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Flach R, Fodor R, Kettel-Fulop F, Osvath P, Lang A. Myths about suicide - validating the Hungarian version of the Literacy of Suicide Scale (H-LOSS) on a community sample. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2351. [PMID: 39210328 PMCID: PMC11360470 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide was exceptionally high in Hungary in the last century. According to Eurostat, Hungary ranks second in the EU in death by suicide and was among the few countries where the suicidal tendencies increased in 2020. Primary tasks of suicide prevention programs are to develop suicide literacy and dispel myths and misconceptions about suicide. Therefore, the goal of our research was the Hungarian validation of the 26-item Literacy of Suicide Scale (LOSS). METHODS 749 people (382 female (51.0%), 364 male (48.6%), 3 identify as non-binary or other (0.4%); 4 identifying as transgender (0.5%)) participated in our online cross-sectional survey with a mean age of 32.4 years (SD = 14.5 years). The H-LOSS questionnaire was adapted using the 2PL (two-parameter logistic) model with WLSE (weighted least squares) estimation in item response theory method, similarly to the original English version. RESULTS Scale unidimensionality was confirmed. Model fit indices and internal reliability indicators were acceptable. Item infit and outfit values were adequate, item discrimination values were within range, but one item had extremely high and three items had extremely low item difficulty parameters. Few items had differential item functioning by age, gender and own suidice attempt. CONCLUSIONS The H-LOSS scale deemed to be appropriate for assessing suicide literacy in Hungarian speaking samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Flach
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, 6 Ifjusag Street, Pécs, Baranya, 7624, Hungary.
| | - Robert Fodor
- Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Flora Kettel-Fulop
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, 6 Ifjusag Street, Pécs, Baranya, 7624, Hungary
| | - Peter Osvath
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Andras Lang
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, 6 Ifjusag Street, Pécs, Baranya, 7624, Hungary
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Qi X, Yao X, Cong X, Li S, Han M, Tao Z, Yang X, Qi X, Shi F, Wang S. Profile and risk factors in farmer injuries: a review based on Haddon matrix and 5 E's risk reduction strategy. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1322884. [PMID: 38903585 PMCID: PMC11187248 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1322884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Farmers are considered a high-risk group for intentional and unintentional injuries. This review identified significant risk factors for agricultural injuries in farmers and explored injury prevention countermeasures based on the literature. Therefore, CiteSpace software was used to analyze the relevant literature in this field. Additionally, we identified both key risk factors and countermeasures using the Haddon matrix and the 5 E's risk reduction strategies conceptual framework, respectively. The risk factors were identified from four categories (host, agent, physical environment, and social environment) corresponding to three phases (pre-event, event, and post-event). Interventions of 5 E's risk reduction strategies including education, engineering, enforcement, economic, and emergency response have been proven effective in preventing injuries or reducing their severity. Our findings provide a comprehensive foundation and research direction for the study and prevention of injuries among farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Qi
- Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health of Shandong Province, Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xue Yao
- Department of Interventional Vascular Surgery, China Rongtong Medical and Health Group Zibo 148 Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Xianzhu Cong
- Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health of Shandong Province, Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health of Shandong Province, Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Mei Han
- Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health of Shandong Province, Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zikun Tao
- Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health of Shandong Province, Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health of Shandong Province, Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health of Shandong Province, Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Fuyan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health of Shandong Province, Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Suzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicine and Health of Shandong Province, Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
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Jahan I, Sharif AB, Hasan ABMN. Suicide stigma and suicide literacy among Bangladeshi young adults: a cross-sectional study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1160955. [PMID: 37252136 PMCID: PMC10213423 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1160955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Suicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Owing to poor suicide literacy, people are not aware of the consequences of the suicide stigma, which may affect individuals. This study aimed to examine the status of suicide stigma and literacy among young adults in Bangladesh. Methods This cross-sectional study included 616 male subjects and female subjects residing in Bangladesh aged between 18 and 35 years who were invited to complete an online survey. Suicide literacy and suicide stigma among the respondents were assessed by using the validated Literacy of Suicide Scale and Stigma of Suicide Scale, respectively. Other independent variables that have been found to affect suicide stigma or literacy were included in this study based on prior research. Correlation analysis was used to assess the relationships between the study's main quantitative variables. Multiple linear regression models were used to assess factors affecting suicide stigma and suicide literacy, respectively, after controlling for covariates. Results The mean literacy score was 3.86. The participants' mean scores in the stigma, isolation, and glorification subscale were 25.15, 14.48, and 9.04, respectively. Suicide literacy was negatively associated with stigmatizing attitudes (p = 0.005). Male subjects, unmarried/divorced/widowed, less educated (below HSC), smokers, less exposure to suicide, and respondents with chronic mental illness had lower suicide literacy and more stigmatizing attitudes. Conclusion The findings suggest that addressing suicide literacy and stigma by developing and executing awareness programs on suicide and mental health among young adults may increase knowledge, decrease stigma, and hence prevent suicide among this population.
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Vayro C, Brownlow C, Ireland M, March S. A thematic analysis of the personal factors influencing mental health help-seeking in farmers. J Rural Health 2023; 39:374-382. [PMID: 36071026 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is crucial to understand the micro-level personal factors that impact farmer mental health help-seeking, given that farmers are at increased risk of suicide yet show reduced mental health help-seeking behaviors. METHODS Ten farmers, 10 farmers' partners, and 8 general practitioners (ie, family physicians) from Australia completed qualitative semi-structured interviews. Braun and Clarke's method of thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. FINDINGS The analysis resulted in 4 themes: "mental health literacy," "stigma of mental illness and help-seeking," "support, the partners' role in help-seeking," and "the intersectionality between being a farmer, age, and gender." Farmers' knowledge and understanding of mental health and treatments was varied. Stigma was reported to be reducing, but still present toward both mental illness and mental health help-seeking. Support from a partner was reported to facilitate help-seeking if delivered tactfully. Lastly, being older and male were reported to negatively impact farmer mental health help-seeking. CONCLUSION The findings contribute to understanding farmer mental health help-seeking and could inform quantitative research and the development and implementation of interventions to promote mental health help-seeking in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Vayro
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charlotte Brownlow
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Ireland
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sonja March
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Queensland, Australia
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Qaddoura N, Dardas LA, Pan W. Psychosocial determinants of adolescent suicide: A national survey. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2022; 40:15-24. [PMID: 36064239 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a global health problem with considerable variability across countries in its prevalence and correlates. The aims of this study were to: (a) explore the prevalence and psychosocial determinants of adolescent suicidal ideation, and (b) explore the perceived stigma of suicide among adolescents. METHOD A nationally representative electronic survey was utilized to collect data from school adolescents. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for studies reporting prevalence data was used to design the survey. The study collected data on adolescents' suicidal ideation, depression, self-esteem, stigma of suicide, family functioning, educational stress, and anxiety levels. A representative sample of 647 Jordanian school adolescents was included. RESULTS The prevalence of suicidal ideation among school adolescents was 11%. Suicidal ideation was significantly higher among respondents who were boys and enrolled in public schools, had a mental health problem, a family history of suicidal attempt, a lower self-esteem, and higher depressive symptoms. The majority of school adolescents agreed with the descriptions of people who take their own lives as being "lost" (70%), "coward" (53%), "stupid" (51%), and "lonely" (49%). CONCLUSION There is no typical suicide victim, and there are no specific characteristics that can point out those who are suicidal. Suicide remains a complex phenomenon that is embedded in its sociocultural context. Collaborative efforts from Jordanian policy makers, healthcare providers, researchers, and educators are needed to develop culturally appropriate screening and prevention approaches to address suicide among adolescents. Nurses have a significant role in helping adolescents experiencing suicidal ideation and their families restore, maintain, and/or promote their mental health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naheel Qaddoura
- School of Nursing, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| | | | - Wei Pan
- Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, USA.
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Binder MJ, Beks H, Versace VL, Macdonald J, Mckay C, Cunningham S, Wall G, Barnes K, Cornell S, Cock M, Kennedy A, Namara KM. Participant perspectives of an online co-design process to develop a prevention-focused mental health and well-being platform for primary producers. Aust J Rural Health 2022; 30:719-729. [PMID: 36018893 PMCID: PMC10087507 DOI: 10.1111/ajr.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore participant experiences of an online co-design process to develop a web-based preventative mental health and well-being intervention targeting primary producers in rural Australia. SETTING Rural Victoria, Australia. PARTICIPANTS Participants from a primary producer background, including horticulture, fisheries, animal cultivation and farm consultancy, were eligible for the study if they had participated in both the co-design and beta testing processes for a primary producer platform. DESIGN A qualitative study using semi-structured phone-based interviews was undertaken. A reflexive inductive approach to data analysis was employed to develop themes. RESULTS Eleven participants were interviewed, with an average age of 51 years, of which 7 were female. Five main themes were developed. These included: (1) participant diversity, (2) impact of online delivery on co-design participation, (3) experiences of the co-design process, (4) maintaining a shared vision and goals and (5) acting on the co-design recommendations. Use of online methods was a clear enabler to engage participants who were geographically dispersed and offers an alternative to more conventional approaches to co-design using face-to-face methods. Some aspects of participant engagement may need a greater focus when conducted online compared with face-to-face. CONCLUSIONS Using an online co-design method to develop a preventative mental health and well-being web-based platform for primary producers was novel. Findings address a gap in the literature around the experience of participants engaging in a co-design process and identify opportunities to improve participant engagement and experience with the online format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marley J Binder
- Deakin Rural Health, School of Medicine, Warrnambool, Vic., Australia
| | - Hannah Beks
- Deakin Rural Health, School of Medicine, Warrnambool, Vic., Australia
| | - Vincent L Versace
- Deakin Rural Health, School of Medicine, Warrnambool, Vic., Australia
| | - Joanna Macdonald
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, Hamilton, Vic., Australia
| | - Claire Mckay
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, Hamilton, Vic., Australia
| | - Sally Cunningham
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, Hamilton, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | - Sarah Cornell
- GippsDairy, Dairy Australia, Warragul, Vic., Australia
| | - Malcolm Cock
- Farm Dynamics Consulting, Leongatha, Vic., Australia
| | - Alison Kennedy
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, Hamilton, Vic., Australia
| | - Kevin Mc Namara
- Deakin Rural Health, School of Medicine, Warrnambool, Vic., Australia
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Gunn KM, Skaczkowski G, Dollman J, Vincent AD, Short CE, Brumby S, Barrett A, Harrison N, Turnbull D. Combining Farmers' Preferences With Evidence-Based Strategies to Prevent and Lower Farmers' Distress: Co-design and Acceptability Testing of ifarmwell. JMIR Hum Factors 2022; 9:e27631. [PMID: 35014963 PMCID: PMC8790695 DOI: 10.2196/27631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Farming is physically and psychologically hazardous. Farmers face many barriers to help seeking from traditional physical and mental health services; however, improved internet access now provides promising avenues for offering support. Objective This study aims to co-design with farmers the content and functionality of a website that helps them adopt transferable coping strategies and test its acceptability in the broader farming population. Methods Research evidence and expert opinions were synthesized to inform key design principles. A total of 18 farmers detailed what they would like from this type of website. Intervention logic and relevant evidence-based strategies were mapped. Website content was drafted and reviewed by 2 independent mental health professionals. A total of 9 farmers provided detailed qualitative feedback on the face validity of the draft content. Subsequently, 9 farmers provided feedback on the website prototype. Following amendments and internal prototype testing and optimization, prototype usability (ie, completion rate) was examined with 157 registered website users who were (105/157, 66.9%) female, aged 21-73 years; 95.5% (149/156) residing in inner regional to very remote Australia, and 68.2% (107/157) “sheep, cattle and/or grain farmers.” Acceptability was examined with a subset of 114 users who rated at least module 1. Interviews with 108 farmers who did not complete all 5 modules helped determine why, and detailed interviews were conducted with 18 purposively sampled users. Updates were then made according to adaptive trial design methodology. Results This systematic co-design process resulted in a web-based resource based on acceptance and commitment therapy and designed to overcome barriers to engagement with traditional mental health and well-being strategies—ifarmwell. It was considered an accessible and confidential source of practical and relevant farmer-focused self-help strategies. These strategies were delivered via 5 interactive modules that include written, drawn, and audio- and video-based psychoeducation and exercises, as well as farming-related jokes, metaphors, examples, and imagery. Module 1 included distress screening and information on how to speak to general practitioners about mental health–related concerns (including a personalized conversation script). Modules were completed fortnightly. SMS text messages offered personalized support and reminders. Qualitative interviews and star ratings demonstrated high module acceptability (average 4.06/5 rating) and suggested that additional reminders, higher quality audio recordings, and shorter modules would be useful. Approximately 37.1% (52/140) of users who started module 1 completed all modules, with too busy or not got to it yet being the main reason for non-completion, and previous module acceptability not predicting subsequent module completion. Conclusions Sequential integration of research evidence, expert knowledge, and farmers’ preferences in the co-design process allowed for the development of a self-help intervention that focused on important intervention targets and was acceptable to this difficult-to-engage group. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12617000506392; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=372526
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Gunn
- Department of Rural Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Freemason's Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gemma Skaczkowski
- Department of Rural Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - James Dollman
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew D Vincent
- Freemason's Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Camille E Short
- Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences and Melbourne School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan Brumby
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Western District Health Service, Hamilton, Australia.,School of Medicine, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alison Barrett
- Department of Rural Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nathan Harrison
- Department of Rural Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Deborah Turnbull
- Freemason's Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Dreier M, Baumgardt J, Bock T, Härter M, Liebherz S. Development of an online suicide prevention program involving people with lived experience: ideas and challenges. RESEARCH INVOLVEMENT AND ENGAGEMENT 2021; 7:60. [PMID: 34496972 PMCID: PMC8424946 DOI: 10.1186/s40900-021-00307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fear of stigmatization, self-stigmatization, and insufficient information can lead to secrecy, reduced help-seeking, lower self-esteem, and lower self-efficacy among people affected by suicidality or suicide. Therefore, we developed an online suicide prevention program aiming to improve knowledge about suicidality and suicide stigma. METHODS Inspired by the Australian program The Ripple Effect, a German team comprising people with lived experience of suicide, researchers, and clinicians was established for developing an online suicide prevention program. Therefore, we oriented on guidelines for evidence-based health information, for reporting on suicide, and on dealing with suicidality. The lived experience team discussed and developed concept, structure, and content of the program. This manuscript presents summaries of protocols from 16 team meetings and 3 written text reviews to outline the program development process. A summative evaluation 3 years after program development began was qualitatively analyzed based on thematic analysis. RESULTS Between 2018 und 2021, the lived experience team (n = 10) discussed possibilities of support in suicidal crises, attitudes towards suicide, content, and design of the online program. In a structured process, six members of the lived experience team reviewed the content. Eight persons shared their lived experience of suicide in video reports by focusing on constructive ways of dealing with suicidality or a loss by suicide, conveying hope and encouraging people to continue living. Team members recommended greater public and patient involvement from the application stage, as well as more financial and personnel resources. CONCLUSIONS Through contributions to discussions and text reviews, the lived experience team shaped decisions in the program development process. While involving persons with lived experiences of suicide, it is important to consider that suicidality is 1. emotionally challenging, 2. a stigmatized issue, and 3. that the aspect of safety must be a priority. A distinction must be made between the duty of care based on actual risk and inappropriate overprotection. Hereby, transparency, autonomy, and a clear structure appeared to be helpful. For further research, we recommend a structured formative review process of the development of the program. Additionally, we recommend discussing the purpose and the specific design of the evaluation with a lived experience team in advance. Trial registration German Clinical Trial RegisterDRKS00015071 on August 6, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Dreier
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Johanna Baumgardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Vivantes Hospital Am Urban and Vivantes Hospital Im Friedrichshain, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Bock
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Härter
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Liebherz
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Inspiration project: Motivation, experiences, messages of support, overcoming and prevention of suicidal behavior. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2021; 35:329-333. [PMID: 33966801 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of that study was to analyze reasons for living, overcoming experiences and messages of support directed to people with suicidal behavior. RESULTS The analysis resulted in the categories: "Social, Interpersonal and Emotional Stressors", "Emotional and Relational Needs", "Persistence and Resilience", "Counseling", and "Barriers to Help Someone at Risk of Suicide", in which was expressed the importance of social support, persistence and resilience, counseling people in distress and identifying important barriers to help someone at suicide risk. CONCLUSION This study reveals experiences and behaviors related to helping people at risk, coping mechanisms, risk and protective factors related to suicide prevention.
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Robertson MN, DeShong HL, Steen JS, Buys DR, Nadorff MR. Mental health first aid training for Extension agents in rural communities. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2021; 51:301-307. [PMID: 33876485 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of the current study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) in broadening the network of gatekeepers in rural communities. METHOD Extension agents in Mississippi who completed MHFA training were recruited via email to participate in a 22-item, web-based, quantitative and qualitative, six-month follow-up survey that measured demographic characteristics, which MHFA skills agents used post-training, barriers to skill use, and confidence in ability to use those skills (n = 80). RESULTS Over 60% of the agents reported using the skills learned from the MHFA training, and nearly 15% of agents reported having an encounter with someone in crisis since completing the MHFA training. Agent participants reported using the skills learned from the training with farmers, 4-H youth, volunteers, and parents, family members, colleagues, and friends. One agent commented that the training, "has been very helpful in speaking with various people and has increased confidence when encountering someone with mental health challenges." CONCLUSION MHFA trainings appear to increase the confidence and competence of Extension agents as community gatekeepers and may greatly enhance the reach of the mental health network of rural areas by increasing identification and referral of those requiring mental health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Nelson Robertson
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Hilary L DeShong
- Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Je'Kylynn S Steen
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - David R Buys
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Michael R Nadorff
- Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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An Analysis of Suicide Risk Factors among Farmers in the Midwestern United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073563. [PMID: 33808131 PMCID: PMC8036405 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research on the complex relationships of variables contributing to farmer suicide is limited. The purpose of the study was to examine factors associated with suicide risk through the use of standardized instruments measuring psychological (depression, anxiety), social (social support), and contextual factors. A questionnaire was completed by 600 farmers in the Midwestern United States. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze associations with suicide risk (SBQ-R), including depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), Brief COPE subscales (BC), social support (MSPSS), and select demographic and farming characteristics. The only variable that emerged as having a significant relationship with the natural log-transformed suicide risk score was coping through self-blame. While suicidality is often considered the outcome of mental illness, our findings do not suggest that suicide risk among farmers is related to mental illness, and a further examination of self-blame as a coping strategy is warranted.
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Batterham PJ, Kazan D, Banfield M, Brown K. Differences in mental health service use between urban and rural areas of Australia. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Batterham
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
| | - Dominique Kazan
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
| | - Michelle Banfield
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
| | - Kimberly Brown
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
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13
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Kennedy AJ, Brumby SA, Versace VL, Brumby-Rendell T. The ripple effect: a digital intervention to reduce suicide stigma among farming men. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:813. [PMID: 32471501 PMCID: PMC7260777 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with the general population, Australian farmers-particularly men-have been identified as at greater risk of suicide. A complex range of factors are thought to contribute to this risk, including the experience of Stigma. stigma also impacts those who have attempted suicide, their carers, and those bereaved by suicide-manifesting as shame, guilt, social isolation, concealment of death, reduced help seeking and ongoing risk of suicide. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of an intervention, tailored for the farming context, designed to reduce stigma among farming men with a lived experience of suicide. METHODS The digital intervention used an adult learning model providing opportunity to share insights, reflect, learn and apply new knowledge among people with shared farming interests, suicide experience and cultural context. A range of content-tailored to the gender, farming type and suicide experience of participants-included video stories, postcard messages, education and personal goal setting. Pre- and post- assessment of suicide stigma and literacy was complemented by qualitative data collection during the intervention and participant feedback surveys. RESULTS The intervention was successful in reaching members of the target group from across Australia's rural communities-with diverse geographic locations and farming industries represented. One hundred and sixty-nine participants from the target group (farming males aged 30-64 years) were recruited. While the Stigma of Suicide Scale failed to identify a reduction in self- or perceived-stigma, qualitative data and participant feedback identified behavioural indicators of stigma reduction. Four subthemes-'growth', 'new realisations', 'hope' and 'encouragement'-highlighted attitudinal and behaviour change indicative of reduced stigma associated with mental health and suicide. Participants' baseline suicide literacy (Literacy of Suicide Scale) was high when compared with previous community samples and total literacy scores did not demonstrate significant improvement over time, although literacy about the link between suicide and alcoholism did significantly improve. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight opportunities in groups with high suicide literacy for targeted stigma reduction and suicide prevention efforts for both the target group and other populations within Australia and internationally. Results also highlight the need to reassess how stigma change is understood and evaluated across a wider range of population groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION This research project was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) (ACTRN12616000289415) on 7th March, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Kennedy
- Deakin University/National Centre for Farmer Health, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216 Australia
| | - Susan A. Brumby
- Deakin University/National Centre for Farmer Health, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216 Australia
- Deakin Rural Health, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216 Australia
| | - Vincent Lawrence Versace
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Western District Health Service, PO Box 283, Hamilton, VIC 3300 Australia
| | - Tristan Brumby-Rendell
- Deakin Rural Health, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216 Australia
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Hagen BNM, Harper SL, O’Sullivan TL, Jones-Bitton A. Tailored Mental Health Literacy Training Improves Mental Health Knowledge and Confidence among Canadian Farmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3807. [PMID: 32471146 PMCID: PMC7313011 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of "In the Know" mental health literacy training for Canadian agriculture. We hypothesized that "In the Know" would significantly increase participants' knowledge around mental health, confidence in recognizing mental health struggles, confidence in speaking about mental health with others, and confidence in helping someone who may be struggling with mental health. "In the Know" was a 4-h, in-person program delivered by a mental health professional who also had experience in agriculture. Six sessions were offered in Ontario, Canada in 2018. Participants were farmers and/or worked primarily with farmers. A pre-training paper questionnaire was administered, followed by a post-training questionnaire at the end of the session and 3 and 6 month post-training questionnaires via email. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were performed to compare participants' self-reported knowledge and confidence across four timepoints. "In the Know" significantly improved participants' self-reported mental health knowledge and confidence in recognizing mental health struggles, speaking to others, and helping others who are struggling immediately following training and often at 3 and 6 months post-training. This is the first study among farming populations to measure program impact with 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Given the reported associations between mental health literacy and increased help-seeking, disseminating "In the Know" more broadly across farming communities may help to increase mental health literacy and thus increase help-seeking among farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana N. M. Hagen
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.L.H.); (T.L.O.); (A.J.-B.)
| | - Sherilee L. Harper
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.L.H.); (T.L.O.); (A.J.-B.)
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-300 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T7G 1C9, Canada
| | - Terri L. O’Sullivan
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.L.H.); (T.L.O.); (A.J.-B.)
| | - Andria Jones-Bitton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.L.H.); (T.L.O.); (A.J.-B.)
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15
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Hochhauser S, Rao S, England-Kennedy E, Roy S. Why social justice matters: a context for suicide prevention efforts. Int J Equity Health 2020; 19:76. [PMID: 32450868 PMCID: PMC7249373 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-01173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicide is among the 10 leading causes of death in the US and has the potential to suddenly change many lives. It often occurs when people are disproportionately affected by societal conditions, including inequities, discrimination, oppression, and historical trauma. We posit that a social justice framework can improve suicide prevention efforts when incorporated into existing strategies because it mandates that inequities be addressed. It does so through education, engagement, advocacy, and action, and can be especially effective in states and nations with high suicide rates and entrenched societal inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Hochhauser
- College of Health and Social Services Building, 1335 International Mall, Suite 326, P.O. Box 30001 MSC 3HLS, Las Cruces, NM, 88003-8001, USA
| | - Satya Rao
- College of Health and Social Services Building, 1335 International Mall, Suite 326, P.O. Box 30001 MSC 3HLS, Las Cruces, NM, 88003-8001, USA
| | - Elizabeth England-Kennedy
- Department of Health & Physical Education, Rhode Island College, 138 Murray Center, 600 Mt. Pleasant Ave, Providence, RI, 02908, USA.
| | - Sharmistha Roy
- College of Health and Social Services Building, 1335 International Mall, Suite 326, P.O. Box 30001 MSC 3HLS, Las Cruces, NM, 88003-8001, USA
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Salvador PTCDO, Alves KYA, Rodrigues CCFM, Oliveira LVE. Online data collection strategies used in qualitative research of the health field: a scoping review. Rev Gaucha Enferm 2020; 41:e20190297. [DOI: 10.1590/1983-1447.2020.20190297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To identify and map the online data collection strategies used in qualitative researches in the health field. Methods: This is a scoping review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) from the Joanna Briggs Institute. We analyzed scientific articles, theses and dissertations from 12 databases. The analysis was made by descriptive statistics. Results: The final sample consisted of 121 researches. It was found that the number of publications increased sharply in the last five years, with predominance of studies from the United Kingdom. The highlight fields were psychology (28.1%), medicine (25.6%) and nursing (12.4%). The publications used 10 online data collection strategies: Online questionnaires, online forums, Facebook, websites, blogs, e-mail, online focus group, Twitter, chats, and YouTube. Conclusions: Online data collection strategies are constantly expanding and increasingly used in the health area.
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Kennedy AJ, Maple M, McKay K, Brumby S. Suicide and Accidental Death for Australia's Farming Families: How Context Influences Individual Response. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2019; 83:407-425. [PMID: 31184968 DOI: 10.1177/0030222819854920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article presents qualitative data to explore the experience of farming family members faced with accidental or suicide death and understand how this is experienced within the farming context. Individual semistructured interviews were conducted with 25 members of Australian farming families bereaved by suicide or accidental death. Qualitative data was thematically analyzed. Three interconnected themes were identified: acceptance of risk, normalization of death, pragmatic behavior patterns and connection to place. Bereavement and reconstruction of meaning following suicide or accidental death for farming families is influenced by the cultural, social, geographical, and psychological contexts of farming families. This article challenges traditional conceptions of suicide and accidental death as necessarily experienced as "violent" or "traumatic," bereavement as experienced similarly across western cultures, and the reaction to suicide or accidental death as one that challenges people's understanding of their world and leaves them struggling to find a reason why the death occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Kennedy
- National Centre for Farmer Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Hamilton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Myfanwy Maple
- School of Health, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kathryn McKay
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Susan Brumby
- National Centre for Farmer Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Hamilton, Victoria, Australia.,Western District Health Service, Hamilton, Victoria, Australia
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Dreier M, Ludwig J, Härter M, von dem Knesebeck O, Baumgardt J, Bock T, Dirmaier J, Kennedy AJ, Brumby SA, Liebherz S. Development and evaluation of e-mental health interventions to reduce stigmatization of suicidality - a study protocol. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:152. [PMID: 31101103 PMCID: PMC6525463 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, approximately 800,000 persons die by suicide every year; with rates of suicide attempts estimated to be much higher. Suicidal persons often suffer from a mental disorder but stigma, lack of available and suitable support, and insufficient information on mental health limit help seeking. The use of internet-based applications can help individuals inform themselves about mental disorders, assess the extent of their own concerns, find local treatment options, and prepare for contact with health care professionals. This project aims to develop and evaluate e-mental health interventions to improve knowledge about suicidality and to reduce stigmatization of those affected. In developing these interventions, a representative telephone survey was conducted to detect knowledge gaps and stigmatizing attitudes in the general population. METHODS First, a national representative telephone survey with N = 2000 participants in Germany was conducted. Second, e-mental health interventions are developed to address knowledge gaps and public stigma detected in the survey. These comprise an evidence-based health information package about suicidality, information on regional support services, a self-administered depression test-including suicidality-and an interactive online intervention including personal stories. The development is based on a trialogical exchange of experience between persons affected by suicidality, relatives of affected persons, and clinical experts. Australian researchers who developed an e-mental health intervention for individuals affected by rural suicide were invited to a workshop in order to contribute their knowledge and expertise. Third, the online intervention will be evaluated by a mixed methods design. DISCUSSION From representative telephone survey data, content can be developed to address specific attitudes and knowledge via the e-mental health interventions. These interventions will be easily accessed and provide an opportunity to reach people who tend not to seek professional services, prefer to inform themselves in advance and/or wish to remain anonymous. Evaluation of the online intervention will provide information on any changes in participants' self-stigma and perceived-stigma of suicidality, and any increase in participants' knowledge on suicidality or self-efficacy expectations. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trial Register DRKS00015071 on August 6, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Dreier
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Building W26, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Julia Ludwig
- Department of Medical Sociology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Härter
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Building W26, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf von dem Knesebeck
- Department of Medical Sociology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Baumgardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Bock
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Dirmaier
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Building W26, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alison J Kennedy
- National Centre for Farmer Health, School of Medicine, Deakin Unversity, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan A Brumby
- National Centre for Farmer Health, School of Medicine, Deakin Unversity, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
- Western District Health Service, Hamilton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Liebherz
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Building W26, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Adler N, Cattuto C, Kalimeri K, Paolotti D, Tizzoni M, Verhulst S, Yom-Tov E, Young A. How Search Engine Data Enhance the Understanding of Determinants of Suicide in India and Inform Prevention: Observational Study. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21:e10179. [PMID: 30609976 PMCID: PMC6682304 DOI: 10.2196/10179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background India is home to 20% of the world’s suicide deaths. Although statistics regarding suicide in India are distressingly high, data and cultural issues likely contribute to a widespread underreporting of the problem. Social stigma and only recent decriminalization of suicide are among the factors hampering official agencies’ collection and reporting of suicide rates. Objective As the product of a data collaborative, this paper leverages private-sector search engine data toward gaining a fuller, more accurate picture of the suicide issue among young people in India. By combining official statistics on suicide with data generated through search queries, this paper seeks to: add an additional layer of information to more accurately represent the magnitude of the problem, determine whether search query data can serve as an effective proxy for factors contributing to suicide that are not represented in traditional datasets, and consider how data collaboratives built on search query data could inform future suicide prevention efforts in India and beyond. Methods We combined official statistics on demographic information with data generated through search queries from Bing to gain insight into suicide rates per state in India as reported by the National Crimes Record Bureau of India. We extracted English language queries on “suicide,” “depression,” “hanging,” “pesticide,” and “poison”. We also collected data on demographic information at the state level in India, including urbanization, growth rate, sex ratio, internet penetration, and population. We modeled the suicide rate per state as a function of the queries on each of the 5 topics considered as linear independent variables. A second model was built by integrating the demographic information as additional linear independent variables. Results Results of the first model fit (R2) when modeling the suicide rates from the fraction of queries in each of the 5 topics, as well as the fraction of all suicide methods, show a correlation of about 0.5. This increases significantly with the removal of 3 outliers and improves slightly when 5 outliers are removed. Results for the second model fit using both query and demographic data show that for all categories, if no outliers are removed, demographic data can model suicide rates better than query data. However, when 3 outliers are removed, query data about pesticides or poisons improves the model over using demographic data. Conclusions In this work, we used search data and demographics to model suicide rates. In this way, search data serve as a proxy for unmeasured (hidden) factors corresponding to suicide rates. Moreover, our procedure for outlier rejection serves to single out states where the suicide rates have substantially different correlations with demographic factors and query rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Adler
- United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefaan Verhulst
- The Governance Lab, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Andrew Young
- The Governance Lab, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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