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Ivanova M, Todorova A, Grekova-Kafalova D. Impact of working environment on the level of occupational burnout among community pharmacists - a pilot study. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2024; 66:536-542. [PMID: 39257273 DOI: 10.3897/folmed.66.e127273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The disorder known as burnout develops as a reaction to the damaging impacts of workplace stress. When occupational stress is poorly managed, it can result in burnout, which has a detrimental impact on workers' performance and emotional and physical well-being. Those who work in the helping profession are the most vulnerable. Pharmacy practitioners are among the most vulnerable groups in the healthcare industry.
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Francis LJ, Sailer AB, Payne VJ, McKenna U. Engaging the AQ10 to Predict Professional Burnout or Poor Work-Related Psychological Wellbeing Among Anglican Clergy in Wales. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2024; 63:1661-1676. [PMID: 38285247 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-024-02006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The ten-item Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ10) is a self-report instrument originally designed to identify referrals for professional diagnosis for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Recent studies suggest that this instrument may also be tapping more generalised affective disorders. Working with this interpretation, this study examines the predictive power of the AQ10 to account for additional variance, after personal and personality factors have been taken into account, on the two scales of the Francis Burnout Inventory. Data provided by 220 Anglican clergy serving in Wales demonstrated that 8.6% of the participants recorded six or more red flags on the AQ10 (and so qualified for referral for specialist diagnostic assessment) and that higher scores on the AQ10 are associated with significantly lower levels of satisfaction in ministry and with significantly higher levels of emotional exhaustion in ministry. These data suggest that screening with the AQ10 may be helpful in identifying clergy vulnerable to professional burnout and to poor work-related psychological wellbeing, in addition to its primary purpose of screening for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Francis
- Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research (CEDAR), University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- World Religions and Education Research Unit, Bishop Grosseteste University, Lincoln, UK.
| | - Alison B Sailer
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Brunel University, London, UK
| | - V John Payne
- Department of Psychology, Wrexham Glyndwr University, Wrexham, UK
| | - Ursula McKenna
- World Religions and Education Research Unit, Bishop Grosseteste University, Lincoln, UK
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Mulherin K, Brandt J, Hu A, Ravinatarajan P. Resources and interventions to support psychological health and wellbeing in the pharmacy workforce: Analysis and use of a health worker 'burnout' toolkit. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 12:100359. [PMID: 37965247 PMCID: PMC10641757 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists have experienced declines in psychological health and wellbeing post-pandemic. The phenomena of moral distress, disengagement and burnout are associated with workforce attrition, unfitness to practice and inferior quality of patient care. A working group of the Canadian Pharmacists Association (CPhA) was formed to identify resources and interventions (R&I) for occupational psychological health and wellbeing. Objective To characterize R&I from an evidence-based national health worker 'burnout' Toolkit with potential to support the pharmacy workforce. Methods All R&I included within a draft 'burnout' Toolkit from the Canadian Health Workforce Network (CHWN) were screened to determine relevancy and usefulness for the pharmacy workforce. R&I with higher grades were data-charted to capture information on topic and content delivery. Final R&I were determined through consensus meetings where 'highly rated' R&I were discussed and selected. Results Of 140 original CHWN Toolkit R&I, 53 (37.8%) were of potential relevance or usefulness to improve well-being for most in the pharmacy workforce. Of those 53 R&I, 28 (20% of original) were final selections. The majority of R&I at each stage were focused on 'preventing burnout' and 'promoting mental health' (>60%) rather than 'addressing burnout', 'supporting recovery' or managing specific issues in the workplace (i.e. stigma, discrimination, bullying, hostility, workload). No R&I were specifically developed or studied within the pharmacy workforce. Conclusions Health professions may benefit from the CHWN Toolkit and the knowledge translation activity described here. R&I relevant and useful to the pharmacy workforce generally require adaptation for dissemination and/or implementation. The set of final R&I form the basis for orchestrated plans to support the pharmacy workforce with respect to psychological health and wellbeing. There is a relative lack of R&I devoted to addressing and recovering from burnout and workload management issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Mulherin
- Canadian Pharmacists Association - Workforce Wellness Task-Force, 851 Industrial Avenue, Mailbox M035, Ottawa, ON K1G 4L3, Canada
- Windpharm Consulting, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Jaden Brandt
- Canadian Pharmacists Association - Workforce Wellness Task-Force, 851 Industrial Avenue, Mailbox M035, Ottawa, ON K1G 4L3, Canada
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Amy Hu
- Canadian Pharmacists Association - Workforce Wellness Task-Force, 851 Industrial Avenue, Mailbox M035, Ottawa, ON K1G 4L3, Canada
- Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pavithra Ravinatarajan
- Canadian Pharmacists Association - Workforce Wellness Task-Force, 851 Industrial Avenue, Mailbox M035, Ottawa, ON K1G 4L3, Canada
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
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Dee J, Dhuhaibawi N, Hayden JC. A systematic review and pooled prevalence of burnout in pharmacists. Int J Clin Pharm 2023; 45:1027-1036. [PMID: 36446993 PMCID: PMC9707850 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-022-01520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burnout is an occupational phenomenon caused by ineffectively managed work-related stress. Burnout is common among healthcare professionals and has the capacity to compromise patient care, but is not well characterised in pharmacists. AIM This systematic review aimed to establish the prevalence of burnout among pharmacists, and its associated risk factors. METHOD A systematic search of Embase, PubMed, CINAHL and PsychInfo was carried out. Studies were included using the following eligibility criteria; original research investigating burnout prevalence in pharmacists in patient-facing roles in any jurisdiction, using any validated burnout measurement instrument. No language or date barriers were set. Data were extracted by the first author and accuracy checked by co-authors. A pooled prevalence was estimated, and narrative synthesis provided. RESULTS Burnout prevalence data were extracted from 19 articles involving 11,306 pharmacist participants across eight countries. More than half (51%) of pharmacists were experiencing burnout. Associated risk factors included longer working hours, less professional experience, high patient and prescription volumes, excessive workload and poor work/life balance. The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted pharmacist burnout and resilience. Involvement in education and training and access to burnout management resources were associated with lower rates of burnout, but burnout intervention effectiveness is unknown. CONCLUSION Burnout remains high among pharmacists and may negatively affect the quality of patient care. There is significant heterogeneity pertaining to the definition and assessment of burnout and there remains a need to identify and evaluate effective individual and organisational burnout interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Dee
- RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nabaa Dhuhaibawi
- RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John C Hayden
- RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.
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Watanabe T, Akechi T. The mediating role of psychological flexibility in the association of autistic-like traits with burnout and depression in medical students during clinical clerkships in Japan: a university-based cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:302. [PMID: 37127557 PMCID: PMC10150344 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burnout and depression among medical students is linked to serious problems that require appropriate solutions. Subthreshold autism traits or autistic-like traits (ALTs) may be possible factors associated with burnout and depression. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for burnout and depression has been widely reported. The treatment aims to improve psychological flexibility, a concept indicating engagement in personal value-based behaviors without avoiding uncomfortable private experiences. This study examined whether ALTs were associated with burnout or depression among medical students during clinical clerkships in Japan, and then investigated what psychological flexibility processes might mediate these associations. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was administered to 284 medical students at Nagoya City University School of Medical Sciences who had been in clinical clerkships for 10 months or longer. Linear multiple regressions were performed with each burnout factor or depression as the outcome variable using validated tools measuring burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), ALT (Autism-Spectrum Quotient Japanese version-21), and psychological flexibility processes (Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire-7 and Valuing Questionnaire). Additionally, a mediation analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling. RESULTS A linear multiple regression analysis that controlled for age and gender found that ALTs were significantly associated with lower personal accomplishment, a factor of burnout, and depression. Lower personal accomplishment was also associated with males and lower progress toward values of the psychological flexibility process. Depression was also associated with males and higher cognitive fusion, lower progress towards values, and higher obstruction to values of the psychological flexibility process. Surprisingly, emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were not significantly associated with ALTs. The mediation analysis revealed that the relationship between ALTs and personal accomplishment was partially mediated by a process of progress toward values, while the relationship between ALTs and depression was partially mediated by both processes of progress toward values and cognitive fusion. CONCLUSIONS ALTs were significantly associated with lower personal accomplishment of burnout and depression among medical students in clinical clerkships. Consideration should be given to the psychological flexibility processes that focus on interventions targeting psychological flexibility for medical students with ALTs to reduce burnout and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Coginitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Akechi
- Department of Psychiatry and Coginitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
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Halimi SN, Rowett D, Whitfield K, Luetsch K. How early career pharmacists understand resilience - A qualitative study of experiences, challenges and strategies. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:486-494. [PMID: 36344335 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resilience assists healthcare professionals in negotiating challenges, remaining positive when experiencing adversity, and in constructively dealing with difficult work situations and environments. There is increasing research about how early career healthcare professionals, understand and maintain resilience but little is known about support early career pharmacists may need and value. AIMS To explore early career pharmacists' understanding of resilience, their strategies to enhance and maintain resilience as healthcare professionals and to identify resilience-fostering programmes they perceive could be implemented to support them. METHODS Three focus groups and 12 semi-structured interviews with a total of 15 hospital pharmacists and 10 community pharmacists (both less than 3 years post-registration) were conducted. An inductive thematic analysis of transcripts was performed to identify main themes and subthemes. RESULTS Pharmacists understood resilience as the capability to adapt to and learn from challenges and setbacks, which they can build through experience and exposure. Resilience in the workplace was challenged by their working environment and workload, which could lead to ego depletion, the transition from intern to registered pharmacist and working during the COVID-19 pandemic, which both added pressure and uncertainty to their role. Professional resilience was supported on individual, social and organisational levels and through self-care strategies. Pharmacists perceived mentorship and sharing experiences, experiential placements and constructive but challenging role play as potentially beneficial in building resilience during undergraduate studies and internship. DISCUSSION Pharmacists defined resilience constructively and identified challenges testing but also strategies supporting their resilience in the workplace. Workplaces can support pharmacists by monitoring workload and workplace relationships, creating opportunities for peer and mentor support and by allowing pharmacists to implement their personal, individualised resilience maintaining strategies. Early career pharmacists' experiences and insights would be valuable when considering the design and implementation of resilience-fostering programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syafiqah Nadiah Halimi
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25710, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
| | - Debra Rowett
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
| | - Karen Whitfield
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
| | - Karen Luetsch
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
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Oliveira TAA, Gouveia VV, Ribeiro MGC, Oliveira KG, Melo RLPD, Montagna E. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12): new evidence of construct validity. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2023; 28:803-810. [PMID: 36888864 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232023283.09452022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to gather evidence on the adequacy of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in Brazil, considering a random sample of Brazilian physicians. Specifically aimed: (1) to test the GHQ-12 bifactor structure compared to alternative models, (2) to check its factorial invariance regarding to gender and the diagnosis of mental and behavioral disorders, and (3) to know the association of this measure with indicators of poor health (e.g., suicidal thoughts, decreased libido, medication use). The study included 1,085 physicians with a mean age of 45.7 (SD = 10.6), mostly male (61.5%), married (72.6%) and Catholic (59.2%). They answered the GHQ-12, the Positive and Negative Suicidal Ideation Inventory, and demographic questions. The best fit model was the bifactor structure composed of anxiety and depression, in addition to a general dimension, which presented Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's ω and composite reliability higher than 0.70 just for a general fact. Psychological distress scores correlated with suicidal ideation and indicators of health and sexual satisfaction. This is a psychometrically suitable instrument that can be used in terms of its total, but its specific factors need to be used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulio Augusto Andrade Oliveira
- Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitário Saúde do ABC. Av. Lauro Gomes 2.000, Vila Sacadura Cabral. 09060-870 Santo André SP Brasil.
| | - Valdiney Veloso Gouveia
- Departamento de Psicologia, Centro de Ciências Humanas, Letras e Artes, Universidade Federal da Paraíba. João Pessoa PB Brasil
| | | | - Karen Guedes Oliveira
- Departamento de Fundamentação da Educação, Centro de Educação, Universidade Federal da Paraíba. João Pessoa PB Brasil
| | | | - Erik Montagna
- Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Centro Universitário Saúde do ABC. Av. Lauro Gomes 2.000, Vila Sacadura Cabral. 09060-870 Santo André SP Brasil.
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Pharmacists' Satisfaction with Work and Working Conditions in New Zealand-An Updated Survey and a Comparison to Canada. PHARMACY 2023; 11:pharmacy11010021. [PMID: 36827659 PMCID: PMC9961424 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As roles have evolved over time, changes in workplace environments have created higher patient expectations creating stressful conditions for pharmacists. AIM To evaluate pharmacists' perceptions of their working conditions, work dissatisfaction, and psychological distress; determine their predictors in New Zealand (NZ); and compare results with Canadian studies and historic NZ data. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was distributed to registered pharmacists in NZ. The survey included demographics, work satisfaction, psychological distress, and perceptions of their working conditions (six statements with agreement rated on a 5-point Likert scale). Comparisons were made with surveys from Canada and NZ. Chi-square, t-tests, and non-parametric statistics were used to make comparisons. RESULTS The response rate was 24.7% (694/2815) with 73.1% practicing in a community pharmacy (45.8% independent, 27.3% chains). Pharmacists disagreed on having adequate time for breaks and tasks, while the majority contemplated leaving the profession and/or not repeating their careers again if given the choice. Working longer hours and processing more prescriptions per day were predictive factors for poorer job satisfaction. More NZ pharmacists perceived their work environment to be conducive to safe and effective primary care (57% vs. 47%, p < 0.001) and reported that they had enough staff (45% vs. 32%, p = 0.002) as compared to Canadian pharmacists. Pharmacists' job satisfaction and psychological distress have not improved compared to the assessment 20 years prior. CONCLUSIONS NZ pharmacists perceive working conditions to be sub-optimal yet had higher satisfaction than their Canadian counterparts. Work dissatisfaction and psychological distress are high and have not improved over the last two decades.
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Tan HX, Md Kamal A, Thurairajasingam S, Phipps ME. Addressing Emotional Dysregulation and Potential Pharmacogenetic Implication of 5-HTTLPR Genotype in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Complex Psychiatry 2023; 9:70-88. [PMID: 37404870 PMCID: PMC10315004 DOI: 10.1159/000529732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This review unpacks the emotional presentation of externalizing behaviors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), by diving into the psychophysiology, neurophysiology, and neurogenetics in relation to executive function. The correlations among these three variables are identified, showing that standard assessments for ADHD leave out the emotional dysregulation element. This may lead to suboptimal management outcomes during the developmental progression into adolescence and adulthood. Summary The emotional impulsivity manifestation in adolescence and adulthood related to the under-managed emotional dysregulation in childhood is found to be associated with subtle confounding impact of 5-HTTLPR (serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region) genotype. The genotype of interest affects the neurochemistry, neurophysiology, and psychophysiology of the cognition for executive function. The established practice of using methylphenidate in treating ADHD surprisingly has a neurogenetic effect in targeting the genotype of interest. Methylphenidate provides neuroprotective effects throughout the neurodevelopment timeline from childhood to adulthood. Key Messages The emotional dysregulation element in ADHD which is often overlooked should be addressed to improve the prognostic outcomes in adolescence and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xuan Tan
- Medical Education Unit, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University (Sunway Campus), Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Adam Md Kamal
- Medical Department, Mackay Hospital and Health Service, Mackay, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Maude Elvira Phipps
- Department of Human Genetics, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University (Sunway Campus), Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Blue CL. Burnout among Hospital Pharmacists in Canada: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Can J Hosp Pharm 2022; 75:326-334. [PMID: 36246441 PMCID: PMC9524553 DOI: 10.4212/cjhp.3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Burnout is a growing problem among health care professionals, with consequences for patient safety and personal satisfaction. The prevalence of burnout among hospital pharmacists in Canada is unknown; however, it has been documented at over 60% in other countries. Objectives To assess the prevalence of burnout and variables associated with burnout among hospital pharmacists in Canada. Methods This cross-sectional cohort study was based on a survey made available to more than 2600 Canadian hospital pharmacists from February 10 to April 2, 2020, through the Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists QID platform. The questionnaire collected data for the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel (MBI-HSSMP), demographic data, employment characteristics, and workplace factors; it also included an open-ended question about burnout. Results A total of 171 respondents provided data suitable for analysis. Of these, only 13 (7.6%) met the criteria for burnout on all 3 subscales of the burnout inventory; however, 105 respondents (61.4%) surpassed the threshold for burnout on the emotional exhaustion subscale. In univariate analyses, not working to one's full scope of practice was associated with meeting the criteria for burnout on all 3 scales. Linear regression highlighted associations between scores on the emotional exhaustion subscale and gender identity, perceived excessive on-call duties, area of practice, and positivity of workplace culture. Content analysis of the open-ended question supported the quantitative findings and pointed to 3 major themes: workload quantity, workload quality, and workplace culture. Conclusions Results on the emotional exhaustion subscale of the MBI-HSSMP and responses to the open-ended question suggested a relatively high prevalence of burnout among Canadian hospital pharmacists, and indicated potential links between burnout and certain workplace characteristics.
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Mu S, O'Driscoll DM, Ogeil RP, Young AC. Effect of shift work on frontline doctors' mood and sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2022; 20:601-604. [PMID: 35915639 PMCID: PMC9328776 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-022-00407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Shift work has detrimental effects on healthcare workers, which may be further compounded by frontline work during the COVID-19 pandemic. We postulated that sleep would worsen and distress would increase during COVID-ward service. Methods Doctors (n = 18) were recruited from a tertiary centre during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Melbourne, Australia. Participants had been rostered ON to consecutive 7 day or night shifts and a week OFF over a fortnight. 9 worked on COVID wards managing positive/suspected COVID patients, and 9 were allocated to general MEDICAL wards. Participants wore wrist actigraphy, and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) at baseline and the end of each week. Results Both the COVID and MEDICAL groups spent less time in bed and had reduced total sleep time during their week ON shift compared to week OFF shift. The COVID group had worse sleep quality (PSQI Δ + 1.0, 6.8 vs 5.8, p = 0.036), daytime sleepiness (ESS Δ + 2.6, 8 vs 5.4, p = 0.014) and greater distress (K10 Δ + 1.7, 17 vs 15.3, p = 0.002) during their week ON compared to BASELINE. Conclusion During the COVID-19 pandemic shift workers had poorer sleep during their week ON. Those working on COVID wards had greater distress during their week ON than those working on general MEDICAL wards. It is important to recognise the potential for sleep deficits and greater distress in medical workers during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Mu
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Eastern Health, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hill, VIC 3121 Australia
| | - Denise M O'Driscoll
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Eastern Health, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hill, VIC 3121 Australia.,Present Address: Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, VIC 3128 Australia
| | - Rowan P Ogeil
- Present Address: Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, VIC 3128 Australia.,Turning Point, Eastern Health, Richmond, VIC 3121 Australia
| | - Alan C Young
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Eastern Health, 5 Arnold Street, Box Hill, VIC 3121 Australia.,Present Address: Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, VIC 3128 Australia
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Eltorki Y, Abdallah O, Riaz S, Mahmoud S, Saad M, Ez-Eldeen N, Ashraf A, Al-Hamoud E, Al-Khuzaei N, Ghuloum S. Burnout among pharmacy professionals in Qatar: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267438. [PMID: 35511925 PMCID: PMC9071121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists’ roles and responsibilities have expanded in the modern pharmacy profession, and the expectations from pharmacists have increased. This has been associated with new psychological challenges and emotional stress that can induce burnout. Objective To determine the prevalence of burnout syndrome and factors associated with burnout among pharmacy professionals in the healthcare system in Qatar. Methods This institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 850 pharmacy professionals within Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) in Qatar. Convenience sampling was followed. The survey utilized the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) Toolkit™ for Medical Personnel and a modified version of the Astudillo and Mendinueta questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 16 for Windows and SAS Studio 3.8 (Enterprise Edition). P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results One hundred ninety-four pharmacy professionals (23%) responded to the survey. The prevalence of burnout was 19.7% [95% Confidence interval (CI); 13.8% - 26.8%] among 142 respondents who completed MBI questionnaire and 17.3% [95% CI; 11.7%-24.2%] among 139 respondents who completed Astudillo Mendinueta questionnaire. The most commonly reported factors that may lead to burnout were: tension and lack of organization in teamwork (59.6%), lack of recognition of or indifference to effort from patients, superiors, and colleagues (58.2%), and demanding and challenging patients and family members (56.7%). Multiple regression analysis showed that overtime working hours per month is independently associated with a higher risk of burnout [odds ratio (OR), 1.57; 95% CI, 1.15–2.14 for each 10-hours increase in monthly overtime, P = 0.005], while non-Arab ethnicity is associated with lower risk of burnout [OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.1–0.75; P = 0.012]. Conclusions There is a relatively low prevalence of burnout syndrome among health-system pharmacy professionals in Qatar. Overtime working hours and Arab ethnicity are independently associated with burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassin Eltorki
- Pharmacy Department, Mental Health Services, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Oraib Abdallah
- Pharmacy Department, Mental Health Services, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sadaf Riaz
- Pharmacy Department, Mental Health Services, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Mahmoud
- Pharmacy Department, Al-Wakra Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Saad
- Pharmacy Department, Al-Wakra Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- * E-mail:
| | - Nosyba Ez-Eldeen
- Pharmacy Department, Mental Health Services, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - AbdulAhad Ashraf
- Pharmacy Department, Hamad bin Khalifa Medical City, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Eman Al-Hamoud
- Pharmacy Department, Al-Wakra Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Noriya Al-Khuzaei
- Pharmacy Department, Mental Health Services, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Suhaila Ghuloum
- Psychiatry Department, Mental Health Services, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Psychiatry Department, Weill Cornell Medicine—Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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Burnout and Its Relation to Emotion Dysregulation and Social Cognition among Female Interns and Undergraduate Dental Students at King Khalid University. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Burnout is a state of vital exhaustion that has a high global prevalence among dental professionals. Yet the early diagnosis of this syndrome is challenging due to its multidimensional nature. Aim: To assess burnout and its relation to emotional dysregulation and social cognition among undergraduate dental students. Methods: We mailed 148 self-administered questionnaires to all interns and undergraduate dental students belonging to the College of Dentistry’s female campus at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire was designed comprising three measuring instruments of psychological inventories to assess work-related stress, namely, burnout (Copenhagen burnout inventory questionnaire (CBI)), emotional dysregulation (emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ)), and social cognition (interpersonal reactivity index (IRI)). We examined the difference in burnout between two cohorts (interns and undergraduates) using Student’s ‘t’ test and the association between emotional regulation/social cognition domains using Pearson’s correlation. Results: Among the participants, around 70% obtained higher scores than the cut-off points for personal and work-related domains in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference in burnout domain between the two cohorts (p > 0.05; Cohen d < 0.3). A negative correlation existed between burnout and emotion regulation, i.e., higher burnout score is associated with lesser cognitive reappraisal and more expressive suppression (CBI—personal burnout r = −0.251; r = −0.220 respectively). Social cognitive scores had various associations among interns and undergraduates, with personal distress being significantly associated with greater burnout levels among both groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The present study revealed significantly elevated burnout levels among both interns and undergraduate students. Emotional dysfunction and social cognition assessment can be a valuable adjunct in identifying this erosive syndrome. Early recognition and primordial prevention targeting burnout are strongly recommended.
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dos Santos PM, da Silva CR, Costa D, Torre C. Burnout in the Pharmaceutical Activity: The Impact of COVID-19. Front Psychiatry 2022; 12:771462. [PMID: 35126195 PMCID: PMC8811459 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.771462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Pharmacists are among the healthcare professionals involved in the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, maintaining essential services. In the context of restrictions and reorganization of human resources, as a result of policies recently applied to the health sector, following international guidelines, and given the scarcity of data on burnout in pharmaceutical activity, it was considered highly relevant to promote a nationwide survey aiming to collect more complete evidence on the burnout syndrome and to understand how pharmacists have viewed their work and the people they worked closely with. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to assess the occurrence of pharmacist burnout and determine outcomes for each of its dimensions; identify potentially associated characteristics; and determine profiles and critical limits. DESIGN A cross-sectional observational study conducted by a multidisciplinary panel from the Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society (PPS). Professionals from community and hospital pharmacies who were at the forefront of the COVID-19 response were involved in (i) confirming the need and pertinence for conducting this research, (ii) identifying the main factors leading to pharmaceutical emotional distress ("burnout"), and (iii) disseminating the survey. The questionnaire was designed for digital voluntary, confidential, and anonymous participation and divided into four segments of data collection: (i) demographics, (ii) employment and workplace characterization, (iii) pandemic impact on labor activity, and (iv) burnout assessment (as described ahead). SETTING An electronic survey was addressed to all PPS members, and an account was created solely to manage the questionnaire data for the research team. The web-based and user-friendly platform Google Forms supported the data capture and provided an intuitive interface for validated data entry. PARTICIPANTS In a population of 15,565 pharmacists (members of the PPS), the minimum recommended sample size (Epi Info software), with a 5% margin of error and a 99.9% confidence interval, should be 1,012 individuals. A total of 1,362 pharmacists participated in the study. Of these, 91.4% (n = 1,246) were involved in direct patient care activity and 7.7% (n = 106) in non-direct patient care activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Machado dos Santos
- CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Carla Torre
- Ordem dos Farmacêuticos, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical and Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines (iMED.ULisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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Cross-sectional study to evaluate burnout among pharmacy staff in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 pandemic. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:440-453. [PMID: 35125906 PMCID: PMC8801617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusions
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16
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Tan YZ, Chong JJ, Chew LST, Tan KH, Wang A. Burnout and resilience among pharmacists: A Singapore study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhi Tan
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research Monitor Deloitte Brussels Belgium
| | - Jin Jian Chong
- Department of Pharmacy Singapore General Hospital Singapore Singapore
| | - Lita Sui Tjien Chew
- Department of Pharmacy National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy National Cancer Centre Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- SingHealth Duke‐NUS Institute for Patient Safety & Quality (IPSQ) Singapore Health Services Singapore Singapore
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine KK Women's and Children's Hospital Singapore Singapore
| | - Aiwen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Singapore General Hospital Singapore Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
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17
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Smolina VA, Novokreshchenova IG, Novokreshchenov IV. Job Satisfaction Among Pharmacists. RUSSIAN OPEN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2021.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Job satisfaction among pharmacists affects the quality of pharmaceutical care and patient health. Our study targeted the evaluation of job and salary satisfaction levels in pharmacists and the factors affecting these levels. Methods — We conducted the survey of 407 pharmacists working at community pharmacies in Saratov Oblast (Russia). Results — The proportions of pharmacists satisfied with their jobs and their salaries were 77.1±0.4% and 52.8±0.4%, respectively. We discovered that salary satisfaction was influenced primarily by the household composition (p=0.004) and professional commitment (p<0.001). Pharmacists who were more satisfied with their jobs belonged to the age category ‘up to 44 years’ (p=0.002). They were less likely to change their employment (p<0.001) and more likely to experience positive emotions when performing their professional activities (p<0.001). Also, they were more satisfied with their salaries (p<0.001), committed to their profession (p<0.001), and more likely to perceive the social importance of their profession (p<0.001). Conclusion — Our findings suggested that formal traits of pharmaceutical professionals had a smaller impact on their job satisfaction, while the greatest impact was caused by the personal characteristics (perception of the social importance of their profession, professional commitment), salary satisfaction, age and frequency of changing jobs.
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Ishikawa M, Ogasawara T, Takahashi K, Ono T, Matsui K, Marshall S, Sakurai A, Aoka Y, Otsubo T, Sato Y, Sakura H, Uchigata Y. Psychological Effects on Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Single-center Study at a Tertiary Hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Intern Med 2021; 60:2771-2776. [PMID: 34219107 PMCID: PMC8479219 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.7207-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study analyzed the psychological status of healthcare workers in Japan and the influencing factors during the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic. Methods An online survey was conducted from July 22 to August 21, 2020. A total of 328 of the 1,029 medical staff members in our university hospital participated in the study. Their mental health was assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with the mental health outcomes. Results Of the respondents, 78.0% reported psychological distress. Overall, we found that women, non-physicians, those who lived alone, and younger respondents had significantly greater psychological distress than their counterparts. The multivariate regression analysis showed that four factors were extracted as independent 12-item General Health Questionnaire-related factors: the lack of a sense of mission as a medical professional, the burden of the change in the quality of work, the lack of understanding about virus infectivity, and a strong sense of duty. Conclusion In summary, we found a high prevalence of psychological distress among healthcare workers during the 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak in Japan. Independent risk factors for psychological distress were the burden of the change in the quality of work, the lack of understanding about virus infectivity, a sense of responsibility, and the lack of a strong motivation and drive to help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonao Ishikawa
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ogasawara
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Japan
| | - Takuya Ono
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Matsui
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Japan
| | - Shoko Marshall
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Japan
| | - Ayana Sakurai
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Aoka
- General Medical Department, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Japan
| | - Tempei Otsubo
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Japan
| | - Yasuto Sato
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakura
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Japan
| | - Yasuko Uchigata
- Director, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Japan
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19
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Newsome AS, Murray B, Smith SE, Brothers T, Al-Mamun MA, Chase AM, Rowe S, Buckley MS, Murphy D, Devlin JW. Optimization of critical care pharmacy clinical services: A gap analysis approach. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2021; 78:2077-2085. [PMID: 34061960 PMCID: PMC8195049 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxab237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sikora Newsome
- Department of Pharmacy, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brian Murray
- Department of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susan E Smith
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Todd Brothers
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy, Kingston, RI, and Department of Pharmacy, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mohammad A Al-Mamun
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Aaron M Chase
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, and Department of Pharmacy, Augusta University Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sandra Rowe
- Department of Pharmacy, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mitchell S Buckley
- Department of Pharmacy, Banner University Medical Center Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - David Murphy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John W Devlin
- Northeastern University School of Pharmacy, Boston, MA, and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Johnston K, O'Reilly CL, Scholz B, Georgousopoulou EN, Mitchell I. Burnout and the challenges facing pharmacists during COVID-19: results of a national survey. Int J Clin Pharm 2021; 43:716-725. [PMID: 33851288 PMCID: PMC8043093 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-021-01268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 has impacted the psychological wellbeing of healthcare workers and has forced pharmacists to adapt their services. Objective To measure burnout and describe the work and psychosocial factors affecting pharmacists during COVID-19, and to compare males and females. Setting An online survey was distributed to a convenience sample of pharmacists practicing in any setting in Australia during April and June 2020. Method The survey collected demographic data, burnout scores using the validated Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), psychosocial and work-related variables using questions adapted from previous surveys. It was tested for readability by a group of pharmacists and academic clinicians before distribution via social media and professional organisations. Main outcome measure Burnout was calculated using mean MBI scores, descriptive statistics were used to report work and psychosocial variables and Pearson's chi-square compared males and females. Results Overall, 647 responses were analysed. Most participants were female n = 487 (75.7%) with hospital n = 269 (42.2%) and community n = 253 (39.9%) pharmacists well represented. Mean (SD) for emotional exhaustion (possible range 0-54) and depersonalisation (possible range 0-30) were 28.5 (13.39) and 7.98 (5.64), which were higher (increased burnout) than reported pre-COVID-19. Personal accomplishment (range 0-48, lower scores associated with burnout) mean (SD) 36.58 (7.56), was similar to previously reported. Males reported higher depersonalisation indicating more withdrawal and cynicism. Working overtime, medication supply and patient incivility were reported to affect work. Conclusion Pharmacists are experiencing burnout, with work and psychosocial factors affecting them during COVID-19. Knowledge of this and that males experience more depersonalisation is valuable to inform advocacy and interventions to support pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlee Johnston
- ANU Medical School, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia.
| | - Claire L O'Reilly
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Brett Scholz
- ANU Medical School, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Ekavi N Georgousopoulou
- ANU Medical School, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Imogen Mitchell
- ANU Medical School, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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21
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Johnston K, O'Reilly CL, Cooper G, Mitchell I. The burden of COVID-19 on pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:e61-e64. [PMID: 33189556 PMCID: PMC7580693 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented changes brought about by the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have had important impacts on society. The pandemic has provided an opportunity to highlight the crucial role pharmacists play in the provision of health care. The critical and unique role of pharmacists in pandemics and other disasters has been highlighted in the past (severe acute respiratory syndrome and Ebola outbreaks) and more recently with reports of the contributions of pharmacists during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Many reports have documented that health care professionals are experiencing significant psychological morbidity as a result of providing essential care and services during the global COVID-19 pandemic. In these reports, pharmacists are not well represented, and, therefore, it is essential to understand the impact of COVID-19 on pharmacists across multiple practice settings. This is particularly true as the experiences of pharmacists working through previous pandemics and disasters, and the associated psychological burden, are likely to offer insights and be useful in supporting the psychological well-being of pharmacists during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Research into the effect of the global COVID-19 pandemic on pharmacists should improve the understanding of the impact and the psychological morbidity associated with their role as frontline health care professionals.
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22
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Watanabe T, Kondo M, Sakai M, Takabatake S, Furukawa TA, Akechi T. Association of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Traits with Depression and Empathy Among Medical Students. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2021; 12:1259-1265. [PMID: 34737666 PMCID: PMC8560068 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s334155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the associations of the traits of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with depression and empathy among medical students. PATIENTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 202 fifth-year students at a Japanese medical school for 10 months during their clinical clerkship. The survey included sociodemographic questions and validated tools to measure depressive symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]), medical students' empathy for patients (Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Student version [JSE]), ADHD traits (ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener [ASRS Screener]), and ASD traits (Autism-Spectrum Quotient Japanese version-21 [AQ-J-21]). RESULTS A total of 151 students (response rate: 74.7%) participated in the survey. Of these, 41 (27.2%) reported a total score of ≥ 20 on the HADS and were categorized as depressed. Depressed students reported significantly lower and higher rates of having a part-time job and a history of enrolment in other faculties, respectively, than non-depressed students. According to the cutoff criteria of the ASRS Screener and AQ-J-21, 31 (20.5%) and 42 (27.8%) students reported ADHD and ASD traits, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis, controlling for age and sex, reported that higher age, ASRS Screener scores, and AQ-J-21 scores were significant predictors of higher HADS total scores. Additionally, higher AQ-J-21 scores significantly predicted lower JSE scores. CONCLUSION The degree of ADHD and ASD traits was significantly associated with depression. Moreover, the degree of ASD traits was significantly associated with lower empathy for their patients. It is important to consider that about 20-30% of medical students have these neurodevelopmental traits and to develop intervention strategies for improving depression and empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
- Correspondence: Takafumi Watanabe Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1, Kawasumi, Mizuho-Cho, Mizuho-Ku, Nagoya City, Aichi, 467-8601, JapanTel +81 52 853 8271Fax +81 52 852 0837 Email
| | - Masaki Kondo
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mie Sakai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - So Takabatake
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshiaki A Furukawa
- Department of Health Promotion and Human Behavior, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Kyoto City, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Akechi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
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Kang K, Absher R, Granko RP. Evaluation of burnout among hospital and health-system pharmacists in North Carolina. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2020; 77:441-448. [PMID: 31950988 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxz339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the current state of burnout among pharmacists who work in hospital and health-system settings in North Carolina. METHODS The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey for Medical Professionals was used to assess burnout in this study. This survey measures 3 subscales of burnout: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. In addition to the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the survey asked questions addressing various modifiable and nonmodifiable demographic factors. To distribute the survey, an email listserv of all pharmacists licensed in the state was obtained from the North Carolina Board of Pharmacy. The survey was distributed through email in June 2018. A follow-up email encouraging participation in the survey was sent 2 weeks later. The survey was open for a total of 4 weeks. RESULTS The survey was delivered to 2,524 pharmacists; 380 responses were received (15.1% response rate). Of the 380 individuals who responded, 357 completed the entire survey (93.9% completion rate), and 198 pharmacists (55.5%) were at risk for burnout. Following multivariate logistic regression, 3 factors were significantly associated with increased risk of burnout: female gender, working in a primarily distribution role, and longer hours worked per week. Two factors were significantly associated with decreased risk of burnout: being aware of burnout resources and working 4 to 6 months with learners. CONCLUSION The results of this statewide survey revealed that more than half of hospital and health system-based pharmacists are at risk for burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, UNC REX Healthcare, Raleigh, NC
| | - Randy Absher
- Department of Pharmacy, Wesley Long Hospital, Greensboro, NC
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24
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Correction. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 61:e61. [PMID: 33139202 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Kameda S, Kitamura Y, Masaoka Y, Fujimoto M, Ushio S, Sendo T. Investigation of the difficulties experienced by pharmacists in Japan when communicating with cancer patients. J Clin Pharm Ther 2020; 46:181-189. [PMID: 32975321 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Recently, opportunities for pharmacists to have face-to-face conversations with cancer patients have increased in Japan. The aim of this study was to investigate the difficulties experienced by Japanese pharmacists when communicating with cancer patients. METHODS We interviewed 7 pharmacists at Okayama University Hospital (Japan), using the semi-structured interview method. The obtained data were qualitatively analysed. A questionnaire was also filled out by 50 Japanese pharmacists to determine the difficulties they faced when communicating with cancer patients. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The difficulties experienced by pharmacists when communicating with cancer patients were classified into the following three domains: (a) coping with patients' negative emotions, (b) questions beyond the scope of pharmacists' expertise and (3) how to manage patients and their families. Factor analysis indicated that the main difficulties pharmacists experienced were coping with patients' negative emotions and questions that were beyond the scope of their expertise. However, pharmacists were unlikely to experience difficulties in communicating additional information regarding anticancer drugs. Hospital pharmacists in Japan had some difficulties in communicating with cancer patients. In particular, many pharmacists felt that they could not sufficiently manage patients' negative emotions and answer questions beyond the scope of their expertise, such as questions about life expectancy or prognosis. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSIONS The current study showed that pharmacists experienced three types of difficulties when communicating with cancer patients: coping with patients' negative emotions, questions beyond the scope of their expertise and how to manage patients and their families. These results might facilitate the development of interventions that aim to improve patient-pharmacist communications in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Kameda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kitamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Pharmacotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Masaoka
- Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Minami Fujimoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ushio
- Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Sendo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
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26
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Bilhimer M, Acquisto NM, Slocum GW, Cocchio C, Groth M, Rozycki E, Sturgill M, Weant K, Bridgeman P. A cross‐sectional survey of U.S. hospital pharmacy leaders on departmental initiatives to address burnout. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matt Bilhimer
- Department of Pharmacy Olathe Medical Center Olathe Kansas USA
| | - Nicole M. Acquisto
- Departments of Pharmacy and Emergency Medicine University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester New York USA
| | - Giles W. Slocum
- Department of Pharmacy Rush University Medical Center Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Craig Cocchio
- CHRISTUS Trinity Mother Frances Hospital Tyler Texas USA
| | - Meghan Groth
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Worcester Massachusetts USA
| | - Elizabeth Rozycki
- Department of Pharmacy The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus Ohio USA
| | - Marc Sturgill
- Department of Pharmacy Services Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital/Rutgers University New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Kyle Weant
- Department of Pharmacy Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina USA
| | - Patrick Bridgeman
- Department of Pharmacy Services Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital/Rutgers University New Brunswick New Jersey USA
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway New Jersey USA
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27
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Abstract
Pharmacists with long experience and low personal satisfaction from work are at higher risk of burnout, but the role of specific personality traits is less well understood. In addition, the medical system in China is different from that of other countries, and the characteristics of pharmacist burnout might be different from that of other countries. This study evaluated the roles played by personality, working environment, and work characteristics on burnout and job satisfaction among Chinese hospital pharmacists.This was a cross-sectional study undertaken between April 28 and 30, 2017. The questionnaires were completed at the "National Academic Conference of the Chinese Society of Clinical Pharmacy". Questionnaires were handed out to 1786 pharmacists, and 1394 valid questionnaires were analyzed using structural equation modeling techniques.The final structural model showed that, as expected, personality and working environment factors directly or indirectly predicted burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduction of personal accomplishment) and job satisfaction variables. The analyses were consistent with the features of pharmacists' work characteristics, including job demands, job control, and workload playing mediating roles between antecedent variables (personality and working environment) and emotional outcomes (burnout and job satisfaction). On the other hand, job control and workload did not predict emotional exhaustion.This study indicates that personality is a negative predictor of 2 dimensions of burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization), while the working environment, especially job demand, is a predictor of burnout and greater emotional exhaustion. Work characteristics are positively related to job satisfaction and play a protective role against burnout.
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28
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Liang L, Gao T, Ren H, Cao R, Qin Z, Hu Y, Li C, Mei S. Post-traumatic stress disorder and psychological distress in Chinese youths following the COVID-19 emergency. J Health Psychol 2020; 25:1164-1175. [PMID: 32627606 PMCID: PMC7342938 DOI: 10.1177/1359105320937057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore the relationship between psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese participants as the result of COVID-19 outbreak. This study was conducted within 1 month after COVID-19 appeared in China, it included 570 participants age from 14 to 35. The results indicated that 12.8% of all participants with the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and the effects of psychological distress on post-traumatic stress disorder was mediated by negative coping style. Gender moderated the direct effect between psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder, which is a significant discovery for relevant departments to take further measures.
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Ability of the Well-Being Index to identify pharmacists in distress. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020; 60:906-914.e2. [PMID: 32682708 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Well-being and distress are important issues in the pharmacist workforce; yet, there is limited evidence evaluating the validity of practical screening tools among pharmacists. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the ability of the Well-Being Index (WBI) to (1) identify the well-being and dimensions of distress in pharmacists, and (2) stratify pharmacists' likelihood of adverse professional consequences. METHODS In July 2019, a national sample of pharmacists completed the Web-based version of the 9-item WBI (score range -2 to 9) and standardized instruments to assess quality of life (QOL), fatigue, burnout, concern for a recent major medication error, and intent to leave the current job. The Fisher exact test or chi-square test was used, as appropriate, to obtain the univariate odds ratio, posttest probabilities, and likelihood ratios associated with the WBI score for each outcome. RESULTS A total of 2231 pharmacists completed the survey. The most common practice settings were community pharmacies-chain (36.7%) and independent (10.7%)-followed by hospitals or health systems (20.1%) and academia (11.7%). The mean overall WBI score was 3.3 ± 2.73 (mean ± SD). Low QOL, extreme fatigue, and burnout symptoms were present in 34.8%, 35.3%, and 59.1%, respectively, of the responders. As the WBI score increased, the odds for low QOL, fatigue, burnout, concern for a recent major medication error, and intent to leave the current position increased incrementally. The WBI score also stratified the odds of high QOL. Assuming a pretest burnout probability of 59.1% (prevalence of the overall sample), the WBI lowered the posttest probability to 2% or raised it to 98% with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87. CONCLUSION The WBI may serve as a useful tool to gauge well-being and to identify pharmacists who may be experiencing important dimensions of distress and have increased risk for adverse professional consequences.
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Farah R, Malaeb D, Sacre H, Akel M, Hallit S, Salameh P. Factors associated with work impairment and productivity among Lebanese community pharmacists. Int J Clin Pharm 2020; 42:1097-1108. [PMID: 32638293 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-020-01087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Community pharmacists provide an essential service by promoting, maintaining and improving the health of the community. However, factors affecting community pharmacists' work productivity remain poorly studied. Objective Our study aimed to assess, on a national level, work productivity components and its correlates among Lebanese community pharmacists. Methods: The study was carried out between March and July 2018, using a representative sample of community pharmacies from all districts of Lebanon. Main outcome measure: The work productivity components were assessed using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire. Results The study included 435 community pharmacists, the prevalence of sickness presenteeism and sickness absenteeism reached 91% and 45%, respectively. Presenteeism was positively associated with reporting higher depression score (β = 0.26) and insomnia (β = 0.20) whereas better mental (β = - 0.35) and physical health (β = - 0.38) were negatively associated with presenteeism. Absenteeism was positively associated with male gender (adjusted OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.14-3.70), reporting higher depression score (adjusted OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.02-1.11) and negatively associated with better mental and physical health (adjusted OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.90-0.96 and adjusted OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.93-0.99; respectively). Activity impairment was positively associated with depression (β = 0.16) and insomnia (β = 0.12) and negatively associated with better mental (β = - 0.22) and physical health (β = - 0.015). Conclusion This is the first study assessing work productivity and activity impairment among Lebanese community pharmacists. Further research is needed to predict sickness absenteeism and presenteeism and this information will be useful to ensure quality of care is delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Farah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie- Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Diana Malaeb
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Life Sciences and Health Department, Paris-Est University, Paris, France
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie- Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie- Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie- Liban, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB, Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie- Liban, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Sjoquist LK, Cailor S, Conkey L, Wilcox R, Ng B, Laswell EM. A simulated patient experience to improve pharmacy student empathy for patients on hemodialysis. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2020; 12:827-833. [PMID: 32540044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to increase student empathy towards hemodialysis patients through an educational intervention that simulates a hemodialysis patient experience. METHODS Second-year pharmacy students (n = 83) in a required therapeutic module were asked to follow key lifestyle modifications of a hemodialysis patient for two weeks. Students' self-perceived empathy level was assessed using the Kiersma-Chen Empathy Scale (KCES) pre- and post-intervention and post-reflection questions captured students' perceptions of the experience. Data were analyzed using frequencies and Wilcoxon signed ranks tests to assess pre-post changes. Reflection questions were assessed using a grounded analysis to identify themes. RESULTS Significant differences were found on 13 of 15 KCES items and KCES composite scores. Of the 13 significant KCES items, nine were related to the cognitive domain and four were related to the affective domain. When asked how the experience impacted the student personally, 38 responded that it provided them with a better understanding of the challenges associated with managing hemodialysis treatments. In response to how this experience would change their professional interactions with a hemodialysis patient, students explained that they felt more equipped to empathize with patients (n = 22). CONCLUSIONS This intervention improved students' cognitive and affective empathy towards hemodialysis patients, which may prepare them to be more compassionate healthcare professionals. Experiencing first-hand some of the quality-of-life challenges hemodialysis patients face significantly influenced student empathy levels towards this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Sjoquist
- Cedarville University School of Pharmacy, 251 N. Main Street, Cedarville, OH 45314, United States.
| | - Stephanie Cailor
- Cedarville University School of Pharmacy, 251 N. Main Street, Cedarville, OH 45314, United States.
| | - Logan Conkey
- Cedarville University School of Pharmacy, 251 N. Main Street, Cedarville, OH 45314, United States.
| | - Rachel Wilcox
- Cedarville University School of Pharmacy, 251 N. Main Street, Cedarville, OH 45314, United States.
| | - Brandon Ng
- Cedarville University School of Pharmacy, 251 N. Main Street, Cedarville, OH 45314, United States.
| | - Emily M Laswell
- Cedarville University School of Pharmacy, 251 N. Main Street, Cedarville, OH 45314, United States.
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Rahme D, Lahoud N, Sacre H, Akel M, Hallit S, Salameh P. Work fatigue among Lebanese community pharmacists: prevalence and correlates. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2020; 18:1844. [PMID: 32566046 PMCID: PMC7290180 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2020.2.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To assess work fatigue and its associated factors among community pharmacists in Lebanon. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between March and July 2018. A proportionate sample of 435 community pharmacists was selected from all regions of Lebanon. A standardized self-administered questionnaire, distributed by trained interviewers, was used to assess the studied variables. Results: The results showed that 50.12% of the pharmacists had emotional work fatigue [95%CI 0.454-0.549], 55.01% had mental work fatigue [95%CI 0.503-0.597], and 54.78% had physical work fatigue [95%CI 0.501-0.595]. Higher mental work fatigue was significantly associated with higher stress (Beta=0.185) and having a master’s degree compared to a bachelor’s degree (Beta=2.23). Higher emotional work fatigue was significantly associated with higher stress (Beta=0.219), working more than 40 hours compared to ≤ 16 hours (Beta=2.742), and having 6 months to less than 1 year of practice compared to less than 6 months (Beta=-5.238). Higher physical work fatigue was significantly associated with higher stress (Beta=0.169) and having better soft skills (Beta=-0.163). Conclusions: Work-related fatigue is high among community pharmacists and touches all aspects: physical, mental, and emotional. In our study, community pharmacists’ fatigue levels were associated with educational level, years of experience, working hours, stress, depression, and soft skills, while no relation was found with gender, age, position in the pharmacy, and economic status. Interventions are recommended to tackle this public health problem that affects pharmacists, and eventually, patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deema Rahme
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut (Lebanon).
| | - Nathalie Lahoud
- Pharmacoepidemiology Surveillance Unit, Center for Research in Public Health (CERIPH), Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University. Fanar (Lebanon).
| | - Hala Sacre
- National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology & Toxicology (INSPECT-LB). Beirut (Lebanon).
| | - Marwan Akel
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University. Beirut (Lebanon).
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh (Lebanon).
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Dwyer Kaluzna S, Benken ST, Petzel Gimbar R, DiDomenico RJ. Combating pharmacist burnout: A model for critical care clinical pharmacy faculty. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott T. Benken
- Department of Pharmacy Practice University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois
| | - Renee Petzel Gimbar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois
| | - Robert J. DiDomenico
- Department of Pharmacy Practice University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois
- Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomic Research University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois
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AL-Haddad A, AL-Omar F, AL-Khaleel A, AL-Khalaf A. Prevalence of burnout syndrome and its related risk factors among physicians working in primary health care centers of the Ministry of Health, Al Ahsa region, Saudi Arabia, 2018-2019. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:571-579. [PMID: 32318384 PMCID: PMC7113941 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_743_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Burnout syndrome (BS) is a relatively common occupational problem. It is a psychological and behavioral syndrome described by three dimensions: emotional exhaustion (EE); depersonalization (DP); and low personal accomplishment (PA). OBJECTIVES This study aims to calculate the prevalence of BS and its related risk factors among physicians of primary health care centers (PHCCs) of the Ministry of Health (MOH, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 280 physicians working in PHCCs were selected as a comprehensive sample, the response rate was 80.7%. We excluded the trainee of residency programs, interns, and hospital physicians providing partial service in PHCCs. The data was collected by using two-part self-administered questionnaire including sociodemographic data, working conditions, and Maslach Burnout Inventory™-Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel-MBI-HSS (MP). This data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program. RESULTS The mean score for EE was 24.99 ± 11.54 SD. The mean score for DP was 9.19 ± 6.13 SD. For PA, it was 29.41 ± 9.9 SD. The percentage of participants who scored high in EE was 47.3%. About one-half of the participants scored high DP and 59.7% had diminished PA. About one-quarter of the participants (24.3%) scored high burnout in all three dimensions. High EE was present in ages from 35 to 45 years, Saudi participants, rotating or covering physicians, and participants who were satisfied with their job. High DP was seen in Saudi physicians, family physicians, rotating or covering physicians, those who were not satisfied with their job, and physicians who work in rural areas. Low PA was seen in physicians who were not satisfied with their job, rotating or covering physicians, participants who do not have tasks other than clinical work, and physicians who work in Omran sector. CONCLUSION There is a significant level of burnout among physicians working in PHCCs in Al Ahsa. High burnout was associated with some risk factors. Further research is needed to study this problem in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed AL-Haddad
- R4 FM Resident, Saudi Board Family Medicine Training program, PCFCM-MOH Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah AL-Omar
- R4 FM Resident, Saudi Board Family Medicine Training program, PCFCM-MOH Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah AL-Khaleel
- R4 FM Resident, Saudi Board Family Medicine Training program, PCFCM-MOH Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Haase KK. Addressing burnout in clinical pharmacy: What can we learn from other health care disciplines? JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krystal K. Haase
- Department of Pharmacy Practice Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy Amarillo Texas
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Silva RG, Figueiredo-Braga M. The Roles of Empathy, Attachment Style, and Burnout in Pharmacy Students' Academic Satisfaction. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2019; 83:6706. [PMID: 31333248 PMCID: PMC6630854 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe6706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To investigate empathy, burnout, and attachment style, and explore the relationships between these variables and academic satisfaction in a group of pharmacy students. Methods. Students enrolled in the first two years (n=200) and last two years (n=210) of a five-year master's degree program in pharmaceutical sciences were invited to participate. The data collected included sociodemographic characteristics; responses on the Portuguese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) to assess empathy levels; responses on the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) to measure emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment; responses on the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) to evaluate students' attachment style; and responses on an original academic satisfaction scale. Results. Although students in both groups had similar levels of empathy, female students had significantly higher scores in the IRI subscales and in emotional exhaustion. Students in the last two years of the program had significantly higher depersonalization scores. The majority of students reported that they were satisfied with the quality of their academic experience, however, the satisfaction scores of students enrolled in their first two years were significantly higher. Attachment styles explained 14% of all students' depersonalization and academic satisfaction scores (11%). Burnout explained 39% of all students' academic dissatisfaction. Conclusion. Although a majority of pharmacy students were satisfied with their academic life, burnout negatively influenced the academic satisfaction of some students completing the final years of their education. The type of interpersonal relationship students have influences their ability to understand patients and the quality of their learning experience. A large percentage of students indicated they had a significant level of burnout, which underscores the need to provide preventive and restorative interventions for these students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margarida Figueiredo-Braga
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde I3S, Porto, Portugal
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Rao WW, Yang MJ, Cao BN, You YY, Zhang YY, Liu YY, Kou C, Yu Y, Cassidy RM, Yu Q, Zhang XY. Psychological distress in cancer patients in a large Chinese cross-sectional study. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:950-956. [PMID: 30699880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although psychological distress is common among patients with chronic diseases, the degree of risk for developing psychological distress is not well-established. Our aim with this study is to determine the odds ratio for psychological distress in patients with cancer as compared to either 1) patients with chronic disease patients without cancer, or 2) healthy controls in a large representative sample of Chinese population. METHODS Using a multistage, stratified cluster sampling method, 21,101 subjects 18-79 years old were interviewed face-to-face in Jilin province, China. Their psychological status was assessed with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). A total score of ≥4 was used as the threshold for determining psychological distress. RESULTS The prevalence of psychological distress was 14.08% across the entire sample: 10.63% in healthy controls; 14.81% in patients with chronic diseases; and 20% in patients with cancer. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that, as compared to the health controls, both cancer (OR = 1.609, 95%CI = 1.245-2.081) and chronic disease patients (OR = 1.330, 95%CI = 1.189-1.478) were more likely to suffer from psychological distress. Moreover, cancer patients had a higher risk of psychological distress than patients with chronic diseases (OR = 1.295, 95%CI = 1.049-1.600; p = 0.016). In addition, the cancer group (2.68 ± 0.114) demonstrated a higher GHQ score than the patients with chronic diseases (2.30 ± 0.017) and healthy controls (1.98 ± 0.029) (both p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results showed both a higher rate and greater degree of psychological distress in patients with cancer. This suggests a need for better psychological management in cancer patients to help alleviate their distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wang Rao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China; Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Ming-Jia Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bo-Nan Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yue-Yue You
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yang-Yu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying-Yu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Changgui Kou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yaqin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ryan M Cassidy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston 77054, TX, USA
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Xiang Yang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston 77054, TX, USA.
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Confidence in communicating with patients with cancer mediates the relationship between rehabilitation therapists' autistic-like traits and perceived difficulty in communication. Palliat Support Care 2018; 17:186-194. [PMID: 29352834 DOI: 10.1017/s147895151700116x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, rehabilitation therapists have become involved in cancer rehabilitation; however, no communication skills training that increases the ability to provide emotional support for cancer patients has been developed for rehabilitation therapists. In addition, no study has examined associations between rehabilitation therapists' communication skills and their level of autistic-like traits (ALT), which are in-born characteristics including specific communication styles and difficulty communicating with patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether confidence in communicating with patients mitigates communication difficulties experienced by rehabilitation therapists who have high levels of ALT. METHOD Rehabilitation therapists who treat patients with cancer completed self-administered postal questionnaires anonymously. Scores were obtained on the Autism-Spectrum Quotient short form, confidence in communication, and communication difficulties. We used covariance structure analyses to test hypothetical models, and confirmed that confidence in communication mediates the relationship between ALT and perceived communication difficulties. RESULTS Participants included 1,343 respondents (49.6%). Autism-Spectrum Quotient scores were positively correlated with communication difficulties (r = 0.16, p < 0.001). The correlation was mitigated by confidence in communication in the fit model. However, higher confidence in creating a supportive atmosphere was associated with more difficulty in communication (r = 0.16, p < 0.001). SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS Communication difficulty was linked to rehabilitation therapists' ALTs. By increasing confidence in areas of communication other than creation of a supportive atmosphere, ALT-related difficulties in communication may be ameliorated. Confidence to create supportive environments correlated positively with difficulty. Communication skills training to increase confidence in communication for rehabilitation therapists should be developed with vigilance regarding ALT levels.
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Iorga M, Dondaș C, Soponaru C, Antofie I. Determinants of Hospital Pharmacists' Job Satisfaction in Romanian Hospitals. PHARMACY 2017; 5:E66. [PMID: 29232878 PMCID: PMC5748547 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy5040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study is to identify the level of job satisfaction among hospital pharmacists in Romania in relation to environmental, socio-demographic, and individual factors. Material and Methods: Seventy-eight hospital pharmacists were included in the research. The Job Satisfaction Scale was used to measure the level of satisfaction with their current jobs, and the TAS-20 was used to evaluate emotional experience and awareness. Additionally, 12 items were formulated in order to identify the reasons for dissatisfaction with jobs, such as budget, number of working hours, legislation, relationships with colleagues, hospital departments, or stakeholders. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23. Results: The analyses of the data revealed a low level of satisfaction regarding the pay-promotion subscale, a high level of satisfaction with the management-interpersonal relationship dimension, and a high level of satisfaction regarding the organization-communication subscale. Seventy-four percent of subjects are dissatisfied about the annual budget, and 86.3% are not at all satisfied with present legislation. Conclusions: These results are important for hospital pharmacists and hospital management in order to focus on health policies, management, and environmental issues, with the purpose of increasing the level of satisfaction among hospital pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Iorga
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", Iasi 700115, Romania.
| | - Corina Dondaș
- Department of Career Counseling, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", Iasi 700115, Romania.
| | - Camelia Soponaru
- Department of Psychology, University "Alexandru Ioan Cuza", Iasi 700506, Romania.
| | - Ioan Antofie
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, C.F. Hospital, Cluj-Napoca 599597, Romania.
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Carvajal MJ. A theoretical framework for the interpretation of pharmacist workforce studies throughout the world: The labor supply curve. Res Social Adm Pharm 2017; 14:999-1006. [PMID: 29567087 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite geographic, financial, and cultural diversity, publications dealing with the pharmacist workforce throughout the world share common concerns and focus on similar topics. Their findings are presented in the literature in a seemingly unrelated way even though they are connected to one another as parts of a comprehensive theoretical structure. The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical model that relates some of the most salient topics addressed in the international literature on pharmacist workforce. The model is developed along two fundamental ideas. The first identifies the shape and location of the pharmacist's labor supply curve as the driving force behind all workforce decisions undertaken by pharmacists; the second argues that gender and age differences are two of the most important factors determining the shape and location of this supply curve. The paper then discusses movements along the curve attributed to changes in the wage rate, as well as displacements of the curve attributed to disparities in personal characteristics, investments in human capital, job-related preferences, opinions and perceptions, and institutional rigidities. The focus is on the individual pharmacist, not on groups of pharmacists or the profession as a whole. Works in multiple countries that address each topic are identified. Understanding these considerations is critical as employers' failure to accommodate pharmacists' preferences for work and leisure are associated with negative consequences not only for them but also for the healthcare system as a whole. Possible consequences include excessive job turnover, absenteeism, decreased institutional commitment, and lower quality of work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Carvajal
- Nova Southeastern University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Sociobehavioral and Administrative Pharmacy, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA.
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Jones GM, Roe NA, Louden L, Tubbs CR. Factors Associated With Burnout Among US Hospital Clinical Pharmacy Practitioners: Results of a Nationwide Pilot Survey. Hosp Pharm 2017; 52:742-751. [PMID: 29276254 DOI: 10.1177/0018578717732339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: In health care, burnout has been defined as a psychological process whereby human service professionals attempting to positively impact the lives of others become overwhelmed and frustrated by unforeseen job stressors. Burnout among various physician groups who primarily practice in the hospital setting has been extensively studied; however, no evidence exists regarding burnout among hospital clinical pharmacists. Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize the level of and identify factors independently associated with burnout among clinical pharmacists practicing in an inpatient hospital setting within the United States. Methods: We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional pilot study utilizing an online, Qualtrics survey. Univariate analysis related to burnout was conducted, with multivariable logistic regression analysis used to identify factors independently associated with the burnout. Results: A total of 974 responses were analyzed (11.4% response rate). The majority were females who had practiced pharmacy for a median of 8 years. The burnout rate was high (61.2%) and largely driven by high emotional exhaustion. On multivariable analysis, we identified several subjective factors as being predictors of burnout, including inadequate administrative and teaching time, uncertainty of health care reform, too many nonclinical duties, difficult pharmacist colleagues, and feeling that contributions are underappreciated. Conclusions: The burnout rate of hospital clinical pharmacy providers was very high in this pilot survey. However, the overall response rate was low at 11.4%. The negative effects of burnout require further study and intervention to determine the influence of burnout on the lives of clinical pharmacists and on other health care-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Morgan Jones
- Methodist University Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Baptist Health Medical Center-Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Neil A Roe
- Baptist Health Medical Center-Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Crystal R Tubbs
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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The relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo and burnout symptoms in psychiatrists with different therapeutic approaches. Psychiatry Res 2017; 252:284-288. [PMID: 28288439 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Burnout is a serious problem for psychiatrists that has implications for clinical practice and personal health. While burnout is known to affect cognitive functions, no studies have examined the relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and burnout. This study aimed to examine this relationship and related factors as socio-demographic, occupational environment in psychiatrists. Participants(n=201, aged between 25 and 52 years,57.7% female) completed socio-demographic information form, Maslach Burnout Inventory and SCT Scale. According to our results, we have shown that total burnout scores and emotional exhaustion (EE) scores were significantly higher in psychiatrists with SCT. SCT scores were positively correlated with mean total burnout, EE, and depersonalization scores. We did not find any differences between subgroups according to departments, therapeutic approaches and gender. In conclusion, we want to highlight that psychiatrists with SCT were more proneness to general burnout symptoms and were more emotionally exhausted regardless of their therapeutic approach or their profession as adult or child/adolescent psychiatrists.
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Qiu S, Sun XH, Liu WY, Kanu JS, Li R, Yu QY, Huang FX, Li B, Zhang YX. Prevalence and correlates of psychological distress among diabetes mellitus adults in the Jilin province in China: a cross-sectional study. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2869. [PMID: 28123907 PMCID: PMC5244878 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological disorders are common in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, and the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of psychological distress and to determine the influence factors associated with psychological distress among DM patients in the Jilin province of China. METHODS AND MATERIALS Multistage, stratified cluster sampling was used in this cross-sectional study. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used to assess psychological status with the total score of ≥4 as the threshold for psychological distress. RESULTS A total of 1,956 subjects with DM were included in the study. Out of this total diabetic participants, 524 (26.8%) had psychological distress. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that low educational level, divorce or separation from one's spouse, low family average monthly income, short sleep duration, being aware of DM status, and multiple co-morbidities are positively associated with psychological distress (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a high rate of psychological distress among DM population in Jilin province. Low educational level, divorce or separation from one's spouse, low family average monthly income, short sleep duration, awareness of DM status, and multiple co-morbidities are all associated with psychological distress among our study subjects. Interventions to control these factors are needed to address the psychological problems among diabetics in Jilin Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuan Hong Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen Ya Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Joseph Sam Kanu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ri Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qin Ya Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Xu Huang
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Xiang Zhang
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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