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Ostermeier E, Tucker P, Tobin D, Clark A, Gilliland J. Parents' perceptions of their children's physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1459. [PMID: 35915418 PMCID: PMC9340749 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 has drastically changed the everyday lives of children, including limiting interactions with peers, loss of regularly organized activities, and closure of schools and recreational facilities. While COVID-19 protocols are in place to reduce viral transmission, they have affected children’s access to physical activity opportunities. The purpose of this study was to understand how COVID-19 has affected children’s engagement in physical activity and to identify strategies that can support children’s return to physical activity programming in public places. Methods Parents of past participants in the Grade 5 ACT-i-Pass Program in London, Ontario, Canada were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview online (in November and December 2020) via Microsoft Teams. The script was comprised of questions about their child’s physical activity levels (before, current, and anticipated following COVID-19), lifestyle changes due to COVID-19, and what service providers can do to assist children’s return to public programming. Interviews were transcribed in Microsoft Teams, reviewed by a member of the research team, and analyzed in NVivo 12 using thematic analysis. Results Twenty-seven parents participated in an interview. Four themes and two subthemes were identified during analysis: (1) modifications to everyday life (a. activity options available and b. altered social environment), (2) safety in public spaces, (3) accessibility of activities, and (4) utilizing outdoor spaces. Conclusions COVID-19 protocols have decreased children’s physical activity levels due to the loss of their regular activities, recreational spaces, and peer support. Implementing facility and activity-specific health protocols, providing outdoor activity options, and offering a variety of activity types, times, and locations are three strategies recommended by parents to help facilitate their children’s return to public recreational places. Due to the negative consequences of physical inactivity on children’s health and well-being, service providers need to implement programming and safety protocols that support children’s engagement in physical activity throughout the remainder of, and the years following, the COVID-19 pandemic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-022-13829-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ostermeier
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Child Health and Physical Activity Laboratory, School of Occupational Therapy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, The University of Western Ontario, Social Science Centre, Rm 2333-1151 Richmond Street Western University, ON, N6A 3K7, London, Canada
| | - Patricia Tucker
- Child Health and Physical Activity Laboratory, School of Occupational Therapy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, The University of Western Ontario, Social Science Centre, Rm 2333-1151 Richmond Street Western University, ON, N6A 3K7, London, Canada.,School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, N6C 2V5, London, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle Tobin
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, The University of Western Ontario, Social Science Centre, Rm 2333-1151 Richmond Street Western University, ON, N6A 3K7, London, Canada
| | - Andrew Clark
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, The University of Western Ontario, Social Science Centre, Rm 2333-1151 Richmond Street Western University, ON, N6A 3K7, London, Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, N6C 2V5, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jason Gilliland
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, The University of Western Ontario, Social Science Centre, Rm 2333-1151 Richmond Street Western University, ON, N6A 3K7, London, Canada. .,Children's Health Research Institute, N6C 2V5, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,Department of Geography and Environment, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,School of Health Studies, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. .,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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2
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Teare G, Potwarka LR, Wigfield D, Chard C. Here today, gone tomorrow: experiences of youth who responded to an event leveraging initiative. MANAGING SPORT AND LEISURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/23750472.2022.2092538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Teare
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Luke R. Potwarka
- Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Daniel Wigfield
- Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Chris Chard
- Department of Sport Management, Brock University, Saint Catharines, Canada
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3
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Ostermeier E, Tucker P, Clark A, Seabrook JA, Gilliland J. Parents' Report of Canadian Elementary School Children's Physical Activity and Screen Time during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312352. [PMID: 34886076 PMCID: PMC8656757 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 public health protocols have altered children’s daily routines, limiting their physical activity opportunities. The purpose of this study was to examine how the COVID-19 pandemic affected children’s (ages 10–12 years) physical activity and screen time, and to explore the impact of gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and public health constraints (i.e., facility use and social interaction) on the changes in children’s health behaviors. Online surveys were disseminated to parents at two time points: before COVID-19 (May 2019 to February 2020) and during COVID-19 (November to December 2020). Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to assess changes in physical activity and screen time, and for subgroup analyses. Parents (n = 95) reported declines in children’s physical activity (Z = −2.53, p = 0.01, d = 0.18), and increases in weekday (Z = −4.61, p < 0.01, d = 0.33) and weekend screen time (Z = −3.79, p < 0.01, d = 0.27). Significant changes in physical activity and screen time behaviors were identified between gender, SES, and facility use groups. All social interaction groups underwent significant changes in screen time. Overall, COVID-19 protocols have negatively influenced children’s physical activity and screen time. Due to the negative consequences of inactivity and excessive screen time, resources must be made available to support families during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ostermeier
- Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
- Child Health and Physical Activity Laboratory, School of Occupational Therapy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (A.C.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Patricia Tucker
- Child Health and Physical Activity Laboratory, School of Occupational Therapy, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (A.C.); (J.A.S.)
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Andrew Clark
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (A.C.); (J.A.S.)
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Jamie A. Seabrook
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (A.C.); (J.A.S.)
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College, London, ON N6G 1H2, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Jason Gilliland
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (A.C.); (J.A.S.)
- Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada
- Department of Geography and Environment, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- School of Health Studies, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-661-2111 (ext. 80963)
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Smith C, Clark AF, Wilk P, Tucker P, Gilliland JA. Assessing the effectiveness of a naturally occurring population-level physical activity intervention for children. Public Health 2019; 178:62-71. [PMID: 31622900 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess the impact of a recreation access pass on grade 5 children's physical activity (PA) levels. STUDY DESIGN This is a pre-post evaluation of a population-level community-based intervention. METHODS All grade 5 students in (London, Ontario, Canada) were invited to participate in the [ACT-i-Pass] program (G5AP) in May 2014. A total of 643 children completed surveys, that included Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C), at baseline (October 2014) and 6-month follow-up (April 2015). Difference in the means t-test compared PAQ-C scores between baseline and follow-up for the sample and subgroups. Multiple regression analysis tested associations between change in PAQ-C scores and intrapersonal-, interpersonal-, and physical environment-level variables. RESULTS PA increased significantly from baseline to 6-month follow-up. Girls, visible minorities, immigrants, and children with low parental support experienced significant increases in PA. Regression found girls benefitted from the G5AP significantly more than boys, and lower parental support is related to increases in PA. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that collaboratively developed, community-based interventions can significantly increase children's PA levels, particularly among subgroups with traditionally lower PA. The pre-post evaluation of this community-based intervention provides useful evidence for developing policies and programs aimed at making population-level improvements in children's PA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Smith
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond St., London, N6A 3K7, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, N6C 2V5, Canada.
| | - A F Clark
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond St., London, N6A 3K7, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, N6C 2V5, Canada.
| | - P Wilk
- Children's Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, N6C 2V5, Canada; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond St., London, N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - P Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond St., London, N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - J A Gilliland
- Children's Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, N6C 2V5, Canada; Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography, School of Health Studies, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond St., London, N6A 3K7, Canada.
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If You Make it Free, Will They Come? Using a Physical Activity Accessibility Model to Understand the Use of a Free Children's Recreation Pass. J Phys Act Health 2019; 16:493-503. [PMID: 31138095 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2018-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children's sedentary lifestyles and low physical activity levels may be countered using population-level interventions. This study examines factors influencing the use of a free community-wide physical activity access pass for grade 5 students (G5AP). METHODS A natural experiment with longitudinal data collection. A sample of 881 children completed the 9-month follow-up survey self-reporting where they used the G5AP. Two analyses were conducted: Getis-Ord GI* geographic cluster analysis of the spatial distribution of users, and logistic regression examining the relationship between use and accessibility (informational, economic, and geographic) and mobility options, while accounting for intrapersonal and interpersonal factors. RESULTS Overall, 44.9% of children used the G5AP with clusters of high use in urban areas and low use in the suburbs. Other factors significantly related to G5AP included gender (girls), informational accessibility (active recruitment), economic accessibility (median household income), geographic accessibility (facilities within 1.6 km of home), and mobility options (access to Boys & Girls Club bus). CONCLUSIONS This study found that a diverse population of children used the G5AP. To continue being successful, community-based physical activity interventions need to ensure that the intervention increases geographic, economic, and informational accessibility and provides mobility options that are available to the target population.
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Clark AF, Wilk P, Gilliland JA. Comparing Physical Activity Behavior of Children During School Between Balanced and Traditional School Day Schedules. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2019; 89:129-135. [PMID: 30604444 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some Canadian schools have modified their daily schedules from the traditional school day (TSD) schedule (two 15-minute breaks and one 60-minute break) to a balanced school day (BSD) schedule (two 40-minute breaks). While this change increases daily planning and instructional time, it also changes the amount of time available for moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). METHODS This study uses a case-control design to examine differences in objectively measured MVPA between children in 3 schools using a BSD schedule and 3 schools using a TSD schedule. Study participants (aged 10-12 years) were recruited from schools in Ontario, Canada. RESULTS Regardless of schedule type, girls had lower MVPA than boys, and as both boys and girls got older their MVPA significantly decreased. The findings indicate there was no statistically significant difference in the total minutes of in-school MVPA between children from BSD schools and children from TSD schools. MVPA was significantly higher for older girls attending BSD schools than older girls attending TSD schools, suggesting that implementing a BSD may help curb declining MVPA as girls enter adolescence. CONCLUSION Despite encouraging findings, more rigorous studies (ie, pre-post experiments with control) are needed to better understand how changing schedules impacts children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Clark
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 3K7, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Piotr Wilk
- Children's Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London N6C 2V5, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, & Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Jason A Gilliland
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography, School of Health Studies, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, & Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 3K7, Canada
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7
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Taylor LG, Clark AF, Wilk P, Button BL, Gilliland JA. Exploring the Effect of Perceptions on Children's Physical Activity in Varying Geographic Contexts: Using a Structural Equation Modelling Approach to Examine a Cross-Sectional Dataset. CHILDREN-BASEL 2018; 5:children5120159. [PMID: 30486424 PMCID: PMC6306871 DOI: 10.3390/children5120159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Most Canadian children are not meeting the recommended 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day. Research suggests that children’s perceptions of their environment have an influence on their physical activity behaviours, but there is a lack of generalizability among previous work. The purpose of this study was to assess the mediating effect of children’s perceptions of barriers to physical activity on the relationship between their environments and their level of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (measured with accelerometers). Structural equation modelling stratified by gender was used to assess the research objective in a sample of 546 participants aged 8–14 years old from Northwestern and Southwestern Ontario, Canada. In both models stratified by gender, perceptions of barriers did not significantly mediate the relationship between urbanicity and physical activity. Independent of all other factors, there was no significant relationship between urbanicity and physical activity in girls, but there was in boys. These results offer insight into potential processes by which perceptions impact physical activity and provide initial information to further our understanding of the behavioural aspects of physical activity through multiple levels of analysis. Researchers must continue to improve efforts for quantifying the experience of children’s daily activity contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah G Taylor
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada.
| | - Andrew F Clark
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada.
| | - Piotr Wilk
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada.
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Brenton L Button
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada.
| | - Jason A Gilliland
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Geography, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada.
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
- School of Health Sciences, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
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Wilk P, Clark AF, Maltby A, Smith C, Tucker P, Gilliland JA. Examining individual, interpersonal, and environmental influences on children's physical activity levels. SSM Popul Health 2018; 4:76-85. [PMID: 29349276 PMCID: PMC5769121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore individual-level socio-demographic factors and interpersonal-level factors related to social support, as well as the potential role of neighborhood and school environments that may influence the physical activity (PA) levels of children (ages 9-11). Child and parent questionnaires included individual and interpersonal factors, and PA behaviour. Home postal codes were used to determine the neighbourhood the child resides within, as well as their geographic accessibility to recreation opportunities. The models were assessed using a series of cross-classified random-intercept multi-level regression models as children's PA may be affected by both the school they attend and the neighbourhood in which they live. In the unadjusted model, PA varied significantly across school environments (γ = 0.023; CI: 0.003-0.043), but not across neighbourhoods (γ = 0.007; CI: -0.008 to 0.021). Boys were found to be more active compared to girls (b = 0.183; CI: 0.092-0.275), while the level of PA was lower for children whose fathers achieved post-secondary education (b = - 0.197; CI: -0.376 to 0.018) than for those whose parents completed only high school. The addition of the individual-level correlates did not have a substantial effect on level 2 variances and the level 2 variance associated with school environment remained statistically significant. At the interpersonal level, children's perception of parental support (b = 0.117; CI: 0.091-0.143) and peer support (b = 0.111; CI: 0.079-0.142) were positively related to PA. The level 2 variance for the school environment became statistically non-significant when the interpersonal factors were added to the model. At the environmental level, geographic accessibility did not have a significant association with PA and they did not significantly affect level 1 or 2 variance. As many children do not accrue sufficient levels of PA, identifying modifiable determinants is necessary to develop effective strategies to increase PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wilk
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, & Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Canada N6A 3K7
- Children’s Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Canada N6C 2V5
| | - Andrew F. Clark
- Children’s Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Canada N6C 2V5
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, & Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Alana Maltby
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Christine Smith
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, & Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Jason A. Gilliland
- Children’s Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Canada N6C 2V5
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography, School of Health Studies, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, & Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London, Canada N6A 3K7
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Wilk P, Clark AF, Maltby A, Tucker P, Gilliland JA. Exploring the effect of parental influence on children's physical activity: The mediating role of children's perceptions of parental support. Prev Med 2018; 106:79-85. [PMID: 29030264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test a conceptual model linking parental support and parental physical activity (PA), with children's perception of parental support and children's PA. Baseline data were drawn from the Grade 5 ACT-i-Pass community-based PA intervention conducted in London, Ontario between May and October 2014. Parent and child PA were measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children, respectively. Questions pertaining to parental support and children's perception of that parental support were obtained via questionnaires. We employed structural equation modeling techniques to test the conceptual model. In total, 467 boys and 469 girls were included in the study. The model provided an acceptable model fit. Child's perception of parental support for PA had a positive effect on boys' (b=0.319) and girls' (b=0.326) PA. Parental PA was not significantly related to child's perception of parental support for PA. However, parent reported support for PA had a significant, positive effect on child's perception of parental support for boys (b=0.352) and girls (b=0.584). In terms of the indirect effects, the effect of parental PA on child's PA was not statistically significant; however, as expected, parental support for PA had a statistically significant indirect effect on child PA level in both groups. The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of children's perceptions of parental support in relation to their PA behaviours. Developing a better understanding of factors related to children's PA and identifying determinants and mediators of activity behaviours will help inform PA interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Wilk
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London N6A 3K7, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London N6A 3K7, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London N6C 2V5, Canada; Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Andrew F Clark
- Children's Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London N6C 2V5, Canada; Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London N6A 3K7, Canada; Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Alana Maltby
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Patricia Tucker
- School of Occupational Therapy, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Jason A Gilliland
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London N6A 3K7, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London N6A 3K7, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Road East, London N6C 2V5, Canada; Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London N6A 3K7, Canada; Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London N6A 3K7, Canada; School of Health Studies, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St., London N6A 3K7, Canada.
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10
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Clark AF, Wilk P, Mitchell CA, Smith C, Archer J, Gilliland JA. Examining How Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status, Geographic Accessibility, and Informational Accessibility Influence the Uptake of a Free Population-Level Physical Activity Intervention for Children. Am J Health Promot 2017; 32:315-324. [PMID: 28677402 DOI: 10.1177/0890117117718433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the uptake of ACT-i-Pass (G5AP), a physical activity (PA) intervention that provides free access to PA opportunities, and to understand the extent to which the intervention provides equitable access to children. DESIGN This study evaluates the differences in uptake (ie, enrollment) by comparing postal codes of registrants with the postal codes of all eligible children. SETTING Children were provided the opportunity to register for the G5AP during the 2014 to 2015 school year in London, Canada. PARTICIPANTS The population of grade 5 students in London who registered for the G5AP (n = 1484) and did not register (n = 1589). INTERVENTION The G5AP offered grade 5 students free access to select PA facilities/programs during 2014 to 2015 school year. MEASURES Measures included G5AP registration status, method of recruitment, distance between home and the nearest facility, and neighborhood socioeconomic status. ANALYSIS Getis-Ord Gi* and multilevel logistic regression were used to analyze these data. RESULTS There were significant differences in the uptake of the G5AP: residing in neighborhoods of high income (odds ratio [OR] = 1.062, P = .029) and high proportion of recent immigrants (OR = 1.036, P = .001) increased the likelihood of G5AP registration. Children who were recruited actively were significantly more likely to register for the G5AP (OR = 2.444, P < .001). CONCLUSION To increase the uptake of a PA intervention, children need to be actively recruited. Interactive presentations provide children with increased access to information about both the program and its nuances that cannot be communicated as effectively through passive methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Clark
- 1 Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,2 Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Piotr Wilk
- 1 Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,3 Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,4 Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine A Mitchell
- 1 Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,2 Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Smith
- 1 Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,2 Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Josh Archer
- 5 Healthy Eating-Healthy Physical Activity, Child & Youth Network, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason A Gilliland
- 1 Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,2 Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,3 Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,4 Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,6 School of Health Studies, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Spatial distribution and physical activity: implications for prevention of cardiovascular diseases. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-017-0349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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