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Cousins-Whitus E, Patrick K, Martin J, Drost J, Was C, Spitznagel MB. Burden and positive aspects of caregiving: cluster profiles of dementia caregiving experiences. Aging Ment Health 2024; 28:957-968. [PMID: 38038391 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2023.2288870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although caregiver burden is common in the context of dementia caregiving, the caregiving role is linked to beneficial outcomes too. Individuals reporting higher positive aspects of caregiving tend to exhibit lower burden relative to those reporting few. The goal of this retrospective review of outpatient memory clinic medical records was to demonstrate whether and how constructs of burden and positive aspects of caregiving coexist within individual caregivers, and to explore potential contributors to caregiver profiles created based upon these constructs. METHOD Cluster analyses were conducted on 1160 caregivers from an initial intake interview meeting criteria on primary measures of Positive Aspects of Caregiving and the Zarit Burden Interview and repeated with 225 caregivers meeting inclusion criteria on all measures. Samples were compared for similarity, and the smaller sample (n = 225) was deemed appropriately representative. Multinomial logistic regressions examined cluster predictors in sample with 225 caregivers. RESULTS Results suggested a three-cluster solution: a High Burden group, a High Positive Experiences group, and a Low-Moderate Experiences group showing low burden and moderate positive experiences. Greater behavioral problems predicted belonging to the High Burden cluster. Greater care recipient dependence predicted belonging to the High Positive Experiences cluster while greater independence predicted the Low-Moderate Experiences cluster. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that burden and positive aspects of caregiving do not simultaneously present in caregivers at high levels. Supportive caregiver interventions might be tailored to profiles demonstrated here. Future research should investigate other potential contributors to experiences of burden and positive aspects of caregiving.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karlee Patrick
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - John Martin
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Drost
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Summa Health System, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Christopher Was
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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2
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Zhao S, Li Y, Ma Y, Xie Y, Lu W, Liang C. Impact mechanism of social-related social media use on the job performance of caregivers of older adults. Geriatr Nurs 2024; 58:191-199. [PMID: 38824881 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact mechanism of social-related social media use on the job performance of caregivers of older adults through mental health and analyzed gender differences. A total of 358 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS. The results showed that mental health plays an important role in the relationship between social-related social media use and job performance. Such social media use can improve psychological well-being and reduce psychological distress by promoting relaxation experience. Psychological well-being has a significant positive impact on job performance. In addition, significant differences exist in the impact path of social-related social media use on psychological distress among different gender groups. The findings of this study can assist nursing homes in assessing the use of social media within their organizations and provide methodological references for enhancing the job performance of caregivers of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zhao
- School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Yongyan Li
- School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Yiming Ma
- School of Management, Anhui University of Finance and Economics, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, China.
| | - Yuguang Xie
- School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Wenxing Lu
- School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Changyong Liang
- School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Process Optimization and Intelligent Decision-making, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
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3
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Worrell S, Waling A, Anderson J, Lyons A, Pepping CA, Bourne A. 'It feels meaningful': How informal mental health caregivers in an LGBTQ community interpret their work and their role. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2024; 26:808-823. [PMID: 37705445 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2023.2256833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Many members of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and gender diverse, and queer (LGBTQ) communities provide informal mental health support to peers. This type of support is valuable for people who receive it - even helping to prevent suicide. It is also meaningful to those who provide it. In this article, we focus on how LGBTQ people derive meaning from their experiences of supporting peers. In-depth interviews with 25 LGBTQ people in Melbourne, Australia, indicate that those providing informal mental health support to fellow community members recognise their roles as meaningful in three main ways: in terms of self, relationships and communities. Recognising the meanings that LGBTQ caregivers derive from helping fellow community members provides useful information service providers and policymakers seeking to better address mental distress in LGBTQ communities and support caregivers. It is useful to understand this meaningful work in an LGBTQ context as caregiving that challenges gendered and heteronormative assumptions about what care is, and who provides it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Worrell
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea Waling
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joel Anderson
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony Lyons
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Adam Bourne
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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4
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Oleas Rodríguez DA, Yong Peña C, Garza Olivares X, Teixeira Filho FS, Lucero Córdova JE, Salas Naranjo AJ. Emotional Coping Strategies for Informal Caregivers of Hospitalized Patients: A Study of Distress and Overload. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:725-734. [PMID: 38410381 PMCID: PMC10895987 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s443200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Informal caregivers constitute a vulnerable population group that has forsaken their activities and life projects with the sole purpose of caring for a dependent individual without receiving any form of compensation in return. Emotionally, this population has been neglected by both the state and family members, exacerbating distress levels among them. The objective is to analyze the impact of emotional coping strategies on the experiences of distress and emotional burden among adult informal caregivers tending to hospitalized individuals. Sample and Methods The role of emotional coping strategies in caregiver burden and psychological distress was examined in 460 informal adult caregivers from Guayaquil, Ecuador, who participated in an online survey. The instruments used included the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS 21), the Zarit Burden Inventory (ZBI), and the Emotional Coping Questionnaire (Cuestionario de Afrontamiento Emocional). The analysis involved a multiple regression to iteratively select variables, aiming to build a simpler and more explanatory model. Results Employing multiple regression analysis with a stepwise model selection procedure, it was found that 16.5% of the variance in depression, 19.5% of the variance in anxiety, 19.8% of the variance in stress, and 32% of the variance in burden were predicted by specific coping strategies. Additionally, the impact of burden was estimated by the participants' gender, with greater burden observed among males due to societal role expectations. Conclusion This study underscores the importance of emotional coping in the experience of informal caregivers and suggests that psychological interventions should focus on developing adaptive strategies to manage the stress and emotional burden associated with caregiving.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xochitl Garza Olivares
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
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5
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Hayes A, Dempsey M, Kells M, Murphy M. The relationship between social support, coping strategies and psychological distress and positive mental well-being in carers of people with borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2023; 10:31. [PMID: 37821995 PMCID: PMC10568807 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-023-00237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Informal carers of people with BPD experience high levels of burden and psychological distress relative to other populations. There is a scarcity of research evidencing the influence of modifiable factors on carer outcomes to inform interventions. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between social support, coping strategies and psychological distress and positive mental well-being in this carer population. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 1207 carers completed the McLean Screening Instrument for BPD-Carer Version, the Brief COPE, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Kessler Psychological Distress scale, the WHO-5 Well-being Index, and the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Data for 863 participants who met the inclusion criteria were analysed. RESULTS Carers reported low positive mental well-being and high psychological distress. Perceived social support and several coping strategies were significant unique predictors of psychological distress and positive mental well-being. Perceived social support and positive reframing were the strongest predictors of higher positive mental well-being and lower psychological distress. Self-blame, behavioural disengagement and substance use were the strongest predictors of adverse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The findings evidence modifiable factors that may be used to improve informal carer outcomes and indicate that carer interventions may be improved by focusing on reducing the use of self-blame, behavioural disengagement and substance use, and development of quality social support and skills to positively reframe caregiving situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Hayes
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Maria Dempsey
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary Kells
- Mental Health Services, Cork Kerry Community Healthcare, Health Service Executive, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mike Murphy
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Ogbodo CM, Ifeagwazi CM, Chukwuorji JC, Onu DU. Mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between mindfulness and mental well-being among formal caregivers of psychiatric patients. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2023; 28:2596-2605. [PMID: 37381893 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2023.2229240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Professional caregivers of psychiatric patients are often exposed to circumstances and environments that threaten their mental well-being in the course of carrying out their professional duties. In this study, we examined the mediating role of emotion regulation in the association between mindfulness and mental well-being among professional caregivers of psychiatric patients. Three hundred and seven professional caregivers of psychiatric patients whose ages ranged between 22 and 63 years (mean age = 39.21 years; SD = 10.09 years) participated in the study. They completed measures of mindfulness, emotion regulation and mental well-being in addition to supplying relevant demographic information. Results of mediation analysis showed that expressive suppression dimension of emotion regulation mediated the relationship between mindfulness and mental well-being. This indicates that mindfulness was associated with increased mental well-being via the pathway of reduced expressive suppression. These findings suggest that expressive suppression may represent an effective way to strengthen the link between mindfulness and mental well-being among professional caregivers and ultimately provide a means to improve their well-being.
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Cousins E, Patrick K, Chapman K, Drost J, Spitznagel MB. The indirect effect of positive aspects of caregiving on the relationship between cognitive decline and dementia caregiver burden. Psychogeriatrics 2023; 23:603-608. [PMID: 37039090 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has linked increased cognitive decline in a dementia care recipient to worsening caregiver burden, but the presence of positive aspects of caregiving is associated with better outcomes. As cognitive decline worsens, a lack of positive caregiving experiences could lead to burden for the caregiver. This study investigated relationships among dementia caregiver burden, cognitive decline, and positive aspects of caregiving in dementia, predicting an indirect effect of positive aspects of caregiving. METHODS Data from 724 patients of an outpatient memory clinic in Ohio were examined and dyads included based on clinically supported patient diagnoses on the dementia spectrum. Caregivers completed the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and Positive Aspects of Caregiving (PAC) measures. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Mini-Mental State Examination were used to estimate cognitive decline, standardized to create a single variable. Multiple potential covariates were considered for inclusion in the model. A cross-sectional mediation analysis using the Hayes PROCESS macro explored the presence of an indirect effect of PAC on the relationship between cognitive decline and ZBI using 5000 bootstrap samples. RESULTS Only the potential covariate caregiver age was correlated with any of the primary variables; this variable was controlled in analyses. Significant relationships emerged between cognitive decline and ZBI (r = -0.12, P < 0.001), between PAC and ZBI (r = -0.23, P < 0.001), and between cognitive decline and PAC (r = -0.07, P < 0.05). An indirect effect of positive aspects of caregiving on the relationship between cognitive decline and ZBI was statistically significant (B = 0.0092, 95% bias-corrected confidence interval: 0.0008, 0.0185), accounting for 14.4% of the variance in the model. CONCLUSIONS A lack of positive aspects of caregiving could be partially responsible for development of dementia caregiver burden as cognitive decline worsens. Longitudinal examination of these relationships is needed to understand causality fully. Findings may help healthcare providers tailor treatment to alleviate caregiver burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Cousins
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Karlee Patrick
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Kimberly Chapman
- Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jennifer Drost
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Summa Health System, Akron, Ohio, USA
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Pereira MG, Gonçalves AF, Brito L. The Moderating Role of Self-Care Behaviors in Personal Care Aides of Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5177. [PMID: 36982086 PMCID: PMC10049579 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought new challenges and work changes for formal caregivers such as personal care aides with an impact on their quality of life (QoL). This cross-sectional study aims to analyze the relationships and contribution of sociodemographic and psychological variables towards QoL including the moderating role of self-care. This study included 127 formal caregivers from Portugal who were assessed on depression, anxiety and stress (DASS-21); professional self-care (SCAP); quality of life (SF-12); COVID-19 traumatic stress (COVID-19TSC) and preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors (PCOVID-19 IBS). Professional self-care was positively associated with QoL and also moderated the relationship between distress and QoL (p < 0.001). According to results, nursing homes should provide formal caregivers, such as personal care aides, with the professional support they need in order to promote their QoL and prevent burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Graça Pereira
- Psychology Research Centre, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Laura Brito
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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9
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Juy R, Nieto A, Contador I, Ramos F, Fernández-Calvo B. Psychosocial Factors Associated with Burnout and Self-Perceived Health in Spanish Occupational Therapists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:44. [PMID: 36612366 PMCID: PMC9819894 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: There are few studies of burnout syndrome (BS) in occupational therapists (OTs), and protective factors for BS have received little attention in the scientific literature. This research aimed to estimate the prevalence of BS, characterize the associated psychosocial factors, and analyze their relationship with health in a sample of Spanish OTs. (2) Methods: A total of 127 therapists completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and other standardized questionnaires measuring: personality traits (reduced five-factor personality inventory, NEO-FFI), coping styles (Coping Strategies Questionnaire, CAE), work-family conflict (Survey Work-Home Interaction Nijmegen, SWING), professional factors (role ambiguity/clarity and modified role conflict questionnaires), and the perception of health (Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire). Several correlational and multiple regression analyses were performed to study the psychosocial predictors of burnout and its relationship with health perceptions. (3) Results: 15.8% of the professionals presented BS, with emotional exhaustion (EE; 38.7%) being the most compromised dimension. Neuroticism, role conflict, negative work-family interaction, and open emotional expression (OE) significantly predicted a higher EE. The main predictors of cynicism (CY) were being male, role conflict, and OE. Role conflict, role ambiguity and social support-seeking were significant predictors of reduced professional efficiency (PE). (4) Conclusions: A high percentage of OTs with BS suggests the need for increased awareness of the importance of this syndrome in the health community. It would be critical to consider the protective factors (i.e., emotional management, social support) that help promote OTs' well-being and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Juy
- Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatments, Facultad de Psicología, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Nieto
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology, and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Facultad de Psicología, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Israel Contador
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology, and Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Facultad de Psicología, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco Ramos
- Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatments, Facultad de Psicología, University of Salamanca, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Bernardino Fernández-Calvo
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
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10
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De Sola H, Failde I, Estalella I, Maquibar A. Becoming a secondary actor of one's own life: A qualitative study of the experiences of informal caregivers in the care of people with chronic pain. Health Expect 2022; 26:409-418. [PMID: 36480488 PMCID: PMC9854326 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The physical limitations experienced by people with chronic pain (CP) produce a greater need for care and assistance, most of which is provided by an informal caregiver (IC). Despite the key role ICs play in the everyday lives of individuals living with CP, knowledge about their experiences and needs is limited. We aimed to address this limitation by exploring the experiences of IC of people with CP. METHODS This is a qualitative descriptive study using semistructured interviews. Participants were 12 ICs purposively chosen from the Unit of Pain at the University Hospital in Cádiz. Individual interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed following thematic analysis. RESULTS We developed one overarching theme 'Becoming a secondary actor of one's own life' and three themes: 1. Key elements that shape a caregiver's experiences; 2. It's the hand that life dealt me; 3. The burden of being a caregiver and coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS This study's findings highlight how the CP impacts IC lives. Being an IC for a relative with CP became the most important role in the IC's life, to the point of casting a shadow over their own needs. Besides, participants felt not having other options but to keep going with that role. Yet, the context was essential in shaping the experiences as caregivers and the burden derived from caregiving. In this line, differences related to gender roles were found in the narratives of participant women and men. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION Participants were purposively chosen from the Unit of Pain at the University Hospital 'Puerta del Mar' who attended the consultation accompanying their relatives. All the eligible participants were approached by the clinician. After this initial approach by the clinician, one of the researchers met the potential participant and they went to a quieter place in a clinical setting for the interview, before which the participant was shown a letter with more comprehensive information about the study and its aim. The participants were left alone to read and think carefully before giving their written informed consent. Participation was voluntary and the subjects received no financial contribution for their time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena De Sola
- The Observatory of PainUniversity of CádizCádizSpain,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research UnitPuerta del Mar University Hospital, University of CádizCádizSpain,Preventive Medicine and Public Health AreaUniversity of CádizCádizSpain
| | - Inmaculada Failde
- The Observatory of PainUniversity of CádizCádizSpain,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research UnitPuerta del Mar University Hospital, University of CádizCádizSpain,Preventive Medicine and Public Health AreaUniversity of CádizCádizSpain
| | - Itziar Estalella
- Department of Nursing I, Faculty of Medicine and NursingUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUBizkaiaLeioaSpain
| | - Amaia Maquibar
- Department of Nursing I, Faculty of Medicine and NursingUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUBizkaiaLeioaSpain
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Quality of Life and Anxiety Levels in Latin American Immigrants as Caregivers of Older Adults in Spain. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10122342. [PMID: 36553865 PMCID: PMC9778248 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10122342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased life expectancy in Spain has highlighted the need for formal caregivers who care for older adults who live at home. In many cases, families choose to hire immigrants from Latin America who, on many occasions, have been forced to emigrate, which causes a considerable psychological impact on them. To this, other factors such as precarious working conditions, loneliness, or high workload are added, which leads to many caregivers becoming sick. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of life and the level of anxiety derived from the workload of Latin American immigrants who come to Spain to care for older adults. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out using two validated questionnaires to measure this relationship. A correlation was also established between quality of life and anxiety as expressed by the participants. The sample consisted of a total of 426 subjects. One of the main results showed that the lower the caregiver's quality of life, the higher their level of anxiety (OR = 1.06; 95% CI). Live-in caregivers had a lower quality of life than people who did not live in the same house as the cared-for person (OR = 2.22; 95% CI). Working long hours and having a high workload was associated with poorer quality of life and higher levels of anxiety. Assessing immigrants who are formal caregivers and providing them with the support that helps to improve their quality of life is suggested to reduce the occurrence of anxiety disorders.
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Radu M, Ciucă A, Crișan CA, Pintea S, Predescu E, Șipos R, Moldovan R, Băban A. The impact of psychiatric disorders on caregivers: An integrative predictive model of burden, stigma, and well-being. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:2372-2382. [PMID: 35347717 PMCID: PMC9790354 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The study investigates the predictors of caregivers' experienced burden, stigma, and well-being, when looking after family members diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder. DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included 168 caregivers; perceived burden, stigma, well-being, knowledge, illness perception, and medical variables were assessed. FINDINGS A number of correlates of burden, stigma, and well-being have been identified and are being discussed. The integrative predictive model showed that the caregiver's emotional representation of illness best predicts burden (β = 0.38, p < 0.001), stigma (β = 0.53, p < 0.001) and well-being (β = -0.36, p < 0.001). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Our results can enable health professionals to tailor psychosocial interventions addressed to family members of individuals living with a psychiatric condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mădălina Radu
- Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andrada Ciucă
- Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cătălina-Angela Crișan
- Department of Neurosciences, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sebastian Pintea
- Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Elena Predescu
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roxana Șipos
- Department of Neuroscience, Discipline of Psychiatry and Pediatric Psychiatry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ramona Moldovan
- Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Adriana Băban
- Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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13
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Rodríguez-Mora Á, Mateo Guirola T, Mestre JM. Overload and Emotional Wellbeing in a Sample of Spanish Caregivers of Alzheimer's Patients during COVID-19 pandemic. Exp Aging Res 2022; 49:389-406. [PMID: 36036728 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2022.2115739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Carers of Alzheimer's suffer from caregiver overload, anxiety and depression. Changes in caregiving brought about by pandemic restrictions (COVID-19) may play a role. The aim was to explore the caregiver profile and assess the influence of the pandemic on informal and formal caregivers in a Spanish sample. METHOD Sixty caregivers participated. An ad hoc questionnaire, ZBI, STAI and BDI were administered. RESULTS Informal caregivers were more overloaded, anxious and depressed than professional caregivers. Both groups perceived themselves to be more sad, worried and stressed than in the pre-pandemic situation. The pandemic-generated variables associated with caregiving did not influence caregiver overload in both groups. In informal caregivers, worsening of the patient with stress and changes in perceived social support with anxiety and depression. In professional caregivers, changes in routine were associated with stress and lower depression and changes in perceived social support with higher caregiver strain. Changes in caregiving routine and changes in perceived social support were predictors of overload and emotional distress in both caregivers. CONCLUSIONS Overload was not influenced by the pandemic situation. Changes in caregiving routine and lack of social support were found to be predictors of overload and emotional distress in both types of caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Rodríguez-Mora
- Instituto Universitario para el Desarrollo Social y Sostenible, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Department of Psychology, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - José M Mestre
- Instituto Universitario para el Desarrollo Social y Sostenible, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Department of Psychology, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
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Takahashi T, Ekoyama S, Tachikawa H, Midorikawa H, Shiratori Y, Ota M, Takahashi S, Arai T. Mental Health of Caregivers Working in Nursing Homes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2022; 51:233-240. [PMID: 35679835 PMCID: PMC9393777 DOI: 10.1159/000524953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There have been numerous reports of cluster outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hospitals and nursing homes. Healthcare workers fighting COVID-19 experience mental health issues. Caregivers in nursing homes experienced increased psychological distress and concern about deterioration of their mental health. We conducted a large-scale web-based survey exploring mental health among caregivers working in nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic with the aim of identifying their support needs. METHODS Survey participants were caregivers working at 284 nursing homes in Ibaraki prefecture, Japan. The survey period was from September 2020 to March 2021. Participants responded to a questionnaire covering gender, age, occupation, infections at facilities, infection protection, changes in nursing home users, cooperation with other medical institutions, and prejudice/discrimination. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to evaluate participants' depression and anxiety. RESULTS In total, 676 participants completed the survey; 350 (52.5%) were with anxiety symptoms and 378 (56.7%) were with depressive symptoms (scores exceeding the HADS cut-off points). The risk for anxiety was associated with being care worker or social worker. The risk of anxiety or depression was high when family caregivers' mental state changed. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION This study found that caregivers working in nursing homes were exposed to high levels of stress during the COVID-19 pandemic and were at high risk for developing depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Takahashi
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan,
| | - Saori Ekoyama
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tachikawa
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Disaster and Community Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan,*Hirokazu Tachikawa,
| | | | - Yuki Shiratori
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Miho Ota
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sho Takahashi
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Disaster and Community Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Arai
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Caregiving-related experiences associated with depression severity and its symptomatology among caregivers of individuals with a severe mental disorder: an online cross-sectional study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022:10.1007/s00406-022-01451-3. [PMID: 35771258 PMCID: PMC9245882 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Caring for a relative with a severe mental disorder puts family caregivers to a great risk of depression. While overall caregiving burden is a strong predictor of depression, the contribution of the various dimensions of burden to caregivers' depression as well as their relationships with depressive symptoms has received little attention. 384 family caregivers completed a cross-sectional online survey including the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), and the Brief Experience of Caregiving Inventory (BECI), measuring caregiving burden and experience. We estimated the structure of the relationships between caregiving experiences (i.e., ZBI and BECI subscales) and CES-D symptoms using a network approach. Negative Emotion/Consequences, (lack of) Positive Personal Experience, and Stigma/Effects on Family were the most connected caregiving dimensions to depression. To untangle the role of the Negative Emotion/Consequences component (by far the most central node in estimated networks), a secondary analysis incorporating its composing items was estimated. Losing control over life, feeling strained around the relative and impaired self-perceived health emerged as central nodes. Interestingly, these caregiving-related dimensions or experiences were differentially connected to depressive symptoms. We discuss how these findings might help future research and inform tailored psychoeducational interventions for family caregivers of people with a severe mental disorder.
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Informal Employment and Poor Mental Health in a Sample of 180,260 Workers from 13 Iberoamerican Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137883. [PMID: 35805540 PMCID: PMC9265366 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to estimate the association between employment conditions and mental health status in the working population of Iberoamerica. In this cross-sectional study, we pooled individual-level data from nationally representative surveys across 13 countries. A sample of 180,260 workers was analyzed. Informality was assessed by social security, health affiliation, or contract holding. Mental health was assessed using several instruments. We used Poisson regression models to estimate the contribution of informality to poor mental health by sex and country, adjusted by sociodemographic and work-related characteristics. Then, we performed a meta-analysis pooling of aggregate data using a random-effects inverse-variance model. Workers in informal employments showed a higher adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) of poor mental health than those in formal employment in Peru (aPR men 1.5 [95% confidence intervals 1.16; 1.93]), Spain (aPR men 2.2 [1.01; 4.78]) and Mexico (aPR men 1.24 [1.04; 1.47]; women 1.39 [1.18; 1.64]). Overall estimates showed that workers in informal employment have a higher prevalence of poor mental health than formal workers, with it being 1.19 times higher (aPR 1.19 [1.02; 1.39]) among men, and 1.11 times higher prevalence among women (aPR 1.11 [1.00; 1.23]). Addressing informal employment could contribute to improving workers’ mental health.
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Conditions for Feasibility of a Multicomponent Intervention to Reduce Social Isolation and Loneliness in Noninstitutionalized Older Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10061104. [PMID: 35742155 PMCID: PMC9223082 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10061104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To identify the factors conditioning the feasibility of an intervention to reduce social isolation and loneliness in noninstitutionalized older adults from the perspective of the intervention agents. Design: A Dimensional Grounded Theory study conducted from December 2019 to January 2020. Methods: Twelve participants were recruited from an experimental study developed in a health district of a southern Spanish city. Data were collected through focus group meetings, individual interviews, biograms, anecdote notebooks, and the field diaries of two participants not included in the other techniques. Transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings: Findings were divided into three themes: (a) the elderly between the walls of loneliness, economic difficulties, losses, and the past; (b) intervention agents/volunteers between the walls of inexperience in the management of psychological/emotional processes, lack of moral authority, and difficulty in planning results adapted to the (elderly) person; and (c) intervention between the walls of (interest in) company and assistance at home, lack of involvement (“waiting for you to save them”), and withdrawal/“abandonment”. Conclusion: A profile of the specialized intervention agent, professionalized (or at least a mentored agent), with both technical and relational competencies; a clear understanding of the purposes of the intervention (empowerment, as opposed to having company or being helped with household chores) and the commitment to active participation by the elder; or adequate management of the completion of the intervention (flexibility, attachment management) are some of the main factors contributing to the feasibility of these approaches. Impact: The findings have potential implications in the field of primary healthcare because primary and community healthcare services can implement corrections to the proposed intervention and ensure its effectiveness under feasible conditions. The nurse is shown as the most appropriate profile to conduct this intervention, although more research is needed to analyze the feasibility of this type of intervention in the daily practice of community nurses.
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Nieto-Carracedo A, Contador I, Palenzuela DL, Ruisoto P, Ramos F, Fernández-Calvo B. The Distinctive Role of Grounded Optimism and Resilience for predicting Burnout and Work Engagement: A study in Professional Caregivers of Older Adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2022; 100:104657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Satisfaction with caregiving among informal caregivers of elderly people with dementia based on the salutogenic model of health. Appl Nurs Res 2021; 62:151507. [PMID: 34815003 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective was to analyze the variables Sense of Coherence, Resilience and Emotional Regulation as predictors of satisfaction with care in caregivers of older adults people with dementia. METHODS An ex post facto cross-sectional study design with a single group. The data were collected between June and October 2020.63 caregivers of older adults people with severe dementia participated, by responding to questionnaires concerning the study variables during a telephone interview. Information was also collected regarding the characteristics of the care provided (years of evolution, degree of dementia, index of independence) and regarding the caregiver (age and years of caregiving) which will be analyzed as control variables. The data were analyzed using correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS The participants presented average levels for Sense of Coherence, Resilience, Emotional Regulation (M = 16.93) and a high degree of Satisfaction with care. Sense of Coherence was the main predictor of Satisfaction with care, explaining up to 67% of the variance, through its Significance and Comprehensibility dimensions. Although the Resilience variable presented a significant association with Satisfaction, its role in the predictive model was displaced by Sense of Coherence. CONCLUSIONS Sense of Coherence and Resilience are relevant psychological variables because of their positive relationship with satisfaction with care among caregivers of older adults people with dementia. The caregivers' perception of the significance and comprehensibility of the situation are important positive predictors of their satisfaction with the care of older people with dementia. These results are suggestive to guide the follow-up and psychological support of caregivers.
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Kalaitzaki DA, Koukouli DS, Foukaki DME, Markakis DG, Tziraki DC. Dementia Family Carers' Quality of Life and Their Perceptions About Care-receivers' Dementia Symptoms: The Role of Resilience. J Aging Health 2021; 34:581-590. [PMID: 34664525 DOI: 10.1177/08982643211050206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The study examined (a) the relationship between caregivers' (CG) quality of life (QoL) and their reports about care receivers' dementia symptoms and (b) whether CG's resilience would be a mediator in this relationship. Method: This was a cross-sectional study based on a purposeful sampling. Face-to-face structured interviews were conducted with 118 CGs (79% females, mean age = 59, SD = 12). CGs provided assessment of their QoL and resilience, and proxy assessments of people with dementia (PwD) symptoms (cognitive functioning, functional activity and behavioural problems (BP)). Results: The BP were the only perceived dementia symptoms associated with the CGs' QoL. CGs' resilience fully mediated the relationship between perceived BP and CGs' QoL. Implications: Tailored training programs designed to improve CGs' QoL should focus on strengthening their personal resources, such as skills to manage the behaviour problems exhibited by PwD and their resilience to adapt to self-perceived behaviour problems common to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dr Argyroula Kalaitzaki
- Head of the Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Enhancement of Quality of Life, Department of Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences, Affiliated Researcher of the University Research Centre 'Institute of AgriFood and Life Sciences', Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dr Sofia Koukouli
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Enhancement of Quality of Life, Department of Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences, Affiliated Researcher of the University Research Centre 'Institute of AgriFood and Life Sciences', Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Dr Michaela-Eirini Foukaki
- Head at the Day Care Center for Elderly, Gortyna's Municipality, Heraklion of Crete, Affiliated Researcher of the Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Enhancement of Quality of Life, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Greece
| | - Dr George Markakis
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Crete, Greece
| | - Dr Chariklia Tziraki
- Community Elders Club Melabev Jerusalem, HMU Research Institute, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Sekoni O, Mall S, Christofides N. Prevalence and factors associated with PTSD among female urban slum dwellers in Ibadan, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1546. [PMID: 34384401 PMCID: PMC8359091 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the prevalence of and factors associated with PTSD among adult females in Nigeria, particularly those who live in slums. PTSD is a mental health condition that develops among some individuals who experience or witness a traumatic event. Several other factors could place individuals at heightened risk of PTSD including stress and comorbid mental disorders. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the prevalence and factors associated with PTSD among female urban slum dwellers in Ibadan, Nigeria. METHODS We conducted a cross sectional survey using multistage sampling of 550 women aged 18 and above from selected slums. Interviewer administered questionnaires were used to elicit information on experience of childhood trauma, recent stressors, intimate partner violence, other mental disorders, sociodemographic characteristics and PTSD. PTSD was measured using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ) which is based on DSM IV. A multivariable linear regression model was built to test associations between PTSD and independent variables. RESULTS The prevalence for PTSD was found to be 4.18% and the mean PTSD score was 5.80 ± 7.11. Sexual abuse in childhood, past year intimate partner violence and anxiety were significantly associated with higher PTSD scores. PTSD was not significantly associated with a history of recent stressors. Education, employment and marital status were not associated with PTSD however, age and wealth index showed marginal association with PTSD. CONCLUSION The prevalence of PTSD among women living in Ibadan slums was relatively low. Both child sexual abuse and intimate partner violence can be prevented. We also recommend longitudinal studies to better understand risk and protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olutoyin Sekoni
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Queen Elizabeth Road, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa.
| | - Sumaya Mall
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Nicola Christofides
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
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