Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial appraisal of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Decne) Rehder

Antibacterial Activity of Phyto-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles From Dryopteris cristata Against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 28923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 28922

Introduction Nanotechnology has emerged as a vital field, particularly in synthesizing nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are recognized for their strong antimicrobial properties against various pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, due to their small size and high surface area. Green synthesis using plant extracts offers an eco-friendly alternative. The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria underscores the urgent need for new antimicrobial agents. This study investigates the antibacterial activities of Dryopteris cristata AgNPs (DC-AgNPs) against S. aureus and E. coli, employing antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assessments, along with nanoparticle characterization. Materials and method The antimicrobial activity ofDC-AgNPs was evaluated using clinical isolates of E. coli and S. aureus. Bacterial inoculums were standardized to 0.5 MacFarlard (1.5 × 108 CFU/mL) and tested via a modified agar-well diffusion method. The MIC and MBC were determined using broth microdilution and sub-culturing methods, respectively. Characterization of the nanoparticles was conducted using Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results and conclusion D. cristata was identified as the plant used to synthesize AgNPs, confirmed by the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, and phenolics. The AgNPs were synthesized by adding the aqueous extract to silver nitrate, resulting in a color change. Characterization via UV-Vis spectrophotometry confirmed nanoparticle formation. Antimicrobial testing showed that DC-AgNPs effectively inhibited S. aureus and E. coli, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 125 μg and 250 μg, respectively, indicating their potential as antimicrobial agents.

Sustainable green synthesis of Hedychium coronarium leaf extract-stabilized silver nanoparticles and their applications: colorimetric sensing of Sn2+ and Hg2+ and antifungal and antimicrobial properties

Hedychium coronarium (Hc) (commonly known as Gulbakawali) leaf extract was used for the stable and sustainable green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Hc-AgNPs), which were biodegradable and non-toxic. Hedychium coronarium leaf extract was used as a reducing agent to stabilize the Hc-AgNPs by converting Ag+ to Ag0 without adding any capping agent. It demonstrated stability for up to six months, and no agglomeration was observed. The Hc-AgNPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. The UV-visible spectrum supported the formation of stable Hc-AgNPs by displaying a strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 440 nm. FT-IR spectra showed the functional groups present in the leaf extract of Hedychium coronarium, which was the primary source of secondary metabolites attached to Ag0. XRD analysis revealed a distinct 2θ peak of Hc-AgNPs at 38.15°, indicating a face-centred cubic structure with a crystallite size of 22.6 ± 1 nm at the (111) plane. Moreover, TEM demonstrated the spherical morphology of the Hc-AgNPs with an average particle size of 22.42 ± 1 nm. The photophysical characteristics of the Hc-AgNPs, as highlighted by their UV-vis and fluorescence characteristics, revealed their semiconducting nature with an impressive band gap (E g) value of 3.78 eV. Fascinatingly, the fluorescence activity of Hc-AgNPs at 504 nm showed a broad emission band corresponding to the absorption band at 251 nm. We performed the selective colorimetric sensing of Sn2+ metal ions using Hc-AgNPs, which demonstrated a detection limit of 10-3 M, suggesting their potential as very good solid biosensors. Interestingly, the Hc-AgNPs showed antifungal activity, which has not been reported before. Specifically, the results showed that the Hc-AgNPs had a higher fungitoxicity effect against Aspergillus flavus (59.58 ± 3.68) than against Fusarium oxysporum (57.93 ± 4.18). The antibacterial activity of the Hc-AgNPs was evaluated against three Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacteria: Xanthomonas oryzae (X. oryzae), Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum), and Erwinia carotovora (E. carotovora), showing effective inhibition zones of 16.33 ± 0.57, 15.33 ± 0.57, and 14.33 ± 0.57 mm, respectively. These results indicate that the Hc-AgNPs could inhibit these phytopathogenic bacteria with varying degrees of effectiveness in the order of X. oryzae > R. solanacearum > E. carotovora.

Orbea variegata (L.) Haw in skin carcinogenesis: insights from an in vivo male Swiss mouse model study

Skin cancer is the most widespread type of malignant tumor representing a major public health concern. Considering the numerous side effects associated with conventional treatments, phytotherapy may be regarded as a viable medicinal alternative. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of Orbea variegata (L.) Haw, an ornamental plant, in treating skin cancer using an animal model induced by a combination of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and sulfuric acid treatment. The hydroethanolic extract of Orbea variegata underwent phytochemical characterization, identifying the presence of reducing sugars, coumarins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins through qualitative screening. Quantitative analysis demonstrated significant amounts of phenolic compounds (29.435 ± 0.571 mg GAE/g of dry extract), flavonoids (6.711 ± 0.272 mg QE/g of dry extract), and tannins (274.037 ± 11.3 mg CE/g of dry extract). The administration the hydroethanolic extract in two concentrations (1 or 2 g/kg) to male Swiss mice exhibited no marked adverse effects, as evidenced by serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme activity levels. In addition, the extract significantly reduced skin hyperplasia and inflammation induced by UV/sulfuric acid treatment as noted in tissue analyses and decreased protein expression of nuclear proliferation marker (Ki-67). This improvement was associated with a marked decrease in oxidative stress, as indicated by diminished lipid peroxidation levels, and restoration of the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) to control levels. Our findings demonstrated the potential of Orbea variegata hydroethanolic extract to be considered as a treatment for skin cancer, exhibiting its apparent safety and efficacy in reducing inflammation and carcinogenesis in a UV/sulfuric acid-induced Swiss mouse model, attributed to its phytochemical content and associated antioxidant activities.

Comprehensive study on pharmacognostic, pharmacological, and toxicological features of Ficus racemosa in Alzheimer's disease using GC-MS and molecular docking analyses

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents as a widespread neurodegenerative condition impacting over 55 million individuals globally, with an annual rise of 10 million new cases. Despite its staggering prevalence, the absence of a definitive cure establishes the need for a revisit.

Methods

We explore the alternative strategies, focusing on the potential therapeutic efficacy of ethanolic extracts derived from the fruit and leaf of Ficus racemosa Linn.

Results

The investigation comprehensively explores pharmacognostic, phytochemical, toxicological, and pharmacological characteristics. In addition to pharmacognostic and physicochemical analyses, toxicological evaluations conducted on experimental animals demonstrated the innocuous nature of the ethanolic extracts (from both fruit and leaf) of F. racemosa, as evidenced by assessments of hemocompatibility, oxidative parameters, and vital organ histology. Phytochemical profiling via GC-MS identified 48 and 80 phytoconstituents in the fruit and leaf extracts, respectively. These constituents were screened for bioactive potential using the "Lipinski Rule of Five," resulting in the selection of 25 and 33 constituents from fruit and leaf extracts, respectively. Subsequent molecular docking studies against the AChE enzyme revealed promising interactions of the selected phytoconstituents. Furthermore, the top-scoring phytoconstituents were subjected to in silico screening to assess their interactions with β- and γ-secretase enzymes, in addition to the AChE enzyme. The cumulative findings substantiate the therapeutic utility of the plant extracts, particularly in the context of AD.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our investigation highlights the promising therapeutic potential of selected phytoconstituents derived from ethanolic extracts of F. racemosa in mitigating AD pathology by targeting key enzyme sites such as AChE, β-, and γ-secretase.

Ethnobotanical survey and phytochemistry of medicinal plants used in the management of HIV/AIDS in Eastern Uganda

Currently, highly active antiretroviral therapy is unable to cure HIV/AIDS because of HIV latency. This study aimed at documenting medicinal plants used in the management of HIV/AIDS in Eastern Uganda so as to identify phytochemicals with HIV latency reversing potential. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted across eight districts in Eastern Uganda. Traditional medicine practitioners were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical tests were respectively, performed to determine the presence and quantity of phytochemicals in frequently mentioned plant species. Data were analysed and presented using descriptive statistics and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF). Twenty-one plant species from fourteen plant families were reported to be used in the management of HIV/AIDS. Six plant species with the highest frequency of mention were: Zanthoxylum chalybeum, Gymnosporia senegalensis, Warbugia ugandensis, Leonatis nepetifolia, Croton macrostachyus and Rhoicissus tridentata. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of all the six most frequently mentioned plant species revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids and phenolics. Quantitative analysis revealed the highest content of flavonoids in L. nepetifolia (20.4 mg/g of dry extract) while the lowest content was determined in C. macrostachyus (7.1 mg/g of dry extract). On the other hand, the highest content of tannins was observed in L. nepetifolia. (199.9 mg/g of dry extract) while the lowest content was found in R. tridentata. (42.6 mg/g of dry extract). Medicinal plants used by traditional medicine practitioners in Eastern Uganda to manage HIV/AIDS are rich in phytochemicals including flavonoids and tannins. Further studies to evaluate the HIV-1 latency reversing ability of these phytochemicals are recommended to discover novel molecules against HIV/AIDS.

Multiplicative Effects of Essential Oils and Other Active Components on Skin Tissue and Skin Cancers

Naturally derived essential oils and their active components are known to possess various properties, ranging from anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer activities. Numerous types of essential oils and active components have been discovered, and their permissive roles have been addressed in various fields. In this comprehensive review, we focused on the roles of essential oils and active components in skin diseases and cancers as discovered over the past three decades. In particular, we opted to highlight the effectiveness of essential oils and their active components in developing strategies against various skin diseases and skin cancers and to describe the effects of the identified essential-oil-derived major components from physiological and pathological perspectives. Overall, this review provides a basis for the development of novel therapies for skin diseases and cancers, especially melanoma.

Evaluation of larvicidal potential of Eritrean medicinal plants against Aedes aegypti

Larvicidal activity of three Eritrean medicinal plants was evaluated against Aedes aegypti by conducting the bioassay using WHO methods. Efficacy of the plant extracts of O. hadiense, R. officinalis and C. spinarum was evaluated against 3rd instar Aedes aegypti larvae and mortality was recorded. LC50 and LC90 of the various plant extracts were also calculated using probit analysis. The morphological analysis of treated larvae was also performed. Extracts of O. hadiense, C. spinarium and R. officinalis were prepared using different solvents viz chloroform, 70% ethanol and water. Of the screened extracts, the chloroform extracts of O. hadiense exhibited the highest larvicidal activities and has the minimum LC50 and LC90 (24 mg/ml and 198.411 mg/ml respectively). Chloroform extract of C. spinarium exhibited the least larvicidal activity with maximum LC50 and LC90 (736.883 mg/ml and 1188.699 mg/ml respectively). Microscopic analysis confirmed the changes in the Aedes aegypti larvae caused by various plants extracts. An accumulation of dark pigmentation was observed in abdominal region and in the anal papillae after contact and also showed major structural damage such as destruction of the gut.

Phytochemical evaluation, embryotoxic, and teratogenic effects of Buwakan (Decalobanthus peltatus (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples) leaf extracts on duck embryo

Decalobanthus peltatus is a woody vine that is commonly utilized in traditional Southeast Asian medicinal preparations. Despite the documented therapeutic uses of D. peltatus, there is hardly any information regarding its toxic effects on its consumers. In this study, crude leaf extracts (aqueous, methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane) from D. peltatus were prepared and evaluated for their embryotoxicity and teratogenic effects. Phytochemical screening of bioactive compounds from the plants showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins. In addition, investigations on the toxicity of the crude leaf extracts were determined using brine shrimp lethality assay, in which the LC50 was calculated. Results showed that the ethyl acetate leaf extract was the most toxic among the crude leaf extracts, with an LC50 of 14.54 ppm. Based on this result, ethyl acetate leaf extract was treated on duck embryos, and the alteration of vascular branching patterns in the chorioallantoic membrane was quantified. Gross morphological and histological analysis of the skin tissues from the treated duck embryos were also examined. We found significant reduction of primary and tertiary vessel diameters in the duck embryos treated with ethyl acetate leaf extracts in both concentrations compared to the control group. Treated duck embryos exhibited gross malformations, growth retardation, and hemorrhages on the external body surfaces at 1000 ppm. Histopathological analysis of the skin tissues from the 14-day-old treated duck embryos showed a reduced number of feather follicles compared to the control group. These results suggest that D. peltatus crude leaf extracts present risks when taken in significant dosages and comprehensive toxicity testing on therapeutic herbs should be performed to ensure their safety on the consumers.

Application of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Extracts for the Phytosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Characterization and Biomedical Potential

Nanotechnology can offer a series of new "green" and eco-friendly methods for developing different types of nanoparticles, among which the development of nanomaterials using plant extracts (phytosynthesis) represents one of the most promising areas of research. This present study details the use of lavender flowers (Lavandula angustifolia Mill., well-known for their use in homeopathic applications) for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles with enhanced antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Several qualitative and quantitative assays were carried out in order to offer an image of the extracts' composition (the recorded total phenolics content varied between 21.0 to 40.9 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/g dry weight (d.w.), while the total flavonoids content ranged between 3.57 and 16.8 mg CE (catechin equivalents)/g d.w.), alongside modern analytical methods (such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-GC-MS, quantifying 12 phytoconstituents present in the extracts). The formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using lavender extract was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS)/zeta potential, with the selected nanoparticles having crystallite sizes of approx. 14.55 nm (AgNP-L2) and 4.61 nm, respectively (for AgNP-L4), and hydrodynamic diameters of 392.4 nm (for AgNP-L2) and 391.6 nm (for AgNP-L4), determined by DLS. A zeta potential of around -6.4 mV was displayed for both samples while presenting as large aggregates, in which nanoparticle clusters with dimensions of around 130-200 nm can be observed. The biomedical applications of the extracts and the corresponding phytosynthesized nanoparticles were evaluated using antioxidant and antimicrobial assays. The obtained results confirmed the phytosynthesis of the silver nanoparticles using Lavandula angustifolia Mill. extracts, as well as their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential.

The In Vitro Assessment of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Efficacy in Rosa damascena and Hypericum perforatum Extracts against Pathogenic Strains in the Interplay of Dental Caries, Oral Health, and Food Microbiota

The rising demand for novel antibiotic agents prompts an investigation into natural resources, notably plant-derived compounds. In this study, various extracts (aqueous, ethanolic, aqueous-ethanolic, and enzymatic) of Rosa damascena and Hypericum perforatum were systematically evaluated against bacterial strains isolated from dental lesions (n = 6) and food sources (raw milk and broiler carcass, n = 2). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), antibiofilm activity, and time-kill kinetics were assessed across a range of extract concentrations, revealing a dose-responsive effect. Notably, some extracts exhibited superior antibacterial efficacy compared to standard clinical antibiotics, and the time-kill kinetics demonstrated a rapid elimination of bacterial loads within 24 h. The susceptibility pattern proved strain-specific, contingent upon the extract type, yet all tested pathogens exhibited sensitivity. The identified extracts, rich in phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, as well as other antioxidant properties, contributed to their remarkable antibiotic effects. This comprehensive investigation not only highlights the potential of Rosa damascena and Hypericum perforatum extracts as potent antibacterial agents against diverse bacterial strains including caries pathogens, but also underscores their rapid action and dose-dependent efficacy. The findings suggest a promising avenue for harnessing plant-derived compounds in the development of novel antimicrobial strategies against dental caries and other oral inflammations, bridging the gap between natural resources and antibiotic discovery.

Gastroprotective Activities of Aqueous and 80% Methanol Leaf Extracts of Stephania abyssinica (Quart.-Dill. and A. Rich.) Walp. (Menispermaceae) in Rats

Background

An ethnobotanical study showed that the leaf of Stephania abyssinica (S. abyssinica) is used for the treatment of gastritis, but there is no scientific investigation.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the gastroprotective activities of both aqueous and 80% methanol leaf extracts of S. abyssinica in experimental rats.

Methods

Decoction and maceration techniques were used to prepare aqueous and 80% methanol leaf extracts, respectively. The extracts were evaluated against pyloric ligation, indomethacin, and ethanol-induced gastric ulcer models at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Negative control received 2% tween 80, while positive controls received 20 mg/kg of omeprazole and 100 µg/kg of misoprostol. Parameters, such as ulcer index, gastric mucin content, gastric juice volume, pH, and free and total acidity were measured.

Results

In the pyloric ligation induced gastric ulcer model, all doses of both extracts significantly reduced the ulcer index and gastric juice volume, while doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg exhibited a significant increment in mucus content and gastric juice pH as well as decrease in free and total acidity as compared to negative control. In indomethacin and ethanol induced gastric ulcer models, pretreatment with both extracts significantly reduced the ulcer index and enhanced gastric mucin content in a dose-dependent manner. Phytochemical screening of both extracts showed the existence of flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and coumarins with high contents of phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids in 80% methanol extract.

Conclusion

This study revealed that aqueous and 80% methanol leaf extracts of S. abyssinica possessed remarkable gastroprotective activities against experimentally induced gastric ulcer models, and this possibly justify the traditional use of S. abyssinica leaves to treat gastritis.

In Vitro Cercaricidal Activity, Acute Toxicity, and GC/MS Analysis of Some Selected Ghanaian Medicinal Plants

Schistosomiasis is a human parasitic disease caused by the Schistosoma species and is recognised in public health as second to malaria in terms of its socioeconomic impact on humans. Four local plants native to many tribes in Ghana and known for their medicinal properties against some diseases were assessed for their cercaricidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. The plants, namely, Newbouldia laevis stem bark (NLSB), Spathodea campanulata stem bark (SCSB), Momordica charantia leaves (MCL), and Ocimum viride leaves (OVL), were extracted for their active metabolites using methanol. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out on all plant extracts and powdered samples. The crude extracts were tested against S. mansoni cercariae in vitro using Balanites aegyptiaca as the positive control. The percentage of mortalities for each extract was recorded. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was conducted on all the plant extracts. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, glycosides, triterpenoids, sterols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins in almost all the extracts. GC/MS analysis showed the presence of medicinally important active volatile compounds in each extract such as thymol, n-hexadecanoic acid, phytol, and maltol. All four plants showed relatively different levels of activity against S. mansoni cercariae at different times and concentrations. The LC50 values of the plant extracts were determined at the end of the assay. At 240 min, NLSB, SCSB, MCL, and OVL extracts had LC50 values of 487.564, 429.898, 197.696, and 0.129 μg/mL, respectively. Hence, this study revealed the potency of Ocimum viride leaves, Momordica charantia leaves, Spathodea campanulata stem bark, and Newbouldia laevis stem bark against S. mansoni. These plants could therefore be exploited as possible candidates for curbing schistosomiasis.

In Vitro Assessment of The Bioactive Compounds and Anticancer Potential of Citrus medica Leaf Extract

Citrus medica is a horticultural crop grown in different parts of the world. The plant leaves have medicinal importance in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. The leaves are an underutilised part of the plant, despite having various bioactive compounds with health benefits, with phytochemical analysis having revealed the presence of flavonoids, fatty acids, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates and phytosterols. The biochemical constituents were identified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which confirmed the presence of terpenoids, alcohols, alkanes, phytosterols and fatty acids. Among these, methyl 8, 11, 14-heptadecatrienoate is a linolenic acid, and α-linolenic acid, trimethylsilyl ester and levulinic acid are the predominant compounds belonging to the omega-3 fatty acid group, which has known health benefits. Further, the antimicrobial activity of C. medica plant leaves were tested against certain food-borne pathogens and showed significant results. The minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 6.09 mg/mL to 390 mg/mL for bacterial organisms and 48.75 mg/mL to 390 mg/mL for fungal organisms. The antioxidant activity values were 300 μg/mL and 450 μg/mL by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay, respectively. The methanolic extract from the C. medica leaves also showed anticancer activity against MCF7 breast cancer cell lines, with an IC50 value of material for developing a healthy processed food such as nutraceuticals and functional foods.

Evaluation of free radical quenching, anti-inflammatory activity together with anticancer potential of Lychnis coronaria and characterization of novel molecules from its extract through high resolution-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry coupled to structural biochemistry approach

Lychnis coronaria, a perennial (herbaceous) belonging to Caryophyllaceae has been traditionally used for treating different complications. However, the free radical scavenging effect, anti-inflammatory activity and anticancer property of methanolic extract of this plant has not been addressed. Most importantly, the chemical constituents present in the extract of Lychnis coronaria responsible for its diverse activities have not been scrutinized till date. Here, we used a complex approach for exploring the above mentioned effects of Lychnis coronaria. We performed rigorous phytochemical screening followed by quantification of tannins, phenols, alkaloids, quinones and sterols from the extract. Moreover we employed in vitro DPPH, ABTS , FRAP assay, albumin denaturation inhibition experiment, MTT assay, high resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for measurng the reactive oxygen species quenching, anti-inflammatory and anticancer strength of Lychnis coronaria and for identifying the possible bioactive molecules. We identified two novel molecules panaxynol (polyacetylenic alcohol) and norharman (9H-Pyrido [3, 4-B] indole) following rigorous analysis of the extract. Following this, the binding affinity of these molecules was estimated using human cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme as target. Among the constituents of Lychnis coronaria norharman manifested stronger binding towards COX-2 compared to panaxynol. Most importantly, norharman showed high stability in the groove of COX2 as confirmed by molecular dynamics simulation. Collectively, Lychnis coronaria manifested free radical neutralizing, inflammation soothing and anticancer effect in concentration dependent manner and thus may serve as a promising phytotherapeutic in future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Bioprospecting of endophytic actinobacterium associated with Aloe ferox mill for antibacterial activity

BACKGROUND

The emergence of drug resistance among pathogens has resulted in renewed interest in bioprospecting for natural microbial products.

METHODS

This study aimed to bioprospecting endophytic actinobacterium associated with Aloe ferox Mill for its antibacterial activity. Endophytic actinomycetes were isolated from the gel of A. ferox Mill by surface sterilization technique using actinomycete isolation agar. The isolate with a promising antibacterial activity was identified using 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was assessed by the micro-dilution method and its effect on the respiratory chain dehydrogenase (RCD) activity was ascertained by the iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) assay. Fourier transform-infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) were employed to identify functional groups and the chemical constituents, respectively.

RESULTS

The actinobacterium was found to be Streptomyces olivaceus CP016795.1. Its extract displayed noteworthy antibacterial activity (MIC ≤1 mg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25925), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10102), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922); and showed an inhibitory effect on the RCD activity. FTIR spectrum displayed hydroxyl, amine, and aromatic groups, and the GC-MS revealed 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural as the main constituent (19.47%).

CONCLUSIONS

S. olivaceus CP016795.1 can serve as a potential source of effective antibacterial compounds.

A Comparative Study of Diospyros malabarica (Gaub) Extracts in Various Polarity-Dependent Solvents for Evaluation of Phytoconstituents and Biological Activities

Keeping in mind the ascribed repute of Diospyros malabarica (D. malabarica), this investigation was commenced to assess the effect of diverse solvents on extraction yields, phytochemical components and antioxidant capability, and in vitro biological activities of D. malabarica for pharmaceutically active constituents to combat various infections. To screen phytochemicals both qualitatively (flavonoids, terpenoid, saponins, tannins) and quantitatively like total phenolic and flavonoid contents, Diospyros malabarica parts include the following: root, leaves, bark, stem, ripe, and unripe fruit were sequentially extracted with organic solvents such as petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and water in increasing order of polarity from less polar to more polar solvents. Furthermore, biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory were explored. The results revealed that all the tested solvents displayed a vital role in the extraction yield, the content of phytochemicals, and the studied biological activities. Methanol was found as the best solvent followed by the ethanol for the extraction, representing the highest extraction yield (18.3%), rich diversity of phytochemicals, and the highest total phenolic contents (602 ± 0.001 μg EAG/mg of extract) and total flavonoid contents (455 ± 0.6 μg EQ/mg of extract) in bark extract. Furthermore, methanol bark extract showed high in vitro antibacterial activity (30.25 mm ± 0.9), antifungal activity (18.25 mm ± 0.2), anticancer activity (48%), antidiabetic activity (68%) and anti-inflammatory activity (62%) followed by ethanol amongst other extracts of D. malabarica. Accordingly, methanol might be as an ideal solvent to get maximum content of phytochemicals, promising antioxidants, and in vitro biological activities from bark extract amongst other extracts of D. malabarica compared to pet ether, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane and may act as free radical rummager because phytochemical constituents exhibit antioxidant capability. Our findings suggest that phytochemical compounds (flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, and terpenoids) found in the bark extract of D. malabarica may be attributed to evaluate potent anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and antifungal activities.

Antibacterial Effect and Mode of Action of Secondary Metabolites from Fungal Endophyte Associated with Aloe ferox Mill

The constant increase in drug resistance, occurrence of incurable diseases and high medical costs, have necessitated bio-prospecting of fungi as alternative sources of therapeutic compounds. This study aimed at assessing the antibacterial effect and mode of action of secondary metabolites from fungal endophyte associated with Aloe ferox Mill. Endophytic fungus was isolated from the gel of A. ferox and identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene sequence analysis. The targets of antibacterial activity were assessed based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the effect of the extract on respiratory chain dehydrogenase (RCD) and membrane integrity. Fourier transform-infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) was employed to ascertain functional groups. The fungus with the most promising antibiotic-production was identified as Aspergillus welwitschiae MK450668.1. Its extract exhibited antibacterial activity with the MIC values of 0.5 and 1 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25925) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). It demonstrated the inhibitory effect on the RCD activity and destruction of membrane integrity on the test bacteria. FTIR spectrum revealed hydroxyl, amine and alkene groups. A. welwitschiae MK450668.1 serves as a potential source of effective compounds to combat the challenge of drug resistance.

Chemical characterization and evaluation of the nephroprotective potential of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Decne) Rehder and Periploca hydaspidis Falc crude extract in CCl4-induced Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Biochemical, antioxidant, serum, and urine profiles together with physical examination can deliver important information regarding animal health status, and are vital in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. CCl4, a potent nephrotoxin, was used for causing toxicity in rat kidneys. The present study aimed at exploring the nephroprotective potential of P. jacquemontiana leaves methanol extract (PJM) and P. hydaspidis whole-plant methanol extract (PHM) on kidney cells of male rats after oxidative stress and DNA damage was instigated by CCl4. Various parameters including enzymatic levels, serum profiles, urine profiles, genotoxicity, and histological studies were conducted. In renal samples of rats treated with CCl4, the antioxidant enzymes (POD, SOD, CAT), PH level, protein level, and glutathione contents were significantly (p < 0.05) declined whereas renal biochemicals (H2O2, TBARS, and nitrite), specific gravity, level of urea, urobilinogen, serum BUN and creatinine were markedly (p < 0.05) increased relative to control group. Co-administration of PJM and PHM with CCl4 displayed protective ability against CCl4 intoxication by restoring activities of antioxidant enzymes, urine profile, biochemical parameters, and serum profile in rats. CCl4 also induced prominent DNA damages and glomerular atrophy with abnormal appearance of glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. These damages results in impaired corticular sections, edema in Bowman's capsule, accumulation of necrotic cells, dilation of convoluted tubules, and narrowing of space between Bowman's capsule, which were successfully ameliorated after co-administration of PJM and PHM fractions in a dose-dependent manner (200 and 400 mg/kg b.w.). The results obtained suggest the therapeutic role of PJM and PHM in oxidative-stress related disorders of kidney and may be helpful in kidney trauma.

Antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities of Sea Cucumber H. Leucospilota extract on breast carcinoma cell line (SK-BR-3)

BACKGROUND

Sea cucumber is a natural resource rich in many important pharmacological compounds. this study aimed to investigate the effect of H. leucospilota extract on the induction of cell death and and Proapoptotic Activities.

METHODS AND RESULTS

H. leucospilota was collected, the methanolic extract was prepared and in vitro cytotoxicity of H. leucospilota extract in the range of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL concentrations for 48 hours on SK-BR-3 and MCR5 cells was determined. Analysis of apoptosis and cell cycle stages were performed using flow cytometry. the expressions of several apoptotic-related proteins in SK-BR-3 cells were evaluated using Western blot analysis. ROS formation and caspase activity were determined. GC-MS (involving a multistep temperature gradient and trimethylsilyl derivatives) and phytochemical analysis were used for identification of bioactive compounds. Methanolic extract inhibited the proliferation of the SK-BR-3 cell line in a dose- and time-dependent manner. As it was observed, exposure of the H. leucospilota extract triggered the apoptosis of the SK-BR-3 cells, induced DNA fragmentation, and arrested the cells in G2/M phase. treatment of the methanolic extract induced the downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein as well as the upregulation of Bax, caspase-3, caspase-7 proteins in SK-BR-3 cells. Methanolic extract-elicited apoptosis was accompanied with the elevated level of ROS. The GC-MS and phytochemical analysis revealed 30 compounds and the extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, phenols, and saponins.

CONCLUSIONS

The antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities of the tested extract suggested the pharmacologic potential of H. leucospilota. Correspondingly, further characterizations of the identified compounds are in progress.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities of Selected Medicinal Plants of Himalayas, Pakistan

Medicinal plants are known for their diverse use in the traditional medicine of the Himalayan region of Pakistan. The present study is designed to investigate the anticancer and antimicrobial activities of Prunus cornuta and Quercus&nbsp;semicarpifolia. The anticancer activity was performed using cancerous human cell lines (HepG2, Caco-2, A549, MDA-MB-231, and NCI-H1437 carcinoma cells), while the antimicrobial activity was conducted with the agar-well diffusion method. Furthermore, toxicity studies were performed on alveolar and renal primary epithelial cells. Initially, different extracts were prepared by maceration techniques using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and methanol. The preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, and quinones. The chloroform extract of P. cornuta (PCC) exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (16 mm) and Salmonella enterica (14.5 mm). The A. baumannii and S. enterica strains appeared highly susceptible to n-hexane extract of P. cornuta (PCN) with an antibacterial effect of 15 mm and 15.5 mm, respectively. The results also showed that the methanolic extracts of Quercus semecarpifolia (QSM) exhibited considerable antibacterial inhibitory activity in A. baumannii (18 mm), Escherichia coli (15 mm). The QSN and QSE extracts also showed good inhibition in A. baumannii with a 16 mm zone of inhibition. The Rhizopus oryzae strain has shown remarkable mycelial inhibition by PCM and QSN with 16 mm and 21 mm inhibition, respectively. Furthermore, the extracts of P. cornuta and Q. semicarpifolia exhibited prominent growth inhibition of breast (MDA-MB-231) and lung (A549) carcinoma cells with 19-30% and 22-39% cell viabilities, respectively. The gut cell line survival was also significantly inhibited by Q. semicarpifolia (24-34%). The findings of this study provide valuable information for the future development of new antibacterial and anticancer medicinal agents from P. cornuta and Q. semicarpifolia extracts.

Screening of in vitro antimicrobial effects of Helicteres isora extract against Staphylococcus aureus

Background and Aim

Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen causing contagious mastitis in cows that need novel treatment rather than antibiotic therapy. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Helicteres isora extracts against S. aureus isolated from subclinical and clinical mastitis cows using an in vitro model.

Materials and Methods

H. isora pods were extracted using the following solvents: Distilled water, ethanol, acetone, and methanol. The antimicrobial activity of each extract was determined by the disk diffusion method and broth microdilution assay to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC).

Results

The ethanolic extract of H. isora exhibited the largest inhibition zones against S. aureus (31.05±1.20 mm), followed by the aqueous, methanolic, and acetone extracts, respectively (26.34±1.15, 24.23±0.50, and 22.46±1.53). The ethanolic extract also had a strong inhibitory effect on S. aureus, with MIC and MBC of 0.13 and 0.52 mg/mL, respectively.

Conclusion

This study revealed that H. isora is a potential alternative natural antibacterial agent against S. aureus infection. The antimicrobial activity of H. isora is most likely mediated by phytochemical constituents.

Unveiling antioxidant and anti-cancer potentials of characterized Annona reticulata leaf extract in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer in Wistar rats

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CC) is the third most common cancer in the world. Annona reticulata (AR) also known as bullock's heart, is a traditional herb. AR leaf extract was initially investigated for its anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-helminthic, anti-stress, and wound healing properties. Only a few in vitro cancer studies have been conducted on AR. Although few studies have linked AR leaf extract to many cancers, comprehensive studies addressing regulation, biological functions, and molecular mechanisms leading to CC pathogenesis are clearly lacking.

OBJECTIVES

The present study aimed to explore the antioxidant and anti-cancer potentials of AR leaf extract in CC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The MTT assay was used to test the anti-proliferative activity of AR leaf extract in vitro on the HCT116 cell line. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical characterization was carried out using gas chromatography: mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was used to establish CC model in female Wistar rats. The acute toxicity of AR leaf extract was tested in accordance with OECD guidelines. Aberrant Crypt Foci (ACF) count, organ index, and hematological estimations were used to screen for in vivo anti-cancer potential. The antioxidant activity of colon homogenate was determined.

RESULTS

The alcoholic leaf extract (IC50, 0.55 μg/ml) was found to be more potent than the aqueous extract. Using GC-MS, a total of 108 compounds were quantified in the alcoholic leaf extract. The LD 50 value was found to be safe at a dose of 98.11 mg/kg of body weight. AR alcoholic leaf extract significantly (p < 0.05) decreased ACF count and normalized colon length/weight ratio. AR leaf extract increased RBC, hemoglobin and platelets levels. The AR alcoholic leaf extract reduced the DMH-induced tumors and significantly (p < 0.05) increased the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and decreased the lipid peroxidase activity. AR leaf extract reduced the inflammation caused by DMH and helped to repair the colon's damaged muscle layers.

CONCLUSION

Based on the findings from the present study, it can be concluded that the alcoholic leaf extract of AR has antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties and can aid in the prevention of CC development and dysplasia caused by DMH.

Chemical composition and pharmacological bio-efficacy of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Decne) Rehder for anticancer activity

Consistent STAT3 (Single transducer and activator of transcription 3) activation is observed in many tumors and promotes malignant cell transformation. In the present investigation, we evaluated the anticancer effects of Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana methanol fraction (PJM) on STAT3 inhibition in HCCLM3 and MDA-MB 231 cells. PJM suppressed the activation of upstream kinases i.e. JAK-1/2 (Janus kinase-1/2), and c-Src (Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase c-Src), and upregulated the expression levels of PIAS-1/3 (Protein Inhibitor of Activated STATs-1/3), SHP-1/2 (Src-homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1/2), and PTP-1β (Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 β) which negatively regulate STAT3 signaling pathway. PJM also decreased the levels of protein products conferring to various oncogenes, which in turn repressed the proliferation, migration, invasion, and induced apoptosis in cancer cell lines. The growth inhibitory effects of PJM on cell-cycle and metastasis were correlated with decreased expression levels of CyclinD1, CyclinE, MMP-2 (Matrix metalloproteinases-2), and MMP-9 (Matrix metalloproteinases-9). Induction of apoptosis was indicated by the cleavage and subsequent activation of Caspases (Cysteine-dependent Aspartate-directed Proteases) i.e. caspase-3, 7, 8, 9, and PARP (Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) as well as through the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins. These apoptotic effects of PJM were preceded by inhibition of STAT3 cell-signaling pathway. STAT3 was needed for PJM-induced apoptosis, and inhibition of STAT3 via pharmacological inhibitor (Stattic; SC-203282) abolished the apoptotic effects. Conclusively, our results demonstrate the capability of PJM to inhibit cancer cell-proliferation and induce apoptosis by suppressing STAT3 via upregulation of STAT3 inhibitors and pro-apoptotic proteins whereas the down-regulation of upstream kinases and anti-apoptotic protein expression. In future, one-step advance studies of PHM regarding its role in metastatic inhibition, immune response modulation for reducing tumor, and inducing apoptosis in suitable animal models would be an interesting and promising research area.

Ethnobotany of the Himalayas: Safeguarding Medical Practices and Traditional Uses of Kashmir Regions

The present study was carried out to enlist the medicinal plants used by the local inhabitants of developing countries such as India, and the district of Kupwara of the Kashmir Himalaya has been targeted. Our research is one of the first study focusing on the statistical evaluation of the cross-cultural analysis between three different communities i.e., Dard, Kashmiri and Gujjar, of the study area. Sampling was carried out in eight villages in 2017 to 2020, and data were collected from 102 informants based on walking transects, to collect plant specimens, and semi-structured interviews. The medical usages of all collected taxa were grouped into 15 disease categories and 81 biomedical ailments. In this study, we documented around 107 plant taxa belonging to 52 families from the local inhabitants of the Kashmir Himalaya, which regulate the livelihood of the people and support cultural ecosystem services. Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Ranunculaceae, Poaceae, Solanaceae, Polygonaceae, Plantaginaceae and Brassicaceae are the top most dominant families. Herbaceous groups of plants were more common than trees and shrubs, and 71.96% of herb taxa were employed as medicine. Liliaceae, Caprifoliaceae and Portulacaceae (FUV = 0.24 each) have the highest family use value (FUV). The most prominent family was Asteraceae (seven genera, nine taxa), followed by Rosaceae and Lamiaceae (six genera, six taxa each). Persicaria Mill., Rheum L., Aconitum L. and Artemisia L. were prominent genera. Valeriana jatamansi Jones ex Roxb. (47UR), Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don (45UR), Arisaema jacquemontii Blume (37UR), Asparagus racemosus Willd. (36UR) and Rumex acetosa L. (35UR) were the most important plant taxa with reference to use-reports. The ethnomedicinal applications of Aesculus indica Wall. ex Cambess., Solanum pseudocapsicum L., Ranunculus hirtellus Royle and Cormus domestica (L.) Spach plant taxa are reported here for the first time from the Himalayan Kashmiri people. We recommend further research on ethnopharmacological application of these newly recorded ethnobotanical plants. The medical usage of the plant was limited to different parts of the plant. In terms of the usage percentage, whole plant (26.17%), leaves (24.30%) and roots (19.63%) were found to have the highest utilization. The powder form (40.19%) was the most frequently employed method of drug/medicine preparation, followed by the utilization of extracted juice and/or other extracts (22.43%). The ICF values range from 0.85 to 1.00. Their use to remedy parasitic problems (PAR) and insect bites (IB) (ICF = 1.0 each) had the maximum consensus mentioned by the informants, although the number of taxa employed under this category was very limited. The different plant taxa used for the treatment of the gastrointestinal problems (GAS) was the most prominent disease category (262 URs, 16.19%, 25 taxa, ICF = 0.90). About 65% of the plant taxa studied is indigenous to the Asia or Himalayan regions, and around 35% is found to be exotic in nature. A strong positive correlation was found between age, gender, educational qualification and medicinal plant knowledge. No significant association was between people of different communities interviewed in terms of medical knowledge of the plants, p = 0.347 (>0.05) and χ2 = 2.120. No significant difference was found between the number of species documented concerning gender as p = 0.347 (>0.05) and χ2 =0.885. This study provides the comprehensive status of ethnomedicinal knowledge among three different communities of the study area. This study provided an impetus in discovering the baseline primary data for molecules which would help in drug discovery and management of various diseases, apart from conserving the genepool of plants in the investigated area.

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Decne) Rehder leaf extract and its biological activities

Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Decne) Rehder aqueous extract of leaf was used for biosynthesis of AgNPs and characterized through UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform-infrared, diffraction light scattering, and scanning electron microscope analysis. Moderate to strong antioxidant activity during in vitro antioxidant assays for scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl (OH), nitric oxide (NO) radicals, iron chelation, and inhibition of β-carotene bleaching was recorded with minimum IC₅₀ value (27.70 ± 2.67 μg/ml) calculated for OH radicals. The AgNPs were evaluated against six multidrug resistant human bacterial strains and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) along with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values was determined and all were found remarkably susceptible. The bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible with MIC = 5 μg/ml and MBC = 10 μg/ml. Among six fungal strains, Fumigatus esculentum was the most susceptible with MIC and MBC of 10 μg/ml. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2 yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) screening assay against cancer cell lines (HCCLM3, HEPG2, MDA-MB 231, and MCF-7) revealed the least IC₅₀ values against HCCLM3 (74.20 ± 5.04) and MCF-7 (91.90 ± 1.17). While no cytotoxicity against normal cell lines; LO2 and MCF-10a was recorded. Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana silver nanoparticles (PJAgNPs) significantly (p > .001) prevented the migration of HCCLM3 cells in a dose-dependent style, relative to control. The wound healing potential of AgNPs in rat was found higher (p < .05) for wound contraction rates, hydroxyproline content, hemostatic and re-epithelization and regeneration efficiency in comparison to the reference group.

Loranthus acaciae: Alternative medicine for β-lactamase producer and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Recently, we reported high antibacterial efficiency of Loranthus acaciae (LA) against different standard strains of bacteria including Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Therefore, this study aimed to confirm the effectiveness of LA against clinically isolated Staphylococcus aureus (SA) including β-lactamase producer (Blac) and MRSA. Forty-eight SA isolates collected from various clinical samples were used in this study. Antibiotics susceptibility profile was determined for twenty different antibiotics using automated Microscan Walkaway 96 Plus system as recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. This system also identified β-lactamase producers and MRSA. In the meantime, LA ethanolic extract was fractionated using liquid-liquid fraction method to hexane, dichloromethane DCM and methanol 80% fractions. Antimicrobial activities of LA extract and fraction were performed with agar well diffusion method for all SA isolates, MIC and MBC were also recorded. Phytochemical screening for various phyto-constituent classes of LA ethanolic extract was determined. Out of 48 SA isolates, Cefoxitin-positive MRSA represent 31 (64.6%), Blac 17 (35.4%), and 41 (85.4%) were multidrug-resistant SA, which was resistant at least to one antibiotic from three different categories. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin. Antimicrobial activities of LA extract and fractions revealed that ethanol extract was active against all isolated SA with inhibition zone ranged from 33 ± 2.00 to 25 ± 3.05 mm. While DCM exhibited the largest inhibition zone range from 37 ± 3.00 to 33 ± 2.00 mm. This study is first of its kind conforming the high antibacterial activity of LA against SA isolated from a different source of infection. The study concluded that LA extract and fractions are active and give positive result for all isolated SA. Therefore, suitable pharmacological formulation of LA extract as a promising antibacterial agent for the treatment of SA infection should be given extreme priority.

Cytotoxic, Antimitotic, DNA Binding, Photocatalytic, H2O2 Sensing, and Antioxidant Properties of Biofabricated Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken

Bryophyllum pinnatum is a perennial herb traditionally used in ethnomedicine. In the present report, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using B. pinnatum leaf extract. BP-AgNPs were confirmed following UV-Vis spectroscopy with SPR peak at 412 nm and further characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and TEM. Microscopic images confirmed the spherical shape and ~15 nm average size of nanostructures. BP-AgNPs were evaluated for photocatalytic degradation of hazardous dyes (methylene blue and Rhodamine-B) and showed their complete reduction within 100 and 110 min., respectively. BP-AgNPs have emerged as a unique SPR-based novel sensor for the detection of H2O2, which may deliver exciting prospects in clinical and industrial areas. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity were studied with respective IC50 values of 89 and 259 μg/mL. A strong intercalating interaction of CT-DNA with BP-AgNPs was investigated. Observed chromosomal abnormalities confirm the antimitotic potential of BP-AgNPs in the meristematic root tip. The cytotoxicity of BP-AgNPs against B16F10 (melanoma cell line) and A431 (squamous cell carcinoma cell line), was assessed with respective IC50 values of 59.5 and 96.61 μg/ml after 24 h of treatment. The presented green synthetic approach provides a novel and new door for environmental, industrial, and biomedical applications.

Pharmacognostic Study and Antioxidant Activity of Mundar (Garcinia forbesii King.) leaves from Banua Botanical Gardens of South Kalimantan

Mundar (Garcinia forbesii King.) is a plant from South Kalimantan. This plant has chemical contents that have potential as medicine. The purpose of this study is to provide a pharmacognostic picture of a specific, nonspecific and determine the antioxidant activity of G. forbesii leaves. Specific parameters include organoleptic, microscopic testing, thin-layer chromatography profiles, and phytochemical screening. Nonspecific parameters include total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, drying loss, water-soluble extract content, and ethanol-soluble extract content. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method based on IC50 values. Specific parameter test results are green powder, characteristic odor, and sour taste. Microscopic tests showed stomata, upper epidermis, lower epidermis, cell walls, xylem, phloem, palisade tissue, spongy tissue, and cuticles. Garcinia forbesii leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and steroids. The TLC profile showed good separation of polar eluents, and yellow spots appeared after spraying DPPH reagents. The non-specific parameter test is the total ash content of 6.52�0.1%; acid insoluble ash content 1.06�0.08%; drying shrinkage 6.43�0.38%; water-soluble extracts 34.3�0.3%; and ethanol-soluble extracts 23.47�0.35%. Ethanol extract of G. forbesii leaves has antioxidant activity with IC50 of 65.7 ppm. Pharmacognostic study fulfills the requirements, and G. forbesii leaves extract has strong antioxidant activity.

Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using leaf extract of Ageratum houstonianum Mill. and study of their photocatalytic and antibacterial activities

The novel copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Ageratum houstonianum Mill. (AHLE). The green synthesized AH-CuNPs have a useful dye degradation property in the existence of daylight. The photocatalytic activity of AH-CuNPs was evaluated against an azo dye congo red (CR), whereas, same NPs displayed no effect on other dyes. The CR was completely degraded within 2 h, and the reaction rate was followed by pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the rate constant was recorded 3.1 × 10−4 s−1, (R2 = 0.9359). Antibacterial activity of green synthesized AH-CuNPs was studied against gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (MTCC no. 40), and a significant growth inhibition was recorded with 12.43 ± 0.233 mm zone of inhibition. The AH-CuNPs were characterized through UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, FT-IR, TEM, and zeta particle size analyzer. Ageratum houstonianum mediated green synthesized copper nanoparticles (AH-CuNPs) were cubic, hexagonal, and rectangular in shape, with average size of ∼80 nm. The optical band gap was 4.5 eV, which was investigated using UV-visible spectroscopy, and the band gap value revealed that AH-CuNPs were semiconductor materials.

Wound healing potential of oil extracted from Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Decne) Rehder

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Oil extracted from Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana stem traditionally used for wound healing, body aches and dermatitis. In this study we have evaluated oil for its phytoconstituents, antioxidant, antimicrobial and wound healing activities.

METHODS

Phytochemical characterization of oil was determined by standard qualitative procedures, gas chromatography mass spectrometry technique (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR). The in vitro antioxidant aptitude was determined by scavenging of DPPH radical, hydroxyl ion, nitric oxide, inhibition of β-carotene bleaching assay and iron chelation power assay. The antimicrobial potential of oil was investigated by disc diffusion method against multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial isolates and fungal strains. Wound healing was performed in vivo with determination of wound contraction rates, histopathology, hemostatic potential and hydroxyproline estimation.

RESULTS

GC-MS analysis indicated that oil was constituted mainly of 2, 6-dimethyl-8-oxoocta-2, 6-dienoic acid, methyl ester (18.2%), syringol (17.8%), catechol (12.4%), guaiacol (5.2%), p-cresol (5.4%) and phenol, 2-propyl- (3.7%). FT-IR analysis revealed several important functional groups in its chemical composition especially phenolic O-H compound stretching. Scavenging of DPPH radical, hydroxyl ion, nitric oxide, inhibition of β-carotene oxidation and iron chelation power assays indicated strong antioxidant activities of oil. Further it efficiently inhibited growth of multidrug resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, S. lugdenesis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Coagulase -ve staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged between (32-256) (μg/mL) of oil. The oil also strongly inhibited the growth of various fungal isolates with low level of minimum inhibitory concentrations (64-256) μg/mL. Remarkable rate for wound closure and epithelization, hemostatic potential and marked increase (p < 0.05) in hydroxyproline content was observed for oil during wound healing in rat.

CONCLUSION

The results suggested that oil can be used as a potential source of wound healing therapeutics.

Colorimetric sensing of Fe3+ and Hg2+ and photocatalytic activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Sonchus arvensis L

In the present study, an eco-friendly method was reported for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Sonchus arvensis (SA) leaf extract.

Dataset on phytochemical screening, FTIR and GC-MS characterisation of Azadirachta indica and Cymbopogon citratus as reducing and stabilising agents for nanoparticles synthesis

The dataset for this article contains phytochemical and FTIR data for three different extracts from two indigenous medicinal plants obtained from Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria and the GC–MS characterisation data for their ethanolic extracts. To obtain this data, the leaves of Azadirachta indica and Cymbopogon citratus were collected from the premises of Covenant University, Nigeria. The plants were dried, pulverized and extracted with ethanol, distilled water and ethanol:water (50:50), before phytochemical screening (qualitative and quantitative), FTIR and GC–MS analyses were carried out. The dataset provides insight into the presence of bioactive phyto-constituents such as polyphenols and tannins as potential precursors for green-based nanoparticle synthesis.