The effects of synbiotic supplementation on hormonal status, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in subjects with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Gut Microbes in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Associated Comorbidities; Type 2 Diabetes, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), and the Potential of Microbial Therapeutics

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine anomalies among females of reproductive age, highlighted by hyperandrogenism. PCOS is multifactorial as it can be associated with obesity, insulin resistance, low-grade chronic inflammation, and dyslipidemia. PCOS also leads to dysbiosis by lowering microbial diversity and beneficial microbes, such as Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Akkermenisa, and Bifidobacterium, and by causing a higher load of opportunistic pathogens, such as Escherichia/Shigella, Fusobacterium, Bilophila, and Sutterella. Wherein, butyrate producers and Akkermansia participate in the glucose uptake by inducing glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose metabolism, respectively. The abovementioned gut microbes also maintain the gut barrier function and glucose homeostasis by releasing metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and Amuc_1100 protein. In addition, PCOS-associated gut is found to be higher in gut-microbial enzyme β-glucuronidase, causing the de-glucuronidation of conjugated androgen, making it susceptible to reabsorption by entero-hepatic circulation, leading to a higher level of androgen in the circulatory system. Overall, in PCOS, such dysbiosis increases the gut permeability and LPS in the systemic circulation, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the circulatory system, chronic inflammation in the adipose tissue and liver, and oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in the liver. Thus, in women with PCOS, dysbiosis can promote the progression and severity of type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). To alleviate such PCOS-associated complications, microbial therapeutics (probiotics and fecal microbiome transplantation) can be used without any side effects, unlike in the case of hormonal therapy. Therefore, this study sought to understand the mechanistic significance of gut microbes in PCOS and associated comorbidities, along with the role of microbial therapeutics that can ease the life of PCOS-affected women.

Mechanisms of probiotic modulation of ovarian sex hormone production and metabolism: a review

Sex hormones play a pivotal role in the growth and development of the skeletal, neurological, and reproductive systems. In women, the dysregulation of sex hormones can result in various health complications such as acne, hirsutism, and irregular menstruation. One of the most prevalent diseases associated with excess androgens is polycystic ovary syndrome with a hyperandrogenic phenotype. Probiotics have shown the potential to enhance the secretion of ovarian sex hormones. However, the underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. Furthermore, comprehensive reviews detailing how probiotics modulate ovarian sex hormones are scarce. This review seeks to shed light on the potential mechanisms through which probiotics influence the production of ovarian sex hormones. The role of probiotics across various biological axes, including the gut-ovarian, gut-brain-ovarian, gut-liver-ovarian, gut-pancreas-ovarian, and gut-fat-ovarian axes, with a focus on the direct impact of probiotics on the ovaries via the gut and their effects on brain gonadotropins is discussed. It is also proposed herein that probiotics can significantly influence the onset, progression, and complications of ovarian sex hormone abnormalities. In addition, this review provides a theoretical basis for the therapeutic application of probiotics in managing sex hormone-related health conditions.

The effect of the female genital tract and gut microbiome on reproductive dysfunction

Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the human body; they are present in various areas including the gut, mouth, skin, respiratory tract, and reproductive tract. The interaction between the microbiome and reproductive health has become an increasingly compelling area of study. Disruption of the female genital tract microbiome can significantly impact the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, increasing susceptibility to reproductive tract diseases such as vaginitis, chronic endometritis, endometrial polyps, endometriosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome. The gut microbiome, considered an endocrine organ, plays a crucial role in the reproductive endocrine system by interacting with hormones like estrogen and androgens. Imbalances in the gut microbiome composition can lead to various diseases and conditions, including polycystic ovary syndrome, endometriosis, and cancer, although research on their mechanisms remains limited. This review highlights the latest advancements in understanding the female genital tract and gut microbiomes in gynecological diseases. It also explores the potential of microbial communities in the treatment of reproductive diseases. Future research should focus on identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying the association between the microbiome and reproductive diseases to develop new and effective strategies for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment related to female reproductive organs.

Harnessing the power of nutritional antioxidants against adrenal hormone imbalance-associated oxidative stress

Oxidative stress, resulting from dysregulation in the secretion of adrenal hormones, represents a major concern in human health. The present review comprehensively examines various categories of endocrine dysregulation within the adrenal glands, encompassing glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens. Additionally, a comprehensive account of adrenal hormone disorders, including adrenal insufficiency, Cushing's syndrome, and adrenal tumors, is presented, with particular emphasis on their intricate association with oxidative stress. The review also delves into an examination of various nutritional antioxidants, namely vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, selenium, zinc, polyphenols, coenzyme Q10, and probiotics, and elucidates their role in mitigating the adverse effects of oxidative stress arising from imbalances in adrenal hormone levels. In conclusion, harnessing the power of nutritional antioxidants has the potential to help with oxidative stress caused by an imbalance in adrenal hormones. This could lead to new research and therapeutic interventions.

Association of probiotic ingestion with serum sex steroid hormones among pre- and postmenopausal women from the NHANES, 2013-2016

BACKGROUND

Sex hormone-related diseases, encompassing a wide range of conditions from reproductive disorders to certain cancers, pose significant health challenges worldwide. Recent scientific investigations have highlighted the intricate interplay between the gut microbiome and sex hormone regulation, indicating the potential for microbiota-targeted interventions in the management of such diseases. Although individual studies have elucidated the influence of the gut microbiome on sex hormones, a comprehensive cross-sectional examination of the population-wide prevalence of probiotic intake and its correlation with sex hormones is still lacking.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to evaluate the association of probiotic ingestion with sex hormones in pre- and post-menopausal women.

METHODS

We conducted an observational cohort study comprising a nationally representative sample of adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2013 and 2016. Probiotic ingestion was considered when a subject reported yogurt or probiotic supplement consumption during the 24-h dietary recall or during the Dietary Supplement Use 30-Day questionnaire. A survey-weighted generalized linear model was used to analyze the association between probiotic intake and female/male sex hormones. To reduce selection bias, we used propensity score matching (PSM).

RESULTS

This study included 2,699 women, with 537 of them consuming yogurt and/or dietary supplements containing probiotics, while the remaining 2,162 women did not consume any probiotics. The findings indicated that there were associations between probiotic intake and sex hormone levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. For premenopausal women, probiotic intake was positively associated with estradiol (E2) levels. On the contrary, in postmenopausal women, probiotic intake was inversely associated with total testosterone (TT) levels.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicated that probiotic consumption was associated with higher E2 level in premenopausal women and lower TT level in postmenopausal women. Probiotic intake might be a sensible strategy for preventing sex hormone-related diseases.

Effects of Synbiotic-Containing Bacillus coagulans (GBI-30) on the Cardiovascular Status of Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Triple-blinded, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study

PURPOSE

Despite the high risk of cardiovascular diseases in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, fewer studies have addressed the improvement of cardiometabolic status of these patients. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of synbiotic-containing, spore-forming Bacillus coagulans on cardiometabolic indicators, including lipid profile, C-reactive protein, and atherogenic indexes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.

METHODS

In the present 12-week, triple-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 72 women with polycystic ovaries were randomized to receive either 2 g of synbiotic sachet (n = 36) or placebo (n = 36) plus lifestyle modification. Fasting blood samples were taken before and after the intervention.

FINDINGS

Statistical analysis was performed in 60 participants with a mean (SD) age of 28.25 (5.98) years who completed the intervention (synbiotic group [n = 34] and placebo group [n = 26]). A significant mean (SD) decrease in C-reactive protein level was observed in the synbiotic group compared with the placebo group (-0.12 [9.57] v. -0.008 [4.69], P = 0.03). No significant differences in mean changes of lipid profile and atherogenic indexes were seen between the 2 groups. Although the estimated mean changes in atherogenic indexes in the synbiotic group indicates a greater reduction than the placebo group, no significant difference was detected.

IMPLICATIONS

Our 12-week synbiotic intervention improved the inflammatory status in women with polycystic ovaries without affecting lipid profile or atherogenic indexes.

The effects of pro-, pre-, and synbiotics supplementation on polycystic ovary syndrome: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials

Background

Synbiotics, refer to a combination of probiotics and prebiotics in a form of synergism that beneficially affect the host's health by alternating the composition and/or function of the gut microbiota. Numerous meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials have proven that pro, pre-, and synbiotics supplementation has health outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the strength and quality of this evidence in aggregate have not yet been synthesized in great detail.

Methods

PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, and Google Scholar were searched up to March 2023. We pooled the mean difference and its 95% confidence interval (CI) by applying a random-effects model.

Results

Overall, nine meta-analyses including a total of 12 trials were identified. The results of the present study indicated that probiotic supplementation significantly reduced the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR; WMD: -0.29, 95% CI: -0.57 to -0.02, p = 0.03, n = 4; moderate certainty) and fasting glucose concentration (FGC; WMD: -7.5 mg/dL, 95% CI: -13.60 to -0.51, p = 0.03; n = 4; low certainty). Moreover, synbiotic supplementation had beneficial effects on glycemic control, lipid profile, and hormonal parameters, but the certainty of the evidence was rated as low to very low. However, supplementation with pro-/synbiotics did not affect inflammation and oxidative stress in women with PCOS. Furthermore, waist/hip circumference, fasting glucose concentration, lipid profile, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and hirsutism score were significantly reduced after prebiotics supplementation with low certainty of evidence.

Conclusion

Although pro-, pre-, and synbiotics supplementation had beneficial effects on some PCOS-related outcomes, the certainty of the evidence was rated as low to very low. Therefore, further well-designed RCTs might help to confirm our findings in women with PCOS.

Beneficial Effects of Probiotics on Benign Gynaecological Disorders: A Review

Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer beneficial effects on human health when an adequate dose is administered. Recently, the use of probiotics has gained tremendous interest from the public due to its promising effects in the management of various reproductive diseases. However, the review of probiotics' benefits on benign gynaecological disorders, including vaginal infections, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis, remains scarce. Therefore, this review is built on current knowledge on the beneficial effects of probiotics against selected benign gynaecological disorders. Recent findings point out that probiotics' supplementation in different clinical and in vivo models showed promising health effects and results in the amelioration of disease symptoms. Thus, in this review, we showed the findings of both studies performed in clinical settings and animal studies. However, current information, solely based on clinical trials or animal studies, is inadequate in communicating the excellent findings on the beneficial effects of probiotics on human health. Therefore, future clinical intervention studies are required to further elucidate the evidence of the benefits of probiotics benefits regarding these gynaecological disorders.

Interplay of Gut Microbiota in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Role of Gut Microbiota, Mechanistic Pathways and Potential Treatment Strategies

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) comprises a set of symptoms that pose significant risk factors for various diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Effective and safe methods to treat all the pathological symptoms of PCOS are not available. The gut microbiota has been shown to play an essential role in PCOS incidence and progression. Many dietary plants, prebiotics, and probiotics have been reported to ameliorate PCOS. Gut microbiota shows its effects in PCOS via a number of mechanistic pathways including maintenance of homeostasis, regulation of lipid and blood glucose levels. The effect of gut microbiota on PCOS has been widely reported in animal models but there are only a few reports of human studies. Increasing the diversity of gut microbiota, and up-regulating PCOS ameliorating gut microbiota are some of the ways through which prebiotics, probiotics, and polyphenols work. We present a comprehensive review on polyphenols from natural origin, probiotics, and fecal microbiota therapy that may be used to treat PCOS by modifying the gut microbiota.

Can probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplementation modulate the gut-liver axis in type 2 diabetes? A narrative and systematic review of clinical trials

Background

Type 2 diabetes, one of the most common noncommunicable diseases, is a metabolic disorder that results in failed homeostatic control in several body systems, including hepatic function. Due to the gut microbiome’s potential role in diabetes’ pathogenesis, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics have been proposed as complimentary therapeutic approaches aimed at microbiota readjustment.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library examining the effect of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on hepatic biomarkers in patients with diabetes.

Results

From 9,502 search hits, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. A total of 816 participants (460 intervention and 356 control) were investigated for the effects of nine different hepatic biomarker measurements including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, bilirubin, liver steatosis, liver stiffness, fatty liver index, and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels. Of the 13 intervention groups analyzed from the 10 studies, 3 were prebiotic interventions, 3 were single species probiotic interventions, 3 were multi-species probiotic interventions, and 4 were synbiotic interventions. Nutraceuticals used in these trials included six genera of bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, Acetobacter, Lactococcus, and Propionibacterium), five different prebiotic formulations (inulin, inulin and beta carotene, chicory inulin enriched with oligofructose, galacto-oligosaccharides syrup, and powdered cinnamon), or a combination of these to form multi-species probiotics or synbiotics.

Conclusion

Although some studies showed insignificant changes in hepatic biomarkers, generally the results yielded a decrease in liver damage due to reduced oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, gut dysbiosis, and insulin resistance which led to improvements in hepatic biomarker levels.

Reshaping the Gut Microbiota Through Lifestyle Interventions in Women with PCOS: A Review

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder evolving as a global threat to women's health. However, its multifactorial etiology causes difficulty in eliminating it. The interrelation between the gut microbiota and metabolic disorders has been trending recently, giving rise to new opportunities on the etiology and pathogenesis of PCOS. Lifestyle interventions such as healthy diet, physical exercises, and behavioral interventions such as regulation of stress and sleep cycles have been identified to improve the symptoms of PCOS across the endocrinological, metabolic and psychological scales and are recommended as the first line of treatment for PCOS. The impact of the unhealthy lifestyle factors on intestinal dysbiosis that cause PCOS is summarized in this review. This review also provides an insight on the therapeutic approaches that primarily target the gut microbiota and offers novel gut microflora-associated treatment strategies for PCOS. Further, this survey also highlights the need for the implementation of lifestyle management strategies and strongly recommends a healthy and stress-free lifestyle to promote gut health and manage PCOS.

Nutraceuticals and polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review of the literature

BackgroundThis study proposes a review of nutraceuticals used in the treatment of typical symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).The aim is to provide a classification of the most widely used nutraceutical supplements identifying the most effective nutraceuticals on glucose and insulin metabolism, the androgenic hormone profile, fertility, ovulatory capacity, inflammation, and oxidative stress.Material and MethodsWe included randomized controlled trials on PCOS patients undergoing administration of nutraceuticals, in particular vitamin D, vitamin E, probiotics, and inositols. These administrations are variable in terms of dosage, single supplementation, or combined with other compounds, dosage, and duration of the intervention.ResultsThe supplementation of inositols, at the physiologic ratio of 40: 1 of myo- and D-chiro-inositols, resulted to be the most effective in improving the glucose homeostasis and fertility, with a restoration of ovulatory capacity and menstrual regularity. Other nutraceuticals are particularly effective in reducing hyperandrogenism, with promising results demonstrated by the combinations of vitamin D and probiotics, vitamin E and coenzyme Q10, and the enrichment of inositol therapy with group B vitamins. An improvement in the inflammatory status and antioxidant capacity is obtained with the co-supplementation of probiotics and selenium or with vitamin E combined with omega 3.ConclusionsInositol supplementation is effective in the treatment of insulin resistance and fertility. Probiotics reduced hyperandrogenism, inflammatory and oxidative conditions, and resulted more effective when combined with selenium. Although these results proved to be satisfactory, further studies are needed with larger samples and a more homogeneous analysis of the outcomes.

Interplay between PCOS and microbiome: The road less travelled

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complicated neuro-endocrinal, reproductive, and metabolic condition. It encompasses patterns such as hyperandrogenism, recurrent cysts triggered by steroidogenic functional aberrations in the ovaries, overweight, chronic inflammation, and more. The underlying cause of this heterogeneous illness is obscure, although it is suspected to be driven by a blend of environmental and hereditary factors. In recent years, the connection between the microbiome and PCOS has been acknowledged and is thought to be involved in the genesis of the syndrome's emergence. Microbiota vary in different pathological features of PCOS, and fundamental pathways linked to their involvement in the commencement of diverse clinical presentations in PCOS open up a new avenue for its management. Prebiotic, probiotic, synbiotic, and fecal-microbiota-transplant, by promoting eubiosis and nullifying the effect caused by the altered microbial profile in PCOS women, can aid in management of diverse phenotypes associated with the syndrome. These microbiota-mediated treatments improve PCOS women's metabolic, inflammatory, and hormonal profiles. However, more studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms that drive this positive effect.

Insights into new therapeutic approaches for the treatment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: An updated review

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a long-term, highly prevalent, complex heterogeneous, polygenic endocrine disorder characterized by both metabolic and reproductive disorders. It affects 6-23% of reproductive age women globally.

OBJECTIVE

This review aims to facilitate an understanding of novel PCOS management approaches and highlights the results from relevant interventional studies from animal and human studies.

METHODS

Manual search on PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus databases was performed for relevant articles, preclinical and clinical trials based on related keywords.

RESULTS

According to a multitude of studies, PCOS has evolved over time, but a substantial lag remains in management approaches. New insights into the cross-talk between muscle, brain, fat, and ovaries pointed out new therapeutic targets. This review has highlighted the efficacy of a wide spectrum of novel therapeutic agents [Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors, Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, nutritional supplements (Vitamins D and K, omega-3, prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics), fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and intestinal cytokine IL-22] as PCOS therapeutic options. These novel therapies combine anti-inflammatory, insulin sensitizing, anti-obesity, and restoration of the gut microbiota and thus hold the potential to address the basic pathogenic mechanisms of PCOS.

CONCLUSION

Exhaustive, multicentric and multiethnic studies are vital to generate a network of normative data to better figure out the PCOS trajectory and change prognostic outcomes. Preclinical and clinical data is warranted to corroborate the new therapeutics and direct health care resources accordingly.

Effect of Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Mechanisms, Manifestations, Genetics, and Treatment

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine diseases causing infertility in women of childbearing age. It is characterized by hyperandrogenemia (HA), chronic anovulation, and polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM). Most women with PCOS have metabolic abnormalities. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a transport carrier that binds estrogen and androgens and regulates their biological activity, is usually used as an indicator of hyperandrogenism in women with PCOS. Low serum SHBG levels are considered a biomarker of metabolic abnormalities and are associated with insulin resistance (IR), HA, and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism in PCOS patients. SHBG is also related to the long-term prognosis of PCOS, whereas SHBG gene polymorphism is associated with PCOS risk. In addition, the administration of metformin (MET), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), thiazolidinediones (TZDs), compound oral contraceptives (COCs), as well as nutrient supplements such as inositol (MI), vitamin D, and synbiotics can regulate SHBG levels to ameliorate PCOS complications and improve prognosis. This review focuses on the interaction between SHBG and various PCOS complications as well as the regulation of SHBG by various drugs and nutrients and its therapeutic effects on PCOS.

Efficacy of the Synbiotic Supplementation on the Metabolic Factors in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome is overwhelmingly increasing and is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disorder, so effective treatment strategies are considered high priority. This study aimed to determine the effects of synbiotic supplementation on metabolic factors in patients with metabolic syndrome.

METHODS

In this triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial, 108 participants were divided into two groups to receive synbiotic supplementation or placebo for 12 weeks. All participants were also educated about maintaining a healthy lifestyle and consuming low-calorie nutritious meals, along with dietary intake and physical activity monitoring. Anthropometric measures, blood pressure, glycemic indices, lipid profile, hepatic enzymes, and hs-CRP were evaluated at the baseline and end of the trial.

RESULTS

Synbiotic supplementation significantly reduces fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in the intervention group versus placebo group [-14.69 ± 15.11 mg/dl vs. -8.23 ± 7.90 mg/dl; p=0.007], but there was no difference between groups in other metabolic factors.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that synbiotic supplementation while following a healthy lifestyle and nutrition improved FBG in patients with metabolic syndrome.

Effect of Nutritional Supplementation on Oxidative Stress and Hormonal and Lipid Profiles in PCOS-Affected Females

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects several reproductive and endocrine features in females and has a poorly understood etiology. Treatment strategies for PCOS are limited and are based primarily on diet and nutrient supplementation. Recent studies have recommended some nutrients such as vitamins, minerals and vitamin-like nutrients for the therapy for PCOS. Therefore, it is claimed that the cause of PCOS could be vitamin or mineral deficiency. This review provides a narrative on the effect of nutritional supplementation on oxidative stress induced in PCOS. Oxidative stress plays a formative role in PCOS pathophysiology. This article reviews oxidative stress, its markers, nutritional supplementation and clinical studies. We also aim to show the effect of nutritional supplementation on genes affecting hormonal and glucose-mediated pathways.

Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to summarize the effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on insulin resistance (IR), lipid profiles, anthropometric indices, and C-reactive protein (CRP) level for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We searched 8 databases from their inception until 1st October, 2020. The effect sizes were expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Subgroup analyses were undertaken for further identification of effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, based on the following aspects: (1) type of intervention (probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics); (2) study duration (≥ 12 weeks or < 12 weeks); (3) number of probiotic strains (multi strains or single strain); (4) probiotic dose (≥ 2 × 10⁸ colony-forming units [CFU] or < 2 × 10⁸ CFU). A total of 17 eligible RCTs with 1049 participants were included. Results showed that probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic intake decreased fasting plasma glucose (SMD, -1.35; 95% CI, -2.22 to -0.49; p = 0.002), fasting insulin (SMD, -0.68; 95% CI, -1.08 to -0.27; p = 0.001), homeostatic model of assessment for IR (SMD, -0.73; 95% CI, -1.15 to -0.31; p = 0.001), triglycerides (SMD, -0.85; 95% CI, -1.59 to -0.11; p = 0.024), total cholesterol (SMD, -1.09; 95% CI, -1.98 to -0.21; p = 0.015), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD, -0.84; 95% CI, -1.64 to -0.03; p = 0.041), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD, -0.44; 95% CI, -0.70 to -0.18; p = 0.001), and increased quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (SMD, 2.00; 95% CI, - 0.79 to 3.22; p = 0.001). However, probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic supplements did not affect anthropometric indices, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and CRP levels. Subgroup analysis showed that probiotic or prebiotic might be the optimal choice for ameliorating IR or lipid profiles, respectively. Additionally, the effect was positively related to courses and therapeutical dose. Overall, the meta-analysis demonstrates that probiotic, prebiotic, or synbiotic administration is an effective and safe intervention for modifying IR and lipid profiles.

Effect of the Intake of a Traditional Mexican Beverage Fermented with Lactic Acid Bacteria on Academic Stress in Medical Students

Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been associated with different illnesses and emotional disorders such as stress. Traditional fermented foods that are rich in probiotics suggest modulation of dysbiosis, which protects against stress-induced disorders. The academic stress was evaluated in medical students using the SISCO Inventory of Academic Stress before and after ingestion of an aguamiel-based beverage fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus brevis (n = 27) and a control group (n = 18). In addition, microbial phyla in feces were quantified by qPCR. The results showed that the consumption of 100 mL of a beverage fermented with lactic acid bacteria (3 × 10⁸ cfu/mL) for 8 weeks significantly reduced academic stress (p = 0.001), while the control group (placebo intervention) had no significant changes in the perception of academic stress (p = 0.607). Significant change (p = 0.001) was shown in the scores for environmental demands, and physical and psychological factors. Consumption of the fermented beverage significantly increased the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes but not Gammaproteobacteria. No significant changes were found in the control group, except for a slight increase in the phylum Firmicutes. The intake of this fermented beverage suggest a modulation of gut microbiota and possible reduction in stress-related symptoms in university students, without changing their lifestyle or diet.

Synbiotic Supplementation Improves Metabolic Factors and Obesity Values in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Independent of Affecting Apelin Levels: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo - Controlled Clinical Trial

Background

This research investigated the symbiotic supplement influences on serum glycemic indices and lipids as well as apelin rates and obesity values in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients.

Materials and Methods

A total of 68 obese or overweight patients (20-44 years old) with PCOS were enrolled to conduct a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 34 people in the synbiotic group received a synbiotic supplement and 34 people in the placebo group received placebo, daily for 8 weeks. Fasting blood specimens, anthropometric measurements and dietary intake data were gathered three times during the study. The information was analyzed by independent t test, paired t test, analysis of covariance and chi-square test.

Results

Synbiotic supplementation significantly decreased serum fasting glucose (P=0.02), insulin (P=0.001), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (IR, P=0.001), weight (P=0.02), body mass index (BMI, P=0.02), waist circumference (WC, P=0.01), hip circumference (HC, P=0.02), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR, P=0.02) but significantly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (P=0.02) compared to the placebo. At the end of the trial, no significant differences were seen in serum total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, or apelin levels as well as waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) between the two groups.

Conclusion

Synbiotic supplementation improved glycemic indices, lipid profile and obesity values in women with PCOS. These beneficial effects were not related with alterations in serum apelin levels (Registration number: IRCT20100408003664N19).

The Role of Probiotics and Synbiotics on Hirsutism

Probiotics and synbiotics are known to have beneficial effects on human health and disease. Hirsutism, a disorder that is characterised by the presence of coarse terminal hairs in a male-like pattern, is usually caused by elevated androgen levels in blood plasma. This disorder is usually observed in PCOS women and it is linked to insulin resistance (IR). Although idiopathic hirsutism (IH) is not shown to have excess androgen production from the ovarian and adrenal glands, increased 5α-reductase in peripheral tissues and insulin resistance are common observations. The effect of probiotics and synbiotics have been recently studied on PCOS women; androgens were also included in the hormonal groups that were investigated. Only a few studies focus on hirsutism and the potential effect of the beneficial microbes mentioned, whereas the increasing interest on insulin resistance and synbiotics indicate a potential beneficial effect on hirsutism through the management of insulin resistance.

The effects of probiotic/synbiotic supplementation compared to placebo on biomarkers of oxidative stress in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

During the last decades, there has been a burst of scientific literature hypothesizing the antioxidant effect of probiotics. However, the results of these studies are inconsistent and a final conclusion has yet to be reached. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of probiotic/synbiotic supplementation on serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in adults.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The following online databases were searched until August 26th 2020: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Clarivate Analytics Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Igaku Chuo Zasshi. The effect sizes were expressed as the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 31 eligible trials with 1681 participants (839 cases and 842 controls) were included in this meta-analysis. The results revealed that the supplementation with probiotics/synbiotics, significantly increased serum TAC (WMD: 54.14 mmol/L, 95% CI: 27.87, 80.40, P < 0.001), GSH (WMD: 40.38 μmol/L, 95% CI: 20.72, 60.03, P < 0.001) and NO (WMD: 3.54 μmol/L, 95% CI: 1.73, 5.34, P < 0.001) levels. In addition, MDA levels were significantly reduced (WMD: -0.45 μmol/L, 95% CI: -0.58,-0.32, P < 0.001) following probiotic/synbiotic supplementation. None of the variables showed a significant change in the sensitivity analysis.

CONCLUSION

Available evidence suggests that probiotic/synbiotic supplementation can significantly increase serum TAC, GSH and NO, as well as reduce MDA levels in adults. Therefore, probiotic/synbiotic supplementation may play a role in improving antioxidant indices and reducing oxidative stress in the body.

The effect of synbiotic on glycemic profile and sex hormones in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors following a weight-loss diet: A randomized, triple-blind, controlled trial

BACKGROUND

The investigation was designed to assess the effects of synbiotic supplementation on glycemic profile, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and sex hormones in overweight and obese postmenopausal breast cancer survivors (BCSs) who had hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer.

METHODS

This randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 76 overweight and obese BCSs aged 57.43 (5.82) years. All participants were given a specified low calorie diet and were randomly assigned into two groups to intake 10⁹ CFU/day of synbiotic supplement (n = 38) or placebo (n = 38) for 8 weeks. Body composition, physical activity, glycemic profile, IGF-1, estradiol, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks.

RESULTS

A significant reduction in serum insulin (median change (Q1, Q3) from baseline of -1.05 (-2.36, 0.32) μIU/mL; P = 0.006) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (mean change (SD) from baseline of -4.0 (0.9); P = 0.007) were seen over the 8 weeks in the synbiotic group. However, no significant changes were observed in serum insulin, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, IGF-1, estradiol, testosterone, DHEA-S and sex hormone binding globulin between-groups at the end of the intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, as the 8-week synbiotic consumption compared with placebo had insignificant-reducing effects on glycemic profile, IGF-1 and sex hormones among overweight and obese postmenopausal BCSs, synbiotics may exert considerable beneficial consequences, which need to be further assessed in future clinical trials.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

IRCT, IRCT2015090223861N1. Registered 02 February 2017, http://www.irct.ir: IRCT2015090223861N1.

The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics

In May 2019, the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) convened a panel of nutritionists, physiologists and microbiologists to review the definition and scope of synbiotics. The panel updated the definition of a synbiotic to "a mixture comprising live microorganisms and substrate(s) selectively utilized by host microorganisms that confers a health benefit on the host". The panel concluded that defining synbiotics as simply a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics could suppress the innovation of synbiotics that are designed to function cooperatively. Requiring that each component must meet the evidence and dose requirements for probiotics and prebiotics individually could also present an obstacle. Rather, the panel clarified that a complementary synbiotic, which has not been designed so that its component parts function cooperatively, must be composed of a probiotic plus a prebiotic, whereas a synergistic synbiotic does not need to be so. A synergistic synbiotic is a synbiotic for which the substrate is designed to be selectively utilized by the co-administered microorganisms. This Consensus Statement further explores the levels of evidence (existing and required), safety, effects upon targets and implications for stakeholders of the synbiotic concept.

Effects of probiotic, cinnamon, and synbiotic supplementation on glycemic control and antioxidant status in people with type 2 diabetes; a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotic bacteria of Lactobacillus acidophilus, cinnamon powder and their combinations on the glycemic and antioxidant indices in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A total of 136 patients randomized with type 2 diabetes entered the study and were randomly divided into four groups who were matched for age and gender. Thereafter, alongside their routine pharmacotherapy, each group followed one of the following diets: Group A: Lactobacillus acidophilus 10⁸ cfu and 0.5 g of powdered cinnamon (synbiotic). Group B: Lactobacillus acidophilus (probiotic), Group C: powdered cinnamon. Group D: rice flour powder as placebo. At the beginning and end of the intervention, fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, advance glycation end products (AGE), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) were measured.

Results

Following 3 months of treatment, the mean FBS level was decreased significantly in probiotic, cinnamon, and synbiotic supplementation groups compared with control (P < 0.01). FBS levels in probiotic, cinnamon, and synbiotic groups were significantly decreased compared with the control group (P = 0.001, P = 0.063 and P = 0.001, respectively). The mean HbA1C in probiotic, cinnamon, and synbiotic groups were also decreased (P = 0.001, P = 0.001 and P = 0.04, respectively). The mean AGE in synbiotic group was significantly decreased (P = 0.037). Probiotic, cinnamon and synbiotic all could improve antioxidant enzyme activity modestly. However, the most significant effect was seen in probiotic group.

Conclusions

According to the current results, the use of probiotic supplements (individually or in combination with cinnamon) leads to a reduction in blood glucose and an increase in antioxidant enzymes in people with type 2 diabetes.

The effects of synbiotic supplementation on thyroid function and inflammation in hypothyroid patients: A randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled trial

BACKGROUND

There is a positive link between thyroid homeostasis and the composition of gut microbiota. A limited number of studies have suggested the efficacy of probiotic products on levothyroxine metabolism and thyroid hormone activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of synbiotic supplementation on thyroid function, inflammation markers, and blood pressure in subjects with hypothyroidism.

METHODS

This study was conducted as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 60 patients with hypothyroidism. Participants were randomly recruited into two groups to receive either 500 mg/day of synbiotic (n = 30) or a placebo (n = 30) for 8 weeks.

RESULTS

Thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration, levothyroxine dose, and fatigue severity scale score were significantly decreased after the 8-week intervention in the synbiotic group (P < 0.05), while there were no significant differences seen in the placebo group. In addition, FT₃ at the end of intervention was significantly higher (P = 0.001) in both groups, although these changes were not significant between the two groups (P = 0.259). Synbiotic supplements led to a significant elevation in serum CRP (P = 0.006), but this increase was not significant between groups (P = 0.699). Moreover, no statistical significance was observed within or between groups in terms of anti-thyroid peroxidase, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Synbiotic supplementation among hypothyroid patients for 8 weeks may have beneficial effects on thyroid function. Further studies with larger sample size and longer duration are needed to confirm the current findings.

The effect of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on hormonal and inflammatory indices in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is among the most prevalent endocrine disorders in women and can lead to many other disorders and chronic diseases. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome is important. Using probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics supplementations to treat PCOS seems appropriate because of their useful effects and low complications.

AIMS

To assess the effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on hormonal indices such as testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), sex hormone binding globulin, Free Androgen Index (FAI), and inflammatory indices, such as high sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as the primary outcomes and the hirsutism score as the secondary outcome.

METHODS

All published articles from the beginning until 10 November 2018 in English (Cochrane Library, Web of Sciences, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest) and Persian (SID and Magiran) databases were searched. The effect of interventions on the outcomes was reported with a standard mean difference (SMD) and confidence interval of 95%. In case of high heterogeneity, the random effect model was used instead of the fixed effect model. The statistical heterogeneity of the included clinical trials was tested using the Chi square test and I².

RESULTS

Thirteen studies with 855 participants with PCOS(438 women in the intervention group and 417 women in the control group) were included in the meta-analysis. Results of the meta-analysis showed that the SHBG (SMD: 0.56; 95% CI 0.26-0.86; P = 0.0002) and NO (SMD: 0.38; 95% CI 0.09-0.68; P = 0.01) concentration increased significantly in the probiotics and synbiotics groups compared to the placebo group. FAI (SMD: - 0.58; 95% CI - 0.95 to - 0.21; P = 0.002) and MDA (SMD: - 0.76; 95% CI - 1.46 to - 0.05; P = 0.03) concentration in the probiotics and synbiotics groups reduced significantly compared to the placebo group. The results of meta-analyses on other hormonal and inflammatory indices such as testosterone, DHEAS, GSH, hsCRP, TAC, and hirsutism score showed that there were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups.

CONCLUSION

Using synbiotics and probiotics in women with polycystic ovary syndrome improve hormonal (FAI, SHBG) and inflammatory (NO, MDA) indices in these patients.

The Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Clinical Symptom, Weight Loss, Glycemic Control, Lipid and Hormonal Profiles, Biomarkers of Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is to determine the effectiveness of probiotic supplementation on clinical symptoms, weight loss, glycemic control, lipid and hormonal profiles, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Eligible studies were systematically searched from Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, and Web of Science databases until January 2019. Cochran (Q) and I-square statistics were used to measure heterogeneity among included studies. Data were pooled by using random-effect model and expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Eleven articles were included in this meta-analysis. Probiotic supplementation significantly decreased weight (SMD - 0.30; 95% CI, - 0.53, - 0.07; P = 0.01), body mass index (BMI) (SMD - 0.29; 95% CI, - 0.54, - 0.03; P = 0.02), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (SMD - 0.26; 95% CI, - 0.45, - 0.07; P < 0.001), insulin (SMD - 0.52; 95% CI, - 0.81, - 0.24; P < 0.001), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (SMD - 0.53; 95% CI, - 0.79, - 0.26; P < 0.001), triglycerides (SMD - 0.69; 95% CI, - 0.99, - 0.39; P < 0.001), VLDL-cholesterol (SMD - 0.69; 95% CI, - 0.99, - 0.39; P < 0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP) (SMD - 1.26; 95% CI, - 2.14, - 0.37; P < 0.001), malondialdehyde (MDA) (SMD - 0.90; 95% CI, - 1.16, - 0.63; P < 0.001), hirsutism (SMD - 0.58; 95% CI, - 1.01, - 0.16; P < 0.001), and total testosterone levels (SMD - 0.58; 95% CI, - 0.82, - 0.34; P < 0.001), and also increased the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) (SMD 0.41; 95% CI, 0.11, 0.70; P < 0.01), nitric oxide (NO) (SMD 0.33; 95% CI 0.08, 0.59; P = 0.01), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (SMD 0.64; 95% CI, 0.38, 0.90; P < 0.001), glutathione (GSH) (SMD 0.26; 95% CI, 0.01, 0.52; P = 0.04), and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels (SMD 0.46; 95% CI, 0.08, 0.85; P = 0.01). Probiotic supplementation may result in an improvement in weight, BMI, FPG, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, VLDL-cholesterol, CRP, MDA, hirsutism, total testosterone, QUICKI, NO, TAC, GSH, and SHBG but did not affect dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels, and total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol levels in patients with PCOS.

Effect of probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on inflammatory markers in health and disease status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials

The current systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effect of probiotic/synbiotic on a wide range of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers in healthy and various disease conditions. PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases were searched. All clinical trials which investigated the effect of oral administration of probiotic or synbiotic on inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, interferon (IFN) γ and transforming growth factor (TGF) β) for more than one week with concurrent control groups were included. One-hundred sixty seven publications was analysed. Results were as follows: CRP decreased in healthy, metabolic disorders, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), arthritis and critically ill condition but not in renal failure. IL-1B: no change in healthy subjects and arthritis. TNF-α: decreased in healthy, fatty liver, IBD and hepatic cirrhosis, no change in diabetes, metabolic syndrome (MS) + PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) and arthritis. IL-6: no change in healthy, metabolic disorders and arthritis, increased in cirrhosis and renal failure, decreased in PCOS + MS. IL-10: no change in healthy, IBD and metabolic disorders, increased in arthritis. IL-4, IL-8, IL-12, IFN-g and TGF-b: no change in healthy subjects. In conclusion, probiotic/synbiotic decreased some of the inflammatory markers. The intervention was most effective in CRP and TNF-α reduction in healthy or disease state. Moreover, the intervention decreased inflammation most effectively in the following disease conditions, respectively: IBD, arthritis, fatty liver. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42018088688.

Efficacy of synbiotic supplementation in obesity treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials

Several investigations have been reported the beneficial effects of synbiotic in participants with obesity, but these findings have been inconsistent. Therefore, we systematically reviewed available randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to elucidate the overall effects of synbiotic supplementation on anthropometric indices among participants with overweight or obesity. Five electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of science, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar were searched up to October 2018. All RCTs using synbiotic supplements to treat obesity included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Weighted mean difference (WMD) was pooled using a random-effects model. The present meta-analysis of 23 randomized trials indicated that supplementation with synbiotic can decrease body weight (WMD: -0.80 kg; 95% CI: -1.56 to -0.03, p = 0.04) and WC (WMD: -2.07 cm; 95% CI: -3.11 to -1.03, p < 0.001). In contrast, synbiotic did not have favorite effects on BMI (WMD: -0.12 kg/m²; 95% CI: -0.40 to 0.16, p = 0.39) and body fat (WMD: 0.02%; 95% CI: -1.27 to 1.87, p = 0.74) compared with the placebo group. Meta-regression analyses revealed that the dosage of probiotic did not have any effect on anthropometric measures. Based on our findings, modulation of gut microbiota composition through synbiotic supplementation might have modest effects on body weight and waist circumference. In this field, however, our knowledge is progressing.

Meta-analysis of the effects of probiotic supplementation on glycemia, lipidic profiles, weight loss and C-reactive protein in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome

INTRODUCTION

Several studies have been designed to investigate the beneficial effects of probiotic supplementation on metabolic parameters and inflammation status in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), but results have been inconsistent. Herein, we perform a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effects of probiotic supplementation on glycemia control, lipidic profiles, weight loss and C-reactive protein (CRP) in women with PCOS.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

MELINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched for RCTs that investigated the effects of probiotic in women with PCOS. Two investigators independently performed the screening, data extraction, and methodological quality assessment. Data were pooled as mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The statistical heterogeneity was assessed with the I2 test. Sensitivity analyses were performed by the leave-one-out approach.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

From the literature search, 26 publications were screened and 6 RCTs involving 406 PCOS participants (aged 25-28.5 years) with follow-up period between 8-12 weeks were included. The pooled results showed that probiotic supplement significantly affected the levels of fasting blood insulin (FBI), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), triglycerides (TG), and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C). However, no significant changes were found in other markers, including fasting plasma glucose, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, body weight, CRP, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels. The pooled result was robust after the sensitivity analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our finding provides evidence that daily probiotic consumption has beneficial effects on decreasing FBI, TG, and VLDL-C, and increasing the QUICKI score in PCOS patients.

The effects of probiotic and selenium co-supplementation on parameters of mental health, hormonal profiles, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the co-administration of probiotic and selenium on parameters of mental health, hormonal profiles, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with PCOS. Data on the effects of selenium and probiotic co-supplementation on mental health, hormonal and inflammatory parameters of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are scarce. This investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of selenium and probiotic co-supplementation on mental health, hormonal and inflammatory parameters in women with PCOS.

Methods

This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 subjects, aged 18–40 years old. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups to intake 8 × 10⁹ CFU/day probiotic plus 200 μg/day selenium supplements (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for 12 weeks. Hormonal and inflammatory parameters were measured at baseline and after the 12-week intervention.

Results

Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation resulted in a significant improvement in beck depression inventory (β − 0.76; 95% CI, − 1.26, − 0.26; P = 0.003), general health questionnaire scores (β − 1.15; 95% CI, − 1.97, − 0.32; P = 0.007) and depression anxiety and stress scale scores (β − 1.49; 95% CI, − 2.59, − 0.39; P = 0.009) compared with the placebo. Furthermore, probiotic and selenium co-supplementation significantly reduced total testosterone (β − 0.26 ng/mL; 95% CI, − 0.51, − 0.02; P = 0.03), hirsutism (β − 0.43; 95% CI, − 0.74, − 0.11; P = 0.008), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (β − 0.58 mg/L; 95% CI, − 0.97, − 0.19; P = 0.004) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (β − 0.29 μmol/L; 95% CI, − 0.56, − 0.02; P = 0.03), and significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (β + 84.76 mmol/L; 95% CI, + 48.08, + 121.44; P < 0.001) and total glutathione (GSH) levels (β + 26.78 μmol/L; 95% CI, + 4.33, + 49.23; P = 0.02) compared with the placebo.

Conclusions

Overall, the co-administration of probiotic and selenium for 12 weeks to women with PCOS had beneficial effects on mental health parameters, serum total testosterone, hirsutism, hs-CRP, TAC, GSH and MDA levels.

This study was prospectively registered in the Iranian website (www.irct.ir) for registration of clinical trials (http://www.irct.ir: IRCT20170513033941N22).

Trial registration

IRCT20170513033941N22.