate. Also involved are endosomes and lysosomes (hereafter termed endolysosomes), acidic organelles with highly regulated stores of hydrogen (H+) ions. Endolysosomes contain more than 60 hydrolases as well as about 50 proteins that are known to affect the number, sizes and distribution patterns of these organelles within cells. Recently, vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase), the main proton pump that is responsible for maintaining the acidic environment in endolysosomes, was identified as a novel therapeutic target for glioblastoma. CONCLUSIONS Thus, a greater understanding of the role of endolysosomes in regulating cellular and extracellular acidity could result in a better elucidation of GBM pathogenesis and new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Gaurav Datta
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Joyce E. Ohm
- Department of Cancer Genetics and GenomicsRoswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffaloNew York
| | - Mahmoud L. Soliman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineBoston University Medical CenterBostonMassachusetts
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
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Halcrow PW, Khan N, Datta G, Ohm JE, Chen X, Geiger JD. Importance of measuring endolysosome, cytosolic, and extracellular pH in understanding the pathogenesis of and possible treatments for glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 2:e1193. [PMID: 31989117 PMCID: PMC6983952 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a very aggressive form of brain cancer that carries with it a tragically poor prognosis. As with many other forms of cancer, the extracellular environment near GBM tumors is acidified and is relevant to the pathogenesis of GBM because decreased pH promotes tumor cell invasion, increases angiogenesis, decreases immune surveillance, and increases resistance to possible treatments. Recently, vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase), a proton pump that helps maintain the acidic environment in endosomes and lysosomes (hereafter referred to endolysosomes) as well as proton gradients across the plasma membrane, was identified as a novel therapeutic target for GBM. However, information is lacking about cancer cell and tissue pH of endolysosomes, cytosol and extracellular fluid. AIM Here, we measured endolysosome, cytosolic, and extracellular pH in U87MG cells in the absence and presence of the v-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1. METHODS In vitro measurements of U87MG cells were conducted using LysoSensor dye and a Lysosome-RFP dye for lysosome pH, BCECF-AM for cytosolic pH, and a pH-sensitive microprobe for extracellular pH. RESULTS Bafilomycin A1 increased endolysosome pH from 5.28 to 5.57, decreased cytosolic pH from 7.01 to 6.46, and increased extracellular pH from 7.18 to 7.40. CONCLUSIONS Here, we report the ability to make pH measurements in U87MG glioblastoma cells and discuss these results in the context of GBM pathogenesis and possible treatment. This might be of some importance in understanding the pathogenesis of GBM because the highly regulated stores of hydrogen (H+) ions in endolysosomes can influence cytosolic and extracellular pH as well as the distribution, numbers, and sizes of endolysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Gaurav Datta
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Joyce E. Ohm
- Department of Cancer Genetics and GenomicsRoswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffaloNew York
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health SciencesGrand ForksNorth Dakota
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Pišlar A, Jewett A, Kos J. Cysteine cathepsins: Their biological and molecular significance in cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:168-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ediriweera MK, Tennekoon KH, Samarakoon SR. In vitro assays and techniques utilized in anticancer drug discovery. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:38-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meran Keshawa Ediriweera
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; University of Colombo; Colombo 03 Sri Lanka
| | - Kamani Hemamala Tennekoon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; University of Colombo; Colombo 03 Sri Lanka
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Sarafian VS, Koev I, Mehterov N, Kazakova M, Dangalov K. LAMP-1 gene is overexpressed in high grade glioma. APMIS 2018; 126:657-662. [PMID: 29920782 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGG) are the most frequent brain tumors in adults. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is their most aggressive form resistant to therapy. It was shown that inhibition of autophagy reduced GBM development and autophagy interfering agents are regarded as a new strategy to fight glioma cells. The lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) display differential expression particularly in cancer. There are few data on their expression and especially on their molecular profile. The aim of the present study is to investigate the expression of LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 genes and proteins in HGG. Newly diagnosed patients with HGG and healthy controls were examined by immunohistochemistry and qPCR for both protein and mRNA levels of LAMP-1 and LAMP-2. The transcriptional activity of LAMP-1 in HGG was significantly higher compared to normal brain and to LAMP-2. The two glycoproteins were detected in the cytosol of tumor cells with varying intensity, LAMP-1 showing again enhanced expression. In conclusion, novel data on LAMP-1 overexpression in HGG are presented suggesting involvement of this gene and protein in cell adhesion and tumor progression. These findings might help the elucidation of the complex biological role of the multifunctional LAMPs proteins and to predict novel therapeutic targets in lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Sarafian
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Technological Center for Emergency Medicine, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ilian Koev
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. George University Hospital, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- University Hospital Pulmed, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Mehterov
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Technological Center for Emergency Medicine, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Kazakova
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Krassimir Dangalov
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Medical Faculty, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Eisemann T, Costa B, Strelau J, Mittelbronn M, Angel P, Peterziel H. An advanced glioma cell invasion assay based on organotypic brain slice cultures. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:103. [PMID: 29378533 PMCID: PMC5789681 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The poor prognosis for glioblastoma patients is caused by the diffuse infiltrative growth pattern of the tumor. Therefore, the molecular and cellular processes underlying cell migration continue to be a major focus of glioblastoma research. Emerging evidence supports the concept that the tumor microenvironment has a profound influence on the functional properties of tumor cells. Accordingly, substantial effort must be devoted to move from traditional two-dimensional migration assays to three-dimensional systems that more faithfully recapitulate the complex in vivo tumor microenvironment. METHODS In order to mimic the tumor microenvironment of adult gliomas, we used adult organotypic brain slices as an invasion matrix for implanted, fluorescently labeled tumor spheroids. Cell invasion was imaged by confocal or epi-fluorescence microscopy and quantified by determining the average cumulative sprout length per spheroid. The tumor microenvironment was manipulated by treatment of the slice with small molecule inhibitors or using different genetically engineered mouse models as donors. RESULTS Both epi-fluorescence and confocal microscopy were applied to precisely quantify cell invasion in this ex vivo approach. Usage of a red-emitting membrane dye in addition to tissue clearing drastically improved epi-fluorescence imaging. Preparation of brain slices from of a genetically engineered mouse with a loss of a specific cell surface protein resulted in significantly impaired tumor cell invasion. Furthermore, jasplakinolide treatment of either tumor cells or brain slice significantly reduced tumor cell invasion. CONCLUSION We present an optimized invasion assay that closely reflects in vivo invasion by the implantation of glioma cells into organotypic adult brain slice cultures with a preserved cytoarchitecture. The diversity of applications including manipulation of the tumor cells as well as the microenvironment, permits the investigation of rate limiting factors of cell migration in a reliable context. This model will be a valuable tool for the discovery of the molecular mechanisms underlying glioma cell invasion and, ultimately, the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Eisemann
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Costa
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Strelau
- Functional Neuroanatomy, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger-Institute), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Luxembourg Centre of Neuropathology (LCNP), Dudelange, Luxembourg.,Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Department of Oncology, NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health (L.I.H.), Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Peter Angel
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Heike Peterziel
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.,Present address: Translational Program, Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), University Hospital and DKFZ Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Present address: Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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Lombardo T, Folgar MG, Salaverry L, Rey-Roldán E, Alvarez EM, Carreras MC, Kornblihtt L, Blanco GA. Regulated Cell Death of Lymphoma Cells after Graded Mitochondrial Damage is Differentially Affected by Drugs Targeting Cell Stress Responses. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 122:489-500. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Lombardo
- Laboratory of Immunotoxicology (LaITo), IDEHU-CONICET, Clinics Hospital, José de San Martín; University of Buenos Aires (UBA); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Martín Gil Folgar
- Laboratory of Immunotoxicology (LaITo), IDEHU-CONICET, Clinics Hospital, José de San Martín; University of Buenos Aires (UBA); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Luciana Salaverry
- Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology (LAIR), IDEHU-CONICET, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; UBA; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Estela Rey-Roldán
- Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology (LAIR), IDEHU-CONICET, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; UBA; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Elida M. Alvarez
- Laboratory of Tumour Immunology (LIT), IDEHU-CONICET, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry; UBA; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - María C. Carreras
- Laboratory of Oxygen Metabolism; University of Buenos Aires, INIGEM-CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Laura Kornblihtt
- Haematology Department, Clinics Hospital, José de San Martín; University of Buenos Aires (UBA); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Guillermo A. Blanco
- Laboratory of Immunotoxicology (LaITo), IDEHU-CONICET, Clinics Hospital, José de San Martín; University of Buenos Aires (UBA); Buenos Aires Argentina
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Mucke HA. Drug Repurposing Patent Applications October–December 2016. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2017; 15:120-126. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.29056.pq4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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