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O’Shea B, Feicht R, Brown M, Numer M. Rethinking sexual violence labels: exploring the impact of 'victim' and 'survivor' discourse. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2296329. [PMID: 38180041 PMCID: PMC10773659 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2296329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Universities' responses to sexual violence have faced scrutiny for their lack of proactiveness and their failure to address campus socio-cultural norms that contribute to rape myth acceptance. The labels victim and survivor play a crucial role in shaping attitudes toward sexual violence, but there is limited research on how university students perceive these labels.Objective: This paper explores sexual violence labels and their role in perpetuating rape culture. Undergraduate university students' beliefs on using the label survivor instead of victim to describe someone who has experienced sexual violence were examined to consider how these labels create societal discourse on sexual violence.Method: The study draws on qualitative data collected from undergraduate students in Canada and the United States through open-response questions in an interactive textbook. Data were analysed and interpreted using a multi-method approach that combined principles of Critical Discourse Analysis and Feminist Poststructuralism. Direct quotes and word clouds from participants' responses are used as evidence and to visually display discourse.Results: Findings revealed that participants recognised the negative societal discourses associated with the label victim and supported using survivor to challenge perceptions of sexual violence. Despite this, participants expressed hesitancy to adopt the label survivor because of the potential negative implications, such as the label promoting the allocation of individual blame, increasing barriers to justice, and reducing the perceived severity of sexual violence.Conclusions: This study underscores the complexities of sexual violence labels, the influence of language in shaping societal perceptions, and the need for a more comprehensive and equitable approach to responding to sexual violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany O’Shea
- Faculty of Health, Department of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Rebecca Feicht
- Faculty of Health, Department of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Marion Brown
- Faculty of Health, Department of Social Work, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Matthew Numer
- Faculty of Health, Department of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Compton SD, Odoi A, Dickson K, Darteh EKM, Munro-Kramer ML. Measuring Sexual and Gender-Based Violence at the University of Cape Coast: Developing and Deploying a Campus Climate Survey. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2024; 20:53-65. [PMID: 37976070 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is a global public health crisis, impacting university youth around the world. The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) determine the best methodology for conducting a campus climate survey at the University of Cape Coast (UCC) in Ghana and (b) gather data on SGBV knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors from a representative sample of students. METHODS This descriptive study included three phases: (a) develop a campus climate survey unique to UCC, (b) develop a sampling methodology, and (c) deploy the first ever campus climate survey at UCC. RESULTS A 71-item survey was developed and then administered via a student portal to 2,000 students. Of those students, 1,381 (69.1%) responded. Although most students (63.2%) know the university has a sexual harassment policy, fewer have seen it (25.9%) or read it (22.3%). Students held generally positive views of how the university would respond to reports of sexual harassment, although 50.2% of participants believed the reporter would be labeled a troublemaker. More participants reported seeking and giving verbal than nonverbal consent, and more men than women reported both seeking and giving verbal consent. More men than women reported they "always" sought verbal consent (61.2% vs. 47.7%, p = 0.001). Most students ( n = 316, 56.5%) sought verbal consent all of the time, and an additional 99 (17.7%) sought it most of the time. CONCLUSIONS Accurate data about students' knowledge, attitudes, and experiences with SGBV policy, prevention, and response are needed globally to better inform locally appropriate practices. POTENTIAL IMPACT OF CAMPUS INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AND SEXUAL ASSAULT ON FORENSIC NURSING Forensic nursing is currently localized in high-income countries. University students' knowledge, attitudes, and experiences with SGBV can support the expansion of forensic nursing research and practice to low- and middle-income countries.
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Wellum AK, Ramaekers RMD, Schepers J, Welie JVM, Lange G, Hurks PM. Prevalence Rate and Risk Factors of Sexual Assault Among University Students in the Netherlands. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:12210-12232. [PMID: 37609758 PMCID: PMC10619186 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231192849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
This research documents the prevalence rate and demographic risk factors for sexual assault among undergraduate and graduate students enrolled at a Dutch university. The present study used a sample of N = 2,887 students who filled in responses to a campus climate survey about students' experiences with sexual assault and diverse demographic variables. Results showed that approximately one in four students (25.3%) experience non-consensual sexual touching, and almost one in ten are raped (9.2%). Next, to examine the effects of demographic factors and their interactions on sexual assault, the dataset was divided randomly into two subsamples. Exploratory multiple regression analyses were conducted on the first subsample and confirmatory multiple regression analyses on the second. Variables that increased odds for unwanted sexual touching, rape, and any type of sexual assault were gender; being a member of a student or a study association; having a disability; and being in a relationship (in this context, "any type of sexual assault" refers to any incident that included unwanted touching, attempted rape, or rape). LGBQ+ sexual orientation was significant for any kind of sexual assault and for rape; and being a member of a sport association was significant for any kind of sexual assault and for sexual touching.
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Machisa MT, Mahlangu P, Chirwa E, Nunze N, Sikweyiya Y, Dartnall E, Pillay M, Jewkes R. Ntombi Vimbela! Sexual violence risk reduction intervention: pre and one-year post assessments from a single arm pilot feasibility study among female students in South Africa. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1242. [PMID: 37370055 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extremely high prevalence of sexual violence victimisation reported among female students in South African public higher education demands urgent action to develop, rigorously evaluate and scale effective prevention interventions. This article details findings from a pilot feasibility study of Ntombi Vimbela! a campus sexual violence risk reduction intervention developed to tackle the high burden of sexual violence in higher education institutions in South Africa. METHODS Ntombi Vimbela! (NV!) is a sexual violence risk reduction intervention that comprises sexuality empowerment, gender and social norm change, early-risk identification, self-defence, resistance and mental wellbeing components. NV! is comprised of ten workshop sessions running for 3.5 h each. Workshops are co-delivered by two trained peer facilitators per group of at most 20 first-year female students. One-year post-intervention quantitative outcome assessments were remotely completed by 98 participants who participated in the NV! pilot workshops. Qualitative assessments were conducted with 35 participants through in-depth telephone interviews (IDTIs). FINDINGS One year after attending NV! workshops, most participants reported improved awareness of sexual rights, assertive communication, shifts in gender equitable beliefs, reductions in rape myth acceptance, improved expressed sexual relationship power sexual decision-making, and improved negotiation within their intimate relationships. Participants' depressive symptoms also significantly decreased. Many participants improved awareness of sexual assault risk and vigilance, including using self-protection strategies such as removing themselves from environments where alcohol intoxication posed sexual assault risks. Some participants used assertive communication to withstand peer pressure to engage in risky sexual behaviours. Most participants scored highly on the self-defence efficacy scale. Some participants were exposed to and successful in using verbal and physical resistance strategies in potential sexual assault risky situations. CONCLUSION These findings indicate the potential beneficial effects of NV! as a campus sexual violence risk reduction intervention at one-year post-intervention, which must be evaluated in a future rigorous randomised control trial. PILOT TRIAL REGISTERED AT ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04607564 on 29/10/2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercilene Tanyaradzwa Machisa
- South African Medical Research Council Gender and Health Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Pinky Mahlangu
- South African Medical Research Council Gender and Health Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Esnat Chirwa
- South African Medical Research Council Gender and Health Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ncediswa Nunze
- South African Medical Research Council Gender and Health Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yandisa Sikweyiya
- South African Medical Research Council Gender and Health Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Managa Pillay
- Department of Basic Education, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rachel Jewkes
- South African Medical Research Council Gender and Health Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Salazar LF, Schipani-McLaughlin AM, Sebeh Y, Nizam Z, Hayat M. A Web-Based Sexual Violence, Alcohol Misuse, and Bystander Intervention Program for College Women (RealConsent): Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e43740. [PMID: 37342080 DOI: 10.2196/43740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexual violence (SV) incidence among college women has been invariant for the past 20 years. Innovative prevention strategies that are low resource and technology driven but demonstrate efficacy are greatly needed. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a novel theoretically driven internet-based intervention for first-year college students who identify as women (RealConsent) in reducing their risk of exposure to SV and alcohol misuse as well as increasing alcohol protective and bystander behaviors. METHODS This randomized controlled trial involved first-year college students who identified as women (n=881) attending 1 of 3 universities in the southeastern United States. Participants aged 18 to 20 years were randomized to RealConsent (444/881, 50.4%) or to an attention-matched placebo control (437/881, 49.6%). RealConsent is fully automated and consists of four 45-minute modules that incorporate entertainment-education media and proven behavior change techniques. The primary outcome was exposure to SV; the secondary outcomes were alcohol protective behaviors, dating risk behaviors, alcohol misuse, and bystander behavior. Study outcomes were assessed at baseline and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS Among participants with some exposure to SV, those in the RealConsent group experienced less exposure to SV than the placebo group (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.48, 95% CI 0.33-0.69; P=.002). Furthermore, participants in the RealConsent group engaged in more alcohol protective behaviors (adjusted odds ratio 1.17, 95% CI 0.12-2.22; P=.03) and were less likely to binge drink (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.81, 95% CI 0.67-0.97; P=.003). Finally, participants in the RealConsent group who had 100% dosage were more likely to engage in bystander behavior than those with <100% dosage plus placebo group (adjusted odds ratio 1.72, 95% CI 1.17-2.55; P=.006). CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive exposure to SV, alcohol use, and bystander educational program was successful in decreasing the occurrence of exposure to SV among those most at risk and in increasing alcohol protective behaviors. Because of its web-based and mobile technologies, RealConsent can be easily disseminated and holds potential for reducing campus SV. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03726437; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03726437.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Francisca Salazar
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Anne Marie Schipani-McLaughlin
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yesser Sebeh
- Department Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zainab Nizam
- Department of Health Policy and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Matt Hayat
- Department Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Compton SD, Darteh EKM, Seidu AA, Omolo T, Munro-Kramer ML. Danger and sexuality: exploring negotiations in romantic and sexual relationships among university students in Ghana. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2023; 25:428-443. [PMID: 35311488 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2022.2050425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gender inequalities and social mores normalise gender-based violence in many settings. The goal of this study was to gain a more in-depth understanding of romantic and sexual relationships, consent, and gender-based violence among university students in Ghana. We used focus group discussions to explore individual factors influencing romantic and sexual relationships among students enrolled at a university in the Central Region of the country to inform the development and tailoring of future interventions. During a series of four focus group discussions comprising students recruited via convenience and snowball sampling, participants were asked to reflect on the nature of their romantic and sexual relationships. Demographic data and experiences of gender-based violence were also collected. The focus groups discussions were recorded and transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Five themes were developed from the data: (1) traditional gender roles; (2) self-control; (3) relationship-based consent; (4) cheating; and (5) non-verbal communication. This study suggests negative health and social ramifications of violence will continue until there is a resolution of conflicting social norms that result in different expectations about how men and women can address their sexual needs. Future programming and interventions for gender-based violence prevention should reflect on their impact across all ecological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Compton
- Department of OB/GYN, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eugene K M Darteh
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Abdul-Aziz Seidu
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Services, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Tanya Omolo
- School of Social Work & Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Díaz Olavarrieta C, Villa AR, Guerrero López B, Vargas Huicochea I, García-Medina S, Aburto Arciniega M, Alonso Catalán M, Fajardo Dolci GE, Medina-Mora Icaza ME. Dating Violence among Undergraduate Medical Students at a Public University in Mexico City: An Exploratory Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3104. [PMID: 36833800 PMCID: PMC9963753 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gender-based violence (GBV) and cyber-aggression are growing problems in Mexico, but there is a dearth of information on their associated risks. We aimed to determine the prevalence of dating violence (DV) and cyber-aggression in a public campus and compared students' acceptability of abusive DV based on their sex and sexual orientation. We employed a cross-sectional design to survey 964 first-year medical students attending a public university. We analyzed who found "acceptable" abusive behaviors from a dating partner and carried out descriptive analyses of sample characteristics by sex. We included 633 women and 331 men. Homosexual and bisexual orientation was lower among women (1.5%, 4.8%) vs. men (16.9%, 7.2%). Of women and men, respectively, 64.2% and 35.8% reported having been in a dating relationship. Experiencing abusive behaviors in the year prior to the study was associated with students' level of "acceptability". A total of 43.5% of the students who experienced cyber-aggression did not report any mental health consequences, 32.6% did not seek professional help, and 17.4% reported feeling depressed. Students that accepted emotionally abusive DV behaviors displayed a fourfold risk of experiencing physical abuse. Women and sexual minorities are more at risk of experiencing GBV and DV. More male students reported being victims of cyber-aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Díaz Olavarrieta
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Ave. Universidad, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Antonio Rafael Villa
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Ave. Universidad, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Benjamin Guerrero López
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Ave. Universidad, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ingrid Vargas Huicochea
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Ave. Universidad, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Sandra García-Medina
- National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Prolongación de Carpio y, Plan de Ayala Street, Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Monica Aburto Arciniega
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Ave. Universidad, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - María Alonso Catalán
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Ave. Universidad, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Germán E. Fajardo Dolci
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Ave. Universidad, Copilco Universidad, Coyoacán, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Ma. Elena Medina-Mora Icaza
- Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Circuito Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- National Institute of Psychiatry, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City 14370, Mexico
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Baltazar-Meza CY, Pérez-Camborda BDR, Solis-Mandujano DY, Huamán De La Cruz AR. Violence forms among university students from Junin Región, Perú. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 2023; 22:414-420. [PMID: 36753240 DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v22n4.87379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association among six forms of violence and their levels among Peruvian university students from a public University in Peru's Junin region. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study of students of both sexes from the Faculty of Education. Sampling comprised 961 voluntary students (629 females and 332 males) studying in the education faculty from the National University of Center of Perú. Data were collected in the period July-December 2019 using the Domestic Violence Measurements Scale (VIFJ4), which assessed six forms of violence (physical, psychological, sexual, social, patrimonial, and gender). These variables were assessed through three levels of violence (mild, moderate, and severe). RESULTS All student felt violence in their six forms. A higher percentage of violence was found in females than males. According severe level the forms of violence were ordered as follow: physical > psychological > patrimonial > social > gender. For moderate level: social > sexual > physical > gender > patrimonial > psychological, and mild level: psychological > patrimonial > gender > social > physical > sexual. CONCLUSION It was confirmed that there are different forms of violence and their levels in both males and females. This knowledge will serve as a basis for the development and implementation of educational programs that help university students to establish adequate behavior and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Y Baltazar-Meza
- CB: Lic. Pedagogía y Humanidades. Ph. D. Psicología Educacional y Tutorial, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Facultad de educación. Huancayo, Perú.
| | - Belén Del Rosario Pérez-Camborda
- BP: Lic. Psicología. M. Sc. Psicología Infantil y del Adolescente, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Facultad de educación. Huancayo, Perú.
| | - Dany Y Solis-Mandujano
- DS: Lic. Educación. Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú. I.E. Colegio Ágora-Huancavelica. Ágora, Perú. Docente.
| | - Alex R Huamán De La Cruz
- AH: IQ. Ph. D. Química, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Perú. Instituto General de Investigación, Huancayo, Perú.
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Mahlangu P, Machisa M, Sikweyiya Y, Nunze N, Dartnall E, Pillay M, Jewkes R. Preliminary evidence of promise of a sexual violence risk reduction intervention for female students in South African tertiary education institutions. Glob Public Health 2022; 17:2720-2736. [PMID: 34775925 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1998574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Campus sexual violence risk reduction and resistance interventions have been developed and tested among female students in the global North and proven effective. Evidence-based interventions to prevent sexual violence tested amongst female students in the global South and in South African campuses are lacking. We present preliminary evidence of promise of Ntombi Vimbela! (NV!), a sexual violence prevention intervention piloted amongst first year female students in eight purposively selected campuses in South Africa. Focus group discussions were conducted with 118 female students who participated in NV! workshops. Most students found the content of NV! relevant and reported having experienced its positive effects. They perceived that NV! empowered them with skills to assess and deal with sexual assault risky situations. NV! changed their attitudes and beliefs about gender, shifted their acceptance of rape myths and beliefs, improved communication skills, enhanced self-esteem, and confidence to defend oneself in risky sexual assault situations. Few participants were unsure whether they will be able to use the skill in real life. These findings indicate a range of short-term positive outcomes which we anticipate would reduce the risk of sexual assault among first year female students. This suggests that NV! should be subject to further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Mahlangu
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mercilene Machisa
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yandisa Sikweyiya
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ncediswa Nunze
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | | | - Managa Pillay
- Department of Basic Education, Care Support Services, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rachel Jewkes
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Champion A, Oswald F, Pedersen CL. Forcible, Substance-facilitated, and Incapacitated Sexual Assault Among University Women: A Canadian Sample. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP11198-NP11222. [PMID: 33541214 PMCID: PMC9251737 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521991297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the frequency of sexual assault experiences in a sample of university women to understand the conditions under which sexual assault occurs, and compare alcohol and drug consumption patterns on the likelihood of experiencing sexual victimization. While patterns of victimization have been examined in American contexts, research on contemporary Canadian contexts is scant at present. We found that roughly 58% of the 377 university women in our sample attending one of three large Western Canadian universities in British Columbia reported having been sexually assaulted. These women reported a total of 528 incidents of sexual assault, with 56% of these involving substance-related nonpenetrative sex acts; 312 incidents were substance-related and 216 involved forcible sexual assault. The likelihood of sexual assault victimization was the highest among participants who identified as a sexual minority, consumed marijuana, and reported greater severity of recent alcohol consumption. The present research aims to inform sexual assault prevention and education efforts to reduce occurrences of victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flora Oswald
- Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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11
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Garrido-Macías M, Valor-Segura I, Expósito F. Women's Experience of Sexual Coercion and Reactions to Intimate Partner Sexual Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP8965-NP8988. [PMID: 33307951 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520980394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexual coercion is one of the most subtle manifestations of gender-based violence and may profoundly affect victims' sexuality. This research analyzed the association of previous experiences of sexual coercion by an intimate partner (intimate partner sexual coercion [IPSC]) with women's reactions and responses to a scenario of sexual violence. Female college undergraduates (N = 207) completed a computer task in which they watched a video about a couple that ended in a woman having unwanted sex with her male partner. Participants answered several questions about tolerance (risk recognition, risk response, delays in behavioral response, and probability of leaving the relationship). They also responded about their level of commitment to their current partner, as well as their previous experience of sexual coercion. Results showed no differences between victims and nonvictims on the time they took to perceive the situation of sexual violence as threatening (risk recognition). However, victims of current sexual coercion took more time deciding to leave the abusive situation of the video (risk response), required a greater time lag between risk recognition and risk response, and they would be less likely to leave the relationship than victims of past sexual coercion and nonvictims. Finally, commitment predicted later risk recognition and risk response only for victims of past sexual coercion. Overall, the results suggested that previous sexual coercion by an intimate partner and being committed to the relationship may be risk factors associated with the increase of women's tolerance toward situations involving the risk of sexual victimization.
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12
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da Costa EL, Faúndes A, Nunes R. The association between victim-offender relationship and the age of children and adolescents who suffer sexual violence: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2022; 98:310-315. [PMID: 34469770 PMCID: PMC9432057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sexual violence is a problem that affects children and adolescents regardless of social class, age, origin, religion, education level, marital status, race, or sexual orientation. This study aimed to analyze the associations between victim-offender relationships and the victim's age in cases of sexual violence involving female victims. METHODS This cross-sectional, retrospective observational study used data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health's Department of Public Health Surveillance in Brasília regarding the reportable crime of rape as informed by female victims in the Federal District between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2018. The age of the victim was classified as <15 years or 15-19 years. The offenders were classified into eight different categories according to their relationship with the victim: father, stepfather, brother, husband, boyfriend, friend, stranger, and others. The association between the victim-offender relationship and the victim's age was assessed. RESULTS Overall, there were 4,617 reported cases of sexual violence, with 78.3% of these (n = 3614) corresponding to children under 15 and 21.7% to adolescents 15-19 years old (n = 1003). Close relatives, including brothers, and friends were the main perpetrators in cases of girls < 15 years old. Strangers and friends were the principal perpetrators in the group of girls 15-19 years old. CONCLUSIONS Children under 15 are the group most affected by sexual violence. Strategies must be developed to prevent the sexual abuse of children and adolescents and to facilitate the rehabilitation of victimized children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaldo Lima da Costa
- Universidade do Porto/Conselho Federal de Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Porto, Portugal
| | - Anibal Faúndes
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas em Saúde Reprodutiva de Campinas (CEMICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rui Nunes
- Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Medicina, Porto, Portugal
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Carter A, Gormley B, Muchenje M, Zhu D, Patterson S, Kestler M, Hankins C, Logie CH, Brotto LA, Tharao W, Lee M, Li J, Ding E, de Pokomandy A, Loutfy M, Kaida A. Prevalence and correlates of sexual concerns and associated distress among women living with HIV in Canada. WOMEN'S HEALTH 2022; 18:17455065221074877. [PMID: 35088623 PMCID: PMC8801632 DOI: 10.1177/17455065221074877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: We assessed the prevalence and correlates of sexual concerns and associated distress among women living with HIV in Canada. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional survey data from the Canadian HIV Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Cohort Study (2017–2018). Self-identified women living with HIV were asked about sexual concerns post-HIV diagnosis and associated distress (none, mild, moderate, severe). Five areas of concern were assessed, including difficulties related to sexual self-esteem, sexual function, relationships, and emotional and behavioral aspects of sex. Logistic regression analyses identified correlates of reporting any sexual concerns and severe distress about these concerns. Results: Of 906 participants (median age 48, Q1–Q3 = 41–55), 596 (65.8%) reported sexual concerns post-HIV diagnosis. We found a high prevalence of concerns related to relationships (43.3%), sexual self-esteem (49.4%), and emotional aspects of sex (45.4%), relative to sexual functioning (38.4%) and behavioral aspects (33.7%). Of those with sexual concerns, 36.7% reported severe distress. Reports of severe distress were the highest for relationship difficulties (32.5%), relative to other areas of concern (21.4%–22.8%). In adjusted analyses, women reporting sexual dissatisfaction and high HIV-related stigma had significantly higher odds of reporting sexual concerns. Conversely, those reporting higher resilience, better mental health, African, Caribbean, and Black identity, and sex as somewhat unimportant, not at all important, or neutral to their lives had lower adjusted odds. Factors associated with severe distress about sexual concerns included older age, body dissatisfaction, sexual dissatisfaction, and high HIV-related stigma, while better mental health and getting support from someone living with HIV were protective. While 84.4% of women had discussed with a provider how viral load impacts transmission risk, only 40.6% had conversations about sexual wellbeing. Conclusion: More attention to women’s sexual wellbeing within social and relational contexts is critical to ensure the sexual rights of women living with HIV are upheld.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Carter
- Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Human Rights Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Becky Gormley
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marvelous Muchenje
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Denise Zhu
- Faculty of Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sophie Patterson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Mary Kestler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Oak Tree Clinic, British Columbia Women’s Hospital and Healthcare Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catherine Hankins
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Carmen H Logie
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lori A Brotto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Women’s Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Melanie Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Jenny Li
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erin Ding
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Mona Loutfy
- Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angela Kaida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Women’s Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Ganson KT, O'Connor J, Benabou SE, Nagata JM. Associations between interpersonal violence victimisation and concussions among US college students. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:175-183. [PMID: 33825248 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interpersonal violence is common on college campuses and is associated with many adverse health outcomes; however, it remains unknown whether experiencing interpersonal violence victimisation is associated with concussions. The aim of this study was to estimate the associations between interpersonal violence, including emotional abuse, physical abuse and sexual assault, and concussions among a large, diverse sample of college students. We analysed cross-sectional data from the 2018-2019 national (US) Healthy Minds Study (N = 1,478). Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the association between interpersonal violence victimisation (any violence victimisation, emotional abuse, physical abuse and sexual assault) and concussion history (any concussion, diagnosed concussion and undiagnosed concussion), while adjusting for potential confounders. Analyses were conducted among the overall sample and separately by male and female participants. Results showed patterns of significant associations between interpersonal violence victimisation and concussions among the overall sample and among male and female participants. Among the overall sample, any interpersonal violence victimisation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.88), emotional abuse (AOR 1.36, 95% CI 1.06-1.76), physical abuse (AOR 1.61, 95% CI 1.07-2.44) and sexual assault (AOR 2.17, 95% CI 1.44-3.26) were associated with higher odds of any concussion history. Sexual assault victimisation had the strongest association with any concussion history among male (AOR 1.96, 95% CI 1.04-3.71) and female (AOR 2.96, 95% CI 1.62-5.43) participants. These results expand on prior interpersonal violence and concussion research by showing an association with multiple victimisation measures among a large and diverse sample of college students. Medical professionals should screen for concussions among college students who experience emotional abuse, physical abuse and sexual assault to provide appropriate guidance. Information on the symptoms of concussions should be incorporated into campus violence awareness and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia O'Connor
- School of Social Work, College of Health Professions and Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Samuel E Benabou
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Machisa MT, Chirwa ED, Mahlangu P, Sikweyiya Y, Nunze N, Dartnall E, Pillay M, Jewkes R. Factors associated with female students' past year experience of sexual violence in South African public higher education settings: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260886. [PMID: 34855900 PMCID: PMC8639100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner sexual violence and non-partner rape experiences are widely reported by female students in South African higher education institutions, as they are globally. However, limited research has focused on investigating vulnerability factors, which is vital for informing interventions. OBJECTIVE To describe the factors and inter-relationships associated with female students' increased vulnerability to past year experience of partner sexual violence and non-partner rape in South African higher education settings. METHODS We interviewed 1293 female students, i.e., 519 students in six Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) college campuses and 774 students at three university campuses. Participants were volunteers aged 18-30. The measured vulnerability factors included childhood sexual abuse, other trauma, mental ill-health, risky sexual behaviours, food insecurity, partner violence, and controlling behaviours. We used bivariate analysis, logistic regression, and structural equation modelling methods. RESULTS Twenty percent of participants experienced past-year sexual violence (17% partner sexual violence and 7.5% non-partner rape). Childhood sexual abuse had direct effects on experiencing past year sexual violence and physical, emotional partner violence or controlling behaviours. Risky sexual behaviours mediated the relationships of childhood sexual abuse or harmful alcohol use and past-year sexual violence experience. Mental ill-health mediated the relationships between childhood sexual abuse, other traumatic exposures, food insecurity, physical, emotional partner violence or controlling behaviours, and past-year partner sexual violence or non-partner rape experience. CONCLUSIONS Risky sexual behaviours, gender inequitable relationship dynamics, mental ill-health, and food insecurity are related and amenable vulnerability factors associated with female students' sexual violence experiences. Therefore, addressing these through comprehensive campus interventions, which are implemented when students first enrol in higher education and are most vulnerable to sexual violence, is critical. Society-wide sexual violence prevention is also imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercilene T. Machisa
- South African Medical Research Council Gender and Health Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Esnat D. Chirwa
- South African Medical Research Council Gender and Health Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pinky Mahlangu
- South African Medical Research Council Gender and Health Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yandisa Sikweyiya
- South African Medical Research Council Gender and Health Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ncediswa Nunze
- South African Medical Research Council Gender and Health Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Managa Pillay
- Department of Basic Education, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rachel Jewkes
- South African Medical Research Council Gender and Health Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Fielding-Miller R, Shabalala F, Masuku S, Raj A. Epidemiology of Campus Sexual Assault Among University Women in Eswatini. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP11238-NP11263. [PMID: 31738110 PMCID: PMC7231640 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519888208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sexual assault on university campuses has attracted growing attention, but there is little data available on the scope of the problem in Southern Africa. We sought to measure the prevalence of campus sexual assault among female university students at the University of Eswatini and describe the experience of survivors using a mixed-methods study design. Women were randomly sampled from a list of all full-time female university students provided by the office of the registrar, and participants completed a brief behavioral survey in a private study office using a tablet with computer-assisted self-interview software. Women who indicated experiences of sexual violence during the survey were invited to self-identify themselves to study staff to participate in a follow-up qualitative interview. We measured sexual assault using the Sexual Experiences Survey-Short Form Version (SES-SFV). We found that women in University were over 6 times more likely to report forced or coerced sex in the previous 12 months than has been previously reported in the general population. Sixty percent of participants reported experiencing an attempted or completed sexual assault in their lifetime, and a total of 38% reported an assault in the past 12 months. The vast majority (93%) of assailants were known to their victim, and the majority (56%) of perpetrators were romantic partners. The majority of participants had never disclosed their assault, and victim blaming and stigma emerged as highly salient themes during in-depth qualitative interviews. Food insecurity, losing a parent before age 21, and hazardous drinking were all significantly associated with experiencing sexual assault in the previous 12 months, as was experiencing a previous assault before the age of 18. To our knowledge, this is the first generalizable study of campus sexual assault prevalence conducted in the Southern African region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sakhile Masuku
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eswatini, Mbabane, Eswatini
| | - Anita Raj
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, USA
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Norris AL, Carey KB, Shepardson RL, Carey MP. Sexual Revictimization in College Women: Mediational Analyses Testing Hypothesized Mechanisms for Sexual Coercion and Sexual Assault. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:6440-6465. [PMID: 30565482 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518817778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A precollege history of sexual victimization predicts revictimization during college, making it important to understand the mechanisms underlying the victimization-to-revictimization pathway. The study aimed to test whether heavy episodic drinking and personal and peer hookup norms mediate revictimization for two types of unwanted sexual contact: sexual coercion (attempted and/or completed sexual assault by the use of verbal coercion) and sexual assault (attempted and/or completed sexual assault by the use of force, threats, or incapacitation). At college entry, 483 first-year college women completed self-report measures of their precollege experiences, including history of sexual victimization and health behaviors (i.e., alcohol use, personal and peer hookup norms). At the end of the first and second semesters, they also completed measures assessing incident sexual victimization. Nearly one half of women (48%) reported an experience of attempted or completed sexual coercion or assault prior to entering college; 33% endorsed sexual coercion and 15% endorsed sexual assault in their first year of college. Structural equation models demonstrated that heavy episodic drinking and personal and peer hookup norms partially mediated revictimization for sexual assault, but not for sexual coercion. Sexual coercion was the most common tactic leading to unwanted sexual contact in this sample. Alcohol use and personal and peer hookup norms mediated revictimization by force, threats, or incapacitation. In contrast, the hypothesized mediators did not explain the revictimization pathway for verbally coerced assaults. Given the prevalence of sexual coercion, research needs to identify risk factors for verbal coercion to guide prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L Norris
- The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kate B Carey
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Michael P Carey
- The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Monaghan J, Steenbeek A, Snelgrove-Clarke E, Langille D. Self-rated health and health service use among bisexual female undergraduate students on Canadian Maritime campuses. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2019; 67:592-601. [PMID: 30388933 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1499653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To identify predicting factors for self-rated health and use of health services among undergraduate bisexual women in the Maritime Provinces, and improve knowledge on the health needs of this population. Participants: A sample of 357 undergraduate bisexual women who participated in the Maritime Undergraduate Student Sexual Health Services Survey (N = 10, 232) between September and November 2012. Methods: Guided by the Prince Edward Island Conceptual Model for Nursing, a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data was conducted using descriptive statistics and simple/multiple logistic regression models. Results: Logistic regression models revealed that self-rated health was significantly predicted by perceived social support (OR = 1.04), while health service use was significantly predicted by previous experience of forced sex (OR = 0.26). Conclusions: It is hopeful that these findings will support the development of inclusive health strategies that target bisexual women's psychosocial health needs on Maritime university campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Monaghan
- a School of Nursing, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Audrey Steenbeek
- b School of Nursing, Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | | | - Donald Langille
- c Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
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Senn CY, Eliasziw M, Hobden KL, Newby-Clark IR, Barata PC, Radtke HL, Thurston WE. Secondary and 2-Year Outcomes of a Sexual Assault Resistance Program for University Women. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2017; 41:147-162. [PMID: 29503496 PMCID: PMC5821219 DOI: 10.1177/0361684317690119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the secondary outcomes and longevity of efficacy from a randomized controlled trial that evaluated a novel sexual assault resistance program designed for first-year women university students. Participants (N = 893) were randomly assigned to receive the Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act (EAAA) program or a selection of brochures (control). Perception of personal risk, self-defense self-efficacy, and rape myth acceptance was assessed at baseline; 1-week postintervention; and 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month postrandomization. Risk detection was assessed at 1 week, 6 months, and 12 months. Sexual assault experience and knowledge of effective resistance strategies were assessed at all follow-ups. The EAAA program produced significant increases in women's perception of personal risk, self-defense self-efficacy, and knowledge of effective (forceful verbal and physical) resistance strategies; the program also produced decreases in general rape myth acceptance and woman blaming over the entire 24-month follow-up period. Risk detection was significantly improved for the intervention group at post-test. The program significantly reduced the risk of completed and attempted rape, attempted coercion, and nonconsensual sexual contact over the entire follow-up period, yielding reductions between 30% and 64% at 2 years. The EAAA program produces long-lasting changes in secondary outcomes and in the incidence of sexual assault experienced by women students. Universities can reduce the harm and the negative health consequences that young women experience as a result of campus sexual assault by implementing this program. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Y. Senn
- Department of Psychology/Women’s and Gender Studies Program, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Misha Eliasziw
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karen L. Hobden
- Department of Psychology/Women’s and Gender Studies Program, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Paula C. Barata
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - H. Lorraine Radtke
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Halstead V, Williams JR, Gonzalez-Guarda R. Sexual violence in the college population: a systematic review of disclosure and campus resources and services. J Clin Nurs 2017; 26:2137-2153. [PMID: 28102917 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To synthesise research examining college student sexual violence disclosure and campus sexual violence resources and services. BACKGROUND Recently, the issue of sexual violence within the college population has garnered attention worldwide. The prevalence of sexual violence within college students is alarmingly high. Survivors often experience negative outcomes (e.g. health-related consequences, impact on education). Efforts have been made to address this significant public health concern. DESIGN Systematic review of published literature. METHODS Studies were identified through systematic searches of PubMed, CINAHL and PsycInfo of articles published between January 2010-February 2015. A total of 672 articles were identified. After screening, 16 articles were included in this review. RESULTS A lack of consistency in how sexual violence was referred to and measured was identified. Research on college student sexual violence disclosure has primarily been conducted in six areas: (1) informal disclosure, (2) formal disclosure, (3) friends' perceptions of disclosure, (4) process/effects of disclosure on the survivor, (5) barriers to disclosure and (6) social support in the disclosure process. Research related to campus sexual violence resources and services has primarily focused on: (1) students' knowledge, (2) students' utilization and (3) students' suggestions. Synthesised findings are presented. CONCLUSIONS Sexual violence impacts college student survivors and the campus community as a whole. To appropriately assist/address sexual violence, a thorough understanding of college student sexual violence disclosure and campus sexual violence resources/services is necessary. Suggestions for researchers, colleges and nurses are provided. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Nurses who serve students, especially those at on-campus student health centres, are opportunely placed to address sexual violence. Findings highlight the need for nurses to use consistent definitions of sexual violence when identifying survivors. Nurses should take measures to increase disclosure and promote sexual violence resources/services provided by their facility. Additional suggestions for nurses are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Halstead
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Jessica R Williams
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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21
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Delaquis SR, Gueye NR, De Moissac DL. [Not Available]. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2016; 106:e489-95. [PMID: 26986909 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.106.4968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Risky sexual behaviour associated with sexually transmitted infections (STI) and sexual harassment are important topics in university environments and public health. This article compares these behaviours between student cohorts in 2005 and 2012 from a Western Canadian university. The sexual habits of young adults with multiple partners are also examined. METHODS Researchers conducted a comparative study of sexual behaviour among approximately 400 students per cohort. Estimates of prevalence and adjusted odds for age group and sex were used to analyze associations between the two cohorts and their sexual behaviours. RESULTS Trends in sexual behaviour of young adults are maintained with respect to the proportion of those who are sexually active and their number of partners. A reduction in sexual harassment is observed, especially towards women. The condom remains the most frequently used method of contraception, but its use is erratic, particularly among respondents with multiple sexual partners. Drinking and the use of drugs predisposes to unplanned sexual relations and to non-use of means to prevent STIs and pregnancy, particularly among respondents with multiple sexual partners. CONCLUSIONS The postsecondary student population should be informed of the risks associated with multiple sexual partners and alcohol and drug consumption leading to unplanned sexual acts. A sexual harassment policy contributes to reduction of incidents of harassment within a postsecondary institution.
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Senn CY, Eliasziw M, Barata PC, Thurston WE, Newby-Clark IR, Radtke HL, Hobden KL. Efficacy of a sexual assault resistance program for university women. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:2326-35. [PMID: 26061837 DOI: 10.1056/nejmsa1411131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young women attending university are at substantial risk for being sexually assaulted, primarily by male acquaintances, but effective strategies to reduce this risk remain elusive. METHODS We randomly assigned first-year female students at three universities in Canada to the Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act Sexual Assault Resistance program (resistance group) or to a session providing access to brochures on sexual assault, as was common university practice (control group). The resistance program consists of four 3-hour units in which information is provided and skills are taught and practiced, with the goal of being able to assess risk from acquaintances, overcome emotional barriers in acknowledging danger, and engage in effective verbal and physical self-defense. The primary outcome was completed rape, as measured by the Sexual Experiences Survey-Short Form Victimization, during 1 year of follow-up. RESULTS A total of 451 women were assigned to the resistance group and 442 women to the control group. Of the women assigned to the resistance group, 91% attended at least three of the four units. The 1-year risk of completed rape was significantly lower in the resistance group than in the control group (5.2% vs. 9.8%; relative risk reduction, 46.3% [95% confidence interval, 6.8 to 69.1]; P=0.02). The 1-year risk of attempted rape was also significantly lower in the resistance group (3.4% vs. 9.3%, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS A rigorously designed and executed sexual assault resistance program was successful in decreasing the occurrence of rape, attempted rape, and other forms of victimization among first-year university women. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the University of Windsor; SARE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01338428.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Y Senn
- From the Department of Psychology and Women's and Gender Studies Program, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON (C.Y.S., K.L.H.), the Departments of Community Health Sciences (M.E., W.E.T.), Ecosystem and Public Health (W.E.T.), and Psychology (H.L.R.), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, and the Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON (P.C.B., I.R.N.-C.) - all in Canada; and the Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University, Boston (M.E.)
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