1
|
Moyano-Díaz E, Vargas-Garrido H, Méndez-Campos D. A Spanish version of the Three-Dimensional Work Fatigue Inventory (3D-WFI): factor structure, internal consistency, and criterion validity. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1603. [PMID: 38880877 PMCID: PMC11181646 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the working population, there are risks of overload due to physical, mental, and emotional demands. No instrument is available in Spanish to measure these three types of work fatigue (WF) separately. This paper adapts the Three-Dimensional Work Fatigue Inventory (3D-WFI) (2015), which is of American origin and measures and differentiates these three different types of WF. It has adequate psychometric properties at its root, as do the subsequent German (2018), Lebanese (2022), and Chinese (2023) adaptations. METHODS A total of 1100 workers (average age = 40 years) from economic sectors such as security and transportation of valuables, secondary and university educational institutions, and healthcare centers participated. They responded to the 3D-WFI, the Health-Related Quality of Life Index, and the Individual Strength Checklist for concurrent validity effects, together with items with sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. RESULTS A confirmatory factor analysis with the total sample 3D-WFI supports its three-dimensionality; Cronbach's alpha and Omega values are adequate by dimensions: for physical work fatigue (α = 0.92, Ω = 0.92), for mental work fatigue (α = 0.94. Ω = 0.94), and emotional work fatigue (α = 0.95, Ω = 0.95). The 3D-WFI correlates significantly with the Checklist Individual Strength (0.743), and a pattern of significant relationships is found between WF and antecedent variables (e.g., being exposed to heat and noise, emotional labor, concentration, and workwear), as well as some consequences of WF (for example, mental health, absenteeism, work satisfaction, and sleep quality). CONCLUSIONS We contribute here to the cross-cultural validity of the 3D-WFI, which can be used reliably and validly in the Chilean and probably Latin American working population. Some WF predictor variables are confirmed, as well as WF impacts on the absenteeism, health, and quality of life among workers.
Collapse
|
2
|
Moussa S, Malaeb D, Achkouty I, Hallit S, Ghosn A, Obeid S. Association between work fatigue and cognitive function among Lebanese health-care professionals: the moderating effect of emotional intelligence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1487-1498. [PMID: 37293934 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2222270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the association between work-related fatigue and cognitive impairment among Lebanese health-care professionals with a closer look into the moderating role of emotional intelligence. This cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2021 and January 2022; 406 Lebanese health-care professionals were recruited through convenience sampling. Moderate analysis showed that with low levels of emotional intelligence, more physical, mental, or emotional work fatigue was significantly associated with lower cognitive function scores. These scores get better in people with moderate and high emotional intelligence for the same levels of work fatigue. Health-care workers, especially in Lebanon, are subject to a decline in their cognitive function when faced to high work fatigue loads in all its types, physical, mental, and emotional, along with the country's stressors. Here comes the role of emotional intelligence, where for the same level of fatigue, professionals with high emotional intelligence tend to have better cognitive functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moussa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Koura, Lebanon
| | - Diana Malaeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Iris Achkouty
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Anthony Ghosn
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Younes S, Hallit S, Mohammed I, El Khatib S, Brytek-Matera A, Eze SC, Egwu K, Jabeen R, Pavlović N, Salameh P, Cherfane M, Akel M, Haddad C, Choueiry R, Fekih-Romdhane F, Iskandar K. Moderating effect of work fatigue on the association between resilience and posttraumatic stress symptoms: a cross-sectional multi-country study among pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic. Biopsychosoc Med 2024; 18:4. [PMID: 38374107 PMCID: PMC10875825 DOI: 10.1186/s13030-024-00300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, pharmacists, despite their vital contributions, have faced significant challenges that have impacted their mental well-being, potentially leading to the development of Post-Traumatic Stress symptoms (PTSS). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of work-related fatigue as a potential moderator in the relationship between pharmacists' resilience and their likelihood of experiencing PTSS during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted online in eight countries from January to December 2021, including Brazil, Lebanon, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Serbia, and Tunisia. The mediation analysis was conducted using PROCESS MACRO (an SPSS add-on) v3.4 model 1, taking work fatigue as a moderator in the association between resilience and PTSS. RESULTS A total of 442 pharmacists were enrolled in this study (mean age = 33.91 ± 10.36 years) with 59.5% of them being females. The results were adjusted over country, gender, working in contact with COVID-19, working patients, working mandatory hours, working voluntary hours, age, household crowding index and number of months engaged in COVID-19. The interactions resilience by physical (Beta = 0.02; p = .029), mental (Beta = 0.02; p = .040) and emotional (Beta = 0.03; p = .008) work fatigue were significantly associated with PTSS; for pharmacists with low to moderate levels of physical (Beta = - 0.33; p < .001 and Beta = - 0.21; p = .001), mental (Beta = - 0.29; p < .001 and Beta = - 0.18; p = .006) and emotional (Beta = - 0.31; p < .001 and Beta = - 0.17; p = .008) work fatigue, higher resilience was significantly related to lower PTSS levels. However, for pharmacists with high levels of physical/mental/emotional work fatigue, the association between resilience and PTSS became non-significant. CONCLUSION This study highlights the complex relationship between work-related fatigue, resilience, and PTSS in pharmacists. It emphasizes the need to address work-related fatigue for pharmacists' psychological well-being during crises, offering insights for tailored support and interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samar Younes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT- LB), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Irfan Mohammed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Sarah El Khatib
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT- LB), Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Anna Brytek-Matera
- Eating Behavior Laboratory (EAT Younes et al. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Kenneth Egwu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Rawshan Jabeen
- Department of Research & Development, Children's Hospital Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nebojša Pavlović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT- LB), Beirut, Lebanon
- Gilbert and Rose Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Michelle Cherfane
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT- LB), Beirut, Lebanon
- Gilbert and Rose Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT- LB), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT- LB), Beirut, Lebanon
- Gilbert and Rose Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
- School of Health Sciences, Modern University for Business and Science, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Randa Choueiry
- Department of Medicinal Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi Hospital, Manouba, 2010, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Katia Iskandar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT- LB), Beirut, Lebanon.
- Institut supérieur de santé publique de l'université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, campus des sciences médicales, rue de Damas, BP 11-5076, Riad El Solh, Beyrouth, 1107 2180, Lebanon.
- Faculty of Public Health-Section 2 (CERIPH), Lebanese University, Fanar, 90656, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khaddage-Soboh N, Tawil S. Navigating the crisis: A review of COVID-19 research and the importance of academic publications - The case of a private university in Lebanon. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22917. [PMID: 38282919 PMCID: PMC10812900 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The threat of the Corona virus has had a profound global impact, prompting extensive discussions among academicians and medical researchers seeking to understand its implications across various fields. Consequently this review aims to explore the COVID-19 research approaches adopted at the Lebanese American University (LAU) between 2019 and 2022 and, to eventually shed light on the importance of the academic publications during this crisis period in the context of Lebanon. Design Data sources Eligibility criteria Studies related to "Coronavirus", "SARS-CoV-2," or "COVID-19″ were extracted from the SciVal database spanning the period 2019 to 2022. The identified studies, totaling 97 publications, were indexed in Scopus and Web of Science and underwent narrative analysis along with an evaluation using a predefined scale to determine their eligibility. The majority of the studies were literature reviews, followed by observational studies, modeling studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Results The majority of the identified studies (31 %) were focused on the medical field, primarily the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, 22 % of studies discussed updates related to global finance and economic markets, while 18 % addressed the psychological burden of the pandemic. Other areas covered in the literature included the impact on performance, nutrition, tourism, politics, and telecommunication. Conclusion This study marks a pioneering endeavor that sparks a crucial dialogue regarding peer-reviewed scientific literature during a period of immense need for accurate information. The prevalence of literature reviews can be attributed to the demand for swift dissemination of preliminary findings and the increased call for COVID-19-related research. However, despite the abundance of publications in this specific domain, it is imperative for future research to shift its focus towards the development of novel therapies, preventive measures, psychological insights, and strategies to address the socioeconomic and financial burdens stemming from the pandemic. This study has the potential to establish a standardized framework for addressing similar crises across diverse fields and at various levels. Limitations The review readily acknowledges certain limitations. By solely relying on specific databases like Scopus and WoS, there is a possibility of inadvertently overlooking relevant studies. Although the study provides insights into the impact of COVID-19 across different fields and their respective publications, it is important to recognize that the continuous updates to databases and potential exclusions of related studies may have imposed constraints on the findings. Moreover, the urgency for expeditious peer-review during the pandemic may have heightened the chances of errors and diminished transparency. This urgency has unfortunately increased the risk of fraudulent activities and misconduct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada Khaddage-Soboh
- Adnan Kassar School of Business, Lebanese American University (LAU), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samah Tawil
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University (LAU), Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Samah T. Identifying health research in the era of COVID-19: A scoping review. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231180030. [PMID: 37324118 PMCID: PMC10262656 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231180030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Health improvements are considered one of the most important fields of research. Since the coronavirus disease 2019 was declared a pandemic, it might have impacted clinical and public health research in various forms. Objectives The goal of this study is to explore health research approaches in the era of coronavirus disease 2019. Methods In this scoping review, we reviewed published medical full-text studies and identified potential areas of interest of health research in the era the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic during the last 3 years within a higher educational setting. A bibliometric analysis was used to compare among published works. Results Among the 93 studies that met the inclusion criteria, most focused on mental health (n = 23; 24.7%). Twenty-one publications targeted coronavirus disease 2019 and its consequences on general health. Other studies have described hemato-oncological, cardiovascular, respiratory, and endocrinological diseases. 42 studies were cross-sectional or cohort studies and most of them published in Q1 journals. Almost half of them belonged to the Faculty of Medicine (49.5%) followed by the School of Arts, Sciences, and Psychology (26.9%). Conclusions Health research has been demonstrated to be important, at all times, especially during crises. Therefore, researchers need to invest more efforts into seeking new medical updates in various health-related fields, regardless of their correlation with coronavirus disease 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tawil Samah
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Institut National de Santé Publique d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moussa S, Achkouty I, Malaeb D, Ghosn A, Obeid S, Hallit S. Personality traits and perceived cognitive function in lebanese healthcare professionals. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:90. [PMID: 37004098 PMCID: PMC10063952 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01139-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The healthcare field, a well-known field associated with variety of stressors, leaves healthcare professionals at an increased risk of both physical and mental problems. COVID-19 pandemic has recently been added to the stressful factors by endangering further the cognitive function of healthcare workers. On another hand, personality traits have been shown to have pervasive associations with functioning across various cognitive domains. Thus, this study aims to evaluate association between personality traits and perceived cognitive function among healthcare professionals in Lebanon during the collapsing period (following the severe economic crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic). METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2021 and January 2022 enrolled 406 Lebanese participants using the convenience sampling technique for data collection. Healthcare professionals from all specialties who received the online link to the survey were eligible to participate. The Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) and Fact Cog scale were used to assess personality traits and cognitive function. RESULTS After adjustment over all variables (age, gender, household crowding index, physical activity index, marital status, profession and the other four personality traits), higher negative emotionality was significantly associated with a worse cognitive function, whereas more extroversion and conscientiousness were significantly associated with a better cognitive function. CONCLUSION Our study adds to the narrow body of research revolving around the relationship between personality traits and perceived cognitive function in Lebanese healthcare professionals during these hard times in Lebanon. These results show that the choice of these cognitive processes is strongly affected by different personality traits, such as extroversion, conscientiousness, and negative emotionality. This study encourages the need to conduct further research that assess the changes in cognition in life stressors along with personality traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moussa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Koura, Lebanon
| | - Iris Achkouty
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Diana Malaeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Anthony Ghosn
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kupcewicz E, Rachubińska K, Gaworska-Krzemińska A, Andruszkiewicz A, Kawalec-Kajstura E, Kozieł D, Młynarska K, Grochans E. Determinants of the Impact of Fatigue on the Health of Polish Nursing Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6034. [PMID: 36294355 PMCID: PMC9605428 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Lockdown-related fatigue occurring during the COVID-19 pandemic is a complex problem that can be experienced in different social groups. The objective of the current study is to attempt to identify socio-demographic and lifestyle-related factors that determine the impact of fatigue on health in general as well as in physical, cognitive, and psychosocial terms and to determine whether, and to what extent, these were predictors of fatigue in nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) The study was conducted by the diagnostic poll method between 20 March and 15 December 2021 among 894 nursing students at six Polish universities. To collect the data, a validated Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) was used. (3) Students from the age group of ≤20 experienced a significantly greater impact of fatigue on health in general as well as in physical and cognitive terms. The study demonstrated a significant negative relationship between the year of study and the impact of fatigue on health in general terms (r = −0.12; p < 0.0001) and the analyzed health terms, on physical (r = −0.12; p < 0.0001), cognitive (r = −0.10; p < 0.002), and psychosocial (r = −0.07; p < 0.041). In predicting the impact of fatigue on health in general and physical terms, it was the variable related to a reduction in physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic that had the greatest contribution, while for the cognitive and psychosocial functions, it was the number of meals consumed per day. (4) It is recognized that action is needed to reduce the impact of fatigue on student health by modifying the predictors related to student lifestyles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kupcewicz
- Department of Nursing, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kamila Rachubińska
- Department of Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Anna Andruszkiewicz
- Department of Basic Clinical Skills and Postgraduate Education for Nurses and Midwifes, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Kawalec-Kajstura
- Department of Internal Medicine and Community Nursing, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Kozieł
- Medical College, J. Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-369 Kielce, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Młynarska
- Department of Nursing, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Grochans
- Department of Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sfeir M, Zeitoun A, Hallit S, Obeid S. Presence of a psychiatric patient at home and work fatigue in family caregivers: The moderating effect of spirituality. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:2664-2675. [PMID: 35578158 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the association between the mental health of caregivers having a psychiatric patient at home and work fatigue, and if this association is moderated by spirituality. METHODS This case-control study enrolled 600 caregivers (July-September 2019). RESULTS Stress, anxiety, insomnia and the presence of a psychiatric patient at home were associated with higher levels of physical, mental, and emotional work fatigue. In the case of caregivers who have a psychiatric patient at home, those with low spirituality had more mental and emotional work fatigue. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Healthcare professionals should enlighten caregivers more on the risks and the consequences of their job, assist them with information on what to expect, and teach them how to normalize feelings that they may face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sfeir
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Abeer Zeitoun
- Department of Quality Assurance of Pharmaceutical Products, National Pharmacovigilance Program, Lebanese Ministry of Public Health, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon.,Department of Psychology, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Research, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Department of Social and Education Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|