1
|
Lin Y, Jia G, Zhao Z, Li M, Cao G. The association between family adaptability and adolescent depression: the chain mediating role of social support and self-efficacy. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1308804. [PMID: 38596336 PMCID: PMC11002239 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1308804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous research has shown a correlation between family adaptability and adolescent depression. However, there is a lack of studies that have investigated the underlying mechanism between family adaptability and adolescent depression. Based on the Ecological Systems Theory, this study aims to investigate the link between family adaptability and depression in adolescents, mediated by the sequential roles of social support and self-efficacy. Methods The sample consisted of 1086 students randomly selected from seven public middle schools in Shandong Province, Eastern China. All the participants filled in the structured self-report questionnaires on family adaptability, social support, self-efficacy, and depression. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in AMOS 24.0. Results The findings of this study are as follows: (1) Family adaptability is negatively associated with adolescent depression; (2) Social support plays a mediating role between family adaptability and adolescent depression; (3) Self-efficacy plays a mediating role between family adaptability and adolescent depression; (4) Social support and self-efficacy play a chain mediation role between family adaptability and adolescent depression. Conclusion It is suggested that early interventions and support should be provided to facilitate adolescents' family adaptability, social support, and self-efficacy, thus reducing their depression and improving mental health of adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Lin
- College of Teacher Education, Jining University, Qufu, China
| | | | - Zirong Zhao
- College of Teacher Education, Jining University, Qufu, China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Teacher Education, Jining University, Qufu, China
| | - Guanghai Cao
- College of Teacher Education, Jining University, Qufu, China
- College of Education, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hovland IS, Skogstad L, Stafseth S, Hem E, Diep LM, Ræder J, Ekeberg Ø, Lie I. Prevalence of psychological distress in nurses, physicians and leaders working in intensive care units during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national one-year follow-up study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e075190. [PMID: 38135308 PMCID: PMC10897841 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report and compare psychological distress as symptoms of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress among intensive care units' (ICU) nurses, physicians and leaders at 12 months after the baseline survey (spring 2020), during the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. Furthermore, to analyse which baseline demographic and COVID ICU-related factors have a significant impact on psychological distress at 12 months. DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal, observational cohort study. SETTING Nationwide, 27 of 28 hospitals with COVID ICUs in Norway. PARTICIPANTS Nurses, physicians and their leaders. At 12 month follow-up 287 (59.3%) of 484 baseline participants responded. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Symptoms of anxiety and depression using the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-10 (HSCL-10). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress using the post-traumatic stress disease checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (PCL-5).Demographics (included previous symptoms of anxiety and depression) and COVID ICU-related factors (professional preparations, emotional experience and support) impacting distress at 12 months. RESULTS Psychological distress, defined as caseness on either or both HSCL-10 and PCL-5, did not change significantly and was present for 13.6% of the participants at baseline and 13.2% at 12 month follow-up. Nurses reported significantly higher levels of psychological distress than physicians and leaders. Adjusted for demographics and the COVID ICU-related factors at baseline, previous symptoms of depression and fear of infection were significantly associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression at 12 months. Previous symptoms of depression, fear of infection and feeling of loneliness was significantly associated with more symptoms of post-traumatic stress. CONCLUSION One year into the COVID-19 pandemic 13.2% of the ICUs professionals reported psychological distress, more frequently among the nurses. Fear of infection, loneliness and previous symptoms of depression reported at baseline were associated with higher levels of distress. Protective equipment and peer support are recommended to mitigate distress. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT04372056.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Strand Hovland
- Department of Acute Medicine, Division of Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of the Behavioural Sciences in Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Patient Centered Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laila Skogstad
- Centre for Patient Centered Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Siv Stafseth
- Centre for Patient Centered Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of MEVU, Lovisenberg Diaconal University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend Hem
- Department of the Behavioural Sciences in Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institue of Studies of the Medical Profession, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lien M Diep
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Ræder
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intitute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øivind Ekeberg
- Psychosomatic and CL psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Irene Lie
- Centre for Patient Centered Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health Sciences in Gjøvik, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjøvik, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schou-Bredal I, Grimholt TK, Bonsaksen T, Skogstad L, Heir T, Ekeberg Ø. Psychological responses and associated factors during the initial lockdown due to the corona disease epidemic (COVID-19) among Norwegian citizens. J Ment Health 2023; 32:1057-1064. [PMID: 34309479 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1952949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ongoing COVID-19 studies pay little attention to the risk or protective factors related to psychological stress. AIMS This study aims to estimate the prevalence of anxiety, depression and insomnia during the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak, and explore factors that might be associated with these outcomes. METHODS A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted using snowball-sampling strategy. Participants from 18 years or older filled out an anonymous online questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 4527 citizens filled out the questionnaire. Prevalence rates were; insomnia 31.8%, anxiety 17.1% and depression 12.5%. Risk factors associated with anxiety, depression and insomnia were being single (OR = 0.75, OR = 0.57, OR = 0.59), unemployed (OR = 0.47, OR = 0.53, OR = 0.73), financial concerns (OR = 1.66, OR = 2.09, OR = 1.80) at risk for complication from COVID-19 (OR = 1.63, OR = 1.68, OR = 1.60), and being generally worried due to the COVID-19 (OR 0 3.06, OR = 1.41, OR = 1.74). CONCLUSION Being single, unemployed, at risk of health complications, or having concerns because of financial or other consequences of the pandemic are associated with mental health adversities such as anxiety, depression and insomnia during a pandemic lockdown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inger Schou-Bredal
- Institute for Health and Science, Faculty of Medicine, University in Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tine K Grimholt
- Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Health and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Elverum, Norway
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Sandnes, Norway
| | - Laila Skogstad
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HF, Nesodden, Norway
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Science, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Heir
- Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Øivind Ekeberg
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bjørnøy I, Rustøen T, Mesina RJS, Hofsø K. Anxiety and depression in intensive care patients six months after admission to an intensive care unit: A cohort study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2023; 78:103473. [PMID: 37354695 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2023.103473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure the prevalence of anxiety and depression in intensive care patients six months after admission to an intensive care unit and to investigate which variables are associated with anxiety and depression at six months. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In this cohort study, patient-reported outcome measures were collected as soon as possible upon admission and at six months. Two logistic regression models were performed to examine variables associated with reporting anxiety and depression above ≥8 at six months. SETTING Patients were recruited from six intensive care units in two Norwegian hospitals between 2018 and 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS A total of 145 patients was included in the study. The patients reported a prevalence of 18.6% (n = 27) and 12.4% (n = 18) of anxiety and depression, respectively. Higher baseline anxiety scores were associated with both higher odds of reporting anxiety and depression above ≥8. Younger age was associated with higher odds of reporting anxiety, and being female was associated with lower odds of reporting depression. CONCLUSION Several intensive care survivors reported having symptoms of anxiety and depression six months after admission to the intensive care unit. Younger age, and higher anxiety scores at baseline were variables associated with higher odds of reporting symptoms of either anxiety or depression, while being female was associated with a lower odds of reporting depression. IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE Screening patients for anxiety and depression may help to identify vulnerable patients. Structured follow-ups with intensive care nurses in an outpatient setting may be useful to help patients to work through some of the experiences from the intensive care unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Bjørnøy
- Department for Postgraduate Studies, Lovisenberg Diaconal University College, Lovisenberg gt 15b, N-0456 Oslo, Norway; Department of Postoperative and Intensive Care Nursing, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tone Rustøen
- Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1078 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Renato Jr Santiago Mesina
- Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kristin Hofsø
- Department for Postgraduate Studies, Lovisenberg Diaconal University College, Lovisenberg gt 15b, N-0456 Oslo, Norway; Department of Postoperative and Intensive Care Nursing, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway; Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Petersen MW, Carstensen TBW, Frostholm L, Wellnitz KB, Ørnbøl E, Jørgensen T, Eplov LF, Dantoft TM, Fink P. High Perceived Stress and Low Self-Efficacy are Associated with Functional Somatic Disorders: The DanFunD Study. Clin Epidemiol 2023; 15:407-419. [PMID: 37008745 PMCID: PMC10065012 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s399914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Several psychological factors have been proposed to be associated with functional somatic disorders (FSD) including functional somatic syndromes, such as irritable bowel, chronic widespread pain, and chronic fatigue. However, large randomly selected population-based studies of this association are sparse. This study aimed to investigate the association between FSD and perceived stress and self-efficacy, respectively, and to investigate if FSD differed from severe physical diseases on these aspects. Methods This cross-sectional study included a random sample of the adult Danish population (n = 9656). FSD were established using self-reported questionnaires and diagnostic interviews. Perceived stress was measured with Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale and self-efficacy with the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Data were analysed with generalized linear models and linear regression models. Results FSD were associated with higher perceived stress and lower self-efficacy, especially for the multi-organ and the general symptoms/fatigue FSD types and for chronic fatigue. However, controlling for the personality trait neuroticism altered the associations with self-efficacy so it became insignificant. The analysis did not support an important interaction between perceived stress and self-efficacy on the likelihood of having FSD. Individuals with FSD presented levels of perceived stress that were not equal, ie higher, to those in individuals with severe physical diseases. Conclusion FSD were positively associated with perceived stress and negatively associated with self-efficacy. Our study may point to stress being part of the symptomatology of FSD. This underlines the severity of having FSD and stresses the relevance of the resilience theory in the understanding of the condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Weinreich Petersen
- Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tina Birgitte Wisbech Carstensen
- Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Frostholm
- Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kaare Bro Wellnitz
- Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eva Ørnbøl
- Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg/Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Capital Region, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lene Falgaard Eplov
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health – CORE, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Capital Region, Denmark
| | - Thomas Meinertz Dantoft
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg/Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Capital Region, Denmark
| | - Per Fink
- Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Jin Y, Kong H, Feng C, Cao L, Li T, Wang Y. The Relationship between Meaning in Life and Depression among Chinese Junior High School Students: The Mediating and Moderating Effects of Cognitive Failures and Mindfulness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3041. [PMID: 36833735 PMCID: PMC9965031 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of depression among adolescents has been increasing yearly, and the severe damage of depression on adolescents' physical and mental health development has caused extensive concern worldwide. Previous research on adults has confirmed that meaning in life is a crucial buffer factor for depression, and developing meaning in life is an essential task in adolescence. Moreover, prior researchers also pointed out that frequent cognitive failures can induce negative emotions in individuals, whereas mindfulness can regulate individuals' depression levels. However, few studies have investigated the impact of meaning in life on depression in adolescents and the underlying psychological mechanisms. Accordingly, based on the theoretical framework of the Cognitive Vulnerability-Stress Theory of Depression, this study aimed to explore the relationship between meaning in life and depression in junior high school students, as well as the mediating effect of cognitive failures and the moderating effect of mindfulness. We collected data from 948 adolescents aged 11 to 17 in two junior high schools in Henan Province, China, and tested the theoretical model through the PROCESS macro for SPSS. The results showed that: (1) meaning in life had a significant negative predictive effect on depression (β = -0.24, p < 0.001); (2) cognitive failures partially mediated the relationship between meaning in life and depression (β = 0.31, p < 0.001); (3) the relationship between cognitive failures and depression was moderated by mindfulness (β = -0.05, p < 0.05). This study implied that we could start by cultivating adolescents' meaning in life and improving their level of mindfulness to prevent and intervene in adolescent depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yue Wang
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lamlé P, Keuch L, Pukas L, Reinsch J, Röder H, Clausner H, Watzke S. Suicidal ideations among students attending vocational school in Germany: a cross-sectional study to identify prevalence and associated risk factors. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-022-01745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aim
Even though students attending vocational school are very vulnerable to the development of mental health problems, few studies identify the correlation between suicidal ideations and vocational education. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence and associated risk factors for suicidal ideations among vocational students in Germany.
Methods
We conducted a cross sectional survey with a total of 555 pupils. The pupils received a standardized questionnaire, assessing sociodemographic data, the use of protective factors, possible risk factors, traits for neuroticism and depressive symptoms. For our study, we excluded item 9 from the Beck depression index (BDI-II) to identify the prevalence of suicidal ideation.
Results
Our results show that the prevalence of suicidal ideation among students attending vocational school is 23.2%. A combination of feeling lonely, male sex, low importance of religion, little time for hobbies and BMI scores outside the norm show the highest risk for suicidal ideation and can be identified as significant predictors.
Conclusion
This cross-sectional study highlights the mental burden vocational students in Germany are confronted with and underlines the necessity of paying special attention to this group of young adults. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity of further studies on this topic, especially including larger student populations. The results should be used to decrease the significant loss of life caused by suicidal behavior in young adults.
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu S, Yang H, Cheng M, Miao T. Family Dysfunction and Cyberchondria among Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9716. [PMID: 35955070 PMCID: PMC9368117 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyberchondria has become a severe health problem and a significant public concern. In addition to the impacts that cyberchondria involves, individual psychological and behavioral factors have been identified. However, the role of family function and the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying these relations are not understood well, especially among adolescents. Based on family functioning and cognitive-behavioral theory, this study sought to examine whether family dysfunction was associated with cyberchondria, and a moderated mediation model was prepared as a means of exploring whether health anxiety was a mediator of relationships between family dysfunction and cyberchondria, as well as whether optimism moderated these mediating processes. A total of 2074 Chinese adolescents (mean = 15.08 years, SD = 1.79) reported their demographic information, family dysfunction, health anxiety, optimism, and cyberchondria. The findings showed that family dysfunction was positively related to cyberchondria. Moreover, health anxiety partially mediated the relationship between family dysfunction and cyberchondria. Finally, optimism moderated the interplay among health anxiety and cyberchondria. Consistent with the expectancy-value models, this positive relationship was weaker for adolescents with a higher level of optimism. These results suggest that it is vital to simultaneously consider individual and family factors as a means of understanding adolescent cyberchondria when performing cyberchondria intervention programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyingjie Liu
- Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Huai Yang
- School of Nursing & Institute of Higher Education Research and Quality Evaluation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Min Cheng
- College of Humanities & Arts, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Tianchang Miao
- College of Humanities & Arts, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Andersen JR, Breivik K, Engelund IE, Iversen MM, Kirkeleit J, Norekvål TM, Oterhals K, Storesund A. Correlated physical and mental health composite scores for the RAND-36 and RAND-12 health surveys: can we keep them simple? Health Qual Life Outcomes 2022; 20:89. [PMID: 35659237 PMCID: PMC9166415 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-022-01992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The RAND-36 and RAND-12 (equivalent to versions 1 of the SF-36 Health Survey and SF-12 Health Survey, respectively) are widely used measures of health-related quality of life. However, there are diverging views regarding how to create the physical health and mental health composite scores of these questionnaires. We present a simple approach using an unweighted linear combination of subscale scores for constructing composite scores for physical and mental health that assumes these scores should be free to correlate. The aim of this study was to investigate the criterion validity and convergent validity of these scores.
Methods We investigated oblique and unweighted RAND-36/12 composite scores from a random sample of the general Norwegian population (N = 2107). Criterion validity was tested by examining the correlation between unweighted composite scores and weighted scores derived from oblique principal component analysis. Convergent validity was examined by analysing the associations between the different composite scores, age, gender, body mass index, physical activity, rheumatic disease, and depression.
Results The correlations between the composite scores derived by the two methods were substantial (r = 0.97 to 0.99) for both the RAND-36 and RAND-12. The effect sizes of the associations between the oblique versus the unweighted composite scores and other variables had comparable magnitudes.
Conclusion The unweighted RAND-36 and RAND-12 composite scores demonstrated satisfactory criterion validity and convergent validity. This suggests that if the physical and mental composite scores are free to be correlated, the calculation of these composite scores can be kept simple.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Roger Andersen
- Department of Research and Development, Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Bergen Hospital Trust, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen/Førde, Norway. .,Førde Hospital Trust, Førde, Norway.
| | - Kyrre Breivik
- Department of Research and Development, Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Bergen Hospital Trust, Bergen, Norway.,Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE, Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Inger Elise Engelund
- Department of Research and Development, Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Bergen Hospital Trust, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marjolein M Iversen
- Department of Research and Development, Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Bergen Hospital Trust, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen/Førde, Norway
| | - Jorunn Kirkeleit
- Department of Research and Development, Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Bergen Hospital Trust, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tone Merete Norekvål
- Department of Research and Development, Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Bergen Hospital Trust, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen/Førde, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjersti Oterhals
- Department of Research and Development, Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Bergen Hospital Trust, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anette Storesund
- Department of Research and Development, Centre on Patient-Reported Outcomes, Bergen Hospital Trust, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mulrooney E, Neogi T, Dagfinrud H, Hammer HB, Pettersen PS, Gaarden TL, Engedal K, Kvien TK, Magnusson K, Haugen IK. The associations of psychological symptoms and cognitive patterns with pain and pain sensitization in people with hand osteoarthritis. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2022; 4:100267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2022.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
11
|
Schou-Bredal I, Bonsaksen T, Ekeberg Ø, Skogstad L, Grimholtg TK, Heir T. A comparison between healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers’ anxiety, depression and PTSD during the initial COVID -19 lockdown. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2022; 3:100267. [PMID: 35535328 PMCID: PMC9068258 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2022.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
12
|
Reid BO, Næss-Pleym LE, Haugland H, Dale J, Uleberg O, Nordstrand AE. Posttraumatic Stress Responses and Psychological Well-being in Norwegian Medical Helicopter Personnel. Air Med J 2022; 41:292-297. [PMID: 35595337 DOI: 10.1016/j.amj.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Emergency medical personnel are exposed to multiple stressors, including those of psychological etiologies. The aim of this study was to report the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms in Norwegian medical helicopter personnel and to determine to what degree they report personal growth or deprecation due to exposure to work-related events. METHODS This was a web-based, cross-sectional survey performed among rescue paramedics and physicians staffing helicopter emergency medical services and search and rescue helicopters between May 5, 2021, and July 5, 2021. Questions included demographic data, the traumatic events exposure index, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (Depression), the posttraumatic change scale, and the posttraumatic symptom scale. RESULTS Of the 245 eligible participants, 10 declined to take part and 74 failed to answer, producing a response rate of 66% (72 rescue paramedics and 89 physicians). Of the study population, 3.9 % reported manifest posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and 1.9% described moderate to severe depression and anxiety. The majority (76%) described posttraumatic emotional growth because of their work experience. CONCLUSION Despite exposure to several traumatic stressors, participants reported a lower prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression, and anxiety compared with a Norwegian adult population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Ole Reid
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Prehospital Services, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Joint Medical Services, Norwegian Armed Forces, Sessvollmoen, Norway.
| | - Lars Eide Næss-Pleym
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Prehospital Services, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Research and Development, Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helge Haugland
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Prehospital Services, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jostein Dale
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Prehospital Services, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Oddvar Uleberg
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Prehospital Services, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Andreas Espetvedt Nordstrand
- Joint Medical Services, Norwegian Armed Forces, Sessvollmoen, Norway; Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hua Z, Ma D. Depression and Perceived Social Support among Unemployed Youths in China: Investigating the Roles of Emotion-Regulation Difficulties and Self-Efficacy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4676. [PMID: 35457545 PMCID: PMC9029286 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the issue of youth unemployment has begun to emerge in China. Unemployed young people are at high risk of depression and other mental health problems. The present study investigates influential factors related to depression and examines the possible mediating effects of difficulties in emotion regulation and self-efficacy between perceived social support and depressive symptoms among unemployed youths in China. Through community recruitment, 511 unemployed young people from Shanghai participated in this cross-sectional survey. The results demonstrate that the prevalence of probable depression in the sample was 49.3% (95% CI: 45.0-53.7%). Moreover, we found that both the perceived social support and self-efficacy were significant negative predictors of depression, whereas difficulties in emotion regulation were positive predictors of depression. In addition, the analysis results indicate that difficulties in emotion regulation and self-efficacy partially mediate the relationship between perceived social support and depression. Overall, this cross-sectional study reveals that depression and mental health problems among China's unemployed youths are concerning while identifying emotion-regulation difficulties as a risk factor for these and social support and self-efficacy as protective factors, all of which warrant our attention in preventing and intervening with cases of youth depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiya Hua
- School of Government, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai 201701, China
| | - Dandan Ma
- School of Sociology and Political Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Qureshi F, Soo J, Chen Y, Roy B, Lloyd-Jones DM, Kubzansky LD, Boehm JK. Optimism and Lipid Profiles in Midlife: A 15-Year Study of Black and White Adults. Am J Prev Med 2022; 62:e169-e177. [PMID: 35067361 PMCID: PMC8863618 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Optimism is associated with better cardiovascular health, yet little is known about the underlying mechanisms and whether protective relationships are consistently observed across diverse groups. This study examines optimism's association with lipid profiles over time and separately among Black and White men and women. METHODS Data were from 3,206 middle-aged adults in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. Optimism was measured in 2000-2001 using the Revised Life Orientation Test. Triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurements were obtained at 5-year intervals through 2015-2016. Linear mixed models evaluated relationships between optimism and lipids, adjusting for covariates, including prebaseline lipids. Subgroup differences were examined using interaction terms and stratification. All analyses were conducted in 2020. RESULTS Higher optimism was associated with both lower baseline total cholesterol (β= -2.33, 95% CI= -4.31, -0.36) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (β= -1.93, 95% CI= -3.65, -0.21) and a more rapid incremental increase in both markers over time (total cholesterol: β=0.09, 95% CI=0.00, 0.18; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: β=0.09, 95% CI=0.01, 0.16). No associations were apparent with baseline triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or changes in either lipid over time. Tests for interaction only found evidence of heterogeneous associations with baseline triglyceride levels, but stratified models hinted at stronger protective associations with baseline levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among White women. CONCLUSIONS Optimism may help diverse individuals establish healthy total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels before midlife. Although associations were largely consistent across subgroups, stronger associations among White men and White women highlight a need to study optimism's health impact in diverse samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Qureshi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Jackie Soo
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brita Roy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Donald M Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Laura D Kubzansky
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julia K Boehm
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, California
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Reid BO, Næss-Pleym LE, Bakkelund KE, Dale J, Uleberg O, Nordstrand AE. A cross-sectional study of mental health-, posttraumatic stress symptoms and post exposure changes in Norwegian ambulance personnel. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2022; 30:3. [PMID: 35016708 PMCID: PMC8749923 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-021-00991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been shown to be elevated among first responders (Emergency Medical Services, fire service, police force) compared to the general population. Examining the prevalence of mental health issues in a work force with an elevated occupational risk is fundamental towards ensuring their wellbeing and implementing safeguard measures. The goal of this study is therefore to report the prevalence of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic development, and PTSD in Norwegian ambulance personnel. Methods This study is a cross-sectional, anonymous, web-based survey (Questback®), performed among operative personnel employed in the Emergency Medical Services in the Regional Health Trust of Central Norway between 18. February and 9. April 2021. The study was sent to 1052 eligible participants. Questions reported demographic data, a traumatic events exposure index, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (Depression), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale, Posttraumatic symptom scale (PTSD) and Posttraumatic change scale. Results The response rate in this study was 45.5% (n = 479/1052). The mean age of respondents was 37.1 years (std. 11.1) and 52.8% (n = 253) were male. Of the respondents, 80.6% (n = 386) were married or had a partner, and 91.6% (n = 439) reported having access to a peer support programme, with 34.9% (n = 167) reporting that they had utilized peer support. In this study, 5% (n = 24) showed a prevalence of manifest posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, while 8.6% (n = 41) reported moderate to severe depression and 2.9% (n = 14) presented moderate to severe symptoms of general anxiety. Of the respondents, 77.2% (n = 370) reported personal growth because of their work experiences. Conclusions This study indicates that Norwegian ambulance personnel report a prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptoms and depression, which is slightly higher for men, and lower for the female proportion in this study, when compared to an adult Norwegian population. The vast majority of respondents reported personal growth because of their work experience, and both the degree of peer support and having a partner seem to influence levels of posttraumatic stress and -development. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13049-021-00991-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Ole Reid
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Prehospital Services, St. Olav's Hospital, Prinsesse Kristinas gate 3, AHL, 7030, Trondheim, Norway. .,Joint Medical Services, Norwegian Armed Forces, Sessvollmoen, Norway.
| | - Lars Eide Næss-Pleym
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Prehospital Services, St. Olav's Hospital, Prinsesse Kristinas gate 3, AHL, 7030, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Research and Development, Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation, Drøbak, Norway
| | - Karin Elvenes Bakkelund
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Prehospital Services, St. Olav's Hospital, Prinsesse Kristinas gate 3, AHL, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jostein Dale
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Prehospital Services, St. Olav's Hospital, Prinsesse Kristinas gate 3, AHL, 7030, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Oddvar Uleberg
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Prehospital Services, St. Olav's Hospital, Prinsesse Kristinas gate 3, AHL, 7030, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Espetvedt Nordstrand
- Joint Medical Services, Norwegian Armed Forces, Sessvollmoen, Norway.,Department of Psychology, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Depressive symptoms and their associated factors in heart failure patients. FRONTIERS OF NURSING 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/fon-2021-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Depressive symptoms are common in heart failure (HF) patients and they may exacerbate the progression of HF. Thus, identifying associations with depressive symptoms is essential to develop effective interventions to alleviate patients’ depressive symptoms. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the factors related to HF patients’ depressive symptoms.
Methods
Potential hospitalized patients were recruited from a university-affiliated hospital by convenience sampling. This study included 321 HF patients who had completed information about depressive symptoms, functional capacity, social support, dispositional optimism, self-care confidence, and health literacy. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample. Independent group t-tests and one-way analysis of variance were used to assess the difference in depressive symptoms score in demographic and clinical characteristics, while Pearson's correlation was used to assess the associations among continuous variables.
Results
The scores for functional capacity, social support, dispositional optimism, self-care confidence, and health literacy were negatively associated with the score for depressive symptoms. The interaction effect between the functional capacity and the dispositional optimism on depressive symptoms was significant.
Conclusions
Interventions targeted improving the above-mentioned factors may be beneficial to reduce depressive symptoms in HF patients.
Collapse
|
17
|
Life satisfaction and depressive symptoms of mentally active older adults in Poland: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:466. [PMID: 34407761 PMCID: PMC8375194 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02405-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For older adults, life satisfaction and depressive symptoms are related to quality of life. In this group of society, life satisfaction is particularly associated with the emotional area. The notion of life satisfaction is related to many factors, such as personality traits, moods and various life events, and poses challenges in various aspects of everyday life. Given that mental health is one of the determinants of the quality of life of older adults, it is reasonable to conduct research among this growing group of the population. The aim of this study was to assess life satisfaction and depressive symptoms in mentally active older adults in Poland. Methods The study covered 125 attendees at the University of Healthy Senior (UHS) and 125 auditing students at the University of Psychogeriatric Prophylaxis (UPP), organised by the Faculty of Health Sciences at the Medical University of Bialystok, of whom 78.3% were female and 21.7% male. The study was conducted using four standardised scales: the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Beck Depression Inventory, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results Seniors who participated in the study were satisfied with their lives; the average SWLS score was 23 points. Men rated their level of satisfaction higher than women: the median score on the SWLS was 26 points for men and 23 points for women. Life satisfaction and mental disorders did not differ on the basis of sex, age, or education (the type of place of education attended). As the level of depression increased, life satisfaction decreased. Statistically significant correlations of average strength were found between the point values of the four measures of depression under consideration and were evenly distributed from 0.57 to 0.69. Conclusions The high level of life satisfaction and a low level of mental disorders should be maintained in this population, and additional educational activities should be organised among seniors on a large scale. There were no differences in the distribution of psychometric measure scores among the three compared age groups of respondents in this study. Each of the questionnaires used measured of different aspects of depressive conditions, and it is worth using them in parallel rather than interchangeably.
Collapse
|
18
|
Bonsaksen T, Leung J, Schoultz M, Thygesen H, Price D, Ruffolo M, Geirdal AØ. Cross-National Study of Worrying, Loneliness, and Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparison between Individuals with and without Infection in the Family. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9070903. [PMID: 34356281 PMCID: PMC8305116 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9070903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to examine differences in worry, loneliness, and mental health between those individuals infected by COVID-19 or having someone their family infected, and the rest of the population. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in Norway, UK, USA, and Australia during April/May 2020. Participants (n = 3810) were recruited via social media postings by the researchers and the involved universities. Differences between those with and without infection in the family were investigated with chi-square tests and independent t-tests. Multiple regression analyses were used to assess associations between sociodemographic variables and psychological outcomes (worry, loneliness, and mental health) in both groups. Results: Compared to their counterparts, participants with infection in the family reported higher levels of worries about themselves (p < 0.05) and their family members (p < 0.001) and had poorer mental health (p < 0.05). However, the effect sizes related to the differences were small. The largest effect (d = 0.24) concerned worries about their immediate family. Poorer psychological outcomes were observed in those who were younger, female, unemployed, living alone and had lower levels of education, yet with small effect sizes. Conclusions: In view of the small differences between those with and without infection, we generally conclude that the mental health effects of the COVID-19 situation are not limited to those who have been infected or have had an infection within the family but extend to the wider population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Health and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland University of Applied Sciences, Hamarvegen 112, 2418 Elverum, Norway
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 4306 Sandnes, Norway
- Correspondence:
| | - Janni Leung
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Mariyana Schoultz
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK;
| | - Hilde Thygesen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway;
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 0370 Oslo, Norway
| | - Daicia Price
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (D.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Mary Ruffolo
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (D.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Amy Østertun Geirdal
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Social Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bonsaksen T, Nerdrum P, Østertun Geirdal A. Psychological distress and its associations with psychosocial work environment factors in four professional groups: A cross-sectional study. Nurs Health Sci 2021; 23:698-707. [PMID: 34089225 DOI: 10.1111/nhs.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore associations between psychosocial work environment factors and psychological distress in four groups of professionals in Norway. Eight hundred fifty-six professionals participated in this cross-sectional study 6 years after graduation. Data were analyzed with linear and logistic regression analyses. For the sample as a whole, higher psychological distress was associated with higher demands, lower support, lower job satisfaction, more work-home interaction problems, and lower coping in the job. Work-home interaction problems increased the likelihood of having case-level psychological distress. The strength of associations between psychological distress and other factors, such as demands, support, and coping in the job, varied by professional group. In conclusion, problems concerned with work-home interaction were generally associated with higher psychological distress. Between professional groups, other independent variables were differently associated with psychological distress. Work environment factors should receive continued attention in efforts to promote mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Health and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway.,VID Specialized University, Faculty of Health Studies, Sandnes, Norway
| | - Per Nerdrum
- OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Senior Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amy Østertun Geirdal
- Department of Social Work, Child Welfare and Social Policy, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ma S, Kang L, Guo X, Liu H, Yao L, Bai H, Chen C, Hu M, Du L, Du H, Ai C, Wang F, Wang G, Li R, Liu Z. Discrepancies between self-rated depression and observed depression severity: The effects of personality and dysfunctional attitudes. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2021; 70:25-30. [PMID: 33689981 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient self-reports and clinician ratings of depression severity can differ substantially. The aim of the current study was to explore factors associated with discrepancies between depressed patients' Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) self-reports and clinicians' Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17) ratings. METHODS We first computed discrepancy scores defined as the standardized weighted HAMD-17 total score minus the standardized PHQ-9 total score. To assess correlates of inconsistent scores, results of patients with similar standardized scores were removed (i.e., within ½ standard deviation, n = 270). Positive values indicate underreporting (HAMD-17 > PHQ-9), i.e., the underreporting group (n = 200); and negative discrepancy scores indicate overreporting (PHQ-9 > HAMD-17), i.e., the overreporting group (n = 221). We examined the relationship of demographic, dysfunctional attitudes and personality variables to the discrepancies between self and observer rated depression. RESULTS There were significant differences in extraversion, psychoticism, neuroticism, dysfunctional attitudes and occupation between the underreporting group and the overreporting group (all p < .05). When controlling for potential confounding variables, being a working professional and having high neuroticism and dysfunctional attitudes were significantly associated with overestimating symptoms of depression (e.g., professional: OR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.67-5.00; p < .001; high neuroticism: OR, 7.08; 95% CI, 1.47-34.08; p < .001;dysfunctional attitudes: OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00-1.02; p = .030). People with average, or high extraversion tended to underestimate scores (average extraversion: OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.37-0.95; high extraversion: OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.24-0.98). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to use PHQ-9 and HAMD-17 to explore the discrepancies between self and observer rated depression. Discrepancies occurred between the PHQ-9 score and HAMD-17 score, which were related to neuroticism, extraversion, dysfunctional attitudes and being a working professional. Future research should clarify the relationship between these factors and therapeutic effects of treatments, including adverse outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Lijun Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Lihua Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hanping Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Maolin Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Lian Du
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hui Du
- Department of Psychiatry, Jing Men No. 2 People's Hospital, Jingmen 448000, China
| | - Chunqi Ai
- Department of Mental Health Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ruiting Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Zhongchun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bonsaksen T, Schoultz M, Thygesen H, Ruffolo M, Price D, Leung J, Geirdal AØ. Loneliness and Its Associated Factors Nine Months after the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-National Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2841. [PMID: 33799497 PMCID: PMC7999676 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has been a global healthcare concern impacting multiple aspects of individual and community wellness. As one moves forward with different methods to reduce the infection and mortality rates, it is critical to continue to study the impact that national and local "social distancing" policies have on the daily lives of individuals. The aim of this study was to examine loneliness in relation to risk assessment, measures taken against risks, concerns, and social media use, while adjusting for sociodemographic variables. The cross-sectional study collected data from 3474 individuals from the USA, the UK, Norway, and Australia. Loneliness was measured with the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale. Multiple linear regression was used in the analysis of associations between variables. The results showed that concerns about finances were more strongly associated with social loneliness, while concerns about the future was more strongly associated with emotional loneliness. Longer daily time spent on social media was associated with higher emotional loneliness. In conclusion, pandemic-related concerns seem to affect perceptions of loneliness. While social media can be used productively to maintain relationships, and thereby prevent loneliness, excessive use may be counterproductive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2418 Elverum, Norway
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 4306 Sandnes, Norway;
| | - Mariyana Schoultz
- Department of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK;
| | - Hilde Thygesen
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 4306 Sandnes, Norway;
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Science, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mary Ruffolo
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.R.); (D.P.)
| | - Daicia Price
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.R.); (D.P.)
| | - Janni Leung
- Faculty of Health and Behavioural Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Amy Østertun Geirdal
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Social Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0130 Oslo, Norway;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bonsaksen T, Heir T, Schou-Bredal I, Ekeberg Ø, Skogstad L, Grimholt TK. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Associated Factors during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Norway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249210. [PMID: 33317135 PMCID: PMC7764050 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak and the sudden lockdown of society in March 2020 had a large impact on people’s daily life and gave rise to concerns for the mental health in the general population. The aim of the study was to examine post-traumatic stress reactions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of symptom-defined post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and factors associated with post-traumatic stress in the Norwegian population during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak. A survey was administered via social media channels, to which a sample of 4527 adults (≥18 years) responded. Symptom-defined PTSD was measured with the PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5. The items were specifically linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. We used the DSM-5 diagnostic guidelines to categorize participants as fulfilling the PTSD symptom criteria or not. Associations with PTSD were examined with single and multiple logistic regression analyses. The prevalence of symptom-defined PTSD was 12.5% for men and 19.5% for women. PTSD was associated with lower age, female gender, lack of social support, and a range of pandemic-related variables such as economic concerns, expecting economic loss, having been in quarantine or isolation, being at high risk for complications from COVID-19 infection, and having concern for family and close friends. In conclusion, post-traumatic stress reactions appear to be common in the Norwegian population in the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak. Concerns about finances, health, and family and friends seem to matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Health and Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2418 Elverum, Norway
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 4306 Sandnes, Norway
| | - Trond Heir
- Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, 0484 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Øivind Ekeberg
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Laila Skogstad
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HF, 1453 Bjørnemyr, Norway
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tine K Grimholt
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, 0370 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rabkow N, Pukas L, Sapalidis A, Ehring E, Keuch L, Rehnisch C, Feußner O, Klima I, Watzke S. Facing the truth - A report on the mental health situation of German law students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2020; 71:101599. [PMID: 32768124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a serious and widespread mental illness that can occur among all ages and genders. This cross-sectional study investigates the previously disregarded state of mental health of German law students based on the Beck Depression Inventory-II. A sample consisting of N = 306 students was surveyed, showing an increased frequency of depressive symptoms. One-third of the participants reported having depression according to BDI-II scoring criteria. More specifically, in the whole sample there are 16.7% with mild, 11.1% with moderate, and 5.6% with severe depression. About 17.7% reported having suicidal thoughts in the last two weeks before the survey. Moreover, the study reports about the correlation between the BDI-II total score and certain risk factors, stress factors and resilience factors, which were assessed using self-report questionnaires and the NEO-FFI. The self-reported depressive symptoms were higher with every accumulation of risk or stress factors and lower with each accumulation of resilience factors. Finally, based on the test results, recommendations are offered to facilitate the burdened student's life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Rabkow
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kühn-Straße 7, 06112 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Lilith Pukas
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kühn-Straße 7, 06112 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Sapalidis
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kühn-Straße 7, 06112 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Emilia Ehring
- Institute of General Medicine, Medical Faculty Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Straße 8, 06112 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Lea Keuch
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kühn-Straße 7, 06112 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Carolin Rehnisch
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kühn-Straße 7, 06112 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Oskar Feußner
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kühn-Straße 7, 06112 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Isabell Klima
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kühn-Straße 7, 06112 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | - Stefan Watzke
- University Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Julius-Kühn-Straße 7, 06112 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang T, Wei Q, Ma SY, Li HP. The relationship between optimism and job satisfaction for Chinese specialist nurses: A serial-multiple mediation model. Jpn J Nurs Sci 2020; 17:e12334. [PMID: 32157806 DOI: 10.1111/jjns.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to examine the relationship between optimism, core self-evaluations, positive coping strategies, and job satisfaction for Chinese specialist nurses. METHODS A cross-sectional design was used. Two hundred and seventy-eight Chinese specialist nurses answered the Chinese Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, the Chinese Revised Life Orientation Test, the Chinese Core Self-Evaluations Scale, and the Chinese Simplified Coping Style Scale. Descriptive analysis, independent-sample T-tests, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation analyses, and bootstrap method were conducted to analyze data. RESULTS Total effect (c = 0.860, SE = 0.143, 95% CI 0.579-1.142) of optimism on job satisfaction was significant. The path through single mediation of core self-evaluations (point estimate = 0.165; 95% CI 0.041-0.318), the path through the single mediation of positive coping (point estimate = 0.124; 95% CI 0.042-0.254), and the path through both mediators (point estimate = 0.033; 95% CI 0.005-0.085) were all statistically significant. The total indirect effect was also statistically significant (point estimate = 0.322; 95% CI 0.151-0.535). CONCLUSIONS This study concluded that optimism was first sequentially associated with core self-evaluations and then associated with positive coping strategies, which was in turn related to job satisfaction of Chinese specialist nurses. Clinical nursing administrators should take measures that focus on improving specialist nurse job satisfaction to further improve their retention rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shao-Yong Ma
- School of Nursing, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Hui-Ping Li
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Who reported having a high-strain job, low-strain job, active job and passive job? The WIRUS Screening study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227336. [PMID: 31887201 PMCID: PMC6936855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The Job Demands and Control model classifies job types as active, passive, low-strain or high-strain, based on a combination of job demands and control. While studies have shown high-strain jobs to have adverse consequences for health and work participation, prognostic factors for the four job types have been less explored. The aim of this study was to assess the associations between sociodemographic factors and job descriptors and being in high-strain, low-strain, active and passive jobs. Methods The WIRUS Screening study targeted Norwegian employees in private and public enterprises. In this study, associations with job types among 4,487 employees were investigated with binary logistic regression analyses, adjusting for sociodemographic and job-related variables. Results In fully adjusted models, high-strain job was associated with female gender; lower education; shift work; and doing work outside the workplace. Low-strain job was associated with opposite scores on the same variables, and with lower job position. Active job was associated with lower age; female gender; higher levels of education; higher job position level; shift work; and not doing work outside the workplace. Passive job was associated with opposite scores on the same variables. Conclusions The study corroborates the role gender and education have for experiencing the job, and expands on existing knowledge on the role of job position and irregular working hours and spaces. By identifying factors associated with job types, the prevention of health problems and work disability may become be more targeted.
Collapse
|
26
|
Bonsaksen T, Ekeberg Ø, Skogstad L, Heir T, Grimholt TK, Lerdal A, Schou-Bredal I. Self-rated global health in the Norwegian general population. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2019; 17:188. [PMID: 31870385 PMCID: PMC6929488 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-019-1258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prevalence studies are needed to assess the distribution of diseases. However, in a contrasting health promotion perspective, self-rated health is in itself an important field of study. This study investigated self-rated global health in the general population in Norway. Methods As part of a national survey, a two-item measure of global health (score range 0–100) was administered to a general population sample, and 1776 of 4961 eligible participants (response rate 36%) responded. Group comparisons were conducted using independent t-tests and one-way analyses of variance, whereas factors associated with global health was investigated with linear regression analysis. Results In the adjusted analyses, better global health was associated with higher age (β = 0.13, p < 0.001), having higher education (β = 0.10, p < 0.001), being employed (β = 0.21, p < 0.001), and living with a spouse or partner (β = 0.05, p < 0.05). Conclusions While global health was similar for men and women in the Norwegian general population, other sociodemographic variables were linked with global health. In particular, the link between employment and self-rated global health was strong. The findings are considered representative for the Norwegian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Box 4 St. Olavs Plass, 0130, Oslo, PO, Norway. .,Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Sandnes, Norway.
| | - Øivind Ekeberg
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Behavioural Sciences in Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laila Skogstad
- Department of Research, Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Nesoddtangen, Norway.,Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Heir
- Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tine K Grimholt
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anners Lerdal
- Department for Patient Safety and Research, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Schou-Bredal
- Department of Nursing Science, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department for Cancer, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Heir T, Bonsaksen T, Grimholt T, Ekeberg Ø, Skogstad L, Lerdal A, Schou-Bredal I. Serious life events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the Norwegian population. BJPsych Open 2019; 5:e82. [PMID: 31506124 PMCID: PMC6749143 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2019.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that countries with more resources and better healthcare have populations with a higher risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Norway is a high-income country with good public healthcare. AIMS To examine lifetime trauma exposure and the point prevalence of PTSD in the general Norwegian population. METHOD A survey was administered to a national probability sample of 5500 adults (aged ≥18 years). Of 4961 eligible individuals, 1792 responded (36%). Responders and non-responders did not differ significantly in age, gender or urban versus rural residence. Trauma exposure was measured using the Life Events Checklist for the DSM-5. PTSD was measured with the PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5. We used the DSM-5 diagnostic guidelines to categorise participants as fulfilling the PTSD symptom criteria or not. RESULTS At least one serious lifetime event was reported by 85% of men and 86% of women. The most common event categories were transportation accident and life-threatening illness or injury. The point prevalence of PTSD was 3.8% for men and 8.5% for women. The most common events causing PTSD were sexual and physical assaults, life-threatening illness or injury, and sudden violent deaths. Risk of PTSD increased proportionally with the number of event categories experienced. CONCLUSIONS High estimates of serious life events and correspondingly high rates of PTSD in the Norwegian population support the paradox that countries with more resources and better healthcare have higher risk of PTSD. Possible explanations are high expectations for a risk-free life and high attention to potential harmful mental health effects of serious life events. DECLARATION OF INTEREST None.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trond Heir
- Professor, Section for Trauma, Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies; and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Bonsaksen
- Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University; and Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Norway
| | - Tine Grimholt
- Associate Professor, Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway
| | - Øivind Ekeberg
- Professor, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital; and Department of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Laila Skogstad
- Associate Professor, Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway
| | - Anners Lerdal
- Professor, Department for Patient Safety and Research, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital; and Department of Nursing Science, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Schou-Bredal
- Associate Professor, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo; and Department for Cancer, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Salsman JM, Schalet BD, Merluzzi TV, Park CL, Hahn EA, Snyder MA, Cella D. Calibration and initial validation of a general self-efficacy item bank and short form for the NIH PROMIS ®. Qual Life Res 2019; 28:2513-2523. [PMID: 31140041 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-019-02198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS General self-efficacy is associated with adaptive coping and positive health outcomes. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) has developed self-efficacy item banks for managing chronic conditions, but lacks a general self-efficacy measure. We sought to refine and validate an item-response theory (IRT)-based measure of general self-efficacy for PROMIS®. METHODS Ten items were modified from the NIH Toolbox® Self-Efficacy Item Bank by creating "confidence" response options, and administered to a general population sample (n = 1000) with the Toolbox® Self-Efficacy Item Bank, Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), and Generalized Expectancy for Success Scale (GESS). We split the sample in half for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). IRT analyses included evaluation of differential item functioning (DIF). RESULTS Participants had a mean age of 47.8 years and 50.3% were male. EFA showed all items loaded onto one dominant factor and CFA yielded a good fitting model for a general self-efficacy bank with confidence response options (CFI = 0.987, TLI = 0.984, RMSEA = 0.090). Items showed no evidence of DIF by gender, age, education, or race. Internal consistency reliability was α = .94 and .88 for a new 10-item general self-efficacy bank and 4-item short form, respectively. The new bank was correlated with the LOT-R (r = .58), the GESS (r = .55), and the Toolbox® Self-Efficacy Item Bank (r = .87). CONCLUSIONS The PROMIS® General Self-Efficacy measure demonstrated sufficient unidimensionality and displayed good internal consistency reliability, model fit, and convergent validity. Further psychometric testing of the PROMIS® General Self-Efficacy Item Bank and Short Form can evaluate its utility in people with chronic health conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Salsman
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Benjamin D Schalet
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas V Merluzzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Crystal L Park
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Hahn
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mallory A Snyder
- University Research Administration, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Cella
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bonsaksen T, Heir T, Ekeberg Ø, Grimholt TK, Lerdal A, Skogstad L, Schou-Bredal I. Self-evaluated anxiety in the Norwegian population: prevalence and associated factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 77:10. [PMID: 30923612 PMCID: PMC6421651 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-019-0338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Self-evaluations of mental health problems may be a useful complement to diagnostic assessment, but are less frequently used. This study investigated the prevalence of self-evaluated current and lifetime anxiety in the general Norwegian population, and sociodemographic and psychological factors associated with current anxiety. Methods A cross-sectional population survey was conducted, using anxiety stated by self-evaluation as outcome. Single and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between sociodemographic and psychological variables and anxiety. Results One thousand six hundred eighty-four valid responses (34% of the eligible participants) were analysed in this study. One hundred and eleven participants (6.6%) reported current anxiety, while 365 (21.7%) reported lifetime anxiety. Adjusting for sociodemographic and psychological variables, higher age reduced the odds of current anxiety (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.75-0.99), whereas higher levels of neuroticism increased the odds (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.77-2.36). Conclusions The study concludes that higher age appears to protect against anxiety, whereas neuroticism appears to increase the odds of experiencing anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tore Bonsaksen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Prosthetics and Orthotics, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet, Oslo Metropolitan University, PO Box 4, St. Olavs Plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway.,2Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Sandnes, Norway
| | - Trond Heir
- 3Norwegian Center for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway.,4Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øivind Ekeberg
- 5Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,6Department of Behavioural Sciences in Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tine K Grimholt
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.,Department of General Practice, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anners Lerdal
- 9Department for Patient Safety and Research, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Nursing Science, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laila Skogstad
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Schou-Bredal
- Department of Nursing Science, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,11Department for Cancer, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|