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Zou T, Neiswanger K, Feingold E, Foxman B, McNeil DW, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR. Potential risk factors and genetic variants associated with dental caries incidence in Appalachia using genome-wide survival analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2023; 14:19-33. [PMID: 37736056 PMCID: PMC10509536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the potential risk factors and genetic variants associated with dental caries incidence using survival analysis. METHODS The Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia recruited and prospectively followed pregnant women and their children. A total of 909 children followed from birth for up to 7 years were included in this study. Annual intra-oral examinations were performed to assess dental caries experience including the approximate time to first caries incidence in the primary dentition. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the associations of time to first caries incidence with self-reported risk factors and 4.9 million genetic variants ascertained using a genome-wide genotyping array. RESULTS A total of 196 of 909 children (21.56%) had their first primary tooth caries event during follow-up. Household income, home water source, and mother's educational attainment were significantly associated with time to first caries incidence in the stepwise Cox model. The heritability (i.e., proportion of variance explained by genetics) of time to first caries was 0.54. Though no specific genetic variants were associated at the genome-wide significance level (P < 5E-8), we identified 14 loci at the suggestive significance level (5E-8 < P < 1E-5), some of which were located within or near genes with plausible biological functions in dental caries. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that household income, home water source, and mother's educational attainment are independent risk factors for dental caries incidence. We nominate several suggestive loci for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zou
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katherine Neiswanger
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Betsy Foxman
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel W McNeil
- Department of Community Dentistry and Behavioral Science, College of Dentistry, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Sciences, School of Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of PittsburghPittsburgh, PA, USA
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Chisini LA, Varella de Carvalho R, Dos Santos Costa F, Salvi LC, Demarco FF, Britto Correa M. Genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the pathway of saliva and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BIOFOULING 2023; 39:8-23. [PMID: 36644905 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2162891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), related to genes in salivary composition and flow, on dental caries experience. Sixteen studies were included in the systematic review and ten in the meta-analysis. Forty-four SNPS, covering four genes (CA6, AQP2, AQP5, and MUC5B) were identified. Most of the SNPs were not associated with caries in meta-analysis. Homozygous TT genotype of the SNP CA6 rs17032907(C/T) was associated with caries [OR = 3.23(1.39-7.49)]. The pool effect of the SNPs assessed in AQP5 was associated with a reduction in the likelihood of caries [OR = 0.75(0.59-0.95)]. Considering all SNPs of salivary composition and flow, the effect allele was associated with a 75% increase in the likelihood of caries [OR = 1.75(1.06-2.89)] in the homozygous genotype. The present findings showed that the genes in salivary composition and flow can play an important role in dental caries experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Alexandre Chisini
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Varella de Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Luana Carla Salvi
- Graduate Program in Biology, University of Vale do Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Flávio Fernando Demarco
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcos Britto Correa
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Orlova E, Dudding T, Chernus JM, Alotaibi RN, Haworth S, Crout RJ, Lee MK, Mukhopadhyay N, Feingold E, Levy SM, McNeil DW, Foxman B, Weyant RJ, Timpson NJ, Marazita ML, Shaffer JR. Association of Early Childhood Caries with Bitter Taste Receptors: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies and Transcriptome-Wide Association Study. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:59. [PMID: 36672800 PMCID: PMC9858612 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genetics affects early childhood caries (ECC) risk, few studies have focused on finding its specific genetic determinants. Here, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in five cohorts of children (aged up to 5 years, total N = 2974, cohorts: Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia cohorts one and two [COHRA1, COHRA2], Iowa Fluoride Study, Iowa Head Start, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children [ALSPAC]) aiming to identify genes with potential roles in ECC biology. We meta-analyzed the GWASs testing ~3.9 million genetic variants and found suggestive evidence for association at genetic regions previously associated with caries in primary and permanent dentition, including the β-defensin anti-microbial proteins. We then integrated the meta-analysis results with gene expression data in a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS). This approach identified four genes whose genetically predicted expression was associated with ECC (p-values < 3.09 × 10−6; CDH17, TAS2R43, SMIM10L1, TAS2R14). Some of the strongest associations were with genes encoding members of the bitter taste receptor family (TAS2R); other members of this family have previously been associated with caries. Of note, we identified the receptor encoded by TAS2R14, which stimulates innate immunity and anti-microbial defense in response to molecules released by the cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus. These findings provide insight into ECC genetic architecture, underscore the importance of host-microbial interaction in caries risk, and identify novel risk genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Orlova
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Tom Dudding
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK
| | - Jonathan M. Chernus
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Rasha N. Alotaibi
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simon Haworth
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK
| | - Richard J. Crout
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Myoung Keun Lee
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Nandita Mukhopadhyay
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Steven M. Levy
- Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Daniel W. McNeil
- Department of Psychology & Department of Dental Public Health and Professional Practice, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Betsy Foxman
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert J. Weyant
- Dental Public Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1QU, UK
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - John R. Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Carruthers M, Edgley DE, Saxon AD, Gabagambi NP, Shechonge A, Miska EA, Durbin R, Bridle JR, Turner GF, Genner MJ. Ecological Speciation Promoted by Divergent Regulation of Functional Genes Within African Cichlid Fishes. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msac251. [PMID: 36376993 PMCID: PMC10101686 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid ecological speciation along depth gradients has taken place repeatedly in freshwater fishes, yet molecular mechanisms facilitating such diversification are typically unclear. In Lake Masoko, an African crater lake, the cichlid Astatotilapia calliptera has diverged into shallow-littoral and deep-benthic ecomorphs with strikingly different jaw structures within the last 1,000 years. Using genome-wide transcriptome data, we explore two major regulatory transcriptional mechanisms, expression and splicing-QTL variants, and examine their contributions to differential gene expression underpinning functional phenotypes. We identified 7,550 genes with significant differential expression between ecomorphs, of which 5.4% were regulated by cis-regulatory expression QTLs, and 9.2% were regulated by cis-regulatory splicing QTLs. We also found strong signals of divergent selection on differentially expressed genes associated with craniofacial development. These results suggest that large-scale transcriptome modification plays an important role during early-stage speciation. We conclude that regulatory variants are important targets of selection driving ecologically relevant divergence in gene expression during adaptive diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Carruthers
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol,
Bristol BS8 1TQ, United
Kingdom
| | - Duncan E Edgley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol,
Bristol BS8 1TQ, United
Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Saxon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol,
Bristol BS8 1TQ, United
Kingdom
| | - Nestory P Gabagambi
- Tanzanian Fisheries Research Institute, Kyela Research
Centre, P.O. Box 98, Kyela, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Asilatu Shechonge
- Tanzanian Fisheries Research Institute, Dar es Salaam Research
Centre, P.O. Box 9750, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eric A Miska
- Wellcome/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge CB2 1QN, United
Kingdom
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge CB2 3EH, United
Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Durbin
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge,
Cambridge CB2 3EH, United
Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus,
Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Jon R Bridle
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol,
Bristol BS8 1TQ, United
Kingdom
| | - George F Turner
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University,
Bangor, Wales LL57 2UW, United
Kingdom
| | - Martin J Genner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol,
Bristol BS8 1TQ, United
Kingdom
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Sudi SM, Kabbashi S, Roomaney IA, Aborass M, Chetty M. The genetic determinants of oral diseases in Africa: The gaps should be filled. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:1017276. [PMID: 36304994 PMCID: PMC9593064 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.1017276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral diseases are a major health concern and are among the most prevalent diseases globally. This problem is becoming more prominent in the rapidly growing populations of Africa. It is well documented that Africa exhibits the most diverse genetic make-up in the world. However, little work has been conducted to understand the genetic basis of oral diseases in Africans. Oral health is often neglected and receives low prioritisation from funders and governments. The genetic determinants of highly prevalent oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disease, and regionally prevalent conditions such as oral cancer and NOMA, are largely under-researched areas despite numerous articles alluding to a high burden of these diseases in African populations. Therefore, this review aims to shed light on the significant gaps in research on the genetic and genomic aspects of oral diseases in African populations and highlights the urgent need for evidence-based dentistry, in tandem with the development of the dentist/scientist workforce.
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Wu D, Li C, Lu Q. Multi-marker genetic association and interaction tests with interval-censored survival outcomes. Genet Epidemiol 2021; 45:860-873. [PMID: 34472134 PMCID: PMC8604754 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The development of set-based genetic-survival association tests has been focusing on right-censored survival outcomes. However, interval-censored failure time data arise widely from health science studies, especially those on the development of chronic diseases. In this paper, we proposed a suite of set-based genetic association and interaction tests for interval-censored survival outcomes under a unified weighted-V-statistic framework. Besides dealing with interval censoring, the new tests can account for genetic effect heterogeneity and accommodate left truncation of survival outcomes. Simulation studies showed that the new tests perform well in terms of size and power under various scenarios and that the new interaction test is more powerful than the standard likelihood ratio test for testing gene-gene/gene-environment interactions. The practical utility of the developed tests was illustrated by a genome-wide association study of age to early childhood caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Chenxi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Olatosi OO, Li M, Alade AA, Oyapero A, Busch T, Pape J, Olotu J, Awotoye W, Hassan M, Adeleke C, Adeyemo WL, Sote EO, Shaffer JR, Marazita M, Butali A. Replication of GWAS significant loci in a sub-Saharan African Cohort with early childhood caries: a pilot study. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:274. [PMID: 34016088 PMCID: PMC8139096 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood caries (ECC) is a rapidly progressing form of dental infection and a significant public health problem, especially among socially and economically disadvantaged populations. This study aimed to assess the risk factors for ECC among a cohort of Sub-Saharan African children and to determine the role of genetics in the etiology of ECC. METHODS A sample of 691 children (338 with ECC, 353 without ECC, age < 6 years) was recruited from schools in Lagos, Nigeria. Socio-demographic, dental services utilization and infant dietary data were obtained with interviewer-administered questionnaire. Oral examination was conducted using the WHO oral health diagnostic criteria. Saliva samples were collected from the children for genetic analysis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected from previous study for genotyping. Genetic association analyses to investigate the role of genetics in the etiology of ECC was done. Bivariate comparisons and Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess associations between ECC and predictor variables, p < 0.05. RESULTS Of the 338 children with ECC, 64 (18.9%) had Severe-Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC). Children aged 48-59 months comprised the highest proportion of subjects with ECC (165; 48.8%) and S-ECC (24; 37.5%) while female subjects had higher dt (3.13 ± 2.56) and dmft values 3.27 ± 2.64. ECC was significantly more prevalent among children who were breastfed at night ≥ 12 months (OR 3.30; CI 0.39, 4.75), those with no previous dental visit (OR 1.71; CI 0.24, 2.77), those who used sweetened pacifiers (OR 1.85; CI 0.91, 3.79) and those who daily consumed sugar-sweetened drinks/snacks (OR 1.35; CI 0.09, 18.51). A suggestive increased risk for ECC (OR 1.26, p = 0. 0.0397) was observed for the genetic variant rs11239282 on chromosome 10. We also observed a suggestive reduced risk for ECC (OR 0.80, p = 0.03) for the rs131777 on chromosome 22. None of the genetic variants were significant after correction for multiple testing (Bonferroni p value p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Prolonged night-time breastfeeding, poor utilization of dental services and daily consumption of sugar were risk factors for ECC. Larger sample size is needed to confirm the results of the genetic analysis and to conduct genome wide studies in order to discover new risk loci for ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubukola O Olatosi
- Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - Mary Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City , USA
| | - Azeez A Alade
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City , USA
- Iowa Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Afolabi Oyapero
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tamara Busch
- Iowa Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John Pape
- Iowa Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joy Olotu
- Department of Anatomy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Waheed Awotoye
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City , USA
- Iowa Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mohaned Hassan
- Iowa Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Chinyere Adeleke
- Iowa Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wasiu L Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth O Sote
- Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - John R Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mary Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City , USA
- Iowa Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Stangvaltaite-Mouhat L, Pūrienė A, Aleksejūnienė J, Stankeviciene I, Tommeras B, Al-Haroni M. Amylase Alpha 1 Gene (AMY1) Copy Number Variation and Dental Caries Experience: A Pilot Study among Adults in Lithuania. Caries Res 2021; 55:174-182. [PMID: 33735865 DOI: 10.1159/000514667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetic biomarkers have the potential to be used in personalised dentistry for improved prevention and decision-making in caries management. The amylase alpha 1 gene (AMY1) encodes salivary α-amylase and may be one such biomarker. We examined the association between AMY1 copy number variation (CNV) and dental caries experience in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS A stratified random sample of 193 participants from the Lithuanian National Oral Health Survey (LNOHS) agreed to provide saliva samples and were included in this analysis (age 35-44 years; participation rate 43%). Information on socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics was taken from the LNHOS, which used the self-administered World Health Organisation (WHO) questionnaire. Data on fluoride levels in drinking water at the recruitment areas was recorded based on information provided by water suppliers. Dental caries experience was recorded at a surface level (smooth-surface and occlusal-surface decayed, missing, filled surfaces [D3MFS] score) by one trained and calibrated examiner using WHO criteria, and subsequently dichotomised for the statistical analyses. DNA extracted from saliva samples was used to investigate AMY1 CNV using the QX200 droplet digital PCR system. Bivariate and multivariable statistical analyses were employed. RESULTS When compared to participants with an AMY1 copy number (CN) of 2-3, higher odds of smooth-surface D3MFS >14 was observed for participants with a CN of 4-5 (OR 13.3, 95% CI 2.1-86.3), 6-9 (OR 7.0, 95% CI 1.4-34.1), and 10-16 (OR 5.8, 95% CI 1.2-32.2). Female sex was independently associated with a smooth-surface D3MFS >14 (OR 5.7, 95% CI 1.9-17.2). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated an association between AMY1 CNV and high smooth-surface caries experience. Studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Stangvaltaite-Mouhat
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway, .,Oral Health Centre of Expertise in Eastern Norway, Oslo, Norway,
| | - Alina Pūrienė
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jolanta Aleksejūnienė
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Indre Stankeviciene
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Berit Tommeras
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mohammed Al-Haroni
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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